. •'

'< •

' ·~ J' • , , . :

,I·

·I

.·

f'.MfARV OF GF.OT .. OGY ANn G:P.Omf£'-t.ft.'M'lt .C~t'!'I'ON° !N 'mJ!. ~Cnt!TJ

Or TAPPAR.AlrnOCK, r.r,rn COtll'l'Yt V!P.rr.INIA ' .

~Y Allen ~innott

"~logiat, U. , • Geolo(11eal r.tl~r

Prepared i n C'OO~er~t ion '-letweec the C~olor,ienl f-urvey, 'OM ted St,s~.tes llepart:~~att- ot the Il,t"rlor, nnr! th• Division of GeoloRY, Vi~p1c1s ~~Pnrtment of Coft e~ vation an~ r e•elopmEmt

August lli55

SS·f'L{ Opcm-f'ile report. Nat reviewed f'>r eonf'om!lnee wHh strR.ti r ra Me

DOtRenCl~ ture IU'ltl e"i torh.l ten a r ! . f t «llOP'i e.'\" <!Ut"'Ve;'T •

I.

~

"''

.....

.. ~ ..

. . ~·

. . • '" I •

,> ... -1\o:

•..

.,

\ .

..

.. ' ·,

-¥'. ~-

· .... ~ ·.1 ' .. '·

·~l .... ; -". 1 Intro<!ueti ota ~ ~ . . . . . .. . . ••• · ~ · - • • •• • • ••••

'• ..... :. • •

• • -; • I

• • •• t · ·· :• : · •• ••••• • • •• ·;"y ' '

rlJtg prop~rt1~·· o~ . ~, .. . . .. , Geentl r,eolo~· end wi.ter-.. e

roet format i ons •• ? • • • .. . . . . . .. . . ...... . !" ,. , .. ·

l'leposits of Recent t~ge • :;. " ' I •• .• . . • • • • • • • • • •

Colull>ia ~.roup (Pleistooae) • • • • • • • • • • • •

eta•sipeake croup (lloc•e)

?anllkey :;:rtn!p (t:ocene)

.... •: • ...... . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•~DJe.o.r rorm'-tioa • • • • • •••. •••••••

.Aqul4- 1.'o!'llat1oa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , •

Water-bea.l"in properties • • , • • • • • • • • •

Mattaponi formation (PsleooeDe snd Upper ~~oeous).

Oecurnmee o groand water ann de7el~pment or "Upp11e~ • •

Quality of eround water •••••••••••••••••

Concluei.oa • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Refe~oee • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1

' . . ,. - ; .... ' . r'

,,

. Peg. ·

1

1

1 .•.

4

' 5

5

f., ·'

(,

6

~

7

8

9

10

.~·

.

Figure ~· ~etch map shO'tf!ng '!"appehannoclt ~rea and

loeation of welle 1i Eted ill table 1 • •

TABLES

• • • • • •

l ·. Recorda of aelect.ed wells i n t he ,·1c1n1ty of

T!lppaharnloek, HX COUll tV, Va • • •. • • • • • • • • u .

2. Love ot wells in t he Tappahannock aren, Va • • • • • • 1~

... . . ,.,. . ~

wella in t'he 'l'ippaharmoek fiTe 6. 1 Va. •

•\ .

u

:,

• • • • • • • 19

. ·

... .. \

' . .... :

~J •

j •

' . ' 1:N'!110T.IUC'J'tQN . ··.

I -"' ~ ' ,• ''•

· !M• ·...,ftlldua b~ been p~ar~ :· ;~ re~Jl)onae to 111 neent ' . .

