ATFIENIANI]LACK FIGURE VASES

a kandbook

JOHN BOARDMAN

jB5 illustrations

THAMES HUDSON

/sIT& HI\@AND

Any copy ofthis book issued by lhc publishcr rs a

prp.rbJck t. suld sublett to rhc condrrton rhar ir

.l.,tt "", hu *,v ofn.de or otherwEe be lerlt,

resolct. hircd out or otherwise circulatcd withoutthc pubhshcr's Pnor conient rn rn) [onn o[bind,ng or .o\ <, orh, r rhrr thar in ulrrch n irpubl,shrd and without a simrlar .ondnonin.ludng these wor& be:rrg imposed nn a

subsequent purchaser.

O rqz+ Thamcs rnd Hudson Ltd, London

Coriected edition 199r

Reprinted r997

All Rishts llesewed. No part ofthls plrblication

rrr rl be rrproduced or rr"n'mirtcd rn anl lontt orby Jny nk.,n...lecrront. o, rnerhanrtrl. rn,ludirrg

photocopy, recording or:rny other infonmtionstorrgc aDd retricval system, without Priorpcnnission in wrttirg from the pDbllsher-

rsBN o-5oo-2or 38-2

l,riolcd rnd bound in Snrsrporc by C.S. CnPhics

CONTENTS

l'rcfice

INTRODUCTION

IJA IT.LY ATHENIAN BLACK FIGURE'lhc Pioneers; The Gorgon Painter to Sophilos;()thcr groups

K LEITIAS, SIANA CUP PAINTERSAND OTHERS\i.rnr cup parnrers: Kleirias: Otht"r por p.rinrer';'Iyrrhenian amphorae

THE MID CENTURY AND AFTERLydos; The Amasis Painter; Exekias and Group E; LittleMasters and other cup painters; Other pot painters andNikosthenes

THE AGE OF RED FIGUREBilinguists I; Cup painteis; The Antimenes Painter andLeagros Group; Other pot painters; Bilinguists ll; Lekythoi

THE LATEST BLACK FIGUREThe lekythos painters; Other lare work

[,ANATHENAIC VASES

ODDS AND END S

Six technique; Polychromc; Miniatures; Black vases;Achens or Atrica ?: Emigranrs.rnd Imitatorr

52

r03

3r

t4

r46

r67

r78

IO

IT

t2

r3

RELATIVE AND AtsSOLUTE CHRONOLOCY I93

GENERAL DECORATIONConventions; lnscriptions; Florals; Anin-ra]s and Monstcrs

sllAl'tiS. NAMhS AND FUNCTIONSA rlphomc; H ycl i;ri; ()iuocho:ri ; lVine mixers and coolcrs:

Cups; l3ou,ls; Oi1 flasks; Riturl shapcs; Other shapcs

SCENES OF REA LITYEvcryday life; Fighting; Winc, womcn, boys and song;

Sport; Commerce and industry; Religiotts occasions

SCENES OF MYTHThe Gods; Hcrakles; Thcscr.rs and other heroes; The TrojanCycle; Other figures of nryth

Chror-rological chart

Abbreviations

Notcs and bibliographies

List ofillustrations

lndex ofartists and groups

Index of t'nythological subjects

Gencral index

P R E FAC E

',, rr, rlrr rri likc twcnty thousand Athcnian black ligurc vascs have bccl,lr ,,\,r,,1, urrcl rnany rnorc reech thc light ofday cech ycar fionr cxclv:r-rr',r , ,,rr rrollcrl rnd illicit. or fronr thc shclvcs of dcalcrs and old collcctiorrs.t rl rrl).rr,lhlc works surviving fronr altiquity only Athcns'rcd 6gurc vascs

, , ,rL,rt runrcr-()us and divcrsc in shepc and subjcct. Thc black figurc vases

1,r , tlrL c.rllicst major corpus ofnryrhologicel sccncs irr Clrcck art, lrd arcrlr' Lr r(\r \crics of works so p]entihrl and so closcly studiccl that rhcr , L r r, ,r[lri|s lnd identity ofertists end studios can bc workcd out. Thcy havcrlr, r, ,, r t'llinrcd xn irnporrant part in any study of(lreek art or lryth, alldrr, ,,, )\l,i.u()Lrs ir nruscnns trrd collcctiol)s of Classicrl art. Ncvcrthclcss,

I rl, r, Llrorrs ofthc rtrajor coJlections havc ncvcr also €iivcn a contprcltcDsivcr , ,, rrrr ol rhc history ofthc subjcct, whilc rronogrlphs ot vasc paintinlj havci , ', r L,, t.rr so hrlly ilJustratcd that studcllts have not bccu otrligcd to tunr torr rr \ orlrcr books for picrurcs, and thcrc is llo systcn)atic accoulc of thc,l,,,trr;rrtcrofthcsccncsplintcdo[vlscs.Thishandbooklropcstorcnrcclyrl , ,,lroltcorniugs to givc a history ofthc art full :rnd dcrailcd cnoueiri , , tirr()issc!u a11cl stude11t, supportccl by picturcs nurllcrous cnouilll to,1, r r,,rr\tr;rtc the quality of thc work of thc fincst altists as wcll as thc,1,1,!.u.rr.c ofthc work by lcss compctcnt p:ri1ltcrs, aDd to add arl account of1,, .Lrlrrriliury dccoration and thc figurc scctlcs, sillcc thcsc often have nlorc to

, ,,r \ ( ! t() thc rllLrscurlr visitor or studcnt than sirnplc considcrations ofstylc,I' L ,, .rrd datc. If this hls nlcarlt that pa[ts ofthe book are more'archaeo-

l, ,,r,.rl than'art historical' I hopc this will provc to gcucral advantagc, bur itIr.,rtrrrcclbcsttoouritfromthisvolumr:anydetliledcorlsiderltiorloftlrcr,, rrrr,lLrcs ofporting and paintirrg cxccpr in so fxr as thcy lffcct the history ofLl , ,,t vlt.

I lre lccourrt ofthe srylc's ofAtbenian bJack figure painting is based on Sir

l,'lrr Ilclzlcy's brilli:urt work in distinguishing prirlters arld gr-oups. This hcl,r,l cxpounclccl in articles and books, :rud in his Dcuelopncnt o.l'Attir Blnrk/ rr,rrrr' (r95 r) he givcs ln lccount ofthc subjcct which is r1lore profound thullrrr oliirccl hctc, but lcss conlplctc, lcss fu1ly illustratcd a:rd diffcrcnt irr rr'rrr, bcing basecl ona scrics oflccturcs. ()thcr ch:rptcrs rely in varyinq dcqrccs

,,rr thc lr-ticlcs and books of othcr scholars, llut, throughout, thc rccri to

196

r84

234

235

23J

24?'

249

2J I

corrsi(lcrrll .rsl)r(l\ ()l tlr( \\ork\ ilrvolvcd rhcir st,vlc, drrc, sltrtPc, strbjcct-

rrrrtcr h;rs lc,l rrre t,r t.rk. .r tltorc pcrsollel vicrv of xrrDc problcDrs- So this

attcrllpts r.rll)cr Irl()rc tlr.lrr ;t sLln)lll.lr y ofthc work ofothcrs, arlcl fi)r a stlt'-lLLr

which is too rcerlily sttrrlicd Picccllrcxl nou'lcleys, or vcr',v bricfl,v ilrld

cor)vcntioDrlly skctchccl iu thc er-t llistorics, it is pcrheps tilltcly ro plcscnt e

rrorc cictailccl synoptic vicrv. Evcu so, it rvill bc irrcorlrplctc, gcncrelislrti""'lbound, rnd rhc l cldcr n)usr nrildly qrr:rli6' tix hitnsclf m1' Lrsc of tcrnls likc'rrcvcr' or 'lhvnys'.

Onc ftrrthcr point on thc sllbjcct_rrrilttcr ofthis bcxrk rlrtlst bc nlrclc llcrc-

Fronr ebout ilo B(t o11 thc ltl.rjor tcchrriLltlc ofvrsc plirlting in Atheus is rccl

ligurc, lot blrck frgurc, ancl sorlc printcrs prilctiscd [rotl] tcchniclttcs. It nliglltsccnr strxnqc to cxcludc corrsiclcr:rtiou ofthc lcd figurc vascs hcrc- (lonvc-

llicnce dictittcs thc rrlrngcrucllt, but ll is supporlcd by thc rllltcrirl, rrrrtc

rnost paintcrs wcrc rlot 'Lrililrqunl' lncl thc ltrrlhcr dcvcloprtlcrrt of bl,rr:k

figurc dcsclvcs collsidcralion on its ttwtt firr its occesional tlu.rlifi', fir rtr

indcpcudcncc, elrd fol its plcnty, thilc cven iu its iconogrrph,v, r1l is by trr.r

rucens sharctl with rc'd frgurc. I havc clottc nry bcsr to irldicllc rvhclc rccl

6gurc has its elllct aud to rcruirtcl lhc reedcl of thc inrportll:cc of thc Dcw

iclionr, but l conrpantbly dcteilccl study of its dcvelopnrcrrt nrust ilpPciu

clscu4rcrc.Thc pictrrrcs in thc book havc bccrt alloscn k) dclrlonttretc thc ftlll

tlcvclopurcrrr of thc stylc, but rlso to illustratc thc tullcsc possiblc rerrgc ofshapcs rd fiqurc scclcs. SiDCc il sccnrcd ruost illrPortlllt lo kccp tollcthcrworks of rhc s:llDc llroup or ertist, thc PictLllcs :rccorllPrlll)' lllc sccli(Ds oll

stylc, rncl in othcr sccliorrs thc lcrdcr's paricncc will lrot, I hopc, bc strairlccl lry

hiving to rclc': back to Iclcvirlrt illusrratiolls. It hes sortlctinrcs provcd

corrvcnient to usc clrrr,r,ings ro displ:r1'thc firll sprcad ofr hgurc sccnc orclccoratiort rvhich is hlrd to disccrn olr x poor'ly plcscrvccl stlrfircc. It rvoLlld,

of cou:sc, havc bccrr xglL'ealllc to hevc plcscntcd still nlolc piclttrcs, lttlcl

llrgcr oncs, but drcrr tltis rvoulcl hevc beerr a qltitc ditlcrcnt book, :lt I qtlitcdifii'rcrrr pricc.

Ml nlin dcbr is to SirJohn 13citzlc,v's publishccl work ; rhcu to thc writirrrj\of rrror-e scholers lhrn I cilD lcadilv trenrc hcrc; thcn to rllo!c DlLlsctlllls,

collcct()rs lrrrd photographcls \\,ho ll]vc pclrlrittccl lllc to illLlstrille thcir vrscs

rrrrd rrsc rhcir prints. Thc rcsources ofthc Ashnrolerll Muscr.tllr Libt al l and tL r'

Ilcrzlcv rrrchivc of photogrrphs h:rvc corrsiclcrlbly lighrcnccl lrl trsk.

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

/1,, ,l.Lrk tiqure cechnique ofvasc peintitg was iuvcnlcd in Corinrh in thc\ , ..rr,rrrnd 7oo uc. It involvcs painting tigures in black sill-roucttc, incisrngr I rrr, rr clctail so lhat the p:rle cley shows through thc black, and addilg, if',; rr,,1.touchesofrcdandwhircpaint,al) applied bcforc thc vasc wts firc'd.lr \\ r\ .r rcvolutioDery orcthod ofdccorxtion for portery. Hithcrto lror.r Agc,,,,,,, |r;rd knorvn only thc Gcon)ctric style wirh its rngul;rr silhouettclr r L': oi trcn rnd aniurals, r:rrely rdrnitting any dctail in outline drau ing.I r'. r,,ls a style practiscd bcst in Athcns and not unknowl clscwhcrc, but rt, ,r rrcll bc thlr the Corinthian rrtist's virtual absrcntion front Geomcrriet , r ri rlrerving nadc ir cesier for hirn to evolvc the new tcchniquc, probrblyr r ,L, r thc iuflucncc ofirnpolted castcrn ivorics trd nrctel rvork with inciscd

,,rr.rtion, and with it to accept ncw 6gure convcntions and a nc-w,r , rr,rlisiDg rcpcrtorl ofsutrjc'crs. Ir rvas Corinrhier)s, rhcrr, who developcdrlr, tiLhnique through thc scvcnth ccntury on vascs dorninatcd by enirueltr r, z, s. wirh occasional ruyth sccncs, in thr' rnctictlous minilturisr sty)c ofthcl'r,,tocorinthian scrics. Athcnirn paintcrs, rnear.rwhilc, on thc vxscs wc k11ow

i'r ()toltttic, prcfcrrcd silhouettc end outiinc drlwn figurcs, oftcl cxccutcd,,rr .rrsc potS, sorllctinrcs :rddir-rg whitc aDd vcry rarciy incisrng dctril l t ]. Butl,r .rhoLrr 63o rc Athcnian arrists wcrc bcgiuning to rlsc thc black 6gurcr,, lrrrirluc for ell thc figurc work on their vescs, end in thc lest dccadcs in the,, r tLrry thcy uscd it for thc 6lling ornlmcnt as wcll. 'Arhenian Bl:rck Figure'I r,l bcstur arrd in thc coursc ofdle following hurdrcd and fitiy ycar, irll('t tivcly won thc rrrarkcrs of rirc (ircck rvorld-

l'r cscnt-dav krorvlcclrc lnd undcrstencliug oiArhcnilr vitscs is biscd oD lrr rrplicity ofstudics clc'voted roughly to thc thrcc topics rvhich scrvc to

lr, ri1 thc rlajor scctioni in fiis book - style, decorrtiou ;rnd shapc; br.rt chcrLrrlics hlvc not progrcssed at equel plcc. Thc vascs wcrc not bcilg coilcctcd

, r .rry nurnbcrs until thc cightccnth centrlry, uslrally from ltaly lvhcrc thcl,r rlr tombs oftcn glve up intect specimcns- (lrcccc r,vts less:rcccssibic irnd urr\ rxtc thc cilcumstrlccs of burial seldont yiclded cornplctc vascs! s() lt

r , r nins truc that It:rly is thc prille sourcc. This has ucant, in thc 6rsr plrrr c,t r.rt ir rook sollc tirllc lor thc vlscs to bc rccogniscd xs Gtcck rxdtcr thitrrI trrrscrn, and, in thc sccoDd plecc, thlt thc nxtionili aDd privarc collcctions ol'

lirropc.rt r i( lr( r \1,rrr..\ li,r strr<ly tl"'r Crcccc itsclf cvcn \vith thc increasc

ir st icrrtiliL .'\(.rvirtrorr ,rrrrl rccorclitrq in thc counlry over the last fifiy ye:rrs'

Fr onr thc bcqrrrrrirrq stltol rrly rrrlcl dilcttentc intcrest irl thc vrses wes dirccted

to thc rrrl,thoiogicril .()rttcrrt ol thc figlrrc scencs Lrpo1l rhcln This intcrest has

rcr)11irlci stx)rt; ir)cl tlrc stuciy has yicldcd irlportant ncw cvidencc abour thc

clcvcloprrlcllt of rrryth, dct:rils llnd variations in verious storics' othclwi\'rcc,orclc'd onlv i,r rcxts u'hich rrc oftcn far iatc'r ir-r drtc, end a proving ground

lor theorics ,rbo.rt tl-r. dcvcloplncnt of iconogrephic rnd nerrttivc convcn-

tions in (lrcek rrt. Ii this bool, dcvotcd to thc black figurc vescs, in rcl;rtiv'

isoletion lrorl arts in olhcr lnxterilrls:urd pcriods, it hes provcd possible onlv

to sumtlarise thc lconographic convenlions pcculiir to bleck iigure lnd gir e

a guidc to thc rccognition of 6gures etrd scencs'

Thc shepc ofthc vascs rppealcd frolrl thc stxrt ro lhe Nco-Clessicist Thc

i)odern st;dcrrr is, horvcvii, trrorc concerncd with function atd rvith tl,c

study of shapc anrl proportion which cerr rcvcrl thc idcntity of individrral

pott;rs and iro.ksiropt, or cal) givc ir critcrion lor deting which is indcpen-

lc,rt of dccorltion. Thesc studies arc ncw, and b:rsicrlly ' erchacologica l

"supportcd by thc ralc potter signlturcs, to which wc shall rcturn

+i1e study ofstylc, c'spccirlly ofthc rndividual peinrer's stylc' was slow to

dcr"lop "lthough

paintcrs' signaturcs wcre rcad 'nd

collcctcd 13y the cnd of

th. 1a.i .cnt.,ry tlrc attribution of unsigncd vtscs begin to occuPy scholars'

but it rves l.ft t,, John l3cazlcy (who died, a Knight lnd (ion-rpaniotr ofHonour, in r970) l; facc thc whole rlngc ofsurvivitrg vlscs, :rnd to pul ordcr

into thc stu<11, ofthcir Paintcrs. His achicvcmcot with bhck figure, ettribLtting

to paintcrs o; lssigning to closcly dclincd groups wcll ovcr threc quartcrs of

thc rvorks knou,n to liin, is cxcccded only by his comperab]c work on red

frgurc, end cxPrcsscd in his book of iists, Attit Bla& Figutt Vost Paitttl:'

put,tirir.a in r956, aud slrPplclnentcd in Pdralipomua, publishcd. posrhu-

ir,.rusly ir', , 97, . ih" ptir.ipl., of artrihrr tion- bascd on thc cotl bination of en

o.,"r,rli ,pp.;,is"l of,tiyl",,,,d.o,,tposition, with cotDparative study ofdetaii'

es in thc mdcring oi,1."p"ry o; ln.Itomy, wcrc rvcll dcnlonstrated irr his

cerly essey on r bhck 69urc:rrtist, the Antirllcncs Plritrtcr, publishcd in r9z7'

Theic principles arc rh; ones which have guidcd the work of nrany other

sch,rla..li ."ho-h"r" contributcd to this ficld ofstudy And Ilcazlcy rvas no art

hisroricel snob. Hc dcvotcd as rnuch cerc to assigning end collccting thc work

ofpoor or hack ertists as to that ofthe lllxstcrs As a rcsult, his vicrv and ours

a",r'Lr" a,rnrpr"lr.rt.ivc ovcr the full rarlge ofthc wlre, and this.has n-redc

possiblc its nrchrtcolrlaicel usc es r yerdsrick fbr drc rclativc :rnd nb\olrrtc

ihronology of Arch:ric Circcce. Thc historical importarrce ofthis lvork.cennot

bc trgtLci rn dctail hcrc, but \\'ill rcceivc pessing nlcntiol whcre thc principlcs

of chronolocy ltt c discttsscd.

Wc krrow thc llillrcs o[el]oLlt I dozcn Athcrtian black figurc paintcrs for

ccrt;rir, btrt llc.tzlcy hrrs sorlrc four hundrc'd artists or groups- Thc ncw nancs

lo

rl',r rrcrlivcnrrraybctakcn6ontthlrofapottcrwhosignssoDrcol-tlrt r,,rsr's

I I r( Anrirsis I':rjntcr); frorn kulos lrnrcs (cxplrrined on p. :lor) rvhir lr ,r1,1r',rr,,r,,,rrrc(rsthcAntimencsPaintcr);l'romkcyvascs(asthc[,rintcrot-li,rlirrrr,\(,) ; lionr thc nrmcs ofowncrs ofke), vascs (ls the ()akcshott lrrriutr.r ); or

lr,,rir .hiul.tcristicsofsrylc (as Elbor,r,s Out lijSl orrheLongNoscl).rirrttr').1 ,, r r q11, ,,.1, thc srudy of srylc began with the study of pairtcr s rncl r,,,e lLr v.'1,,, rr rplrccl any srrcJr artificirl clessification ofEerly, Middlc:rnd Lrtc, I, II,r,,l lll, such as is imposc'd on the xronynlous works ofprchistory or thc lcss

r, ll ,lrrrccd weres ofArchaic (lrcccc. Thcsc:rrc, after lll, thc works ofnrcn,, ,l'l,,vcd meinly in onc restrictcd qllarter of thc city of Atbcns, :rrrd wcrrr,,l, rstlud thcnr by undersrrnding thc. rciationship bctwecn thcnt, bctwccnI ,,l lrr ;r,rd prirltcr, masrcr and pupil, as well as by studying thcm aqxinst thc,,, rrl rrrcl political history of ficir day.

