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Syska Hennessy Group
J366
INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION ISEWC2015
Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE,
LEED Fellow, BEMP, HPDP Date
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Course ID: 0920005373
INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS
FOR ENERGY AND WATER
CONSERVATION
By ASHRAE
Approved for:
1 General CE hours
0 LEED-specific hours
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Syska Hennessy Group
© Syska Hennessy Group 2015
Copyright Materials
This presentation discusses the how the fundamentals of energy and water conservation in buildings have been applied in four corporate headquarters offices buildings around the world. Different approaches to energy conservation are presented, ranging from architecturally integrated HVAC systems to innovative applications of packaged equipment. The rationale behind each of the diverse strategies is discussed. Presented water conservation strategies range from low-flow fixtures through desalination of brackish groundwater to on-site black-water treatment.
Course Description
Learning Objectives
1. Apply the basic principles of building energy conservation in different contexts.
2. Integrate different strategies of water conservation for dramatic reductions in
consumption.
3. Select conservation strategies in different locations, based on adaptation to climate
and context.
4. Allocate different types of reclaimed water to different types of non-potable uses.
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
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INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION:
FOUR CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
20/03/2016
Energy
• Reduced Heating and Cooling Loads
– Architecture
– Program
• Utilize Environmental Resources
– Daylighting
– Natural Free Cooling/Ventilation
• Improve Efficiency of Active Systems
– Optimized HVAC Systems
– Optimized Lighting Systems
• Utilize Renewable Energy Resources
– Photovoltaics
– Wind
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
• Reduced Ventilation Load
– Demand Controlled Ventilation
– Heat Recovery
• Reduced Transport Energy
– Pumping
– Ventilation Fans
• Reduced Cooling Source Energy
– Reduced compressor lift
– Increased compressor/refrigerant efficiency
– Variable capacity compressor for part load efficiency
• Reduced Heating Source Energy
– Improved Equipment Efficiency
– Recovered Heat Source
• Load Management
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OPTIMIZED HVAC SYSTEMS
Water
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THE NATURAL WATER CYCLE
• Reduced Primary Potable Consumption
• Low flow Fixtures
• Water Sense Appliances
• Identify Non-Potable End Uses
• Flushing
• Irrigation
• Cooling Tower Make-up
• Exterior Housekeeping
• Harvest Non-potable Resources
• HVAC Condensate
• Stormwater Roof Run-off
• Cooling Tower Blow-down
• Surplus Groundwater
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WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS
• Water Conserving Fixtures – Dual-Flush toilets – Waterless or Very Low flow Urinals – Aerated Faucets and Showerheads
• Water Efficient Appliances – WaterSense Clothes Washers – WaterSense Dishwashers
• Reduced Non-Potable Usage Technologies – Trickle Irrigation
– Conductivity Controlled Cooling Tower Blowdown • Non-Potable Water Treatment
– Graywater Treatment – Enhanced Aerobic Digestion – Blackwater Treatment - Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) – Living Machine Micro-ecology Water Treatment
– Reverse Osmosis for Reduction of Dissolved solids
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WATER CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES
Water
Source
Debris Suspended
Solids
Dissolved
Inorganics
Dissolved
Organics
Microbia
City Water None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low
HVAC
Condensate
None Very Low Very Low Very Low Very Low
Stormwater
(Roof)
Low Medium Low Low Low
Stormwater
(Grade)
Medium Medium Varies Varies Medium
Washwater Low Low Low Medium Low
CT
Blowdown
Low Medium Medium Low Low
STP Effluent None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low
Blackwater High High Medium High High
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ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF NON-POTABLE WATER
Water Source Primary Use Secondary Use
City Water Ingestion Personal Hygiene
HVAC Condensate Flushing Domestic Hygiene
Stormwater
(Roof)
Flushing CT Make-up
Stormwater
(Grade)
Irrigation
Washwater Irrigation
CT Blowdown Irrigation (R.O. ?)