• 'l . . .f·!'OII · th• e~ty otficiale of !e ~rmo~k1 . Ee•a CoUilty, Ve.., regai'M.n~,t

~,t "ev.a1le.bil1ty of prounn •.o.ter in t hi'J 'rappahs.~ock eros . he mtm~O.:

ftik!taa "" prepar.ed •• a pal"t of thee grotp1~-~t•r ~;tu~iee of' tl'te ~ .olo­

·~Oal 8larvwy ill coope!'fltlon with the Virginia m. Yil!lion or r:oolopy •

TAC&-tion of Area

,,

!appl\hennook iR in F.seel:' Couaty i n Ti~ewat.P.r '1rplnu, ~n t.he ~outh

8hore Of the ""OUtheaet-flcnrin~ f{app .. hldii\OCk Ri vere !IJHX r.ou~~ty ~ e it'l

the northern pDl"t ot t.he \'S.relnia Coa•ta Pl~ia.

hanoak area u d t e locations o!' the 1fe1h _iste:i 1.., t "-ble 1, 1"111~ 1.

grnvell) t:lf t.he C.?n~ta~. '?lain ~~-ovince. 'T'heoe uneonsolid ted roeka,

the ?all Zolle 11here the oryate liDe basement rook• suoh a• are ~e~ ..

in the P1.ac.t rorlnae come to the nurf'Jlce. The :;'all l ODe i s marked

U.S.Geolo i~l S~o~l"'ve

JE/'1/(!NS - -i..A.NOING

.. ~: · . . ' ,, IS" . ·_:~

- ..~., ,

r-ft.· ·. -:: VJ ·· . ~ ,~ ~·' "' . ,, . " ...

Sc~le

0 3 4 Mile.s

Figure 1.--~ketcll map showing Tappahannock n.rea. and locations of wells listed in t~ble 1.

...... ~,. :.a ' .. . . ·• '·

by a north-sftth belt ot: talle aDd npidtt ute ia froTII b~"

Waebillgtoa Oft the Borth th~ . 'Fr~erleklltmJ-g to Pichaoad · and bWJODd

on ·the aouth.

krifte d8posits o.f Pleieto&Ml\e aw- toft the p'r!netpal toa• ftM7

t11• I'D'I'f ce m.." ue collectively N~erred to fl..& the ~lmi>t• tnO~·

'll\e21e deposita are •"tled ooal];y by 111inor Peeeat ~e~eit•• (See­

well l oge, 1~b e '-•l UBt~erlying the ColU!Ibia P"O:U:P !lN Terti"I'Y' rou-the Obitaapeake

' I ' • f •

grot..-p ot rtocee ~~e .. ud tbe Paamter g~ .. or Jl:oOea• a re. nte ,.

Chesapeake l110UP . i . not 'aubr1ivided in thi~ area. '!'be P'allunkll!' ffi'OUJ) . .

' . , eonsiats or the ~~~noy· · to~tioll; of mid 1e an~ earl:". P'.oe•• ~~.~e, 'lll~ . . . . ., .

the underly1ntz hqlJia fo!'IUt,.on, . or early J?..oet!Jlt!r ... ,.. The ronkl!l or . . . "'

hot.h groups at-e of marine orictn.

'The Matt poni f'Ol'lllltiOD m~er11ea the 1'amurlk5V l"'roU!'• Thie f"C)l''ll&­

tlon 1e thought to be~ of Pa.l.80C81e nn~ 'Late Crp,t.aceou~ ar.:e (c.de1"Ptl'OP.t1

19~.41 ••• p . '32) end aleo ~s or marine ort~ri.·

In the 'l't.tppahannook area, only the R8oellt, Miocene, !llld Plei•to-.

cene depoei ts aH exposed t.\t tbf! mJrf'ace.

'the o1!!etzt rooks of the Coaettal Plain-the Potom o n"OUr't or

nwrl.al 8.D1 de.ltaio or!vtn-are not, eo rar as ~..no'ft'll, t-eaahed by ._

-:lH{) Hll8 in the 'l'llppahe.nnoeJc ·a:ree.; th .. .r Rt"e not. eserlh~ .in thiA

A bl'iet d1ew.eaion of' the roclcs ftbm the Pot0t1ac gJ"Dup· 1•

pt'98eD~ below, .Sa the order :tn tShleh the 1'0Cka wo ~1 be eneoulltet'Cd

1n riJ..lima ·~1s-tbe order or incnaeinn: geoloe1c ap-e.

'• ....

3

..

. . .

. :

,.

. . '

. .,..

-. . ;

, ·-· . ... ... "'""' 'lo<

·~ .... ..... ,• ' ..

....

. . ~ ..;.''.. . ., .. "· -:

:.: ~· ' ' . .