Wlro rverc thcsc rrcn, paintcrs and pottcrs? Wc lnusr staft frorn therr, rr rtrrrcs- A pxinter who is bcrDg cxplicit signs '... cgrapscn'

. . plinted (this)'. Bur agrinst thc fcr,v nrnrcs rhus ollcrcd thcrc arc sixtyr, r rr 1r .rppcar as '- . . c'poicscn' - '. . . made (this) '. The word for ' rnadc' is

rl r rrscd htcr by :rrtists signing, for instancc, sculpturcs, gcnrs or mos:rics, so,, r,rscs it lrighr refcr to the prinlcr. llut on occasion wc find u 'cpoicscn'r,l rn'cqrrpscn'signaturc on onc vlsc, cithcr \\,ith two llillrcs (ts with

1..1, rtirs end Ergotimos who collaboratcd on thc Frangois Vasc l46l) or with,,r( ntrllc cleirning both hrnctions (rs Exekias docs twicc). Morcovcr sotner rscr cerrying thc srme 'epoicsor' signaturcs (as of Nikosthenes) arc obvi-

r'lr. p:rintcd by diffcrcrlt artists. Hcrc we arc quite clclrly dcaling rvith citbcrr, l)ottc[ or thc studio orvncr, lnd in nlany iistlnces it is apparent that rhe

,,,rrrrtron irctor is pottcr work. Where Exckies docs not sign wirh thc twiLrt,, rrrrrle hc writcs simply 'cPoicscn', yct it is ccrrein rhxt his hend wls on thc,,Lnh ;rrrd only probrblc thet it was xr rhc whcel. So 'cpoicscn' ney trftcn

rr(.Lrr 'pottcd', can imply 'parntcd' end rtray irlply'paintcd and pottcd'rr lrrclt rnusr olccD havc bccn true irr me y workshops. ' Owncr-pottcr' )nxyrir, n bc implicd. It has bccn suggcstcd that ' cpoicscn' usually nrclns 'owncr' :

rlr,.r ,"vc r,vould cxpcct dctcccrtrll, diilirelt potter work with thc srDlc owlrcr'rrin.rtrrrc. NikosthcDcs' ntaDy signaturcs rnight sccrr evidence for flris, butrlri sisncd riases ncerly lli havc a distincti.,,e orisinality ofsirapc and wc mey, rrislcd by his passion for idvertiscrncl)l end his devocion to thc cxport

r, r,lc nfiicb gulranteed e bcttcr strrvival ratc lor his u,ork. lt is dil1,icult to sccI t hc 'cpoicscn' narrrcs of Littlc Mastcrs rs owncrs ofseparate esttblishnlclrts

,t lrcr rhan simply pottcrs. ln thc licc ofthe rare twin 'epoicsen ' si!!Dxtur-cs (rs,,1 Archiklcs lnd Glaukyrc's Il r di, An;rklcs lnd Nikosthcnes) u,c utusr :rssurrrc,,,llrrbor:rtion, brrr surciy llot ll) tllc pottiDla, so lrcrc rn o\vllcr or prir)rcr llt.ryl,, involved too. Wc shall also 6ndexlDlpics whcrc wecan bereasonably strrcrlr.rt pottL'rs' signrturcs rcvcal paintcrs' n:rnlcs (ts with Anrasis). BtLt rrrost.rrrvivirg signeturcs seenl to be of pottcrs or owDers, and that thcy wcrc

irscritrcrl lrv p,rirrtcrs rvho by choicc or llcccssitv rcm:tilrcd anol)yrnous Is 1l

rclicctiorr Lrporr tlrc irl)Poltxrt.c ofthc Pottcr in thc industry' an ilnporterlcc

\\,hich wc, prcocclpicd rvith thc dccoretiorr, lnay too cesily forgetln thc cJrly sixth ccntury rhc Adrc[ilrr hw-givcr Solon is said to iravc

cnc()Lrrlgcd tlrc itrrrnigrarion ofnon-Athcnrrn cr.tftsrtren Ap'rrl fronl tome

Ciorinrhilr-inspircd pottcl work thcrc is no clcer cvidcncc fionr the vascs for

thc work of hands trailrcd clsc'whcrc, but thc story docs rcflcct oD thc

important rolc ofnon-citizen nctics in thc practicc'ofthe lrrts in Athetr's' And

we can add ro this lhe cvidcncc latcr in thc ccntury fbr thc prcscnce ofislandald lonian sculptors working in Athcns. Wc rnry catch a littlc of rhis in thc

potter and pairrrer nanres Lydos, who signs sirrrply ts 'thc Lydien' ; Anr'rrirwho carrics the Hclleniscd fornt ofl common but also royal Egyptian nirn)c;

Sikelos, tlrc cthnic ofa nativc ofsicily; Thrtx, ofThrrce; Kolchos, Colchis'

To thcsc rvc r,. ay add some natles ofpottcrs xnd Pilintcrs ofearly rcd figurc

Sikenos. anothcr Sicilien n:rtivc nemc; Mys, of Mysit; Skythcs, ofScythia;13rygos, ofThrucc. lltlt, c\ccPr possibl,v for'thc Lyclilrl', rvc rre lrot bound

to iook for ton-Athcnian or scrvilc blood in thcsc mcn, nor is thcre enything

gcncrally in thcir work to indicate cxpcricncc oLltside Attice. We sh:rll see th:rt

Anr:rsis plovidcs a good tcst ofthis, rud thc rcsults arc incoltclusive but at leest

st1!i!lcstivc.T1r".",,." tto sigrlilttlrcs on AthcDitn black frgurc vascs until tlle paillter

Sophilos in thc 57os. Thcn they cornc'thick eld fast, but lhcrc is many a good

plirrtcr, to whose hand ovcr:t hundrcd vxscs can bc attributcd, who seems

ircvc. ro havc signcd- So thc si€inaturcs xrc a nlattcr of pcrsonel pridc or

choicc, rtthcr rhan dclibcratc advcrriserncllt, cxcept for the pottcr or owncrNikosrhencs u,ho saw thet most ofhis work was cottntcr-signcd. Thc status ofthc ertists we can barcly judgc. Thrt they should preisc the dandics ofthe day

rvith krlos n:rrncs (scc p. :ol) trcccl tncrltr llothirl!1.'fhrcc Pottcrs Nearchos,

Andokidcs lnd thc early rcd 6gurc potter/paintcr Euphronios - could alirrdcostly sculpturil dcdications on thc Acropolis at Athclls, lnd dcclarcd tht:ir

crlfi in thc dedicatory inscripriotts. This is not a period in which wc can

cliscovcr accur:rtcly the cost of dccoratcd vascs, bur fiotlr htcr cvidcncc we

mly gucss thet a fairly largc v:rsc cost I day's wagc. It is rvith thc Athcntlnblrck figurc vascs, cspcci:rliy ofrhc htcl sixlh ccnttrry, lhat wc have soilcopportu:rity to study thc nlcthods of tradillg thctll sillcc rnany bcar incised

rirrks on thcir blscs, usually gloups oflettcrs or lllonogr;rnls, optimisticallyknorvn as 'ntcrchant nlrrks'. Sillcc thcrc is olicn closc corrcspondcncc in the

mrrks oD vascs from a singlc paintcr or workshop, it sccnls that thcy werc

irrscribed vcr y soorr irficr procltrctiort etrcl so :rrc nol iikcl-v to clucidetc morc

thanloctl rctail conditioDs ill thc potrcrs' qtrertct. Horvcl'cr, thcrc was clc:uly

rnolrey in potcry a:rd we find Attic studios carcfully studying dre markct rndproducing wlrcs to sttit it rrotably thc Tyrrhcnilln :rlrtphorac lnd imilationsna Er..rr.",, vese shapes fronr thc N ikosthcncs/ Perrphaios studio for the

I

I r'L.rrr nrerkct. So rhc status of sone succcssful pottcrs nli), lt;rvr, hccrr,,,r,rl throngh weelrh. \)fc havc no rcason whatcvcr ro bclicvt. tlr.rr

'\r,lr.ric v:rsc plintcrs won estccnt as artists in rhc wxy thirt scLtll)l()r\ ()r

rr, lr ri.cts rnight; but wc ntay sLlspcct that sonrc ofour- vltse peirr rcr : pr.:rr r isr.rl,,rlr,r,rrrclscniorarts.Theseerc:ril subjccts to which thcre rvill lrc occlsiLrrr r,,

'. r Ir .rl \,, oU\ \t.tdc\ tn rlte n.rU.rtiV(..I,,r Adrcns' pottcrs' quirrtcr itsclf wc have to await stili thc cviclcrrtc ol'

, ., rr.rtior, end that cvidcDcc rrray bc scr-appy. The quertcr 1ey itr tltc ovcr-,, r .rlcl llclwcctr thc Atrerican c'xcavxlions rn thc Agora and thc Ccrflurr

, L\.rtior)s at thc Dipylon (ietc. It [ray scc]tr too exsy to roll)itr1cc. cvcr)| ,., rolrrrly, but we losc a lot in our rrndurst.rndrng of-ririqu rry by l( trruc lists,r,1

'lr.rpcs and aliegcd llhnities domrnrru \tLrd) F(,r rhr.sc wcrc 1,c.rrs rvhctr'\ rr L.r' .rnd Excki:rs rnen, not tvpological ciphcrs sar at their bcDchrs ll\rlr, rrs Ir o grext distancc fronr cach othcr,:rud no doubt passcd cach othcr,l rlr ; u,hcn thc darrdics, poliricians, poets and soldicrs ofAthens strollcd byi , ,t rlls, rodded ovcr thc bright v:rses frcsh from thc kiln, approvcd a nrottol,r lrnq ir ftshionabic beaury, surilcd at rnany an ellusion to thc lili or polirrcs,, rlrt dly u,hich eiudcs Lrs now, cnjoyed rhc firsr tnLly popular figur:rrivc art,,i nl i(lLrity.

t irtnrtti. dnryhotul'tont Elrasls. Orlysrors , Pro iori thld olp(. H. t,

ChaPter Two

EARLY ATHENIAN BLACK FIGURE

Athcnian vasc pairltcrs of thc mjddlc of thc sevcnth ccntllry could achicvc e

gr:rndeur of scale and conrposition which thc miniaturist black 6gurc tcch-

iiqucs of Coritth, allhough morc' controlled and precisc, could lot rnatch'

Thc' Athcnian paintcr was wcll awlrc ofthc ncw tcchniquc since, although his

own vascs nev-cr travelled furthcr than Acgine or thc lslands, thc Oorinthian

dicl, and they werc weil known in Athcns rtscli Nor did hc havc any Posilivcabhorrencc ofincision, and he was prcparcd to usc it f616in61d611i15 6fhriror ar)xron)y, as on thc Odysseus and Polyphernos of thc famous Elcusis Vase

peintcdjLrsi bcforc the rtrid-ccrrrttry Il]. Latcr vlscs adnrit rrrorc rncision:rrd

",1.1 .ed paitrt to thc whitc used lor incidcrrral detail, in the Corinthian

nauncr, ;nd in rhc 63o's wc caD disccrn thc first Athenian peintcrs who usc

black 6gurc for all their 6gurc rvork.Thc

-tlotnilant dccorativc style on Corinthian veses had bcen of animel

friczcs {zl, and ilcccptancc of thc black figurc technique in Athens secl11cd to

.".ry *it-h it ,o,r," olClorinth's obscssion with this schcnre Meny of thc early

blaci figurc vascs of Athens carry finc Iargc animals, heraldicelly posed ;rnd

cxccutef, with a comllland ofpattcrn and precision at least equal to Corinth's,

but thcre is xll incrcasing use of aninul friezes lo dccorerc nrinor v:rscs or

nrajor arcas ofJargc vasci, rhroughout thc lirsr two gencrations ofthc use ofthc ncw tcchniquc in Athcns. A f-cw plintcrs could risc abovc this rcstriction

rnd oller 6r'rely composcd narrativc iccncs, while the quality ofpotting is

rlways high. li ur"y L. again Corirrrh whosc influcncc was, rbis timc, s'lltr-

tary, introducitrg ncw shapes (colurnu creters, cups) lnd a rangc ofnlrrrtivehgure scetcs which pc.h"ps dcpcndcd or-r Pelopolrncsian nxrmtivc arls iD

oiirc, rn"tcri"ls, rnd wbich encouragcd thc Athcnian peinters to rcalise morc

lully thc quelities ofnlonurrlcntal nrrrativc they had ncvcr rcallylost By thc

cnd of thc:phasc dcscribed in this chapter, the regimc ofthc :lnimal friczes was

coming to ln end.

The Pioneers (c. 635 to 600)

One artist illustrares within bis surviving attibutcd work thc transition fronr

the idiom oforicntalising Protoattic to full black figure- He is thc P'qlNrnn ot'

r4

Itrr rN At.+ (formcrlv knorvn :ls thc Woll:lr Puintcr). Tuo oiltrs v.rst.s .rrr'tr,,rrr rlinclonAegina(drcvascswcnttolJctlinbutarenoulost()r(lcstro\,((l)ir,, rr ulrlch wc lcartr rnuclr about thc finest Proroilfti(: vrsc p:ritrtint. ()rrr, r];lthchrLrnlritcr's incltrdine orlc rranrccl hcro rrc drur,,,r ir orrtlrrri.

rr l),' ()ld llallrlcr! tlle dress is covcrcd with rcd, whitc errcl trscttcs, tlrt1,,, . rir orrnd frll is orienteiisins with zigzags end dr)t rosctcs, :nrci cltcrc is 'rillr,,1,, rtr thc old bleck rnd-r,r,hilc petccrn ofravs. Bur rhc lcst is blr.k tlqur(,r 'rlr l.rvish edditions ofrcd lnd whitc. Exrnrplc's ofhis work frorr Atlrcuslr,,r lrorv hc ebanclonc'd outlinc lor lavirg whitc ovcr bleck in rhc propcrl,l , , liqule rnarrn cr - rs for his sphinxcs' trccs l .1], .urd whilc the fill rcrn.rrn,r , .rrrc rhc srrbsidiary pattcr'ns are closer to thosc ofthe Lrtc Pxrtocorinthi;ruI r, \ ()t thc 63o's. Hc wts probably at work by 63o, btrt nr)r as late as 620 sinc(rlr,r, r. no sign ofchc influcncc ofthc fullCorinthian stylc ofblack figurc. Hislrr rr rn fiqrrrcs bclong still to the Athcnixn trrditiorl, blrr his a:rinrals, withrl,, r rcu, rc'chniquc end nronumcntality, are rovc), and for rhcir shccr srzc, ' , I l, r r rcncc easily ch:rllcrrgc an y products of Corinth in rhcsc ycars :rlth oughrlr,', issrill somc stillircss and rigidiry of outlinc, for in stance in thc tr cat L'nt,,t lrrrq filrrhers. Thc Paintcr ofl3erJin A34 was I pionccr, aud cl:rirrs;Ltrr,,lr)rt.uit position iD thc histoly of Athcrrial vxsc paiDting, bur it wrs his

,,, rsors rvho finally cstablished thc ncv,, idionr rn Arhcns and set thc colrrscr , ,,crv stylc.

llre first 'pcrsonality' in Athetien black figurc ro bc rccogniscd by,,,, ,,1, r rr scholarship wxs thc N Frssos PAtsrln, nenrcd altcr his Arhens vasc [5 |

l,,,rinij (ioriror)s on thc bclly, Heraklcs Eghting Ncssos on thc ncck (hc, 1( \ Nctos and Bcezlcy caltc to r-rsc thc lull Attic fornr ofthenamc, Ncttos;L ,t' thc aonlrlclr)er Grcck form). An earlicr mastcr of rhc animal stylc wls,1, r rllccl fronr finds in Athc:rs lud Acgina ald cellcd thc Chirnaere Peintcrr ,, rrr r lrc subjcct hc rwicc paintcd [7]. More finds it Athcns ald cspcci:rliy in

rl , A ttic counrrysidc cclnctcry at Vri hlvc rnadc clcar that onc artist only is

r ,,'ivccl, and his staturc lnd importe cc can now bc propcrly judgcd.ll, u lcr.called hirn thc Chiuacre and Ncttos Plinrcr; I leavc hinr with thetr.t sobricluct hc acquircd the Nessos Pxintcr. His clrlicst vrscs rcscnrblcrl,",rithe Paintcr of llcrlrn A34, wirh' Protocolinthiln' filling ornenrcnt.ItLrt. orr the shouldcr ofhis n:rnrc vasc [5] there is a ncw black figurc trcatmcnt,, tlrclloral chain which thc Protocorinthirn rrtist normally drew in outlin u., ),r lrtcr-work tllc inciscd r-oscttcs ofchc 1u1l Cotinthian black figrrrc stylc arc,,i,rrttcd, and theu bccomc the ru1c, so wc rney bclicvc his working lifc ro

I rr thc llst quartcr ofthc scvcnth century, sccing out the transition frornl'r,,r()corinthi"n to thc lull Early Corir-rthian stylc.

