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UnderstandingHow

EconomicsAffects

Business

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Chapter Two

Copyri ght © 2010 by the McGraw-Hil l Companies, Inc. All ri ghts reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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Profile MUHAMMAD YUNUSGrameen Bank

• Offers microcredits

(very small loans) to

the poor to start theirown businesses.

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Won the Nobel PeacePrize in 2006.

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*What Is

Economics?

• Economics -- The study of how society employs

resources to produce goods and services for

consumption among various groups and individuals.

• Macroeconomics -- Concentrates on the

operation of a nation’s economy as a whole.

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Microeconomics -- Concentrates on the behavior of people and organizations in markets for particular

products or services.

The MAJOR BRANCHES ofECONOMICS

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• Resource Development -- The study of how to

increase resources and create conditions that will

make better use of them.

What Is

Economics? RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

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• New energy sources

– Hydrogen fuel

• New ways of growingfoods

– Hydroponics

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New ways of creatinggoods and services

– Mariculture

– Nanotechnology

What Is

Economics? EXAMPLES of WAYS to

INCREASE RESOURCESLG1 *

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• The public’s concern with

global warming contributed to

the success of the ToyotaPrius.

• Farmers are growing more cornand other crops to use for

biofuels.

• What can you do to help lowercarbon emissions?

MORE PROFITS FROM theGREEN REVOLUTION

(Thinking Green)

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*The Secret to

Creating a

Wealthy

Economy

• Malthus believed that if the rich had most of thewealth and the poor had most of the population,

resources would run out.

• This belief led the writer Thomas Carlyle to call

economics “The Dismal Science.”

• Neo-Malthusians believe there are too manypeople in the world and believe the answer isradical birth control.

THOMAS MALTHUS andthe DISMAL SCIENCE

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• Contrary to Malthus, some economists believe alarge population can be a resource.

- An educated population is a highly valuable.

- Business owners provide jobs and economicgrowth for their employees and communities as

well as for themselves.

The Secret to

Creating a

Wealthy

Economy POPULATION as a RESOURCE

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* Adam Smith &

the Creation of

Wealth

Smith believed that:

• Freedom was vital to anyeconomy’s survival.

• Freedom to own land orproperty and the right tokeep the profits of abusiness is essential.

• People will work hard if theybelieve they will berewarded.

ADAM SMITH theFATHER of ECONOMICS

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*How Businesses

Benefit the

Community

• As people improve their own situation in life,they help the economy prosper through theproduction of goods, services and ideas.

• Invisible Hand -- When self-directed gain leads to

social and economic benefits for the whole

community.

The INVISIBLE HAND THEORY

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• A farmer earns money by

selling his crops.

• To earn more, the farmer hires

farmhands to produce morecrops.

• When the farmer producesmore, there is plenty of food

for the community.• The farmer helped his

employees and his communitywhile helping himself.

How Businesses

Benefit the

Community

UNDERSTANDING theINVISIBLE HAND THEORY

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• In many countries, a businessperson must bribethe government to gain permission to own land,build and conduct business operations.

• Imagine you are a restaurant owner in need of a

liquor license, but have been unable to get one. You

know people in government. Would you be tempted

to make large contributions to their re-electioncampaign to receive that license?

CORRUPTION DESTROYSECONOMIES(Making Ethical Decisions)

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• What’s the difference between macroeconomics

and microeconomics?

•What’s better for an economy than teaching aman to fish?

• What does Adam Smith’s term “invisible hand”

mean? How does the invisible hand create wealthfor a country?

Progress

Assessment PROGRESS ASSESSMENT

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*Understanding

Free-Market

Capitalism

• Capitalism -- All or most of the land, factories and

stores are owned by individuals, not the

government, and operated for profit.

• Countries with capitalist foundations:

- United States

- England

- Australia- Canada

CAPITALISM

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• FINCA lent Pros Magaga, a shop owner inUganda, $50 to buy supplies that increased herstore’s profits.

• Magaga was able to pay the $50 back so can nowborrow more money.

• FINCA has loaned more than $447 million to over

600,000 micro-entrepreneurs in some of theworld’s poorest countries.

• Its borrowers have a 97.6 percent loan repaymentrate.

The KEY to CAPITALISMis CAPITAL

(Spotlight on Small Business)

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*The Foundations

of Capitalism

1. The right to own private property.

1. The right to own a business and keep all that

business’ profits.

2. The right to freedom of competition.

3. The right to freedom of choice.

CAPITALISM’S

FOUR BASIC RIGHTSLG2

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1. Freedom of speech and

expression.

2. Freedom to worship in your

own way.