••• ,7

·4 .;' ! ' . . . .'1

... .. ~· ~ (-... t •

"'• • " • • .... .. ...... ' • ·: • 00 ,...;,..

'The y~eat dSpoflita:.!D the &:rea ·~ tho•• ot :F.._t ap·' W..lo1\ '·:t ~: , ~ · : .. o "f .., o o o"' o I ' ., ~ • t ~ ~ • + .. ~ ~ j •• "' : • ~ .. , '

an ... ~re8ent41d 1a the ·'l's~'amock area l>7 !tit~· ',.ia ~~ -~~··· fdld . .. • .. • •. :;..· .•• :· \J' ... , •

mnrib~&;,. ~beaches Slld epi.t~ ·roraitll$. the ~"~" of _ t~e._'~~~~ .: :_ ~~ ···: ' • • • \. • • j .. ' .,;-. ... .. '

Fiver. · · So rar us k:noWD, th•~• .depos'-ts a.,.. l'K1 tbiil . and . l~ealke.;t th~t · .· .. ~· .. ~ • ~ • ' • 0 •

.. • . . • 1 • . .~. ·,

t.~ey· an aot tAppet; for g1'0Wld •ter: .,-.here in 'tlte ·~.~ . ·:. ~ f · > ~ ~· .. I • • o ' • .. .,-' .. #.. -4Jt • .. :

# : • • ;.. .. ........ 1 ~ . · ..

Colud,ia -giooup (Plelat~e-~) · .l •

cdiilg :tn· l!li auc:ie~t ,...:..,..Ut ·:•do.rP ~~t 10. f~ hi~ wljoee 'baN .' ,.

~ • • ~ I •! t

.avera~• 10 teet e.ho'tl'e ~,i:. 1enl. .ft-e · ,.'ene~l ...vt8oe· e1evnt10B or'.·t.he ,o. .. , ;_.. ~"' ~I t '

?i!B ... a Ann'e temO. ~ ee f"JO!a · · · .\) 'reet ab~j. a~a 1"'1• A , . . , ... ~ . ' (

.. ........ . ,.

The elevf\t~oa

'· '

·.· . . ,

· di~seet~ uplUd W1"1'&~ of .. t~~ ~el'laad to!'ml\t 1 on. 0

."' • ro j, • , , , . '. '·i • I ' . .

or tlte ·U led rurfa.ee ~es· .fiom about 100 to 4r, !:eet, •! 'ft' .t 11 nHa : .;. .. • \ j. ( ~ •

• !1," • •

!hia mra~e baa 'botn g;re..tly .<Jis•eet~ · t)j ~ ·noloth~P.~Jtws,-flowt~i , l r .. ·'- , ; • ; · , I:'

Ol"Hlc11 '-.h.ith e.n trlbuta~ ·to the ' JtaPJJ•haJmOok niver. · < -! -~ • . ..-,"

~· •

. ... .

t ... :V,

•l,: I ' .

. . l • -~

' .. · .

.. .... • t.:

. t- \." . . . · . . .. '

,. •' .

. '·

. .(. !

. '

' .

. ..

' • 0

•.'

' '· ) . ·'

l • .. · .. ' \ .... . "'

,. I• '

1ho rock{ or tlle ~- C~1~1 · ~a" -fttY t'~J'l)~ ,., , f:l't"llowr ' -1

1 , I 't"l

~ or ' riven nli·~ :ro? ~8.11. ~a.Mstie ~ ... !'e:t~' ·Ttte ~"~~.Utv t .• • t • \~ • • \ , .•

5

( ~ \ ., • \ I •

nter pftnerally ie not tu! e:.'ltlef'l!ctoJ'!V. P.w· th•t .Qr water t"l'OI!I the <1•epet .• ~ { . ....,

#

rooks, orine to 1>-i:gh i~ eon~et\t ' J\l~ the 1~J,!hood of 'ollut1oa fi'O!I

eurt.11ce eourClell or or eontamin tion b:v braekiab nter f!'Om the Fr1ppab..., . (

aock River~ FUrther• shallow we,ls are likelv. 'to be atf~ed by

Tl!'OlODge li1.4Qt.t(p te M d there " !ire not 11e 14.-oend@.bl e tUI n,a tho••

deTeloped in ~eeper ~ter-bearin~ be~8.