I lis v:Lses, likc his 6gurcs, trc big: the rnassivc skyphos-crttcn [6] (r. ro rl).1,, 1 r). oficn wirh donrcd lid and high conical stand, which are the pridc of rhc\ rr lind; a big ncck amphora-his nanrc vasc; and a ncw invcntion of thc\rlrL rrien pottcrs'quarter, thc 'bclly anphora'with onc piccc proGie which

rj

oflirs rr tLrllLr licld lirr thc frgurcs alrhough many carly exatllples kccp a

scper.rtc rrcck p;rrrcl l,l'].'lhcorrly srnall vascs hc painted wcre of anothcr new

shapc, rhc sh.rlkrw bowl krrou,u as a lckanc, rcservcd for aninral lriezcs and

witl enirrils or :r qorgorrcion in thc londo within He did not wholly e schew

outlinc drlwing, lor sotlc worttcn's faces, lions'tccth and the gorgoneia (e

convcntion which died hard) but hg dsvslops subtle ncw convcntions forblack 6gurc using doubJc or treblc incised lincs to acccntuate importxntfcaturcs wherc the snrillc'r Corinthian animals carried single lincs only The

doublc shouldcr linc for bcasts soon bccomes a hallmark of Attic painting, as

wcll as thc grcatcr dctail bestowed on animal fcatures and limbs Hc is

particularly good at incised surface patterns on bodics, oflocks, scales, fcathers

or circles. Hc uses little whitc, cxcept in the lincs ofdots in the Corilrthianmanner ar,d for some female flcsh, but he likcs red in broad masses, or

alternatrng with black for wing feathers, ald for male arrd somc lr-ronstcr

faccs. The 'male : red, femalc . white' conventiol'ls ofEgyptian art may

have had somc direct elrect hcre and arc the only realistic fearures on the

otherwise unrcalistically coloured black figurcs. The dcbt to Corinth in his

filiing ornarncnt has bcen indicatcd, but with it thcre arc black figure versions

ofthe d.licate p:,lmettc tendrils fromProtoattic and Island vases. Theheraldicanirnals on his large vascs posc with dignity and arc wcll 6tted to the bcllyingbodics or domed lids which they decorate. Thcy reducc wcll in thc smallcr

friczcs and admit still the grtzing horses, rare it Corinth, br-rt familiar on

Athcnian vascs sincc Geomerric. His mythological scencs havc all thc monu-mentality of Protoattic but he hls learned from Corinth to make his 69urcs

move with a ncw and subtlc plausibility and he can devotc major arc's ofvases to my[h, even excerpting from a stock scenc xs with the (iorgon Sistcrs

who lack their quarry on his name vasc. Hc succcssfully combines thc bcst

qualitics ofthc Athcnian tradition in vasc painting with the ncw subjccts and

tcchniques of Corinth.Of his contc-po.".ies thc PIRAEUS ParNrtt's namc vase l9l is early, with

stilFrather prinlirivc figurcs of which only the animals display a nicc scnse ofsizc and pattcrn. Noticc thc way the lion's chcck folds ere stylised into I sr:roll

and palmctte. Othcrs, likc thc BELLERoPHoN PalN'Ltn, crowd thcir big vases

r,vith figures and fill which bccomc hard to distinguish, whilc thc LIoN

Ir,rrr'rrtn with his balding, worried lionsIIo] hrs a llair which lcaves us

regretting thet so little ofhis work survivcs. But the prodlrctiorl ofEgure-dccorated vescs in Athcns in thcsc years was firr from brisk and, but for a

Ncssos Paintcr vase in Elruria, we know of nonc which travelled beyond

Attica or nearby Aegina. Onc Athcnian bowl ofchc 6zo's apParcntly p'intedby ar-r itlnrigrant or visiting Corilthiau, rcrninds us of u4rat r'r':ls still thc

don-rinant vasc painting centrc ofthcse yean.

r6

llrc Gorgon Painter to Sophilos (c. 600 to 570)

llr, ,.rlll ycers of thc sixth ccntury sec a considerable chlngc irr lltc lir t rrrrls,,i tlr, Athcrien pottcrs' quartcr- Scveral ncw vesc shapcs ald sclrcrrrcs ol',l,,,,r.rlion arc introduccd, end thc cxamplc set by Corinth can bc observe.l1,,,r r r) thc dom;rancc ofanimei friczc decoration and by thc' irct rhut firr th.'lr L rr]lrc Athcnirn vlscs bcgin to compete in the markets ofthc (lrcck worltl,r,,1 rrt lbund lrorn chc Black Sca ro Libya, frorn Sprin to Syrir.

Ilrr (;onc()N P,rrNrEn (r. 600 to J8o) is the most proJific succcssor to rhcll,.\()! l)rintcr. Hc is sprring with mythological scenes and humrn fig-L'r,.lrrl, end thcy are always rccornpanicd by aninals or animxl friczcs.r) r('r virscs carry xnimal friczcs only, or singlc anirnals I l z- I4], but nreny arclrr r,rltrced in size fron those of the lxtc scvcnth ccntury. Thc style is still

1,,,, r:c rnd his lions in particulu arc distinctivc for thcir squarc muzzlcs,r,,,,rlrl qrins, hatched forclocks, rnd thc cnd locks ofthc back nrrne, often, , r , r 1.r pprlg. Wings lrc cxccutcd wirh ncat rows of secondary fcf,thcrs. A fcw,, Llrc old dot rosettes linger in the 6cld and thc old roscttc bordcrs arc not,,rtt)lrcn, whilc a ncrv fom of floral chain is evolvcd, thc lotus squarc,, l,l,,rrr splayiug so much nor,v (at least in friczcs), thc palnrcttcs ncatly filling

1,, rrccn, the interlace propcrly placcd, and bands of wavy lincs on thc'tl, , rr t rs. His fcw huruan figures are stiffand mannered but his nalr1e vasc olfi'rs,,r,r lrr* [rr]i friczc with figures lrrl e 6ght and thc Gorgons pursuing thcl', r ', rrs rvhom thc Ncssos Painter omitted from his name vasc. The big dinosi,,,rl. ,,vhich is on l scplratc starrd, clrrics rirc lriczcs of:rninrals :rld fivc,t llonls alonc bcsidcs thc figurc fricze. Other new shapes wortir noting are

r, l)cirnira shapc' lekythoi with iong ovoid bodics, oftcn dccoratcd byl, rrrtcrsofthc()orgonPaintcr'sworkshop[15,r6],whosestyleislooserthanr r( | orxstcr's but whose imaginativc conlPositi()n ofEgurc sccncs irnprovcs,, r llre Clorgon Paintcr's rathcr sobcr rcpertory. The rnaster paints an earlyr, .ion ofthc lckythos, rvith a sphcrical body Ii1], which, for this fcaturc,,,, 1, rccllls the Corirrthian aryb:rllos flesk; oinochoai with various shapcs of11, (tspccially thc oJpai lr3l), also uruch favourcd by con tcnrporaries; to-

, rlrlr with platcs, kothons ald miniature amphorae (amphoriskoi), rrore, , rr lv dcrivcd frorn Corinth. Although an artist ofdistinction thc Corgonl' Lr rtcr ciur be sccn to hevc submittcd rxthcr nlorc to thc rcgimcn of Corin-r nrr srylcs, lnd thc dominancc ofanirnal lriczcs bodcd ill for Athcnian bllcklr..rrrc. A scnior contcmpor:rry ofhis, far less prolific, simpler but nrore fluer1t,\\ L\ thc CERAMETcus PATNTER. Thc importancc ofthc animal friczc stylc wasLr,ll dcrnonstratcd on his olpc whcrc even the smlll vase is divided rnto, , ,lrstcrs, alrd the silrgle nyth figure in the upper frieze is flanked by lions I r 7l.

In thc semc circlc was born thc scrics ofHonsr-ucao Aulnrtrat, ofthc

', r, 'bclly'shape, with a horse's head and neck on each side Ir 8], and onc,, r,,prionally, with an outlinc-drlwn wornan's hcad drawn on onc sidc.

t7

Witlrorrt tlrc v1r.rr'.rtc rr,.ck lr-iczc ofcarly belly aotphorae thesc carry thcirdcc()r:r(i(r) irr lct t;r rrqrrl.r r p;rrrcls, with the rest ofthc vrsc black, which is to bctllc c()l),lorrcst s.hcrrc li)r this shepc. Scvr'rlrl diffcrcnt artists, including bed

ol1cs, pair)tcd rlrc llorsc-hc;rcl vrscs (ovcr a hundrcd arc kl)own), whosedccoretion nlLlst hrvc llid sorrrc spccial signific:rncc, nrore probably as prizcs

than funcr:rry sincc scvcrll wcrc cxported. Onc was found with the Ncssos

Plintcr's name vasc, but thcrc is no clcer cvidence that any were evcr uscd as

gravc nrarkcrs- Bcazlcv rhoLrght thc scries Decd not oLrdest thc rlid-ccntury:possibly it is evcn briclcr siucc thc stylc barely dcvclops and it is tcmpting torcgard thc Panathenaics (Chaptcr Sevelr) as in solnc respcct lhcir successors.

Thc artists of the KouasT GRoup (r. 58J to J7o) follow the GorgonPaintcr. Therc arc two leaders, callcd by Beazley thc KX and KY Plinters.Thcy dccoratc new shapcs for Athens, end srnaller vascs arc preferred, bcsidc

thc lckanai ard kothons. From Corinth lheir Pottcrs copied thc Kornast

cups Izr, zz], and thc deeper cup known as a kotylc (bur in this pcriod usr.raily

callcd a skyphos by archecologists), whilc thc KY Paintcr, rhc Icsser artist alrd

thc younller man, introduccs thc colurnD cratcr which becomcs the moslpopular shrpe of mixing vessel for winc and watcr. Ycr anothcr typc ofcupwith vcrtical handles (rhc kantharos) also becornes popu)ar. This is an oldcrAtric shape not uscd in Clorinth. But from Corinth conc the komasts thejolly, botcom-slapping danccrs with their sunburnt faces and chcsts, naked orin rcd tunics, and somctiInes joined by wotnen lzt-zj). They appcarcd onmany Corinthian vascs, bur not so oftcn on cuPs as they do in Athers. Mortare oD thc KY Peinter's cups, or thc work oflesscr artists iIr thc Clroup, butthe KX Painter oll-crs sonrc on shapes othcr than cuPs, espccially skyphoi. Hchas also a fcw myth scenes lzol, and the animals, which arc sccn on themajority ofhis viscs, arc ncat, stout versions ofthc Corgon PaiDtcr's bexsts,

thc lions beirrg particulerly distinctivc with their big car locks I l9l. His floralsresemble the carJicr type, slimrning dightly. Thc cups with kontasts arc ourfrrst Athcuian class which erc at al1 comparablc with thc repctitivc productionofnrany (iorinthian workshops, and thcy rrc well distributcd in the Grcckworld.

Sr*nrlos (r. 580 to J7o), thc last of this gencratiorl, is also thc first 'real '

nin1c. Hc si!1)s four vascs, three as paintcr, onc as Potrer, and is gcncrally freer

witlr nlscriptions th:rn his spelling would sccm tojustify. Thcrc arc nlorc largcvrscs 6-om his bench, notably dirroi aDd amPhorlc. His style is embitiotrs,livclt, btrt rarely prccise [24-28]. Most of his vases carry animal friczc' ofrlcgcrcratc tvpc, and in his flortls too wc dctcct still the idiom ofthe Corgonl)uirrrcr, much debased. Hc is nrore occupicd by rrryth than his prcdcccssors,

.rrrtl hc shows somc spirit ofinvcntion, as in his treatntcnt ofa chariot race,,r,irh r livcly crowd ltnd a furnbli:rg attempt to labcl thc wholc picturc 'drc(irrrrrcs Ior Patroklos'Iz6l. But thc sccr)cs arc accomplnied by thc normal,

l)oor xrlinlrl lriczcs, tud thc schenrc ofdecoration is virttLally thc semc ls that

rll

,,1 Ilre (lorgon Painter. Wc havc'sccn outlinc faces in Athcnirrr bllck ligLrrc1,, trirc, but Corinth may be rcsponsiblc for Sophilos' cornmor usc of-ourlirrr.,lr ,rring for flcsh parts of woorcn and for somc drapery, urrrsrr;rlly irr lc,ltrll, rl u,ith whitc [2J]. He was, howevcr, awxrc of bctre r thiDlls irr tllc pr )ll( I s',lLr rt.randontwodinoi(oncrccentlyacquiredbythetsritishMrrscrrrrrl.r.ll,r,, Lrrrothcr known from fragnents found on thc Acropolis l;5l) lrc givcs lr isr , r sr, ro of the Wcdding of Pclcus and Thctis, which is to appc;rr tr irs l)csl ;u r(lrrr tlrr'ncw ma[ncr on the ncar contemporary Franqois Vasc [4d.51. l]or.tlrr.lLr,,r t irrc wc see a long tnrdtifigure frieze on a large vasc dcvotcd to .r sin{lcrrr r;, rr thcmc, and not an cpisodic rnixturc of myth, man and animli, lrs on I hct .,,rrtrrrr Painter's narre vasc. From Sophilos'hand chcrc is also a chalicc 1.,:,91,s lrL, h is I rare shapc; and the first ofour funerary piaquc scries, with strrr-lics,,1 rrrrrrrning womcn. A follower ofhis (Beazley bclicvcd, Sophilos hirnsclt),l,,,,r.rtcd our first lcbes gamikos (a ruarriage vesc) with its usual decoratiou,, r rvcclding proccssion, in this casc, and uuiqucly, with chariots bcarrrrgll,l, rr.rud Mencl:ros and the bride's brothcrs.

Olher groups

I lr(' Virri ccmetery was a rich source for thc work of thc'Nessos Peintcr, butr,,,t ol drosc artists just discussed. Thcrc are:r few othcrs, however, whosc,' ,,r I is known only in the Attic countryside, and who may trot have bcen,',, L rng in Athcns itself. Thosc supplying Vari m:rinly decoratc lckanai with, ,,rrr.rl friczes. I mcntion only the PaNrnnt ParNrrn [29] who likcd cablclr , zcs (as did the Ncssos Pai:rtcr on occasion) and thc ANacvnus (: Vari)l'rrx rrn {3o] who decorates othcr shlpes. Eieusis was being supplied by arr,lcr end old-fashioncd artist (thc P.rll,rLtn or ELEUSTS 767) for whom1, ,,vinciaf is quite thc right word. Anrong his works are tall nccked,ri|hor:rc[Jr], which sccm a ritual shapc. The animals and sircns of thcl'\rN r riR ol. tue DrrsorN LnxaNrs [32] look likc comic versions ofthe KX| ' r rr tcr'' s figurcs. Scveral ofhis vascs are in a palcr clay than the usual Attic butrr,,st ofhis work is fronr Athens itscli Howcvcr, he emigratcd to Boeoti:rrr lrlll lris painting style coarscns a litde and is practised on differeirt shapes1 L IIorse-bird Group').

Arrothcr artist of sonrc individualicy but no ment is thc Poros Parur.rn1, i/\ to J6J) a rnass produccr of animal friczc vases in a dcgcncrate stylc,r, rrred fbr the cross hatched' polos' crowns, worn by his women, sircns and1, rrrrrcs [33]. Wcll over two hundrcd of his works are known and they wcrc

\\, I distributed to less discrinritating buycrs itr thc Grcck world, althoughI r l( to the \)(/cst. Hc is fond oflckanai and platcs, but decoratcd all currcrt

,.r1,r's lnd lavours miniatures.Ap:rrt from works ofapparcntly non-metropolitan artists, which wc hevc

,,,tr.( d at Vari ]nd Eleusis, thc vases ofthe Corgon Paintcr and his followcrs

t9

\{J()n r\ Ir .r slr.rrI ol tlrL' l)() cr v rr.ldc ir1 the Cireck world, mainly in corul..-tr-tiorr rvitlr ( lor irr tlr i.u r rv,r rcs. N:r ucr-rtis in Egypt, Rhodcs rrld ccntr al ILrlv areLhc c.rrliest irrrport.rrrt rrr.rrkcrs, Lrut thc Konxst Croup is rcprcscntcd cvcrr il(iorirrth;rrrtl irr tlrc Sp:rrtun colony:rt Tarentum, while Sophilos' vascsrclchctl thc lll:rck Sc.r rurtl Svliu, uncl the Poios Paintcr is richly rcprcscrtcd incolonirl (lyrcnuic:r (l-ibvu). Arhcnian stylcs begin to influence othcr schoolstoo, and thcrc urc irritrtions ofthe C;orgon and KX Paintcrs in Bocotia, as

wcll es thc i-ruigri pailltcr wc havcjust noticcd. Thc Acheniarl pottcrs' quartcris bcginning to cxpolt successFrrlly, and, once the animal friczc idiorl r:shakcn old it will both crowd markcts and influence styles far and widc inGreece rnd her colonies.

Ctdtu na d by th( ]\i t.r af tstlin Ala ( dnt rd!()

\^/ )/./,, .r.x,, t) tlr 1 ,,",.tR.tl ,.4!4.Sll''ttt

-.:" , +'

' t ntrord ry /r1AI.J!.J Pdintu ( dnt rd\.). 5-1: N{k. Hodll.r./i(rh N.soJ./i ,/f 1]i. Cot(ori

6 Skytln!.rot.r hy th( N!$o\ PainruH. t io. 6. t : tl/hob tu\(. 6. ,: Bad),.H(rakL(s.lt.t \ 1+o,tttt I kt\

7 Skyphos cntd hy th( N$a! Pai ka.Btlbtu\nnn d th! Chn"duo

8 B.llt d,tphoft lty th. N$\ot I'ai tu-Lia s d l lrik \. H. 79

9 N..Lr thMt(brlt)[) tht t\1,,r

1a 1:td.{ 1tt hy tht l.rrt l\tnttt

1t Ditlo\ dtl ttdnd ty thc CarcaD Paiu(raw n\,). H.93. t ) r : Wlnh tu!.1 t-,: Shotld.r. '1 tu Cory. \ n l t11\ \

-6

{q

1, Btll)' n ryln t 1',t, tlr ( )rtton l),tittLl

1] Oly I'y th( Corlo Pni'tu. H. 26-l

,a Sph.ri.tl l.kyho\ by tlL( ()t!o Paiottt. tt. t7

t 5 D(ia itu hkythot i't LItt na t ol tlt( Cotla Pntt(t. A luylond c 'ithnn\r dtt

ti l)cidnna ltlytha\ h th(nnhku ol ttu Corran Pdhltt

1 6., : Shaultu. Htrakb.fi.t:ttrt

!

t7 OII bt tlk .itn 'tL1A PoitlLt . rinni.\

)il IIo&-ltkrl. tl)hokr- 11. tt

t9 I.(kn( Ltl tllt KX l\1ttnt

t I.(kntu ly lt Kx Pdi t.t. Athilk' RIit.' tnrt

I (:rp itl tl1( ltu tt alth. IiX l1,irtur'. Ko,idJrJ

'! Ka un Ctury dtt- Ko tu1\l d\d \r on

'I Slt,tn,)r rl /r. KY ldi,,,rr. K,,,dr/j

,4 Di,\\ a ti ndkl \i\ti hySophiL\. |ttartidXc ol t\'lus an,1

zs-t.z l:nt.Ctutfu olli'tos si.Cn hl,SophilLJ\. )Ittrit.r( ol P.h \ n,tl

,6 Frar t t ol ditu\ Jiln l hy.So/rIilor Cd,,$ olldrr.lloJ

,7 Ncek nnph.tu hy Saphilo!. H.59

,6 Chdltu I'y Sothilos. H. t:

,9 Ltlnft by ltu l)n nu Pni td.w- :g :

I

r, t lt1lt,, l,) th ) \)rt lr tit

l\lllTlAS. SIANA

Chapter Three

CU P PAINTERS AN D OTH ERS

lr r,rur this poiut on irr rhc nirrntivc thlt rhc nrrjol prcocctrperion of thcI' p.riutcrs iu Athcns is sccn to bc thc por-truvul of nr r.tholoqicr I or othcrI I \ccues. Anirrr:rl fi-iezcs rrc disr:risscd ro subordinrtc positions,:rncl vcrtr ,i rhr pililrrcrs to bc ruct in lrtcl chlptcr s (l,yclos rud sr>mc cup p:rirrrcrs),, ,rrP.rrcLl srill ro clcvotc thoulahr elld cirrc to ilrlirlirl dccor-rrcd virscs. Thc

Lrorl oithc rnirllxl fi-iczc srvlc is clcclrrcd tirr us bl Klciti:rs'ulrstcr-piu.c,r I r.rrgois Vrsc l46l, lrncl sirrccithassrrtvivccl nc.rrlv intuct, ithrscorrrr tobc, L ,[',:1 ,rs .i s]gniflcirnt ltronLrlrcrlt of Atharliiln vitsc pirjllting, ils inlfucntiill

t Ll.rv rs it is insrructivc now. 'WL' e\irglJclrte rhc inrpoltencc of rvhetr Llcs nou,bcclrusc rvc hxvc (). ]'hc Fr-rngois Vesc in t'icr dcrllonstr'rrcs lhcr rriiorn, tirlll.ecccptcd, encl irs dcbr is nvofbld to thc dinos pirirrlcrs, fi,.)nr()orgon Priurcl to Sophilos, \\,ho dcvclopcd thc trrcliriou ()f u nr.Ljr'r