Treated Blackwater CT Make-Up Irrigation
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MATCHING WATER SOURCES AND USES
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THE “IMPROVED” URBAN WATER CYCLE
Optimal Usage of Alternative Water Sources
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CASE STUDY SAP US Headquarters
LEED Platinum LEED NC 2.2
20/03/2016 22
SAP US HEADQUARTERS EXPANSION
• Load Reduction: Envelope and Lighting
• Load Reduction: Demand Controlled Ventilation
• Load Reduction: South Facing Buffer Zone
• Environmental Resource: Airside Economizer, Daylight
• Reduced Transport Energy: Low Temperature Primary Air
Distribution
• Reduced Transport Energy: Underfloor Air Distribution
• Reduced Transport Energy: Thermally Active Floor
• Reduced Heating/Cooling Source Energy: Ground Coupled
Heat Pump System
• Load management: Ice Thermal Storage
20/03/2016 23
HVAC SYSTEM ENERGY COST REDUCTION
MEASURES
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SAP Under Floor Air System
East/West Perimeter Strategy
• Thermostatic Underfloor VAV Fan Terminals
• Two pipe changeover coils for heating/peak cooling
North Perimeter Strategy
• Perimeter Upflow Slot Diffusers, non-fan forced
• Thermostatic Dampers for Diffusers
• Overhead Electric Radiant Panels interlocked with cooling dampers
SAP HQ Interior HVAC Strategy
• Manually Adjustable Swirl Diffuser for Open- Office
• Thermostatic Diffusers for Private Offices
• Fan Coils with Electric Reheat and CO2 Sensors for Large Conference Rooms
20/03/2016 25
STRATEGIES
• Outside Air System for Ventilation and Dehumidification
• Updraft Air Supply for Perimeter Heating
• Thermally Active Slab for Removal of Solar Heat Gain
• In heating mode, slab elevates mean radiant temperature reduced by large window area
• Ground coupled heat pump provides 100ºF water for heating,
60ºF for cooling
• Cooling Water Economizer Cycle
20/03/2016 26
SAP ATRIUM SYSTEM
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ATRIUM GROUND COUPLED THERMALLY ACTIVE
SLAB SYSTEM
20/03/2016 28
THERMALLY ACTIVE SLAB IN CONSTRUCTION
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ATRIUM THERMALLY ACTIVE SLAB
20/03/2016 30
CASE STUDY BASF US Headquarters
LEED Platinum LEED CI 2009
• Load Reduction: Envelope, Lighting and Daylighting
• Load Reduction: Airside Economizer
• Load Reduction: Demand Controlled Ventilation
• Reduced Transport Energy: Low Temperature Primary Air Distribution
• Reduced Transport Energy: Underfloor Air Distribution
• Reduced Transport Energy: DX Rooftop Air Conditioner
• Reduced Heating/Cooling Source Energy: Evaporatively
Cooled Condensers
• Reduced Heating/Cooling Source Energy: Variable Speed
Magnetic Bearing Refrigeration Compressors
20/03/2016 31
BASF HVAC SYSTEM Energy Cost Reduction Measures
20/03/2016 32
AIR TOWERS FOR UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION
Side Profile of Column Fan Unit
20/03/2016 33
UFAD SYSTEM FLOOR LAYOUT
20/03/2016 34
CFD STUDY OF FLOOR SUPPLY PLENUM
• Refrigerant Temperature Range Comparable to Water Cooled
Water Chiller
• Condenser Recirculation Pump Much Smaller than Condenser
Water Pump
• No Chilled Water Pump
• Reduced Fouling of Refrigerant Heat Transfer Surfaces
• Small Centrifugal Compressors Slightly Higher EIR Compared
with Large Centrifugal Water Chillers
• Variable Speed Drive Improves part Load Performance
• Overall Energy Savings Compared with Water Cooled Chiller
Plant
20/03/2016 35
BASF EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER DX CUSTOM
PENTHOUSE
20/03/2016 36
CUSTOM PENTHOUSE LAYOUT
20/03/2016 37
VARIABLE SPEED MAGNETIC BEARING
REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR
20/03/2016 38
CASE STUDY Godrej Headquarters
LEED Platinum – India Green Building Council LEED NC
• Potable Water Use limited to Ingestion, Personal Hygiene and Food Service
• All Other Uses Non-Potable
• Non-potable Resource Reclamation
– HVAC Condensate Centrally collected
– One Million Gallon Stormwater Storage Tank
– Brackish Foundation Drain Effluent Collected
– Cooling Tower Blowdown Collected
• Reclaimed Water Treatment
– Stormwater Filtered and Chlorinated
– Tertiary Blackwater Treatment with MBR System