. ..

. e ee"Yeral. formations into 1Fh1eh the ChoEattMke'l ~ 1e ~iT!d&l

1 n _,ther areas are not recogni ae< in this a~ been use 11 the ~81!1-

JlfJftts are !lbdlar itholopieally. 'The S:l"OUJ7 1.oe 1lv . s at,out ~t) reet

thick, s nrl .urinP, . e rll\i.n fr. it i. E: usue.U f:\r~i rtto9.cl\~ l'-19t ?:e8B ~0 f!l\!1

4 feet heloW' the l')Urt'aoe.

Mrine tn.osgnssions , aomo or wh ich e:-.-tended ~B f'er we !'l t ~a t ."te Pall

Zone.

'f'he Cheeapee..l{e ro1 r i e not pr;;>nentll.Y satisr~etory as ,.. ~ouree o

The san bed• or the Pemu.nkey f:t'OU1> re c~araoteristtcaJ lv Hph

1n glaecoaite, artd thtff an ,.,reqli•t:t;r re,-,orte~ ~~ ~riJ1 ... rfl e~ l,l c\: l".'a~,

ar gl"efJn sand.

'-

.·

' ..

• I . . '· ..... ~· •

.... .. '

., . '

.. ' i .. ·~ . . ·,

· ' . ~~ ~;·l

..... .·

. •

... ,

'• . .

l• • ~ . . . -..· "' ~ "'

.. -· ' ...

. ~att~poid ! a ohaftcterl1ed \,_ 1( .... .I

"l ~,~

by wtr1e~tel1 eh,yli• ~d i n i.tll 'lower l'Orticm~ ~t ~ ralt~· · eont.AJ.ns one f • t "' i ~· . ~ .

or more goori , tilowrh ·~6.ne-r.n.J.ned, "atta~earinp E"artds. ~ the bftda ,.. .,,- ..

ot snilD· le utoftllltion, sup~~ acMi.t i !msl r eolorle trrl.:t• .. f"roa

adjaeet eount~ee of the Northe:rtl Neck and York-.T•uaee Pflldlltula, it

i s l?eltmd that the wa,te~beaJ1:n@' rands or thts f'ormatioa ehoul,!! ~·

.nnouJlter.d at a dept h of e.bout 520 f'eet bf!low tbe surf'e.ee i a the

l"'cke U 111t rom t he Coaatal P1dn ~an an eaetWftl'd ~~TJ or '! f'B. ~eet.

clay, silt, and marl hedo, and, b:eeause tbey P..re ~•~. ~t the surf'""

some 20 t,o :.m 1111• n at or appllhannoek alonr the FAll 7-0ue at 1111\

W.4rtation considerably ~ ! pher than th t of t he 'rappn.he.nnoek ~.,.., t be

the caa1n8• of ·n l l.s tll'PJ)lag t heee b~s to leve,. r..b~ the 'h~e

t h.-elveB. !a IDS!IY wella eOnlttruc:t~ on low f~'.l t he ~e~Q'ht to * ich

the nter will rise i ~ '!bo e t.be J.s.n sur r.e.ce, JJO t hat the yell tt "'n"

There a:PRears to be l ittle ~Mf.!e? t .at pm1p!.ny. ?Till l ower the

ari.eaitm .re~eure hea~ to 8Mb It extent t . !lt the ;d.elde of well e 11'111

decret•e1 at l~~t in the ne t: future. !he l owering ot ' Rtetr . cnoell' bv

pr(Jloar,ed ~··n ~ereo/ '' in~ucee 'Mire reah r e (or .. l'efllent~lna .. nt~ · nto ' f . •

t he bec1e. '!h ie Mleb~rge oecitr a ~rlly b• leekc.~ t.h rouptt t e . eon f'11d.n.v ) • 0 "' . .....

ola.y lqer8, but eM.•iiv ,._ '·

• infil t ration oi rninf~ll ftB~ etreaerlow

· tnto tte ovt~p ·a~ to t he .