Lri ilic'ze cnci:cliuq r vilsc;but pcrhrps no less to rhc cLrp p:rirrrcrs rvhor rcd throrrqh thc rcvolution st:rrtccl bv drc p:ril)tcrs of I(onl:1st crLps, \in.c it, (llc\'who rcgr.rler'1y lcpllccci eninrels rvith figurcs, end sonlctinrc\ rLldcLl

r rlr. Thc tlic'zcs of thc Frilr)(,ois Vesc rcscnrblc nrorc closclv ir sclic rnclrpositior thc i-iczcs on cLrps thrn thc,v rlo thc biggcr teblc.rrrx or thc

t, rs of (lorirrth or Athcr)s, end thc othcr u,orks of its .rrtistr xlc rlilinl\,rrirnrrist. So thc cup pxintcr\,:lcscrvc sorrrc pliclc ofirlecc, lcss ti;r thcir

, rLitr thlr lor thc lhct rllilt ir thi\ pcriocl corrirluit\.xnd chiinqc ir AthcDi.rn\c p.llrrting cun bcst bc stuclic(l irr thcir !\ oIL.

lliana cup painters (c. 575 to 555)

r( sc.llrclrcc ofdcaor'.ltcLl Atllcriir) I)leck igurc ctlIs cuDnot bc Ll .lcrst()()LlL Lthout rcii'rcncc to thc pllin vcrsions, rvhich arc bllck irr erd orrt brrt lor.L.rir iip errcl hrurclic zorc, r,r,ith ;r blrck stripcjust bclorv rhc iip errri r r-cscrvcd

ripc lorvcr on thc boclr'. Thcl rrc frnc vlscs, lhcy $.crc fr_ccl,v cxpor-tcLl, iurLl

rc scrics bcg.rrr rvitlr pllrin vcrsiors ofthc Clorirrthilrrisirrg I{orrrlst cuPs -rt,',1. llLrt thc pllin'bl.icL glizcd' clLps (rs thcv:rrc oficrr still rrriscellcrl) rrc, )n rrt)on to rrlu),otltcr CJrcck rvercs i:rclLrciirrg C)orirrth err,-1 EesL (lrcccc. Tlr.'\Lhcnien cer bc sccr) flrst to clcpcrlcl Lll)on Ciolirch, thcrr upor Eest Clrcccc lirt

it NLtk r )itoht l,) tlt t\1i tt1 t'lll.ltt\i\ 7tj7 tnn t rn\ )

J. Ntrk d ryh'r L) tli l\rn ( t)l

11 t tiyo,l k'rhot lry tlt l\,lL,s

.lr

II L , \, r r lir rt r lrl,., rrl lr( I llril thc I(orrritst cLtps and rvith Srorrps ofi , ,, , ,lrr, 1r,,,,1,,. n11 11', Ilrr lisltr.-d(\()r.rlcd I clsioDs ofthcsc:rrc lr.hlt'\, , rl ),.Lr.r ' L r r

I r s ( . r I r i r , r ..n)ct(ry irr l(hodcs). ()lc or trvo ofrhc r)cw

'lr. 1,r rrr rr ,l,,,,r,rr.rl hy tlr,. l:rrcst of thc.utisrs in the Konrest Ciroup, lndtlrr rr' rs orc ,lrlist \\ll() aollhincs dtc ri..vclopccl Konrasl cLryr sl)tpe \.\,ithtltrrrcrtr ol tlrc li,r:t (lrcck .Lrp! (fi11c lincs p.rintccl uithin tltc hollor,r'loot).Ili\ ilqLrlc \tvlc, howc\,cr, looks to thc Si:ur:r cup serics irrcl, ir tirc ncr,vrrlitnllcr, hc dccoriites the lntcriors ofhis cups, sotnctirl]cs lcaviug rhc outsidcp1rin. Tlris is thc PatNtlll or ATHLINs J t -:1, :rrrd on his nrrnc vesc l-r4l wc scc thcrclirlcnlerrt of thc old Konrlst cup shrpc with thc figurc dccorecccl tondowirhin rvhich has bccrl nlct hithctro in Athcns only in lckenai. Thc bor<lc:.offinc hoops is probably borrorvcd fi.onr the plairr cups. O f lris :ur i11r:rls, tllc lionslook likc e cross bctwcctl Corirthiun rnd rhc KX l)lrntcr. r.,'hilc thc handlcpalnlcrtes look lot u,urd to sontc. Si:rnes end thc Littlc Mastcr crrps. (Clups ofthis cless arc'somcritlcs clllcci ST cups.)

Siaul cups erc clccorutcd in orrc. oftu,o urys: 'dotrblc dcckcr'{.;s,40, 1_.]oltcn u'ith I flor:rl <)rl thc lip un i\,\'()r hrrrcl $,rcalh ls otr nrlnv East (lrcckcups, or rlrcly luriruals, arrcl rvirh figurcs itr the hendlc z(r1L', s()lrlctlln(.sbetrvccn herdlc p:ilmctcs; or'overhp'lS6, , +.1 5l r,,,.ith rhc figures ovcr-hppirg )ip rnd h:rndlc zonc, iftholrsh still split by rhc incvitabic bleck linerLlrrn;rgjrrsr bclo\\' thc lip. Thc 1o,,l,cr botr.l rtrly h:rvc a reser.r,cd stripc fillcclr,ith thiu lincs lrrrorLlcr East (ircck rrlit or dccorrtivc bands of tongues,ravs or llorills, rvhich rra., somcrimcs bc piurnp buds alcl llolvcrs r:rthcr thlllotus ancl prlucftc. Up to thrcc qrurtcls ofrhc intcrior is occupicd b,v a roDdocxrrvirlgitnilllrlorfirrurcdc'coratio ,usuallvbordcrcclbrtongucs[7t-:,45].Tlris is thc u,rl rhrt C)oriDthi:rrr clrps hacl bccn dccomtcd bUr thc C P;rirtcr:rdds dots ancl othcr pitttcrned hoops to llil urorc of rhc inrcrior. Thc Lnrdcthrot is finclv roolcd erd sornctiurcs stripccl- These lrc hlnclsonlc vcsscls wllichonlv slowiv llrovc ilwilv honr thcir Corinthilrr nrodcls by hciqhccrrirrq lootancl lip, rnd dccpcninq thc ligurc-dccor-rtcd li iczc.

Thc scnior Siana cLrp rrtisl is rhc (l Parxllrr [-rJ,-rEl ((] t'itr 'Crtrinthilnis-ing'). Hc still decorrtcs sonrc oltl Konrest ()roup shlpcs lckauai, tripodkothons [3d], skr.phoi, but his lckvthoi xrc shoLrldcrcd not rhc olcl ovxl'Dcienira'shlpe elrhough ritis is srill bcirg printccl, and lrc llso dccorrLcsexanplcs of thc 6rsr Arhcriun cup rvithorrr lu ofliscr lip thc 'Mcrr1,-tlrouqht', nclrlv hcnrisphcrical, r,r.ith knobbcd u-ishborrc hlndlcs errr.l scncrally e rall foor [ 77] This shrpc ur:rv c:lrrv pitirs ofrhirr r-ed iincs orr drc fbor rndu,irhin strch us wc scc on East (;rcck cups ancl on othcr Atheni:ur bleck vuscs,.nd it scclns r retincd irritation ofa rustic wooden goblct- Thcrc rrc vcrr fiwc\xrr)plcs srrrviv;rg, but the Peilrtcr ofAthcl]s 53 j clccorrrcd I lootlcss vcrsrUllencl hc (or Erqotirnos, sec bclo*,) nrieht ltxve invcntcd it. I hc C l);rintcr rrkcsnrost of his subjcct-nlattcr iiortr (loriuch clucllirrq .,verriors, Lorscnrcr,syrrrPosia, end hc hlrs llot iorgottcD dtc Kotl]ists; hc uscs colour likc e

.Jl

( ,, ntlrixn brrt lrvs his \\rhitc ovcr bl;rck irr rhc Attic rrr'rrrrcr s'1r,rr rlr,r,,r rrrrhian dr:rrl,s his ledics' fl esh in ourlirrc. His myrh sccncs, lr()lr', vl r,,,\\,r ( or nothing to Corinth lnd hc dcvclops thern wcll botlr ir lorrlg lr rcri s,

" r,ir crll to nlir1d thc Gorgor P:rintel or th. fir-srrbtlcr l<lciti;r\, rn(l rrt,,l..rsonthcbroadfirotofltripodkothonu'hcrchcoflcrsirlu(lqrnr(l]li)lt' r s llJl- His 6gLtrcs rrc ncrt, Lrill hceclcd, xrld $'ith l ccrr.rirr torrrl,.rrt

' .,,Lrr- fhc enirrral hcacl shiclcl blezotrs arc particullrl) disti,rctivc l.iZl. N, ,

",rlsprob:rblythccndofhisciuccrhisstudioisproviclingcupsvcr,vlikctlrtI rLlr Master lip cups ir sh:rpc but dccorrtcd irr thc Sirna manlrcr'- Olr ()r)c

. L rplc out irr_tist lcts ser)r's joiD thc Gorgotl chilse xfter :t Pcrsctts whcr

, rics r,,,hrt nlust bc ir llililltllriscd Mcdns;1 hcld rrr his hrncl bag. l hcrt rr .r

, r spirir hcrc u,hich :rrtists likc the Anttsis Prirrtcr r,r,ill e\prcss nrorc, I I ( tivcly in thc ttrid ccrrrurr.

llrc HLI)Lil tlrl(i PArNrr,R ljg-+r] is e fir nrorc sopliisticatcd ertist, rnorc,rl,itious rlun thc C Pliltcr, u.ith his rnorc clctailcrl Egrrrcs occrrpyinq a

,, pcr triczc- on tirc cup- llut his rerrgc is slighter arrcl hc is ruorc complcrclv,1,,lirurcd ro cup peinting and oftcn lcss crrcFtrl. I Ic too dcrivcs his srlle fronr

, lercst ofdrc Kornest (iroup, bnt hc rvorks l:ltcr in e llllnncr rlot rclclill, .tirrguishrblc fronl that of thc- Amasis Paintcr il his dullcr cerlv drys (scc

, ';) : notc thc bolcl ti'rturcs, bigl cvcs, clrlborrtc drxpcrY pltltcrns rrld lril)racs.( )frhc orhcr plintcrs dcdicatcd to Si:rna clrps thc otlt'onc ofnrcrit is thc

'\rN r rn ()r fl()s'IoN CA (for tht'Circc rncl Achcloos on his nrlllc visc) \vhosc,',,rk bclrs \olnc rcscrlrblincc ro that ofthc (l Paintcr[1:1. Scvcrll ofhis', .Lnir cups h:rvc black lips, Iikc l:rtcr bel1d cups, ilDcl thc flolal on onc hrs slill

rL iirrm ancl proportion ofrvork in thc Konlrst Croup. Thc SANr)AL l)AINlEllrr(L C)vrc() PAIN l rR [41] rrc clrclcss lbllo$ crs, thcir figulcs r,"'ith tirrl cvus inr,rll hceds erd Nith no fincssc in thc drl,,ving; thc fornrer Prints shoulLlcr

Lkvthoi roo [1-;], a shapc rvhich thc C l)aiurcr :tlso cirnrc to r)oticc. Thc( irruN llrRD l),lrr*rrn is rllrnl,v s:rtisfrccl \\irh rrther crrclcss lnilllals rndtolrls,rndhisrondosleckhnc_vborclcrs.Butlrcw:rsprolific,ltnalthcrrronstcr:r ,rrn rvhich hc tekcs his nemc [+ 5] rvls elso thc hellnr:rrk of l largc group oflrc.rp coDtcrllporxrv ()orinrhien ctrps.

lhc Sirur cLrps \vcrc n,cll distri[rrrctd in tlrc (ircck rvor]cl, lnd it irr )tclcstirllr to otc u hrt r good nrrrkct fol thcrtr wils loLrnd cvctl 111 Corinth. rrd cspcciaily tl)c Wcst, llorxblY rt Tirenlorrr. This is true evcD ofthc Si.rn.L

. ups dccomtcd try pot pirirrtcrs likc Lvdos (nc\t.hxplcr), r'hosc othcr work\rcn1s not to hirvc bccn nlrrkctccl in thc sltlc rvev. It sug{csts sonlc spcci;rlis;1-

rion in procltrctior xlld rlxde.

l(le it ias

Ihc F:lnqois Vesc f46l rvrs loLrucl lt (llriusi il lltrtrril in rll4s b-v AlcssrrrdtoFtuugois r'r,ho spcnt scvcl-lll subscqrrcrlt scilsolls lookirlg for_ llrissing frlunrcrrrs.

:ll

It r,vus slr;rtt.,retl ir)t() a)tll liilql)rcrlts by;r discontcrtcd nuseLrrl attendal)t rlFlorcrcc irr rgrxr bLrt rvls skilfirlly rcstorcd. Il survivcd thc rccclt floocls,whict orhcrwisc dcllt so scvcrcly with other muscun cxhibits, but is lg.rrrrbciDq Icbuilt. It is a volutc c(ttcr a ncw shape in clay and proudly signctltwicc by thc pottcr Ersotinlos, just as it was signed rwicc by its painrurKlcitias. Sonrc viral statistics xrc worth recording: it stf,nds 66 crn. high,carrics:7o hunran and arriural figures, and r:r iuscriptions, solnc of thcrrlproudly and unncccssarily c{evotcd to inanimatc objccts likc the ait.r orfbuntain. Only one friczc is dcvoted to rnimals and florais, rbovc thc foor\,hcrc therc arc hcraldic sphinxcs and gritiins [466], and groups of lionsattacking othcr lnirnals which in this form xre rlcw to Athenien vascs andwhich lorrg outlive thc animal friczcs. All thc othcr friczcs are dcvoted tolnyth. On onc side ofthc ncck 146.31 thc Celydonian bolr hunt, abovc thcfuneral garncs for Prtroklos; on thc othcr, Thcscus' victory dance (thcgcranos) with thc Athcnian rncn rnd girls hc had rcsctred froir thc Mino-taur 1q6.4), ov.:r thc flghr bctwccn Lapiths end Ccutarrrs_ Tlre rnlin shouidcrfriczc arotrnd the wholc' vrse [46.5 ] and passiirq bchind thc handics shows chcprocessiolr ofdcicies ]ronouring the tlcwiy wcd Peicus who stands bclorc hishomc, in thc opcn door of which we sec his bridc, Thctis. Bclow this corrrcsAchilles' pursuit of Troilos [46.5], warched by Priarn outsidc Troy,s walis,lrnd on thc back x viiror-ors Ilerurn ofHcphaistos [46.7] to thc contparry of thcOiyrnpiar-r gods; on rhc edgcs of each handlc a Corgon, :rnd Arten-ris withxnimals, and Ajrr crrryirg dcad Achillcs l16.zl; aud lor comic rc,licf, onthe foot, pygmics fighr crenes [46.8].

Klcitias has sonrething in conrmon with the bcst ofthc C painrer. but is farnlore fastidioLrs ard x master ofcolour and dctail, not for its own sakc but forvaricty oftcxturc (as in thc animals), to lcnd richness to a sccnc ofpomp, or rocxpress Jively emotion the rcj oicing Athenians ir the boet [4 6.4], the inten tsatyrs 146.7]. Frou his florals, howcvcr, and his use ofoutlinc drawing, filledwith white for women's flcsh and some drapcry, we cxn sec thxt hc stemslrorn the (iorgon Printer- Sophilos tradition, and it is Sophilos who paintcdtwo sitrrilar vcrsions ofthc grear wcdding procession, problrbly a littlc carlicr.!9hcre Sophilos conplctcd thc vases with animal friczcs, Kleitias fillcd hiswith nych, iD r tolrr de force which must lravc takcn days [o c,xecutc frorncercfully preparcd skctches. No othcr \urvivrng u.rc f.o,, this period iscomparably rich and litcratc, and Klcitirs' othcr work is, as wc havc observcd,mxinly lniniatu st and often in coilaboracion with thc potter Ergorimos. Ar1e\rr shape thcy introducc is the carlicst ciass of thc Littlc Master cups

(iordion cups Iro8] (sec pagc 5tt), indicating a mcasurc ofindcpcr)dcrce ofthc Siana cup rvorkshops, and hinting pcrllaps thit r. 57o could bc r triflcc:rrly for thcir mastcr.piccc.

