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Jain Knowledge Representation Dr. Nirmal Baid Mar 01, 2009. Preamble. The current knowledge on Jain philosophy was expounded by Mahavir in 6th century B.C. time, and his preaching was orally compiled into many scriptures by his disciples. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Jain Knowledge Jain Knowledge RepresentationRepresentation
Dr. Nirmal BaidDr. Nirmal BaidMar 01, 2009Mar 01, 2009
PreamblePreamble The current knowledge on Jain philosophy was The current knowledge on Jain philosophy was
expounded by Mahavir in 6th century B.C. time, and expounded by Mahavir in 6th century B.C. time, and his preaching was orally compiled into many scriptures his preaching was orally compiled into many scriptures by his disciples.by his disciples.
Jain knowledge was mostly passed on from one Jain knowledge was mostly passed on from one generation to the next generation via oral tradition for generation to the next generation via oral tradition for long time.long time.
Jains have a unique concept of Jains have a unique concept of KnowledgeKnowledge and a and a unique unique Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base. .
The knowledge base is well structured and fairly The knowledge base is well structured and fairly complete, but organization of the knowledge in our complete, but organization of the knowledge in our scriptures is relatively poor.scriptures is relatively poor.
Goal is to enable an investigative query or a "pointed Goal is to enable an investigative query or a "pointed inquiry" into the Jain concepts and interrelationships inquiry" into the Jain concepts and interrelationships among them.among them.
Knowledge TreatmentKnowledge Treatment Jains developed a system of knowledge Jains developed a system of knowledge
interpretation along with the knowledge base itself.interpretation along with the knowledge base itself. NayaNaya
• Naya predicates one of the innumerable attributes of a thing Naya predicates one of the innumerable attributes of a thing without denying rest.without denying rest.
• Dravyarthika inquires into the very substance of the object Naya Dravyarthika inquires into the very substance of the object Naya and the Paryayarthik into the state of being. E.g. Water as a and the Paryayarthik into the state of being. E.g. Water as a substance vs. ripples in the water. substance vs. ripples in the water.
• Naya is the stand-point of the knower. A thing can be viewed from Naya is the stand-point of the knower. A thing can be viewed from different stand-points (seven).different stand-points (seven).
AnekantAnekant• A dynamic thought-reconciliation process, through which we find an A dynamic thought-reconciliation process, through which we find an
attempt at synthesis between apparently contradictory attributes.attempt at synthesis between apparently contradictory attributes.• Anekant should not be understood to mean that reality is Anekant should not be understood to mean that reality is
contradictory. It simply means that there are innumerable number contradictory. It simply means that there are innumerable number of aspects and attributes which can be thoroughly comprehended of aspects and attributes which can be thoroughly comprehended only when we can put all of them together. only when we can put all of them together.
Knowledge TreatmentKnowledge Treatment
Knowledge • Mati
• Shrut• Avadhi• Manahparyaya• Keval
Knowledge • Mati
• Shrut• Avadhi• Manahparyaya• Keval
- Nayas- Saptbhangi- Anekant- …
Knowledge Base
Mechanisms of Interpretation
Jain Knowledge BaseJain Knowledge Base Two perspectives of Knowledge from the JainsTwo perspectives of Knowledge from the Jains
• First, Jain philosophy expounds the fact that each soul First, Jain philosophy expounds the fact that each soul possesses the perfect knowledge about all modes of all possesses the perfect knowledge about all modes of all substances, in past, present and future time.substances, in past, present and future time.
• Second, the souls that were able to realize and expound Second, the souls that were able to realize and expound it (Kevalis and Arhats). The form in which it is available it (Kevalis and Arhats). The form in which it is available is called Shrut, which is primarily documented based on is called Shrut, which is primarily documented based on the teachings of a Jina.the teachings of a Jina.