~st • J \ • • \.:;.,. • , -

~-- .. ' . ..:i. l,. ; ~ . • • • .. .. t - .. " ..

.. , . ., :.

'·. ~·

' .

. '· •''

\ . t.'·.

.~

• t"' ..... .. 1::. ~ , . . . . .... ., c •

' • I

.. I .

Beds 'or' whit• a...t, tn pli'toee ::>C eAt or more Itt thtclm••••· ia

t he PaJ&I$-r poo\ap · ~?! !iattAponi fo~ti0ft1 unf1erl1• t "te· .Tewah&nnoek '

area t depth~ ot . aboUt 350 to 55 . re~t h elmr tho mrrace. 'fttelte .

e&nd8 ren~~lly ·vield water rreel? t~ w~ 1~ • . There ~ niso "!nor

bel!a ·or -sand o " tat~ ~~e . '~ e . a~ ~A.~o~~ de~t~s. ~t.·~en 1nQ ftd .

.350 feet below t he flurtaee. · Ip~l~, .t~e.~e . a~~~~ .a~eQ. ,r. Wf!t.~r

bearing. . . -~

Properly developed welle 6 ~ 0 ~llC:h~ .i~ ·~i ~m~t~r,. ~af'P!n~ all

R.ter-baarf.ny aonee eocounte~d 'J?~lC?w .Et Ot:t .lQO . r.~e~, ·"h-~1~ yf.eltt . '

between 50 !lllrl 1~ ~ (gallons .>'~ _wti.~t:e) .e~c~ • . · ~ .a~i.d Ull~e

ihterteNnee tn. t h •~tin oth~,. : ~11 ~ of NOh ~ t,e~d _s,.,.ou.1 d b.e l!f'&C.,.

several b1lll red teet at,tert. 1 ' ' ' ._ I

'.

tioes Rre eo. f11le f!'nined t!lat. some "iffioult'" 1.s eOtib~lY. e~mftoed

in screening t he sands for ~~xi~ · eap~e1t.1es •.. • Too .s!!all .n. nr•• I • • ' ~

opelag ie to .~e P-~ided_, ae it ' retmeee .t he ~- pot.ent.t41 V"ieltt .

A screen op~ng ah<ml;" ·be ~elected ~o a• to "llow tbe .ht.er t!fti.D~l

I.IJ to "!0 pereent of the snnrl ftmftedietely t\J"OUild the ,(1Creef1 t.o eflter

QtJAt!TY OP OP.Outm l'ATFP.

In table 3 are chert.i.eal &llalyaes or prouaf! wnteJO t'l'O!I se•eral

·nll• in the Ta ppahannock STefl . ranG'inp in ~ t . rro11 ::!6.c; t.o lS ~f'1et.

!he '1ater is enerally sort and I lf:h n BOif1um snd hienrboa te, t!'ith

•ery 1.., ehlor1de1 eul:f'e.-t., d nit~te COAOentl'St1oa. !he luorl.t~e

OODtent of .the ttater rom the 515-foot 'l' !ll)tthannock 1flei~, ~.1 ~m ( arte

.,. !' .. ,,

... · .

. '

..

·-

" '

. · JMI' •1111an) il IOJ!lewhat higher tJvtn the mbillUI!I or le5 ~~ Jri'Nil

la the ~riillng-wate1" stsndal"de o!.' the ?\f)lio Pealtll ~rvtoe.

#.~cording ·to the llftl'!.able in fonnt1on, it ie helieft~ ttutt a

..-1~ble IIWber or wells :-ri•l~infl 5 . to 100 "'PP' -~ could l. l'Qt

~Otlll sarelv in the 'rappahannock e.rea. The water ctualttv f.'l ou1d be

. . atnera11aat1on wool result tree prolonr,ed with rawala.

. . . Reeorde or SAl eeted wella i n t~· TaJ"Pahamtoek ""-"eft 8.ft~· ,t"ftl

' . . ill t&ble 11 p. 11; well lor.s 1ft -t.able '-• p. 12-lih Slid tlt-'o"l

·~ . . •, ~

. . . ...

-.

.... . . ·.

., '

9

:

·.

. '

'.

•.

• ·1..