.14

I

lllllr)r pot Painters

\\', r1 n l1) olhcr painlers lor \\ork on a lar!!c scalc and oD ltrgc vltscs' St'tltt

r, rr,,r Lr':rcr:trtists than Kicities but thcy cxprcss thc ncrv tnood itt vrtst

,1, , ,,r.rt r.n. not so rcadily rclated to thosc oldcr traditions to which wc c;rrr sci'

rlrrt l,,,tlr l{lcitias and thc Siana cup peinters werc indcbtcd. Thcy prrirrt xrrrrc

trrrr I .rr shlpcs - dinoi and colunrn cratcrs but thc ovoid llcck anrPhor'r i\,, rrrrr r, iDto its owD now among Pxilltcrs, just occxsion:rlly carryitlg p;rrrcl

,1,,,, rrr,rn likc a bclly anphore, and with it thc hydria in its carly forttr wirh r

1,l,,l,Lrlrr body.llrL |irn1c vase ofthc PAINTER o[ AcRoPoLIS 606 (r. J7o to J6o) is a 6Dc

,lr ,,, 171 rvith x vigorous battlc sccr-rc of warriors and chariots in rhc rnrirr

t, ,, ,, . .,,rcl othcrs cairying groupcd arlimals, :i cavalry fight, and florals, with

,r, .,r Lrrr.rl rvhirligig on thc brsc. Hc cen match Klcities' eyc for dcteil :nd, ,,1, ,,r, . .rncl cxcel hin-r ir-r skilful compositiotr of ovcr)epping, jostling figurcs'

ll,,,rcsthcderailofharncss,wcaPons,hclmelcrcsts,andstLrdiestheposture,,1 I r\ liitLrrcs, ifDot aJrvays with totel succcss (noticc thc f:rllcllwrrrior) M()rc

,,1,, .rucl rnore obviously notrunlent^l in cherecter are his horsencn-

,rr,1,lr,rr,rc ITSl otthc standardbcllyshapcbut r,vith thc picturesin pancls, likcil, I l,,r sc-hc:rd arnphor:rc. This is a decorativc schcme which allows the arrist

r,, l,r ( \rrlt r singlc 6gurc or group in its owrr right, not ls part ofany lnore,1, r, l,rpcd xctio; sccile. Yct cven hcre wc erc probably to tskc the coursinsi

lr, , bcuceth rhc horscs as an indicatiott ofswiftness, lnd the eaglc carrying a

r rl\( Js llll Ornen.Nr,rucnos (c. JToto J5J), whosignsaspottcrandpaintcr,shelcsthc6ncssc

,, rlrc hst:utist irrrd can:rdd somcthing of the dignity of an Exckias in his

L , ,l r ofAchillcs harncssing his horscs [4 9]. This is on a big klntharos, a sh epc

l' I r\'oLus, alld ls potter-paintcr he nlxkes tbis a showpiccc of illnovetion,,,,r .rll ofit luppy thc white grourrd bencath ihc tongucs at thc lip and thc

,r l,'rc ,rrr rhc horscs irrsct frorrr thc contours to givc I black outlire He c()Pies

r , \l)iipc ofa Corinthian aryballos too, lo carry a liny frieze ofpygmics and

r rircs, srtyrs it play end othcr figttrcs l5ol (thc whole vase is lcss then 8 cnl'f,r1'fr). Lik; Ergotirlos hc nr:rdc Littlc Mrstcr cr-rps and so probebly r'vorkcd

.rrr r drxn j60.I hc other paintcrs to find :r placc herc favoured ovoid ncck rnlPhorllc and

rl,, round-bodicd 1-rydriae. Thc ProoN PAINTER dccontcs Silna cups too errd

r . r cry fond of friezcs of opposcd palmcttcs :tnd bold rcd-bleck pattcrns on

',,,,gi. H" is still a paintcr of xnirral friczcs, in thcse hardly bcttcr thaD

l,,pirilos, lnd hc still uscs blob rosettcs ilr the beckgr-ottnds to his scencs, btrt

l,r'dorrls with hoop lirrks instcad ofintcrlaccs, arrd his dr:rped figrrrcs which

rc \o closc to Lvdos shou' thlt hc nray bc letcr tharr hc looks (r' s6s ro 5ss)'

lli\ key vasc', thc He:rrst H1'clrie 15ll, is low itr Ncw York Thc Caut'tttl'\rN'rui [J2 3] (namcd xarcr vascs in Cembridgc and Tarquinia) is a poorcr-

3J

II I .. l.r , \,,1,1 r\ ll()rr(l .rrr1\r r,,ith his:rnirn:rl fi.iczes. florlLsliDkccl

, I , I r,l r,.lrr.nl ol .r bcil1.:rurphotu in thc old ntanncr rvith,, lr r, rrr,r,.rrl ol lr,rrcls..rDd cvcn r row ofroscttesarthcrirn f5z].t, ,, ir ,\,,,,,l, rrirtrrrr.s rr.r.r.obLrsrlv clccorrtivr,. ldios,vncrasics itrclrrclc thc

, ,t ,,,1,r.1, r,l,,l l,l.r, llLrr.irrsrriptiorrs(rsoftcnsophilos)xndrrrrDir)gthcrr ir irr ,.irlr, lr lrrLi lr ir lr cr.ro crosscd lotuscs irr to l o\vs of circlcs. Mosl ofhisL ,,r rL r il,( rr rr rr': lr.rrl orrrittccl rhcsc b:rnds. "fhc IJuRC()N GRoup bclonss herc.\\rll),,1r lr\r r'orrrpictc l)luurhcnlic vesc [zg6], to rvhich rvc shell rc,tun,, rnci,lorclr r el.r tcd, rlrc l)^lNTtR oF LoNDoN B 76 iJ.l, Jj l. Hr: is anothct rcd_lcfterrrr.rrr. lr.rs rlrc fhrrriiiur lrrirrrlls rnd ilorels, but adds r litclc morc colour to hislirt r rlc rvork r,,,hicL is closer to th it ofdtc Lydan Vlses. His intcrcst ilr i nitrr.owt.rnqc ot lrojiln rllyth sccDes l-clninds rrs that bv Dow soute collvcnriors hed\ct huld jn thc v:r\c paintcrs' r cpcrtor) . .r nd rh:r c innr,,. rri,rn .rtrd irt r trtrion rvilldisringuish tllc rruc rrastcrs ofrhis craft as ntuch es tcchrlical;rbilir\,. Thus. inhis nlmc v:rsc, a cotlvcntiollal frorrt.rl chlriot \cel)( !.rrh u.lrlior\ 15 oltlvrcndcrcd hcroic bv thc lddicion ofTrr>jan namcs [5rr]. This is r pcriod u.hichlevours colour't'irl llorvcr ancl bud fliczcs, l:lter to beconlc bl:rck end crrracietcrl, end rvhich lnrl cvokc thc oldcr filling or'nanlcnrs bv cxotic biossonlsri.irr! lr,'rr {l)( SroL rd lirrc olrrgr.rc *r'n...

Tyrrhenian amphorae (c. 565 to 550)Thc ovoid ncck arlphol:r hrs bccD rhc chiractcristic vasc shipc for scvcr:ll potpaiDters of thc sccond qurrtcr of thc sixrh ccrltrrrv. The largcsr single gror.rpprocftrccd in thcsc ycars, nurrtrcrinE ncltrly two hntr.ircd iu..,iuing pr...s,scctns to havc becu dcstined [ot.u,cstcrD rnxrkcts ruh.lrcc its,.r",rr.l i6 63].()nc or tu'o only arc kuor,r,rr lrom Acgcarr sites. We havc:rlready notcd tlteiDrportance ofthc $,cslcrrl tratkcts, r)i,t.lbl) i11 Solrth lrill),, ro rhc SLJt):r (Lrppeintcrs. lhc Ecruscer citics, cspcciallv Cacrc

"ud Vulii, hed btcn gooil

custolDcrs too, Lrttt gcnertllv rcadic.r for Corirrthiln wxrcs. Now AthcltscDtclcd thc coDlpelition scriously u,ith e li1le:rirned lt a rnarkct conciitiotredr1rclcl1,to Clolnrh's colotrr lnd:rnirrral t'iiezcs, and bcconring rccustorrrccl tcrAthcrs'intcrcstine retrgc of myrh encl ircnr.c sccrer. fhc shepc clroscrr rvas:rLrsctirl onc, rot lvcli srrppliccl liorl Oorinth, ilrld pclhrps trirvclline lillcd rvithplirrrc Attic oil. Thc schcnrc ofdccor.rrion rc\unrL)l!\ rhrr t,f(-orrnth.s vascs,;rlthotrgh b1' thc nrid-ccrrurv thesc hrcl gcncrall\, rbtudoncd subsidiurv.rrrrr r.rl llr,z-.,,rr r]ll,lr,,fr..lrdl'r.rr,.r.orrrrtrrl,ur.rrr {rrrcDi rrr rr,,rI t.c,o.,.rto thcnr in st11c (incltrding thc Lyclln v:rses yct to bc cousiclcrcd). Colorrr is.r-.1 rr,,1r.,.1\.r.r'lr.'rrrlr.tr-tLr,..,crrL...\,,.rr,..rr.rrrr.lli,1rl,lr,,,.,,,lr.,l.scvclri crr rr'_r'ronsctsc irscriptions for rhcir snob valuc. Thc.c is

" gr'r.r.1 rur,,r.

o1_stock livth sccrrcs, uith cmphasis on Ilcraklcs:urd A nr:rzn,,.r,rr" ch v. s.r,,,.korrrrsts still :tnd thcir strcccssors! rrtr rr. .rs r,r cll r, uur c.trltc,,r b.rrrh ofAthcrrien lovc-rueki:rg displaYs u c:rrlt lnd spccillisccl ilrrcr.cst in cr,'crvd:Lv

l6

lrl, l hc vxsc lrccks usuxlly carr\'ar lotus aDCl pxlllrette cross ()r ir)rcrl.r( (. .lr(l,, 1,,\\ thL'rrlain sccnc on thc shoulclcr colre two or thrcc fr_iczcs ol ,rrrrrrr,rlr., ,,,t,,,,hichnreybcrcphccdby:rflora1. l\arcly rhey:rrc ell trlu,k b,rrc,rrlr .r

, ,,l,L l shouldcr lriczc [59]. Thc lttcst amphorae rrc slimrlrcr irr slrrrl,c ;rrr,l, r lorLrscs losc thc cortrll spiky lcal Scvcral artists havc bccr rlistirrgr rislrr'rl

r , L ti'r.u nrey bc pickcd out hrrc: d1e Cestcllrni Prilltcr, thc nrosl all;r:r( -r, rrc ofthc rvl-rolc group, for hisjoll,v, big hcadcd figurcs:urtl his lirrrtlrress,,,,ncflor-allriczc:rbovchistu,ooftninrals[59,60];theCoitl.rPeirrrcr-fbll, . l,Lrlbous-hcetlcd enirn.rls l5dl; thc poorcr sc\y (;ueliclnri Iraintcr I6 r ] errcl

r, linri:rdcs Peintcr 156-71 u,h o in vcnts sorrre iltcrestiDg cock m or stcrs ; thcIi

' illrrios l)airtcr [62] u,ho hes sonrc prcrensions to reil skill rnd ,,vit, sinee rur, ', crc ofZetrs givinq birth to Arhcna from his hced it is HcrrDcs who stclls

r,, rhou, u, ith his clccllrlrion ' l anr Herrnes ofl{yllcnc' (his Arcadiau honrc) ;

,l thc OLL G: orrp (OxfLrd Lcipziq Louvrc) of crr-licr, frucl v:rscs, rlotI L r.l\ cxpor-l Dlodels.

\\,'h;rvc not sccn thc last ofaninrals and aninral friczcs on Athcnian vascs,,Lrt b,v Dow a fierrrc styic of somc vcrsatility rrld vigour-hes bcen cstablishcd, i c\plcss e liro\\rir[i rcpcrtory ofstock lnydl sccDcs and to scrve the ]Dorcr.rsirrativc:lrtist to tcll nc\n, stories o: depict evcrydey lit'i'. Whet chengcsr\ c thcrc bccn i11 thc idio[r offigurc drau,ing ? In ctlc'ct, vcry tcrv. Thc bllck

,,r rrcn - whitc for rvorren convcDrion is rlruost firlly cstablishcd but tlrcrcr . s!ill solnc rnalc red faces and chcsrs. Whcn sonrc Tyrr benian paintcrs grvc

i.orrr;tsts, end cvcn sonrL'her-ocs, r-cd torsos but bleck f;rccs wc nriv suspcctir.Lt thc point ofthe convclltion is bcing lost. On worrrcn's clrapcrv grid

i,.rrtcr_ns talkc Do rroticc of fbld or corrrour bur thcrc rnay bc closcr obscrvltrou,,l rlrc detril ofpcplos slccvcs rnd cloeks (himetia). Wc conre to sec thcl,nrdirllc prttcnr of oblique lines suqgcstilq folds for nreir's himatit, lnd,,,c:rsiorulll rn:tnqulir fold u.hcrc en cd5ic hiurgs frcc. On the fiqulcs rhc

l. rttL'rns ofknecs, cibows or c:u s rney be clrcfully obscrvcd erld cvcll xpproxi-r r.rtc to lifi', but this rcprcsctts Jitclc eclvancc on the scventh ccntlrry. Frorrtil. lrcst and profilc hips ol1ir no problcrl sincc no ettcmpr is mildc rs yct to showll)c stoltlrcll rlllrsclcs but thcrc xrc sonlc cllictivc siclc vicws of the rorso,n)ulctinlcs rather oddlv con)bir)cd u,ith half t frontal chcst. I'hc nrelc cyc,r.rrcs rorrrld xnd frontal in tlrc profilc ficc, thc fcrurlc eye is haifcloscd, olrcrrr irh a black or rcd dot for thc pupil. Withlrr rhcsc colvcntions rvhich allorvcdro rcnclcring ofdcpth, forcshortcning oflirutrs or facial exprcssior bcvondrn opcn urouth or the pxnring :ul\icty ofl slt\'r_ - thc rtrtists itchicvcd e go()Llr .rrr!lc ofstudics of:lctio1r al)d rcposc. lt \4,as for thc rlcxt gcllcrxtion to tfterr)ptto rdd licline.

37

T

Jj (:rt' l)y tlr (: l\ titt.H.tl

j1.t,2Ottby1kl\htktt'| .ALlt! \ 5t1t dlkto!.). lt. ta t7 l\l\rthorlht nq by th C |'jai,tut. H- t1 9

.tt 'ltilotl krthr (lL!)\' llt C I'jdirlu' |tu1lvknl t)l I'ii\

tt (: tI'ytht Ihit(lh.t.q Pannlr B(lltra o a ltliChi ruo H lI

jb Ott Ly th( C hltlt' Syt4D\tt

Ti

+t Ott b),th( Ciriti l\tilt(

1o (:ry Ly th 11(ii.llt! t\ii k1. t.tu itlln ! .4thi (! b,a\:tht ti Chirc _ H_ j1

1j.12 C1ry l,t ttu ()ifitFhil1l l\nnd'.11. 1t'.1

t..t (:lt)lttlttlTtj ttrttl Bondt CAll.t1

$ ltktthr! ht th S.,ttnl P itu l r n

N! ). ..1 hrr hdttt ,itlt,t! li| H- t7-3

t1 Cry) hy th ll.td.lh(c l\1it1ttj42.2 11tt0j.t \rtyr drlr! tu1

?

t6 th(Fta *)i\11\. L'ol .nltlsi! tt q Kttitid\.t1tl Et.rotit .\. tt.6(

1ti- J N(l 't lk Cil)'do idn |ton, U t I 11| .h1t (;.,,.j .r'l ,rr)UoJ

16.1 N*ttL L tu Athitit t!' ha fttriij 't tunj^

t(.j lJrt) 'fh( W..ldtt! rl Ptld\ r l lt|1j\: ALhitltt thn!.! t11)ito!

.+l

T

16-2 Hntullt Ant tit; AN! .d'ria tht t t)1 .\ b), lt |'ni'ttt ol Adilli\ 606 ('o t( tr|!)

ttt B(llt dnphaLt hy th( ]\ti ka ol A.1\Nii! 6oi

t6-7 Bolt Ttu lltln .l Hqlntinr\

j6-iJ I:ort I,y! tri l).\lht t'd,l.

5, Btlly n 4)l\\d l,y tlt Cr"tor

Jo Strdr,dl .4r,/ioJ J/(,.ii ,), Ni,,,.rdj. r.L d. -j0 . t : py! 1t(\ f,Jht tr c! ;tJcrrirr. so _:; Sary^

51.1.) Hyl'ir l,t tht L\.l\t l\1tn t l'|'lnI lLdn Hylri.) L|- .to I

1-u.l1rot ol kn than ! si.q|t.t by Nu,rh,),. A.hith\ ttith hi! hoY,\

Y

5 | Nrtl! n \lon by tlr Cr tdr ])ni kr. Adtillt\ Mnih.l

5.! Hydrin I'y th Pii tt t)l Lo to B 76 ( rtu rn't). +h.to')\.ltdiot

ti N..l d,4lDrd,), /r.l,nittt t,l 1.. da B76..,1(hill(r tlu\lti t'trtln\ lkl t\'l)\t1tr

56 't ynl\rir r phoa bf lk 't't intl.\ ]\tino. H,llklL\ flll l\ /1 :o \- I I- t9 t

57 1)'nhant drthnn b), ltu Tn ah: ltiljta. rh \rdifa,ttt t\)t)lon

nt I )ultnr h ltrtl^\r rl tli I r\lnl r t 't tl

.. Tyholitn nn4,l\\d l,t tk Ktllotii\ Pdttttl tlr.rd!)

\t ltrlt,it artl,lt ah) tln.tr.ttlrh)ithr 1 \t:lt ht jt \t _11 /)

59 'l tfth i,nj n Vhrftt t,t tt. C.nx. dntPrnnr. Atolh) r d Arx li\ ntDt Ltoml

g,l,:

lri:,qfri

ql.i 'l ylnliol d tthohL. t1.15

7.t t'v '

6 ).,: l'h 1\nth,, ]:.tiltlttl.

Chapter Four

THE MID CENTURY AND AFTER

Lydos, Amasis and Exekias

Thrcc artists, whosc works span thc yc'ars frorn:rbout 56o to 5:5 and so to tht.thrcshold of rcd frqurc, ifnot beyond it, rcpresent Arhcritn blick 6gurr rrr

its prirnc and exploit lll rh:rr thc tcchriqrrc. can oli-er.Lydos [61-7r ], at his bcst, riscs to thc quality ofhis scniors, Ncarchos or thc

Plintcr of Acropolis 6o6. Hc is rootcd iu the rradition of Athclial blackfigure, evcn irs anim;rl stylc to which he gives a bricf ncu, lifc, brrr he had rr

long carccr rnd, albeit in a rather sclfconscious and mlnnered fashiori, his lltcrwork rccords thc ncw stylcs ofhis rrore acconrplishc'd contcmporarics- His iscspccially, though, the mood of thc ycars beforc rhe micl-ccrrrury, and' Lydan ' dcscribcs a stylc which is distinctive, ifrot l)ways ofdistinction.

Thc Anrsis Paintcr 177-9tl also workcd long: an individurlist rn thchistory ofAthenialr paintinq whosc brrrsh was as cxpressivc as his qrevcr, auclwhose nrost trivial rvork cu pieasc wirh its flucncy or hulI our.

And Exckias [97 ro6l, a tnLly grclt artist rvho, irr his fcrv sur.,,ivins vasc's,dcrnolstretcs holv it was possiblc to sc above thc cxigcncies o fa tcchn ique sopoorly sLrited to vrsc dccorttion! and to cxprc'ss t nood and dignity such as

rv:ts achievccl, lncient r,r,rilcrs assurc us, in the pairtings ofthc ercrt cl.r\sicrlrnnralists ofthe fifth century nc.

LYDos (.. J6o ro -s4o)

Twosurvivinsvascsaresigncd l64l,aspainter-, by'ho Lvdos"drc Ll.clirrr'a sufncicDt indication rhat thc artist or his fur-nily rvas imnrigr-lnt lionrCrocsrs' Ernpirc, although hc mry havc bcc'n borr in Athcns and hc ccr rrinlvlearncd his tradc thcre. It hes not provcd casy to isolatc Lydos es an individuelirtist rvhcn his signcd works and their obvious kin f,rll r.,,ithin the ransc of rvcr v ltrgc group ofvases, fairly hotrrogcncous;1 stylc bur widclv dillirinl inqualiry. We sccm ro bc dcaling wirh e prolific workshop in which thestandlrds wcrc sct by thc Lydian- Morcovcr, thc r,r,orkins lilc of Lyclos aldhis studio sccms to havc bccn iong. His stylc is firnrly rootcd irr thc tradirion ofthe paintcrs dcscribed in thc last chaptcr; hc decoratcs rrrlnv Sianr cups(ovcrlep) and hc is drc last of rhe paintcrs in Athcus to dcvore larsc v;rsesrvhollv to Iergc rninlals, dr:lwn with cousidcrablc c:rre and no little colour_ Inthcse respccts his stylc rcnreirs close to thet oftlte (lorinthians, u,hilc'in his

s2

lLr,rrr'rvorLhccrrricsLtsfrolnthcswllcldledgcntrvof tlrcirllllrc(lirl(1\ |t)\ll\l( rri,ul vascs, tirror-rgh thc dltpper clrcssirlg of Arllasis, to ncrlt ll)r (lrrlrrrl\ ()l

1.,,i,rs. Within his group $'c find good llriniarurist work too orr lrttl'Nlr\1cr clrps irrrLl e-vc cups, u,lrilc Lydos hirnsclf p]i tccl I berrtl cLrl' lZol 1i'r r

1,,,r!r. Nikosthcnes, \\,hosc florLlit bclongs to thc Ycrrs ofrcd figrrrc l'ttl"tl)rrl! the full rcpcrtorv oflargc ancl slDall vxses avaihblc irr thc P()(ttr\'lLrLrtcr, nrcluding :L trick v.rsc [6.s], a coolcr [66], loLrtrophoroi:rncl :r firrr' r':rl

1, L,lue scrics [7t l.()nc signccl piccc is l supcrb, norv frlgtlreurary diuos frorlr dlc Acro-

1,,, rs | 611, r shrpc xDd sourcc which havc rcndcrcd thc besr rvork of sonl c ofI r ,los' prcdcccssors. ln the llorals, clctailing ofdrcss and f-celul-cs, ltrd thc bolrl

, ,,Lrprrig ofthe battle ofgods ancl giarrls, wc xrc 11ot ftr lrom Acropolis 6o6

, ,1 Nc,richos. Thc rlriu liiezc hts thc gigrlntorrrachy end bclorv ir thcrc i"l,ir.cssioll xlrd ] hurlt, thcn eDinlrls akrnc. Thcre is dclail allal colour hcl_c lor r,'point of tirssrncss, relicvcd by thc vcrve o[lhc fighting lirouPs lrrd thc

, \ r rL'n1cl,v s)'nlPrthctic trcltrncnt oflhc aninils, iiorl thc rvasp shicld dcr r' '1,, thc s:rcri6.iel bc.rsts :rccolrlpanied by thc nlen *'ith e clsc ofwickcd looking,ll rvcs. A colunur cletcr ir1 Ncw York [65] is ncarly I s big es thc Frxnqois V;11('

,ul, \\,ith x singlc friczc, its figtrrcs arc ncarlY 25 cn1. hilih. Thc l{crutn ofllr'phaistos is rcndcrcd with thc rninitrlnnr rcqtlisitc allcntiolr to thc storv

l)ionysos orr ollc sidc, Hephirisl()s llloLnltcd on thc otlrcr end ItlilxinlullI,rlcrcst i1r thc licstulcs rncl bchrviour of rhc :tcconlpln,ving sl 'rs 'rrrdrn,rcnlds. bLrt without thc circtrlnslarrtixl dcrail rvl-rich Klcitils olli-rccl. Nrltiu'rlrc s]t-vr sllxkc-h:llldlcr; thcrc is sonle stcalil)g ofdiDk froltr ir willc skirl,

Lnd tlil-pu1ling. Lydos' srtyrs are gcllllcrncn heiry solllctilrlcs or rvriuklcdbLrt alnlost rlcvcr xs sextrxllv c,\hibitiollist lls thc Aollscell, \{ho xrc rotlghcr

bcrsts, 1)or as sornc ofLydoi Incn whcll ficcd by halrclsornc ,vouths. Pcrhxps

(llis tcilchcs Lls sornethirr!! xborlt LYdos lrlld Al11asis.