ScripturesScriptures• Extinct canonsExtinct canons• Extant canons: Swetambar/DigambarExtant canons: Swetambar/Digambar• CommentariesCommentaries• Contemporary LiteratureContemporary Literature
Knowledge Representation Knowledge Representation StylesStyles Early scholars, starting from the Gandharas, used the language of the Early scholars, starting from the Gandharas, used the language of the
commons commons Descriptive Sutra StyleDescriptive Sutra Style: : Brevity of expression was one of the key Brevity of expression was one of the key
characteristics of the sutras as thesecharacteristics of the sutras as these had to contain entire taxonomies. had to contain entire taxonomies. ““Chattari atthikaya ajivakaya pannatatam jaha, dhammathikaye, adhammathikaye, Chattari atthikaya ajivakaya pannatatam jaha, dhammathikaye, adhammathikaye,
aagasatthikaye, poggalatthikaye” (Sthanang 4/1/251) also in (Bhagvati Sutra – aagasatthikaye, poggalatthikaye” (Sthanang 4/1/251) also in (Bhagvati Sutra – 7/18/305)7/18/305)
““Naanass Dansnass y aavaranam Veyaniymohaniyanam, Aaugnaamam Godantaraaymidi Naanass Dansnass y aavaranam Veyaniymohaniyanam, Aaugnaamam Godantaraaymidi Atthpayadiyo” (Gommatsaar Karmkand – I/8)Atthpayadiyo” (Gommatsaar Karmkand – I/8)
Q&A StyleQ&A Style: Aka Prashnottar Padhdhati: Aka Prashnottar Padhdhati““Kaivihanam Bhante ! Davva Pannatta ?Kaivihanam Bhante ! Davva Pannatta ?Goyama ! Duviha Pannatta, Tam Jaha – Jivdavva y Ajivdavva y” (Anuyogdwar 141)Goyama ! Duviha Pannatta, Tam Jaha – Jivdavva y Ajivdavva y” (Anuyogdwar 141)
Concise Sanskrit SutrasConcise Sanskrit Sutras: Concise composition of the sutras helped in : Concise composition of the sutras helped in easy memorization, and hence helped in preservation of the critical easy memorization, and hence helped in preservation of the critical knowledge base.knowledge base.
““Ajivakaya dharmadharmakasha-pudgalah”Ajivakaya dharmadharmakasha-pudgalah” (Tattvarth Sutra 5/1) (Tattvarth Sutra 5/1) DictionaryDictionary: :
Abhidhan Rajendra Kosh (1890) – 60000 terms (Prakrit to Sanskrit)Abhidhan Rajendra Kosh (1890) – 60000 terms (Prakrit to Sanskrit)Jainendra Siddhant Kosh (1944) Jainendra Siddhant Kosh (1944) – – 21000 topics (Prakrit/Hindi to Hindi)21000 topics (Prakrit/Hindi to Hindi)
Regional StylesRegional Styles: e.g., Rajasthani Thokdas and Gujarati Tabbas : e.g., Rajasthani Thokdas and Gujarati Tabbas The main composition style used by these scholars helped in The main composition style used by these scholars helped in
maintaining an unambiguous meaning of the critical concepts.maintaining an unambiguous meaning of the critical concepts.
Basis of a knowledge Basis of a knowledge base systembase system Ontology – defines the concepts and Ontology – defines the concepts and
relationshipsrelationships Knowledge base – Instantiates the Knowledge base – Instantiates the
conceptsconcepts Axioms – defines the rules that govern Axioms – defines the rules that govern
the concepts and interrelationshipsthe concepts and interrelationships Implementation – a systems which Implementation – a systems which
holds the above threeholds the above three
Knowledge Knowledge RepresentationRepresentation State of a Soul, S, can be represented as a vector State of a Soul, S, can be represented as a vector
of all its characteristics:of all its characteristics: S (Ch, Gt, G, J, K, Ky, L, Sh, U, I, …)S (Ch, Gt, G, J, K, Ky, L, Sh, U, I, …)tt
S is time-bound (t) and state changes every S is time-bound (t) and state changes every momentmoment
Representing valid and viable states at time tRepresenting valid and viable states at time tS(…, Sh, …)S(…, Sh, …)tt ; Sh ; Shnn n = (1, 4, 5) n = (1, 4, 5) [Audarik, Taijas and Karman] [Audarik, Taijas and Karman]
Relationships (and Axioms) among conceptsRelationships (and Axioms) among conceptsFor a soul, S, at time, t, if it demonstrates Yathakhyat Charitra, it For a soul, S, at time, t, if it demonstrates Yathakhyat Charitra, it
cannot posses Aaharak or Vaikriya Sharir:cannot posses Aaharak or Vaikriya Sharir:
" " S, t,S, t, S(…) S(…)t t , , Sharir_Exists_With_Charitra (C, Sh), CSharir_Exists_With_Charitra (C, Sh), Cmm, m =5, m =5 Shn, n (2, 3)
ImplementationImplementation
Screen prints and example Screen prints and example of usage followsof usage follows
Top-level HierarchyTop-level Hierarchy
Complete view of a Complete view of a conceptconcept
Relationship ViewRelationship View
Relationship ViewRelationship View
Knowledge Tree ExampleKnowledge Tree ExampleQuestion – “Can a Soul that has achieved Yathakhyat Charita, go down on the Gunsthan order?
Answer –1) Start by finding the Yathkhyat Charitra
2) Find out the least Gunsthan where it can exist.
Knowledge Tree ExampleKnowledge Tree Example
3) Traverse the relationship, “Next Digression to Gunsthan”
4) See if there are any Gunsthan that exist at the other end of this relationship
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