• :0 • . ... j . \ • jol

. .

' , . .. JttnP:!!iC'ES \ ., • " I 'l

. \ '

.. , .

Ced•rstroe1 . D. ~ J.,. 195~,. c.;O,lttlf);;·ad g1'0Uftd~P..t.- re•~NB ot tbe . • t •l ' • ·.:

York-J~• Pen~&, '~~~ -u • . "" " ~ ; , .. I . ·~

hper 1361 (in p~pqat1on}. . . ·'

{ . p. 154-l5S. ' '

' . . .. ; ' ' • .·

W.tworth, c~ "·· l9.:m, ~d .!~ gnTel ~eposi.t.fl or the Coa•tal Plaia

ot V1 t'giniu ' Virgiata r:eol. Sm-v.,- Bull. ~:?.

. •

·. ·. . ;

. .

; I •

.. \ ..

.,

. ..

· .

-.

' .

, . .. ,

.·

10

. ·,

· .

. . . , I'

Owner ,u l cr. a nt ll 1d! t: r

ld, Sll of Jeolc!.• I;I.Miag I J .A. w-u i r: . R•tyrw..l d. ~ & : :~J a'

I '

; 1 3/ • 101, SSI 1111 l •*iu ' \6 I " • ..: . l!enMtt "· ; ... li .. yDC'lli.3 1 SCi n S . .....u., I

! I

17 I 1 aS • ., of '!appaha.a.ooek I Le'od • 'csu ·"C :.rl \. , ~e~ld!'! (.. Softll I I I

I o ... non ~-• 18 l 1 riA._.., of fttpeba""ool< "· s. Reyu<; 1 d; ~ Son'

19 ! l id. - •f ,..PI>._ c.. r. li. J.c b ... :. :: . Rl'l:fl lO.l d• & Sobl

zo 1 al, J1W <tt: ,._.,paha n;...,k I ~ .... L. Shepard ... S. Reynnldt I. S r:- ":" •. o

1946

' I 111?46

1f> ' ·tnp,.ah:umeok I

TOWII u. LyoN!

Jl) 1/• 111 . S of !appahaaMo ~ lJU~pk:in.t t.:..'\ra._!e .. '· o~.: yun l..U t. Soc a 1?·16

RJ ftr bAnk 1

; i . I rhor ba•k ' ~

• I

I 1 •1~rb:~nir .

IHiwr bank : ! I

·Rl .. r bar.k 1 ~

,..~("t) J ~

IT t:!"l"aae 110 e ~ o.,rr~~~en\ '

i I I

I ! I.

I I

I ] f:'!t ':t!d .

I I i ,l eUe li .

1 I I I

: Jettl'l• , ' I I I .; J .. t \f!d l

' . 1 J·'-1 : !

Jl.'t\.ccl ; I

: . I : J ft tt.cJ ,

i l I

I I I

I

I

) ()/

)9/

390 ! ?

~:ii5

414

)90

I i I I

J I

2

r.ooervt

r-.. lr .• \C • ..__.

Lr•t.. Cl"etaGeO' l :l

!:or. e r e

\..l•1lr :t " t\d if'! .;.q;&.l a. t "; 36?-.19) t'

'·.fh lf.«) a" M la ttattapoln! t •; ::k.."'('-540 rt

\4t. it.t aan4 \a A•fl\.:\. f ". : H l>-]9"/ f•

\lh l te ea:)Ct aa4 r·l l\ ;•. I T .. \" fiJI; ')!~-)~ t t

, Wu H• • 'n'~ • Aqula t • ; 14'-J.6, t t

; llll !t.e S:\.~.J • .A'I •; J • r =-. ; ; a ·-.. 'JI'l(j

f'aleooe D,.. l"",ath.po a i f a ...... Cr~ta.o.-ou

! Ti c. , ..tli 't•1 u.11t . A.qnb t uq

i 39>J98 u

· ( !'e l o~ 290 f ee\l

. (·~ )

(-)

15 . J~ nov:~ M\Ur"'lly a t Jaw rate. ~Mp:u:.fillt~ w a lnt{e

I 'U. .. l See acc..-pa.ny 1 r'.J'. ""'l l 1 oC•

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