Thc nryrh sccncs cstiblish xncl cleboritta stock thclllcs, uot ltll of rhcnr

rcrldt'rcd rvirh rhc firtcssc sccll on thc vescs alrcacly consiclcrcd. Thc onlookcrr.u c- lnol c corllnlor1 n611, ' pc guirr ' r,,'otncn holditrg thcir cloeks irl lio t ofthcnr (prcsrrruebly wrxppcd r.ross thcir chcsrs) treililg o11 ilto'tails' 'rrdr1rcr1 \\'ith the fblds ofrhcir hinratia shorvll ir) slar)lirlg stripcs likc blnd:rgingA trick.jtLg (rn lir holc irr thc hollorv heudlc rvill, $'hclr Lrncovcrcd, rclcir\c

licluicl fronr:r sep:rrltc irrtcr c;rvity throttgh thc ftrot ofthc vlsc!) Dllclc b)'thcpcittcr Kolchos [6E] h:rs Iuorc lD:urncrcd fisules lrld rhc Athcne supPorlirljHcreklcs egeinst K1'knos has ltcr flcsh drltvn in outlillc as Anlrsis might 1l:tvc

donc. uhilc rhc folds of Arcs' .hcss lncl of Zctls (r'r'ho intcrvcllcs) sltou erl

.rttcrnpt lo herrdlr'thc nc\\, thrce-dinlcllsiollal convcrltiolls oirhc 5,1os. Thc

lrcck e d halldlc pelrltcltcs loo :trc lxlc, and lvcll orl dlc rvrv to prltcms oflllclccl frgurc pcriod. (On this v:rse scc also p. (rr.) Sotttc of L-vclos'olhcr bcst

wol k is sL-erl in thc nrnrrirlg or' fl,vitrg figtll_cs oll p1:ttcs. A gorgollci"rr is

promotcd to Ii1l :r pi:rtc orlcc 169]

53

I ' I r r. . r r r i r r r ; r I r , r.spccirllv on thc ceriicr vascs whcrc rhe fiiczcs mav snll

I1,",,:.l,.,rrl,ol,,l,r,..,rr,.....rnnrrr,ir.,,l.,r ..rrr,l.,,r.r,.rnr,.r.c,rrn,d.t.,,'l.l,L,rl,. rrlri.l,rr lt.rr,l .1rr.r.r. r, ,,f ..,r)( t,.lir(\ rr.ri,lr 5, Lr.,,l ,,, rh,. 1_.,,,r,,,,Vlsc. Thr.1, urc sriflilcgecd, siirrr-bodicd, r rther- rt oodcn bLrt tlccorativc bcasrs,encl thc closest ofell in Athels to thc very latesr ofthosc plintcd ol1 \,i1scs by(lorirthirn-ertrsrs (comp:rrc l7.u l). Bclzlcy distirgtrishcs trr,o principll conr_penions oiLldos, but onll.frrrnr thcjr hLlrnrn figurc r.r,ork sincc thc aninrrlsr-cllr:riD 'Lvdell'. ()f thcsc thc l)ArNtE]l ()1, VATTcAN -lo9,s pcrk1,_fcetrrrcclfigrrcs r arcll app:-olch L vdo s cvcr iu h is ntost pcclestr i:rn rrrood | 7-1 a l, whilcthc PAINTT.R or LouvRE F6 orlv occtrsionally.i,,cs

"b,r.," hr.k ruurt'i75 f1.

Thc firrlrcr is nrorc old-[rshiorrrt anci shorrc,r-livcd, dccol,i"r*,r*i,,f",r"af.rllrphoric: thc lattcr gocs oIrc dccor.lttc- the nctv shot,iclcrccl h,vclria, crltcrsrlld n1ln,v bclll irnrphorlc,, nrost like thc latc.sl Cor.rnthil:r in shapc, andsctting;rbovc thc p.rncls thc lorq tongucs, rvhich arc so cr:rrrnror in (lorrlrh,or rous ofblobbr ir,r'lc-ercs. Thc colunrr crltcrs t()o.rr-c llicl orrt nrrLch likcth. ilrcst Cor.irirhi:rn. Whlt lilks rhc u,r)rk ofthcsc er.tisrs to L1.dos is thc st1,lc.,1 rIr, .rrIrrrr.r|.,,rrrlr,.u v r,...rrr(t tit,.r l\(,,r rlr.rrr urrl.ir_ r.r,. . ..ltl .6 1.,,.,,,Athcrrs- fhc LIdrn ligurrc st)-lc lirrgcrs oD dcccprivcly irrto rhc 5:o,s o,-larcr(rvith tlrc 11cld1, l)tirrrcr) pcrhaps fbr cldcr.l1..,,rt,ru.,i.., s,ith slc.nclcr nrcarrs.

Trrr, Auasts l)ArNTHx (.. -s6c) to jtl)Thc clclicetc touch aDd r,".it ofthc Ar11:lsis p;riltcr erc an cxccilctrt f-oil to thc,\\'orklrlrliike Lyclos or thc nlor.c stiltlrcsqr.lc rljenitv oflrxckias. AlthoLlghsonrc fclturcs of his srvlc sccnr rlnost fbrcign to tltc rnair ttrc;un of bl:rcklletlc in Athcrls, his rpprcnticcship .,r,ls Arh-c,li,rn, i,, r1rc 11,.rpr,,fth" Si"r"cLLp.prirrtcrs, arrd cspccilll,v of rhc Ilcidclbcle peiutcr

l-;9_7i l.Anrlsis signs cight bllck fllaurc v:rscs, :rll dc.cor;rtcd bv'on'c ertist. His othctpottcr rvork is slielrt, ;ichldiltg f\\' o v.r\rs iot L I dus .urJ, n u I I rhc othcr cl)d ot.his c.trccr, l crtp (rvhich hc also sisrrs) for ,r rccl fiqrrc eitirr. flr" t i".lt i,*,,."peintcr r.d potrcr trc slrrcl' thc s:,tlc llr:til. ,Anr:Lsis,

is a Hcllc,ised lor,t ot'.thc Eq),ptiirrr Ahrnosis, wtich is e rnnllrruu Eq)pf,.,n u.,rr.. Thurc ,,rar al)liareoh Ahrnosis r-rr-line Egypr fronr 57o ,,,, prub"l.rl1,,oo lurc ftrr the Grcekto bc r:rrlcd elicr hinr rt birth. The carlicst v,rics by thc,paintcr_portcr ilrc norsiqrlccl so thc rrrrnc courlcl hevc l)ccn edoptc.i littcr in iiie, brrt tli...,

"r.i urh".

1:.rdor-s u,hich llriliht irrdicrtc a pert-Eg,vpiien or igin rDd cerly 1,",,.r.r1r.-u,, .,, r,,ir Neucrrtis: his i:rtrocluctiou ofthi,Eevptiari;rhlr"sr.,,,,'sh"p. iir..t"r ruArlr,.r,, 1-ol. rrr,l f '., lrr. rllrrr, .,t,,.;,"....,, rw(,.,t.Jr,,'r,..1A,,,.,_sri lool rnd A,r rs,,r'. uhteh rrr{:{csrs that thc finrilier Ar,lsis rves s*..trt.IJrrt thc idiosvncr:rsic's ofhis st;lc lrc nor spccificailv louien.

Arrr:rsis pots encl dccoretcs e rvidc rengc of shepcs (but rrot hr.drilLc orcr.rrrrs). t)fthc l.rr,:c v.r\r\ h( prL.fL.r\ th" 1r.:11r,,,,,rp1,,,,."c, wir; o,c or tn,o ofrhu nc\\ T)Lrc A l,tz .il. rrrdr rht clabor:rcccl hendlcs lnd lcct, bur e surellrlrullbcr ofDcck unrphor:rc spln his carccr-, lronr thc cerlv ovoid to 6nc latc

J.+

., Lrl,lcs ofsiout'spcciel s]rrpc'fd5 61. His siEriturcs irr( ()r llr.( n{,L, r 1,lror.c, e cup illd t'btrr oirrochori, xnothcr levorrrcd shupc. I Iis r'.rrlr,'r

'i,,rl, ir on slrotrldcr lckythoi [77 El, .rnd hc peirts elso ;r lirv ol tlrc ol,li r

I)t LLririt t)-pc.Hiscupsurcludcordin;rr1,blndcupsIdIItrD(l r()nr( c\l(rr,', rtr,.,,iththcliplcssT,vpcActLps[.9;] ircludirewharlookslikc;rp.rrotlr ol1,, lr r ckien cl'c cup, wirh its cyc-sircn xnd cxcrciscs in m:rniptrlr tior l,t..l1,:rrrrl,,,,.'rvirh pleirr stcrrrs rDd onc-piccc profilcs to tbot ft4l, ,,vlrich ertirip.rtc

y,r ofTvpc ]3. His potting is unifolnllv c\ccilcnt rr1d, likc thc peinting, otrt, , r r1 11161i11111, l ulr of prodLlclioll ir Atlrcrs pottcrs' quartc'r.

I he broed dcvclopmcllt oithc plintar''s cill ccr cilrl bc obscr vt'cl both in thcrr L. ot_his flerrres ilnd orlrill)lcrt, lrrd ir thc shepcs ofthc vescs hc rlccoratcs,

1,,! rnstrrlcc in tllc scrics oi 1)cck xnlphor:lc. Thc c:rrl1' shouldcr lckl-r r,,l 177 El illc closc to rhc u,ork ofthc Sien:r cup pairrrcrs.'fhc rcietioushi;r,rLtI thc Hciclclbcrq Irrinlcr hxs bccrr norcd, lnd rhis indicares thrt Am.r:rs,r.rs p.riuting by lbout 56o ll(r. On thc rnrphorlc wc ciln scc chrlrgcs il) thc,, ]l rrrrr cnt lhclotlrscslosirlqrhcirccDtrclcafId5:Eg,9r].Thccrrlyclrlpccl

{urcs hirvc fbldless drapcrr'177], thcn flet rnslrl:rr lolds ('Lvcl,m'It7]) lnclr)irll! sirloorrs ()Dcs [86], so Aur;rsis' ctrccl sp:rns rhis iruportlnt st,vlistic

,lrlngc. This 1:rst phrsc nlust llc corltcllrpolrlr\,\\,ith thc ctrly vcltrs of rccligurc but hc is iu uo rcspcct scclucc'd by'thc lcr, irrrcrcst il erretonlic:rl dctril

()r thc looser drr\\,ilrg of(llilpcr v r,vhich bcsct his poorcr corrlcrDpoIarics. ()nr rturnbcr ofhis lrtcr v:rscs hc drlrus worucD's flcsh in oLttlinc [85, E7, 39], notrhitc ou bhck Id6, 9o]. H.rrlict Athcnir:r plintcrs hrd donc thc silrllc but rn

rhis rcspcct alorc Anlxsis l11ay bc lckrlowlcclqing or alticipatinq thc rlcu,tcclrniquc- Arrothcr fi'lrnrc ofhis l:Lrc work, on thc stout irnrphorec irnd cups,is rhc occrsionel oru issiol ofr sround linc ti)r his fiqlrrcs IE4, E6l. Hc firvorrrslirrclv pettcrncd drrpcrv, nreking !!rcat piey with delicetc r,r-ar,) lincs ld5 61,

whilc flingcd hcnrlincs xrc I spccialitv. I lc uscs stipplinu ii grcirt rlcril ior rhclrliry boclics ol setyrs ftt-91, cvcn fi)r hcld hrir end bcrlds, :rrd rnrnv of his

\ oullla nrc sporl long lovc locks bcfi)rc thc cxrs. A rcrl fircc urev I)c qivcn toxr1 occesiorlill sircrl [.r2] or Athcl1.r (thcrr r,r,ith bl.rck flcsh), ercl ir gcncrel hisusc ofcololrr.rn(l erce pattcrlrilrg is bold e|d originrJ Hc r'r,:rs Urscinrtcd bv.u'nrou: and cs1'rccielly bv shiclcl bhzons fETl rvhich he nrekcs nruch of(cspccilllv ;rnirrll fbrcparrs), incisins rethcr than nrcrclv prirtirlq thcnlrvhirc. I lc llso cnjoys dct.rils ol.jcrvcllcry ltcl drcss. His t'lgtrrcs hirvc rn cl.r\tiLdelicncy of lirrrb ancl corltoLrr, bcst irpprcciitccl on his s lellcr v:1scs, []ut rlotlost on thc I:rrqc oncs. Unusurlly, ftr e bhck figurc urtist, his brtrsh work is.rsinrprcssive as his incisine.

His glorLps rrd lriczcs lrc composcd with e c:rrclirl svrrrrrlctr\', rathcr stxid:rt first, bLrt letcr rrcvcr dullirlg thc iurp:-r'ssion ()fr1r()vcrlrcDt. l)iouysos is hisirvoul.itc, usurlly standing cor pluccntl,v u,ith suryrs, rnucnrds or nortxls,sLrpL-rvisir)q tho vintalje [.!9], once skipping forwlrd to hilvc his cup rcchrrgcd [8t1. Thc s:rt\.rs xrc p:llticularl\r eimiablc bcesrs, with 1o\\,, hcirr,)'

5S

bLrttoil's, s[rrrrrr I)r(lr.rr,l .rl(.rt l..rtrr(\ llr, rrrrrlr,,l,,r r,.Li ,,,rrcs,rrc ulllc()rrp()scd hrt r.rr(.ll slrorv tlrc or.isirr.rlrrl ol lrrs rlrr rrrr sr,rlrli.s rvirlr rlrt.irrrirr)irtcd ltcl)itcalLrritl saUlprLnc lf'.;l,.rrr,l lrc rs olicrr s.rti:llcrl \!ttl) il (liviDCcorvcrsilzi()Dc. T'hcrc is origirl.lity, llo\! c'cr, l)()'] ol_ ol)scr vil tior r. i. rrrill) \ () l

his cfuncing figurcs, rncl hc is one ofthc flrsr to incr.odrrcc cvcr-yclev sccrrur,,lsonle cortrplcxit) chc r,vcdc.liDg pr.occssjoD [72], e r,r,cavirrg shop [7.S1, tlrchur)tcr's rctur-11, plausiblc doqs, a rllegnificcnt c.lvxlcxdc lgil._ _Throueh renlpcr-enrcrlt or trrinirrg he u,as eblc to lcld soructhiug ol.

clelic-ecy :rnd u,ir to a style rvhich sccnrcd alwxys ro n-or.k agli:rsr tltcscqu:rlitics. His skill as r peittcr xs well es drrLrEllrsrniur iudicarcs hi's svnrplthyu,ith thc idiom ofrccl 6gu:-c, elcl 1vc curch his spirit nrorc clcrrlt, in thc u,qr.kof verious rccl figr.rrc cup pnirrtcl s therr in othc: bleck 1igure ertists. Hrs sorrKlcophradcs m:rdc pots Ibr-nvo ofrhc fincst rcd 6gur.e rr.;jsts of circ, ca11l, 6ftlrccDtury.

ExrKtAS AND (lRoup E

'(iroup E . . . is r larsc and comp;rcr laroup which is vcry cioscly rcletccl to thcwolk of thc painter Exckias, though c,rrlicr . . . tl-rlrr rcarij. :tll tl.rc, vlscsassisned to hirlr . . . (lroup E is rhc soil lrorn witich rhc ert ofE_rckirs sprinus,thc traditiou rru,hich on his rvry fronr finc crlftsrDlD to trtrc arrist hc ubsorbsind tr:Lrlsccnds'. Thus llcazlcy lncl ir his firsr eccotrnl ofthc gxrup hc lclclcd'Most oidrcsc'vascs rvill lrc by orrc hrnd,. Thc rr.tisr or etists d.s".u.ou:rttcntioD xrrd sontc rcspcct, motc thitD wc rlre1,uaturel1y:lcco].d alt illr()lty_rl)olrs qroup, si11cc thcir.u,ork lcircls t)ot oltly ro Exckias but llso rcprL,scltts xconscious brcrk r",ith \\,h:rt rvc rruy rcgard as thc,Lydiul,trrclitioi ofthcjJo's. lt is cxlrcssccl irl sltitpcs - thc clonrinancc of thc bcllv rllphor.ir ar1clcnrcyllcncc. of Typc A (rnosr Ll,clen bclly :rnrpholac lr-c poor.ercli iet.), thcrot:rl lbxDdonnrcnt of ovoicl ncck lmpholac and (alnrosi toreJ) ofcolunrtcratcrs, y)lne ncw'spcci:ll'ncck eruphorac, an apptrcllf l:rck ofiltcrcsr rn.rrrrll r r,u. I,rcLr... purr,d rr,ro,r1, L,.,r.. 1oo1 ,rl,..,rrly p,,rrL.r .iL.1r.rr( 1rlh c ,jruu p) b.'[orr. ]rc Lr r.c,rlnrscd rs a p:Linrcr, so hc rrrlr, havc conui[rL,t"d t.,thc pottins traditior) ofrhc groltp ur iir c.rrlirr t..,rr. Lrut,.,,,rc rcgrrd this:rsbis crrlicst surviving paintcd u,ork a1so. Thc figrrrc srylc of(irouj E lq,r_901,rviti'r no enimll vascs, lrcks thc, rnonunrcrrtali4,ofExciies or cvc,, Ly.lor,

"n.lrhc mytholosv c:ru bc vcrv rcpctitivc tlrxr)),ofHcr.klcs u,ith Ccrl,on or.rhcLion, or T'hcscus with thc Minotrur) but rrrorc paintcr.s ofrhc scconcl helfoflhc ccntuly fbllorv the iced of cltis srorrp encl Exeki:rs than ofLydos or tltcAnusis Plillcr. It is possiblc thur Exrkr.rr' ullor t.lr(.1. irr rhc hr\rory of.Athc'ui:rn black fiqnrc is duc rs much to his pottiue ls his peiltirs. Wc h.rr cnotcd his carlv potiue alrcadv l96l and hc

"1r,r riqu, ..rrr" trr,. liir.r1r.