3. Freedom from want.

4. Freedom from fear.

The Foundations

of Capitalism ROOSEVELT’S FOUR

ADDITIONAL RIGHTSLG2

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*How Free

Markets Work

• Free Market -- Decisions about what and how

much to produce are made by the market.

• Consumers send signals about what they likeand how they like it.

• Price tells companies how much of a product

they should produce. If something is wanted buthard to get, the price will rise until more productsare available.

FREE MARKETS

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*How Free

Markets Work CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL

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*How Prices are

Determined

• A seller may want to sellshirts for $50, but only a fewpeople may buy them at that

price.• If the seller lowers the price to

$30, more people buy theshirts.

• The seller establishes a priceof $30 based on whatconsumers are willing to pay.

PRICING

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*The Economic

Concept of

Supply

• Supply -- The quantities of products businesses are

willing to sel l at different prices.

SUPPLY CURVES

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*The Economic

Concept of

Demand

• Demand -- The quantities of products consumers

are willing to buy at different prices.

DEMAND CURVES

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*The Equilibrium

Point or Market

Price

• Market Price (Equi l ibr ium Point) -- Determined

by supply and demand, this is the negotiated price.

EQUILIBRIUM

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*Competition

Within Free

Markets

1. Perfect Competition

2. Monopolistic Competition

3. Oligopoly

4. Monopoly

FOUR DEGREESof COMPETITION

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*Benefits and

Limitations of

Free Markets

Benefits:

• It allows for open competition among companies.

• Provides opportunities for poor people to work

their way out of poverty.

Limitations:

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People may start to let greed drive them.

FREE MARKET BENEFITS andLIMITATIONS

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Source: The Economist, www.economist.com July 5, 2008.

Benefits and

Limitations of

Free Markets

The GOVERNMENT NEEDS… Individual Tax Rates from Industrial Nations

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http://www.economist.com/


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• What are the four basic rights that people haveunder free-market capitalism?

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How do businesspeople know what to produceand in what quantity?

• How are prices determined?

• What are the four forms of competition and whatare some examples of each?

Progress


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*Understanding

Socialism

• Socialism -- An economic system based on the

premise that some basic businesses, like utilities,

should be owned by the government in order to more

evenly distribute profits among the people.

• Entrepreneurs run smaller businesses

• Citizens are highly taxed

• Government is more involved in protecting theenvironment and the poor

SOCIALISM

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*The Benefits of

Socialism

• Social equality

• Free education

• Free healthcare

• Free childcare

• Longer vacations

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Shorter work weeks• Generous sick leave

SOCIALISM BENEFITS

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*The Negative

Consequences

of Socialism

• Few incentives for businesspeople to take risks.

• Brain Drain: Some of a countries best and brightest workers (i.e. doctors, lawyers and business owners)

move to capitalistic countries.

• Fewer inventions and innovations because thereward is not as great as in capitalistic countries.

The NEGATIVES of SOCIALISM

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*Understanding

Communism

• Communism -- An economic and political system in

which the government makes almos t al l economic

decisions and owns almost all the major factors of

production.

• Prices don’t reflect demand which may lead to

shortages of items, including food and clothing.

• Most communist countries today suffer severeeconomic depression and citizens fear thegovernment.

COMMUNISM

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*The Trend

Toward Mixed

Economies

• Free-Market Economies -- The market largely

determines what goods and services are

produced, who gets them, and how the economy

grows.

• Command Economies -- The government

largely determines what goods and services are

produced, who gets them, and how the economy will grow.

TWO MAJORECONOMIC SYSTEMS

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*The Trend

Toward Mixed

Economies

• Mixed Economies -- Some allocation of resources

is made by the market and some by the government.

• Neither free-market nor command economieshave created sound economic conditions socountries use a mix of the two economic systems.

MIXED ECONOMIES

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*The Trend

Toward Mixed

Economies

• Communist governments are disappearing.

• Mostly socialist governments are cutting back onsocial programs, lowering taxes and movingtoward capitalism.

• Mostly capitalist countries are increasing socialprograms and moving toward more socialism.

TRENDING TOWARD MIXEDECONOMIES

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• Yum Brands earns so much inChina that it reports itsChinese earning separately.

• Yum is opening Taco Bellstores in Mexico, calling itsfare “Es otra cosa” (It’s

something else).• What issues might Yum

encounter while trying to sellAmerican products abroad?

PROSPERING inFOREIGN LANDS

(Reaching Beyond Our Borders)

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• What led to the emergence of socialism?

• What are the benefits and drawbacks ofsocialism?

• What countries still practice communism?

• What are the characteristics of a mixed economy?

Progress


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*Gross Domestic

Product

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) -- Total value of

final goods and services produced in a country in a

given year. As long as a company is within a

country’s border, their numbers go into the country’sGDP (even if they are foreign-owned).