– CT Blowdown and Groundwater Treated with Reverse Osmosis to Remove Dissolved Solids
20/03/2016 39
GODREJ WATER EFFICIENCY MEASURES
20/03/2016 40
MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR BLACKWATER
TREATMENT
Effluent has Very Low BOD,
Little Impact on TDS
20/03/2016 41
PACKAGED REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS
14,000 gpd input at 1000 ppm TDS 11,000 gpd output at 80 ppm TDS
3,000 gpd waste at 4,400 ppm TDS
< 1.0 kWh/ per m3 water output
20/03/2016 42
GODREJ HEADQUATERS WATER DIAGRAM
Usage124,740 l/day Potable from City
94,500 l/day Non Potable flushing
124,740 l/day Non Potable Cooling Tower Make-up
15,120 l/day Non Potable Irrigation
359,100 l/day Total Usage
Sources124,740 l/day Ingestion, Food Service, Personal Hygiene
177,660 l/day Blackwater Treatment
23,436 l/day Treated Foundation Drain Efluent
18,144 l/day Treated Cooling Tower Blowdown
11,340 l/day HVAC Condensate
3,780 l/day Stormwater Storage
359,100 l/day Total Supply
20/03/2016 43
GODREJ WATER EFFICIENCY RESULTS
20/03/2016 44
CASE STUDY Bank Headquarters, Buenos Aires
LEED Gold (target) LEED NC 3.0
• Load Reduction: Envelope, Lighting and Daylighting
• Load Reduction: Heat Recovery Dedicated Outside Air
Ventilation System
• Reduced Transport Energy: Direct Refrigerant Fan Coils
• Reduced Heating/Cooling Source Energy: Water Cooled
Condensers with Cooling Tower
• Reduced Heating/Cooling Source Energy: Variable Speed
Refrigeration Compressors
• Reduced Heating Source Energy: Thermal Storage to Source
Morning Warm-up Heat
20/03/2016 45
BUENOS AIRED HQ HVAC SYSTEM ENERGY COST
REDUCTION MEASURES
• Water Source Variable Refrigerant Flow Multi-split Heat Pumps
• Heat Recovery Mode for Heat Pumps – Reject Heat from
Cooling Zone into Heating Zone
• Thermal Storage on Tempered Water Loop
• Dedicated Outside Air Ventilation System with Enthalpy
Recovery Wheels
• 300 kW Electric Boiler on Tempered Water Loop for Everyday
Operation
• 3 mW Electric Boiler on Stand-by Generator for Cold Start-up
(Avoids Utility Connected Load Charge)
20/03/2016 46
BUENOS AIRES HQ HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
20/03/2016 47
BUENOS AIRES HQ HVAC SYSTEM VRF MULTI-
SPLIT HEAT PUMP
Refrigerant Fan Coil (Typical)
Water Source
“Indoor” Heat Pump Unit
Ventilation Air
Duct to Each Floor
Tempered Water
Loop Piping
Building
Envelope
• Design Heating Temperature is 0°C
• Peak Heating Occurs at Morning Warm-up after a Clear Night
• Clear Night Likely Follows a Sunny Day with High Temperature
Above 8°C
• Building Likely in Cooling Mode on Previous Day
• Heat Rejected into Tempered Water Loop Stored in 277m3 Fire
Protection Water Storage Tank
• Energy Modeling Estimates 60 Hours Use of Boiler
• Maximum boiler Output of 300 kW for Building Heating Load of
1 mW
20/03/2016 48
BUENOS AIRES HQ HVAC SYSTEM THERMAL
STORAGE STRATEGY
• VRF Heat Pump “Indoor” Units
Each Floor
• Single Tempered Water Loop
• All Cooling Units, including
Server Rooms Cooled by
Tempered Water Loop
• Strategy is to Provide All
Building Heating with
Recovered Heat
• Thermal Storage Retains Heat
Overnight
• Energy Savings Approximately
30% with All Measures
20/03/2016 49
BUENOS AIRES HQ HVAC SYSTEM VRF MULTI-
SPLIT HEAT PUMP
SAP US Headquarters Expansion, Newtown Square, PA Architect – FX Fowle, New York, NY, USA MEP Engineering – WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA BASF US Headquarters, Florham Park, NJ Architect – Rotwein and Blake Architects, Livingston, NJ; KPF Architects, New York, NY, USA
Base Building MEP engineering – AKF, Princeton, NJ Interior Designer – Gensler, NYC MEP Engineering – WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA Godrej Headquarters, Mumbai, India
Architect – Pelli, Clarke, Pelli, New York, NY, USA MEP Engineering – WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA Bank Headquarters, Buenos Aires, Argentina Architect – Pelli, Clarke, Pelli, New Haven, CT, USA MEP Engineering – WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA
The engineering work described here was performed or supervised by Mr. Nall while he was a Senior Vice President at WSP Flack + Kurtz, in New York City, NY
20/03/2016 50
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