",pottcr, for x Littlc Mastcr to piint. Wc can sce lrorn his pottcr sig[irturcs ti]itthc rray hlvc bccn rcsponsiblc lor thc clrl1, clcvclopmcrt of ihc Type Actrp ll o4l end Type A bclly eruphora bis vlscs, I r ool is oycr Co cnr. higir ; 1c

j6

?I

1 !\ lr,r\rrr\rn((11 tlrL r.rlir,r.rtrr\riii llrL, ,r rL,r \LIL,,,r'r,tr.r',I,,,,r'rt,,ILr lrrrrr lrd;l;.rn(l llcl,()rrc(l Lrttl( Nl.r\l(,,,r1)\i,,, ,)IL(r\I('IrrIrrL llr(' r.llllrc

',,1 (lr,rlit\ ol tlris lvor I' is lcrrr.rll.rl,l,. l:rorr tlrc:lrort lrst rrl lrrs srgrrcti ;rrrtl

r r rl,r rtt tl vusc: u c c.r n \cc thrl llr w()rkc(l Lrotlr orr pltr rrr P ncr'k ,r rrrplrortc lrrdrl,, Abcll),lrufhor-rc(rxtl)crth;rrrthcst;ur11;rrtll;r'llyrnrphor:tofGloupE),r,l .rr orrc crlrnplc o1_clrclt llc sillrls :Ls both pottcr :1nd peirrtct, tnctricirll,v

lr..cki:rs cgrrphsc k:r'iroicsc rtrc'. His orhcr plintilg rvc'ktrorv frorn onc

',lLr,rr I bcllv rrrrphorr onl1., l Panlthcneic lro6l, l dinos lio.u l, r plxis:rndI r1! ()l_trvo firncrerv plltcluc scrics lIo5l.

I lr\ dcbt to drc traditior ofGroup E is dc'monstratcd bv shapcs, olrlltlrrcnt,

',1 stvlc. The neck anrphorxe in particular xrc Pr'oviclcd u,ith a vlricty of

i,,rrr'r', bud xlrd cvcn ll;rlel friczcs on thcir lower ,,vllls lttd shoul-,1, r: lr1, 97-t]. The unclcrhandle scrolls arc Lu)plrrllelcd lor thcir incssc.\\rlrcrc Croup E usullly has irtcrl:rces of lotus and palnlcttc in thc olclcr

'r .rrrncr, Exckias hts chrirs (rvith hoop links not rcndrils), a1ld xllhough or,,rrc side of :ur carly xr)rphora thc'pelnlettcs heve close set lclvcs Iq7], on thc(,r( ofhis wolk thc lcavcs scpxrete and rrc xlwxys 6rrc1y drlrvtr, sonlc'tirDu\rrcrn:llcly colollrcd. In nrxlrv ofthcsc rcspccts Anirsis wes coDscrvuli\L',rrlrcrc Exckias skinlpcd rlothing encl pilnncd cvcry dctril. His rvork es e

l,.rn)tcr (hc plob:rblv pottcd lar longt'r) fal]s in thc thircl qLrtrtcr of thc sixth, rrtLlry, starting hter thln Alrasis, olrt oft()Llch with Lyclos, atrd at thr'crrdnrrkillg Do corlccssion to rcd figlrrc altholrgh thc first ofthc rcd figr:rc rrrirtr\\ orks in his manlrcr. Frolrr his rendcl ir)q ofdreper)' wc scc that thc splal rng.rhrcc dirncnsional folds erc lcrv ro thc v:lse painter'[9E]. Hi\ trcetrlrcnt oftlrcrn is confideDt, Dol yct 1r)ll1111clcd. Thc devclopnrcrrr of tlrc stylc ofal)crfcctionist is lcss cxs,v to obscrvc th:lrr rnight bc inrlgincd :rnd it rlry rvcll be

rhlt his ectivc peinring occupicd firr fcrvct vcnls then rlrilrlv htvc thotrghtsa,v 54 j to 5lo. Ar)d did such dD artist \\,ork oDly ;1 thc poftcr-s qu:rr-tcr ? Wc

rrright Jook to rlre kouros, Murlich r69,orcvc11thcnr;rrkcriirrKroisos'15:nvc.ft is cast ro drvcll on dctlils of lris rvork, thc crrc hc levishccl on nrrncs,

rl-morrr, onlilnrcnt {;ool, :rld indccd thcrc :rrc firv uho could nr.ttch his

precisioD rnd dratLghtsnrenship. But tltc lullmark of his stvlc is e ncerstxrucsquc dignity ufiich brings vtsc p:rinting t'or thc flrst tirnc closc to...rrIrrg.r pl-,,. r..r rrr.,j,'r .rrr. Illr' i. rr,r., r)rrll,'r,'f.iz..r pr,'pnrri,'rr.llthough both pley their part, for his sccncs ofactioll erc composccl rvidroriginality and vcrvc-

l-{is originelirl, eppcers iD lrlxrly lbrlns. Hc blcaks Athcrrien colrvcrrtiorr tolet his Dionysos seil across thc wholc e1)rptv intcrior ofa clrp [-ro1], prcpercd\\,ith:r warnr'corel rcd'b:rckqr-ound llld dccoratcd outsidc \\,ith thc cl-rssiicycs - both pcrlr:rps his o\\'D irlvcrltioD. Hc is tlrr'first to scr prinrcd ships

sailing rrrouucl thc illtcr rinl ofa dinos lro-:1. Hcrocs and horscs flrrrrrrtr-y.rit t r'l(r,vho equally dcscrvc, end oltcr erc givcrl, nrmcs) welk likc thoroughbrcrlsthrough a crlft devoted too long to \\,orkrnanlikc dccoratioll lrrrd oltcD rr.lrv('

57

stor\. tcllins. For thc first tirre thc grrpiric rrrist caD chxllcngc his pocrcortcnlpolaries, al)d on sinrihr grounds ofobscr.,,etion alld fcelilg. T]tc lltcIofctrlicl xrtists erc, at bcst, clegent ptrppcts. Anasis could r". r,r",,

"r,,,.r,.Exekias cotrld scc iris nrcn ls qods lnd in !his he Eives Lrs x fbretestc ofciilssical:rrts. Felv ofllis mythologicll sccncs folkr,,r, cstrblishc,d petcrns rvhilc soruc scrrcrv fashiotrs. For A.jlx's srricide Ir ot I wc hrvc thc broodirg prcpemtion in acorlvclltion rvhich rvill not yct :ldnrit facie) cxprcssiou bcl,ond a firrrorvcclbrou, and nor thc bloodv;rpaletr)cr1t, thc ntonrcnt ofnrtxinturn actronbclovccl oI Arc]reic lrt. His Arhcnians rrorrrn Iro5] r,virh thc digniry of011 mpi.urs. His u elrior-s lncl vounq nrcrr rvjrh thcir purcnts I Frorrris2lr,irl, cvc,rrrvhcn idcnti6cd rs divinc (as rhc I)ioskourroi with Lc,cll ancl T,1.rrdi."nrj,

".t "hunran, cvcrld:ry scer)c, widl that xwercrcss ofthc divinc in hrrnrar thougl.rtrnd action u,hich thc chssicrl elti\t \\,xs to codifv lbr-thc tntdition ofrvcsccrlrrrr. All rl,t. \\... t)(\\ rn rl)( lr.,t .ur\ 1..t,(1.

Little Masters and other cup paintersSucccssftrl nriniarrrrist rvork in thc black ligtrrc rcchniquc hld bccn thchullmerk ofthc bcst (iorrnthiar ;rair.rrilg ofrhe scvc,nth ccDrurY B c. I11 Athcllsthc Silna crrp p:lil)tcl_s wcrc:rt rhcir bc\r ,.r,hr:l thcrr tigrtr,:s orcrrprecl fhcirighcst ev:rililble 6cJc1, on thc ovcrlep cups, btrt thcir rivals lnd succcssors, thcLitllc Mestcls, rcDounced lhc ovcrlep and conccntretccl thcir figLlrc rvork indrc n:rr-rorv lrit'zcs of lip or hendlc zoDc, or1 shapcs of l ncu, clcg;rucc:rnddclicrc,v. Vcry li'rv Sirne ClLrp l)aiutcrs r,,,crc rlso Littlc Mlstcrs:rrrciit rves firrirltists likc Kleirits to iDrloc]ttce rhc llcw styic i:t, it scclus, nc\\, poftcr,s srLldios.1hc_tcnciency to ir)alcasc drc hclqht ofrhc loot or cups rves tppercnt in thcbhck cups ofothcr prrts ofCircccc, lncl in rhc, dccorlrc,d bllck fiurrrc crrps ofEast (lrcc'cc errd Lrconi:r, brrr thcir lips ilre sct o1l'srill iu tht- ur,rr,,r". oi,rldcr.skyphoi. In Athcrs somc carly nrcrryrhought cLrps hacl hieh ti,ct [37], rnci lorthc lips thc pottcrs sousht olhcr sohrtionj, rvhilc thc ptinrcrs iuiccssiirllvnrilstcrcd the rnirilrrrrist srvlc rvhich suired thcsc lcrv shrpcs. Fcu, rvc:-crccognislbly thc pailltcls ofhrgcr vascs llso, alrhorrgh nlost ()flhc besr potpxintcrs illso dccor:ltcd e ti-,,v cups. Stylistic co:rrp:uison bctn c,c,n the big ;urclrlrr ,rrr.rli i. n"l .r,\^ r\.,. .. W.. lr.,r, nr.rr\ \lqnrlltr!.\,,r litrl.. M.r.t.r,bcclusc thc inscripriol) sontetirlrcs for n)L.d urirrrpuir.urtclrnrL.rtrrrhL,,vcrlilclcsigr, cspcciellv oflip cups. Mosr rrc oirhc ,cpoicscn' r\.pc. fhc Potir)g i\()ftclr cven bcttcr rhl11 the peintiDq, so dtis is not surprisirrg, but rhcl clo Iorhelp trs to idcntilv biesel u,orks p:rirrrcd b1,tfic srlic urriir. Iftherci erc uottuorc siglted 1:rrgcr virscs it nliry Ltc th:lt the siq]rlttnrcs dicl Iot (or rlicl ot Yc)havc thc rclvcrtisinq vlluc th;rc sonrc lud letcr. Wc sh;rll look fir.st et rhrpcs:lud dccorarion. thcn:tr rrri\t\ ol'thc ultitr scrics, finirlll clcrivcd rvpcs.

Con o(rs (ltrps I I otl lrc thc' cerlicst enc] lnrotrg thc srtrallcst. Thc: srreighr

lip is bhck, clc:rrlv markccl oil fronr thc bocly. Ihc hendle zoric has a linc rrcar

.ll

i r r,,1,(lowcrrhluor1 lllost SjirtlaLr:111d oficn cer its b.rse. lllc lirot rsLrlr tlr'

',, rr.. but glo*,ing,:lrrd with clccort livc hoo Ps bcrlcil tlr. rllrrl, rrrsr,l, tlr,r, 'tl,,1Lrr c tonclo cdgccl wirh torlllucs, llso likc thc Si:rnrrs, ;rrrci olit rr ,r r i st r i "l

L r,l ,rr thc botorrr ofthc liP. Lr fht thc rtt;rrn dilii':cncc frolrr lhc Si.rrr'rs t' rrr

t , 'r,,cunc1

thcprofilcofrhclip, arrd cvcn sorllc Sierr:rs hitcl blrrck lips. l(lertr.rir, ,1 l:r-gotirrros colltbor;rtcd on tltc tlittltc piccc oa thc Crotrp, firtrrrrl "rr,,,riliol) [rodl. Thcir signetttrcs rlrn stI]ii]ht bctrvc'cn drc rlc:lt h:llldlr I).rl-

i r t.s. lDd tlris is thc nol ntxl schcll)c o fdccoliitioll fi)r this clllss :1lld lor thc liP

, l, Ihc srnlc llltists Plodllccd othcr cxitrllplcs, but rlo othcr Lirtlc Masr'.'l'

).r[]cs! lurd this sLlggcsts I llortlit foI llrc cllss eirotlr o:.iLrst bciirlc s(ro'

\L )N r)ri()s siqrls lcvcl el othel s lnd rlso sccllls illl cilrlv sPcci]list iD thc cless. bl1r

,,Llri r (lordiou cul'r sienrturcs (Phr1:ros, Soklcs, pcrhrps Archiklcs) erc ruct on,,rLrcr Lirtlc Mastcr shapres.

Lrt,Cut,s, rs lt l3l, rcsclttblc thc Ciordiorr ctrps in shrpc, rvrrh :t str:rieht lip,,,,lcd oll honr rhc bodv, brrt nol et ]D abluPt aDglc. Thc high fccr hevc ir

,rL)xd l']et b:rsc plirtc: lhc lict of most clllicr ctlPs airc hollo\\'collcs ()fcvcllr lr ickncss. lJrrr rhc urrdcrlool tl cllnlcnt itpPc:r1cd on sorr)c Siitllrs which hrvc,lLritc broed lcsting illclrs, u,hilc rhc C l)lirtlcr utldc er Iclst onc rvirh I high,

IrLrelv Littlc Mrtstcr loot. fhc figtLrc dccorrlion is on rhc phin 1ip, Lrsurllv

, )nlv onc to thrcc figtrrcs:rl tilc ccrlrl-c oll erc]t sidc, rvhich lncens that it is r:rrc

r,, find u rvholc nrytlt sccrrc in this position, btrt thc lip is oltcn lcfr cnrptl - Thc

lr,rrdlc zonc hrs l liuc nc:rr its top :Ltrd illll()st elu'e,vs:rrl iuscriptit)D tlcl\\'ccnlr.rndle pllnc cs. Thc inscription rlrry llc a sigtlxltlle, aL ll)olto 'cl)xirc kli1,ici tccli' ('h.ri1 rncl dtiuk rhis') or thc likc, or rrorrscnsc lc[tcrs to n1:]Lc rhc(lcsircd prttcrD. Thctc is e r-esc'rvccl b:rttd Lrrvcl on lhc \1'rll illrci thc lilll li)otr.rrcly h:rs ltoops bcuetth. Insiclc tltcrc is of_tcrr a fiqulc t'lrrdo crlgccl tithtongucs which hevc rvhitc dots bctrvccn drcir rips I I I o- r ]. Outlinc drlu'ntimllc hcrds rlc not tlDc()r1il)ron xs thc lip dccorlttiorl (' hcrcl cups') on rvorkbv Slkonidcs lr t5l, Hcrnrogcrrcs. ['hlvrros end otl]cr'\; Epirinros h:rs tint r

busts ofdivinitics itr tllis posltiotr, rlso outlirrc dlrrvrr lr.:t t l. llrilitics rcphcc

thc hrrnclic p:rlurcttcs bl rninrills or iigurcs lr.zr l; hrtvc florels on thc lips likcSirnls (thcsr' bv Hcr rrroqcrles) I Put flgtrlcs it the hrlucllc zollc, likc olll_ nc\tchss.

llaNo Cups, ls lroql, hevc bllck, sliglttlt'corrclvc lips rvhich rrrrr into rhc

iinc of tltc bod,r', rurci oftcn r rcd p:rinted fillct xr thejunction ofboclr :rrrd

srenr. Thc- flgulc dccoretiorl ls in rhc harldlc zoDC, olicn bcruccn peltllcrtcs,

.rrd it nor llrxllv fills this liclcl but rIe t' bc ' bricf'. Fcr,r' it.ivc inscripriorrs hcr c;

fi'rv. clccor:rrcrl tonclos rvithin: ii-t :rlc rtll bleck t'ith ir p:rrch wirrdow forfigrrrcs bcnvccn thc hlrdlcs; .trrLl:r vcr-v fcn'big orrcs (Atrdokiclcln) h'rv'

tigurcs on thc Brt r.lrldcltbol. Wc rttight wolldcr wh) t\{ o cup t,vPcs s1l.h xs

rlicsc $,cr.c rlcvclopcd erd so Iong r crulillcd cqr.rallY popuLrr rvilh peirrtcls end

cu\lolDcrs. lhc bl:rr:k iip is rDorc colllfollrblc to thc drirlkcr, bul thc hc.tVy

ridgc bclol thc lip l it[in thc lip cup probeblr' lllcxrrr thll lc\s \\'rrrc wis lost

i9

bv splesi:irrq. Ilrc ursu.cr rrrrst i)c rhlrt botlt plclscd in thcir rvr1, bLrr thc lil)cup nes pr-ob rblv thc nror-c clifficLrlt to rhrorv lnd clcconcc firlli,.Lirtlc Mlstcr siglreturcs lrc gcncr:rllv ofpotters but Irilr)ds sotnclirrrcs sccrrr

to cort-cspdrd. TItcr.c is a strotrg Illllilv itltc-rcst too Ncerchos, sons TlcsoIand Ergotclc's; ErEotinros'son Euchcir.os, arcl his qr:rtclsor u,ctc in rhcbtrsircss. Wc lrlve noricccl sonrc Litlc Mesrer crrps liy th" tlrtec

-fr.rt u,i,l

ct'rrtury pxintcls irr the last scctiorr and thcrc will [rc, ot]rcrs Doticccl].rt._r.. Wct1tn1 ro\\,'to e t'i'lr- ofthc ntorc clistinqrrishccl spccialists.

Tr.rsoN is thc clessic Little Mesrer, no doLlbt pailltcr iurcl pottcr, und lll,lysnrnritrg his flthcr, rhc peintcr Ncatchos in ltis siglitrrrcs T.lcson hoN,.,r, lr.',1.,,iu, rr. Hi, ligrrr....r..rr,rrrll, ,,,,rr,. 1..,,,, i.,,r,l 1,.r,. lro9l..,t.,r.,rarlrs, stiss It I r]) both insidc and ,,ur,r.le Lp.uF\ (nt ur ]. t,t w hi, h Lrc lc.:rvcsplairr). Thcy lrc'cxccurccl dclicetclv rvith ,iru.li .nl.rr., ."tlr". tit.., ,j.r" t

".,Lvdan, u,ith lll:rny rcpljces ofstock sr-oups. [Jis bapd clps 1r"".]'r1r" r",,,"schc-ltes.

Thc plintcr ofctps sigucd by XlNorr_rs wils it poolct. rrrilt Jt tjl, arxll]-rr ri.q , ,rr

'gu't s .rr rL tru.rtrrr1] hr\ lrp cLlps r-rrilct- likc Sien:rs a Ilc"ri"i. ,r,rt",, clr"

rnllLrcrrr r. o t rhc (' l,.rirrrr r orr hrs u ork. Hc :rlso rnekcs scvcr_al plrirr, incluclingbarrcl c-ups can ying thc siqrr:rturc onlv. H i_l(MrrcrNrrs nr.rrk! l.if li1r .