• When the GDP changes, businesses feel the

effect.

• The high U.S. GDP (about $14 trillion) is whatenables us to enjoy a high standard of living.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

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Source: The Economist, www.economist.com July 5, 2008.

Gross Domestic

Product WHO’S RUNNING the WORLD Share of Global GDP, %

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, www.bea.gov, March 2009.

Gross Domestic

Product The UNITED STATES GDP

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http://www.bea.gov/

http://www.bea.gov/

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Source: Fortune Magazine, www.fortune.com July21, 2008.

Gross Domestic

Product PLAYING CATCH UPCountries Challenging the U.S. in GDP

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The

Unemployment

Rate

• Unemployment Rate -- The percentage of

civilians at least 16-years-old who are unemployed

and tried to find a job within the prior four weeks.

• Four Types of Unemployment1. Frictional

2. Structural

3. Cyclical4. Seasonal

UNEMPLOYMENT

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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, March 2009.

The

Unemployment

Rate UNEMPLOYMENT RATE of the U.S.

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http://www.bls.gov/

http://www.bls.gov/

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Inflation and

Price Indexes

• Inflation -- The general rise in the prices of goods

and services over time.

• Disinflation -- When the price increases are slowing

(inflation rate declining).

• Deflation -- Prices are declining because too few

dollars are chasing too many goods.

• Stagflation -- Economy is slowing but prices are

going up.

INFLATION

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• Consumer Price Index (CPI) -- Monthly statistics

that measure the pace of inflation or deflation.

• The government computes the costs of goodsand services (housing, food, apparel, medicalcare, etc.) to see if they are going up or down.

• The wages, rent/leases, tax brackets,government benefits and interest rates of somecitizens are based upon the CPI.

Inflation and

Price Indexes PRICE INDEX

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Productivity in

the United States

• Productivity in the service sector grows slowlybecause of less new technology.

• Productivity in the U.S. has risen due to thetechnological advances that have madeproduction faster and easier.

PRODUCTIVITY

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Productivity in

the Service

Sector

• The higher the productivity, the lower the costs ofproducing goods and services. This helps lowerprices.

• New technology adds to the quality of theservices provided but not to the worker’s output .

• A new form of measurement needs to be created

to account for the quality as well as the quantity of output.

PRODUCTIVITY in theSERVICE SECTOR

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The Business

Cycle

• Business Cycles -- Periodic rises and falls that

occur in economies over time.

• Four Phases of Long-Term Business Cycles:

1. Economic Boom

2. Recession – Two or more consecutive quartersof decline in the GDP.

3. Depression – A severe recession.4. Recovery – When the economy stabilizes and

starts to grow. This leads to an Economic Boom.

BUSINESS CYCLES

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Stabilizing the

Economy Through

Fiscal Policy

• Fiscal Policy -- The federal government’s efforts to

keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing

taxes or government spending.

• Tools of Fiscal Policy:

- Taxation

- Government Spending

FISCAL POLICY

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• National Deficit -- The amount of money the

federal government spends beyond what it gathers

in taxes.

• National Debt -- The sum of government deficits

over time.

• National Surplus -- When government takes in

more than it spends.

Stabilizing the

Economy Through

Fiscal Policy NATIONAL DEFICITS, DEBT

and SURPLUSLG6

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Stabilizing the

Economy Through

Fiscal Policy

• The National Debt has reached over $11 trillion(March 2009)

•

If $1 bills were stacked, the National Debt wouldwould equal over 750,000 miles. The moon isonly 238,857 miles away.

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Follow the U.S. National Debt Clock here.

WHAT’S OUR NATIONAL DEBT?

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http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/

http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/

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Stabilizing the

Economy Through

Fiscal Policy

• A million dollars can buy an Egg McMuffin and alarge coffee for President Obama and 2,000Secret Service members every day for six

months.

• A billion dollars can buy Egg McMuffins and largecoffees for them for 489 years.

• A trillion dollars can buy Egg McMuffins and largecoffees for them for 488,992 years.

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Using Monetary

Policy to Keep the

Economy Growing

• Monetary Policy -- The management of the

money supply and interest rates by the Federal

Reserve Bank (the Fed).

• The Fed’s most visible role is increasing and

lowering interest rates.

- When the economy is booming, the Fed tends toincrease interest rates.

- When the economy is in a recession, the Fedtends to decrease the interest rates.

MONETARY POLICY

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• Name the three economic indicators and describehow well the U.S. is doing based on eachindicator.

• What’s the difference between a recession and a

depression?

• How does the government manage the economy

using fiscal policy?

• What does the term monetary policy mean? Whatorganization is responsible for monetary policy?

Progress


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J0712 Pert02