"lr, I,rr1,inclurling sornc bcering oLrtiinc fcnr.,lc hr r.i, (herd .Lrlr,., ti*jrrlli ,uy.rnthc lip,.urd birud cups with chlrior lu.l *,".ri,r, lr lll:'uclt ,ro.k, bu, ,u"cill]rlot bc sltrc that ol]c xrtist peintcd both troLrps_

, C)thcr hcld clrp xrrists of clisritrcrion arc, jekoniclcs I r r 5l (rcscnrbline

Lvdos);rnd Phrynos. SaroNror,s Dtily cotllc lrtc ru the scrics'sincc hc alsopaints e Typc A cup. Ancurxt.ls, ou thc othl,r hincl, siilrs

" Iip iup-*.itfr abllck lip rcscrrrblinr thc (ior cliou cups, rnd coll;rbor:rrc, ifro*. iy i,, ,,'.,,p .Lfrn

sisnccl rvitli ' cpoicscn ' by (ilatrkvrc, lrro]._Thir Ls rn cl.r[>or.rrc 1",;:. Ir.".icu1'r, with dctrilccl nr,vrh ;ccDcs. 'I'h. Co","ur. t,,rrrrri. r., i.u., 1,H,,*

",fria.horscs, ccntaLrrs, slLtyrs, rcrdcrcd rn -r hrr:1,,. rr(r\oLr\ \r) Ic tr,Zi. ii"_,"g._lerly clocs rvirhou r heucllc pllnrctrcs_ Thc ()ai<rsno.rr. t ari.ir.,i ,rr;gtri.i"r,, ulbc onc r>fthe_flrcst of'thc spccielist Little Mastcrs rvith trvo ,r,.liiig.*.,t ruacttps, onc uirh rr)irl)els. rhc ()rh{.r \\rrh l)r(,n\sLrL r.ercr I r r,!J, .,,,j., l,p ,,,1,clt'corltccloriyr,,,itLirIri9i.C)thcrpr.o,rinc,c.trrisrsrr.,,'t"air.'N,,^^irr,,,r,lvhosc,peiurcr. is glrmiouslv proud-ofhis uirrr;rls I r zol, .,"a i r*,.or, l"pr"_serrccd ltcr-c b; a kanth;u-os Il::1, I shape rvhich rerc:i1. lound its rvar],,,*rr rir"Lictlc M.rsrcr-'s r,vork tablc.

Thc'rc is e high proporrion of surviving Littlc Mlsrcr cups rvhich rcrulrntln.lttftbutcd. ld rrc,o iicr r o fq,,.,d (lrrtlit\,. JLISt :ts Sorlt(, ,,raj,r. .r.tirts likc tlrcAnr.r\l\ l,.1rrrgr rls,r tlu.or:rri:.1 .r ti.u l,ittlc M:rsrcr cups, so srirnrc Litrlc Mestcrh.Lnds..rrr bc detrereJ rrr lJrS(r \llscs..Ihc pnrvtros Ir.rrrrrtrr is eu c,erJy( \.llrl.lL. l..r]rllr)q ,rr ...,,.,.11,.rrr rrrd Lrrl,nr..lrl,. r,p irr I ,,rJo,r t/.,11. |lr,l r),..rrrrrr.rll,,rrrLph.,r,rc Ii-.-1]. intlrLdrnu.,,nrs plsnlp

".,,rrrplcs, *iA\ ..,lr,,rrr',fr";.rrl( irrlrrKr\ ( r {\\' lou(rr_, rrrh..r,....r,.n1. llr,. lrrrrnr .l,rrrr'r r, 1r,.1..,

6o

I , .rr(l liltcr rrtist but u,ith :r \i/idcr rrrlqe, otlirs rrrrphor:r, (rrr, lrr,lrrr[ .r

lr,,r ,rr.urenrphora),hvdtiec.rndlck-vthoi,oncofwlticlr.rrrrrorrrrtcirlri rrlrr, r 'r ,Lrirrrl shape. Aucl thc EPITIMos P,trNttr's hc.td rtrps :r, rc,.rll rlr,',r,,,, lroc rrraclc bv Kolchos l6d] thlt Bcezley wonclcrc(l rvlrctlrcr tlrt l,rttirI ,,r Ll not [-rc rcnrovcd frorl Lydos' list.

I lr. r rr lin pcr iocl ofthls serics ofLirtle Mlstcr ctrps rinlst rLlr) fi()ll) j trst .rli( r

r ll,rILrit ofthc (lordion cups, about,s60, down to rbout J-lo. Mltrr' ;rrc

,,,r rrnrporiiricsofthcletc: Siltnl ctrps btLf in a clilllrcnt tradition arld gcrrcr-

r lrr othcr alrists. A lttcr stert fbr rhc blnci cLlps is ofter) xssr.rnlccl, brrt thcr\l,( i\.rswcll rootcd in drc prst as thc lip ctLp, lud dlcrc arc sorrlc Peinters of1,1, , rps.rncl blrrd cups who .lso pxintcd (iordion ctrps. Thc bancl cup docs,, rlilrrrc rftcr lbout jlo, brrt no longcr Littlc M:rslcr in ch;rraclcr rs we shllll, l)cvcloprrcnt withill thc scrics is llot cesil,v .lctcrrrlirred, bLrt htrldlc' pel-t 1l cs .hrnlac 6 orrr thc scnlicircular with tigl)t lcives lr ogl, throLlgh lhc llcar

rr r rrrqlrlar rvith grorving .crrtrc lcel. lr i 51, to drc lxtcsl typt' with scptrxlirrrjI,.Lr cs lr rz, r r4]: nclrly the renlac wc scc orr lhc Amasis Pairrtct's v:tscs. ()l)lyr ,' rrrost carcfull,v drau'tl 6gLrrcs or the tondo grouPs oliir clcttils ofdra'.viLrsLr:.cptible to stylistic enal,vsis. Thc brDd cups tend to bccorrrc fllttcr rvitlr

fhcrc are sonrc tclltcd or clcrivatir,t'classcs alld sh:rPcs to collsidcr bcforcl c lcrvc thc Littlc Mastcrs. DRooP cuPs lrz6-81 (pronounccd 'dropc', alicrlrc scholar rvho lirst stuclicci thcnr) hrvc conclvc bleck lips markcd olf rrrorc

,1.'urly fronr the bocly than Littlc Masrers, x txll stcrrrrrcd tirot with e pJ:rililllcr:rnd bend, soillctinles {lroovcd, xt thc top lrld r blilck toe. Thcrc ir:ll,r'oed black bancl rvithin drc hollorv loo!, and in thc bowl e rcscrvcd Lrlrrrcl lo\\'ilor,,,n in thc 1ip errd somerimcs a rcscrvcd ccntrc clisc. Thc constrttctiorr irrrnretincs hcavicr tlun thlt ofthc Littlc Mastcrs. Thc c:rrlicst, f[ol)) aboLtt 5 5o

ro-judgc 6-onr thcir erave coutcxls with orhcr vlses, hevc all black boclics (rr 1'pc r,vhich lingcrs), but sonrc rdrtrit.r row ofbuds ill thc rcsclvcd hendlc zorlclikc blnd cups. Fronr aboul j4o rhc wholc body !"1o.t thc lip is LrsLrallv

.ovclcd wirh decorrtivc berrds lc:rvcs, pliltncltcs, dots, btrcls, rcscrvcd lcxfzigzags, rays I i.u.l], l rou, ofsilhoLrctte aDinlals (usuelly upsiclc clorvrr). A fcrvh:rvc bctrel black flgurc friczcs in thc h:rrdlc zoDe (chariots rlc PoPLrllr), thc

.onr moncst bein E thc (lR( )u P ()l RIIor)Es 12264 [l:6], tnd sonrc ofthe bcst bvthcWrrith Prinrcr(cf. li74]).Aliroonos(sonrchavecallcdtl)cnl Antidorlrlcups) a1ld Nikosthcrlcs siqn cxarnplcs, the lbrrtrcr using rhc urldcr-foot lor thciuscliption Ir.27]. I )etails ofthc shapc :urd schcrrlc ofdccolrtiorr :rftcr lrbotrt 5,1o

arc so closc to thosc ofbhck fieure Laconian cups (rvhich lrc llso dccor:rrcdrvithin) rhrt drcrc i)ust bc somc connectiol- Thc Laconiln typc n'ith thcsc

dctails is csrrblished by ebout 55o o1-soor rftcr. Thc L)roop clrps probrbl,vo\\,c iothirlq to thc Lalconixll in shapc, tltottgh both nray o\\'c solllclhing ro

thc colllrnon Eest (lrc'ek bl;ick cups u'hosc illlltlcncc jn Athcns rvc h:rvc

observccl llrcld-v. Thc Iltcr etrd rllosr co111Ilon schcrnc ofdecorttiott tirr thc

6l

TI )r r rop t rr p rD,r ! rlr'r rVc tiolrr Lxcol)ie, l]o\vcVcr-. A thcr)i:rn pxintcrs incl p()ttcr\\\ crc nc\:cr itb()vc lcilrniDq fiortr potcntitl I ivtls. (;l tv(, c()rltcxfs fot_ thL_ lltcstJ)r'oop ctrps brinq thcln clorvr to about j ro, but sollc .,l,irh bl:rck bodics.pPcu'cr'c, lrlcr, arcl thcrc is t,vcn :r, c-rxnlplc \\,itlr H:Liirrorir, clccoratio, ol.rhc sccond quilrtcr ofrhc fltih ccnrur.r,.

(lA\sri. (iuls, hltvc :r r.lthcr fi.,t. b-,r,J .ur1. ,h.t1,c -rnd rrr srrrcreliy.srrrrll lr;ol. Borh lip errci bod1. rrc Lrsuellv cnr,..cd *.ith sirlplc irtter-nc.lbeucis. I ongrrcs it thc lip urrLl r:l) s ;rbor,,c thc usull Lirtic M:r'slcr' ftrot rs ,rcorrnol schcnrc, lrd I fi.,,r udcl silhoucffc liqurcs in thc hanclic zonc_ Allucrc probirblv urdc in e short per-iocl u,ithil thc llsr thirtl, l.cers ofrhc srxthccrrtLlt\', but tltc'schcrnc'of thc dccorxtiorr clcrives fiolt Siln,t cLrt,s. r.rtJrerthrrl Littlc Mesrcrs, ;rrrcl thcrc is .r l,rte \i-rn L cup rn Wiirzburrg llol r,r.ith :rLittlc Mestcr fbor, Crsscl roDsucs on rhc lip end ,ruo.l :r,,i,rr"1 i.i"r". tuclc rorrsllxtc thc :lllccstrV.

. l)ccPcl clrinkilq vcssels, .on-cspondirls to rhc skyphoi of Corinrhierrshlpc in thc I{orrrlsr (iroup, rvcr-c.rlso rrrlJc Lri.s,r,,r. Lirtl" Mlstcr potcrs.Thc fincsr irrc thc HlrM()cENi AN sK \ r,uor, r,, i rlr elrlic.rrc rv.Llls, . hvhtlf l]lrringlip eucl io',r'lierins lbor, orvilq norhin:j h) L L,rilf[ Tlr.r .,,...].l..r.rrccl likcblnd ctrps lrJ t l. lJANDsr(yl,Horlrcsirrrilrr:lt.l.c,,r.,rudbur.r,.s.1rr rrtur, rvithscp:tretc.-or)crrvc lips (1ikc blncl cups) al)d fi,er likc sorltc cYc cLrpil i 1: l. Thcrrrc lcss distinquishccl end pr.obubli evor lxtcr.rlrrrr thc urain r;.,.l"rl nif_irJ.Mustcrs: nonc :rrc sigrcd. Artrrsis lrrdc ard clccorated e skvphos rclatcd tothusc slt.rpts. but \^ rrh .r r.rll fL;urc fi.iczc, rnd I(nlrovr,Nls nricic onc- u,irh thch.Ir(l .up 5rh!.Drr r,fder.,r.,trorr bLrt rcsplcDdc|t u,itb sp;rcccl rccl lincs iD anc{otrt, lncl idlritilq I tondo \\'irhirr li3.1i. Lrdcccl, i, spirc,rfth" ficilc cetcqorisation of cup shepcs.rcccptc,d Lrl,schole:-s, thcrc is e ,,vcitlth ofirclivrdrrllirvcrtion encl v;rriatiou ol) thc stock scltcntcs: hr.trrids too to confitsc thchnrilv rrccs .jrrst ls thc C l)i1inrcr. hrd to dccor-ltri it Si:rnil cup rvirh I LittleMlsrcr firot, so Hcr-nroqencs.rnd Anrrsis nreclc lip cups rvith I Sianl tbor.

Other pot painters and NikosthenesWc hlvc elr cad v lookccl rt thc wor k oisoru c puintcrs rvlro rnev havc snt in ci-rcsurr]c stlrdioi :ls thc grcil t ir.tists ol.this pcrjod _ Lvdos, A trrsis, Exckil]j. Thcr.cerc othcrs, nol or)l\'conlnlittcd to dccoreting thc largct vlscs (rrstrnlly bcllyernphorrc), uho echicvccl sorrc distirclion ,rnd nr,ry iluinr sonrc,or.iginalir)i,eltltough ovcrshedor.r,cd bv rhcir.coDtcnrporrricr;

",,d ,rc c,r,, stLrclli 1-q.,1,.-

first tirrrc rhc opc-r-etiou oil rlljor workslrop, th;rt ofNikoschcncs. rviro sal,to it rhet a nrrrjoritt ofrhc vescs hc rrr:rrkctccl borc his uarrc.

Fint, sontc paintcrs who irc c(rltcntfor-u.rL.j of (iroLtp E bLrr ,.1rrit .rtircrintcrcst\ :tnd sonrc indivirir.ralitl. 'l'hc irernc vesc of thc l),\rNTr,R ()r. lrrEVa tLi:aN Moulr.rrn It34] shorvs :r woltrxD still)ding ovcr rirc bodv of e dcldlren, Iricl out crrclirlll on br anchcs in -r rr ,...1i.rn.1 s..ftrrrq, ,ulr., .- ti,. r...s "..

I '1.,1 rrrorcofthcsccncthun\\'clr-cusccltosccinqor(irtcl,r,rrrs \lrr rrrr,.l, r rrr in qricf , nliscs e corllcr- ()ihcr dlcss to hcr cf c\ : llr li( s.rs iIr'1,rr r,. r L.

,, ,' 'rrippcdfiorrhir:tundluid.tsiclc'. lltcrliuoftrrrrtlcis,rllr'.rrlr,lrrt.rrrt.r , i rlrr is Eos u ith Mcmnou, thc urtist rlirl bcrhinkingilllt.rtlr ol lrlr rrLrrrr

I l, r' L thotrghriirl if sorrrctinrcs irnprccisc eftist. Thc l',rrir r r ri ( )r lir rr rN

r, ., r'r nl()r-c acxdcnric wilh a srrbjecr rellge xrld stylc closcr t() rlr()!( (ilr , ,,r l, li. Irvo ofrhc vxscs I show arc rtypicelly original u,irh r secrrlir L l r 15 i

1 lr\ niuuc vasc) iind a dancc of rnurumcts plilyjnlj clvllicrs lr;7], tlrcrr,,'Lrrtr,itrttrybcnotcd,inthcoldkonrrstclress.ThcknL'etrc:rblcrsonlr.;61, , L,L)\'crlrioDel crlough blrt thc strg is. surprisirlg lovc !!ift.

t )i ll)c irrrrrcdiate sLlccessor s tllc ['RrN(ir] r ()N l'ArN r[r [] Jt-i 4ol is leprcscD,r r L ot scvclal wh()sc \\,ork on bcllv lncl ncck lurphorac ofthc usurl l:rtcr

\ r L (y occupies the thircl cluartcr ofthc sixth ci:'rltur-). ]'hey turrl or.lt thc,,, I nrotiii r,.,,idr slight origirr:tl vrri:rtions, end show rw:lrclrcss rethcr thrl)

' r,l( rrtirnding of ncw dcvelopmerlts, as in thc rcprcscllretioll of dr:rpcr,v,1,, rLL'r' r'crdcrcd by en Excki:rs. Yct thcrc is sonrcthing of thc nrestcr on I r,1o], r lr its clrcful florals and sratucsqlrc 6gurcs- ln m:uly rcspccrs rhcsc rvorks, ,.rlLl rhc cxluusrion ofblnck tignrc as:r nlljor srylc ofvxsc p:rirrririr end itr [, s rhc invcrrrion of r-cd 6gu:c, a]rout J.lo, to qivc e ncrv lclsc oflifi'to drc, , lrricltLc. Mcenu.hilc thcy cnhlncc ouI k olvlcdgc ofAthcr)ixn trcitlllcr)l ofr\ rll. -fhc l)Arr* rHns (ll MuNrcH r.+ro |,1r ]rrrd Vl'rtc:aN j6j cirn solllctirrcsr\(' to bcttcr work, br.rt this is :rn lrcl firr thc conroisscur_ of irttlibuti,,u,

I , r:Lrnllirics arc hirrd to crxsp and drc futurc of Athcrlian vxsc printilrg lx),\\ Llll othcl-s.

'I-hc SwrN(; Parurtn [14:-6] st:rnds olrt in this crorvd tirr rhc nunrbcr ofr.rscs rvhich c:rn bc:rtributcd to hinl, r,,,hich rnay rcllcct thc clsc rvith rvhichlrr: henci can bc rcc<)glliscd r:rrhcr thxr) his irrdostry. Hc is rrot r good p:rir)tcr,rol r corscious corncdixrr, although his pllcid 6!.rrrcs rvirh thcir bis hcecls,

t.rshior:rbly tiny noscs, rlrd oftcn clcrchcd tlsts, brirg e snrilc to onr 1ips. Hc,r olkcd rnairly fronr ebout jrto to J20, r'vith a goocl mnqc of ryth sccrcs, e

Lrnicluc Hcr:iklcs rud l3trsiris { r 431, errd sonrc odditics likc rucr on stilts | 7 4+].rrd clorncstic occasiol)s ilrcludill!i the sr,vingirrg n,hich givcs hirrr hisr.rrnc lr4:]. Hc c:tn usc colour skilftllly firr drcss p:rttcrrs. His corrrpositious()n thc lrtcr v:rscs rvhich arc of rhc led figrrre pcriod, nlxy bcconrc ilvolvcd,bur gcrrcr:rlIy thcy:rrc prosricrlll,sinrplc lnd his st1,lc, ucvcr vcl,v prc(rsc,..rsilv beconles carcless. Prccision is not ln csscnti:rl queliry ir rlt, bot rt r\oftcrr irr Grcck irt, rnd cspccixllv in bllck figurc.

Paiutcrs oi snrrllcr vases, other rhrrr cup p:rinters, :recd not dctain us, butthc progrcss ofthc lckl thos sh:rpc end its clccoretion is worth attcntion. Thcoirl ' Deirnira ' shapc persisted, espccirl),r, thc ' sub-l)cierrirr' rvhich hrs e shortr)cck bciow its cLrp-likc lip. Thc I)u,ltros l)AINr r.tr, rlerrrcd fbr thc cloilk shilr c(lb,v rrvo rvonrcn on scvcrrl ofhis vilscs l r4Tl, peirts irr plrrcls ir lr goocl stl,lcol'thc 54os;erd littlc lrtcr rhcrc is thc 1]r.^cKNr,cK Clrr\ss (sclf-cxp litlliltor ), of

63

srrirll j(.k\thoi dcc()rirrcd \\'ith sprightly if carclcss 6gLrrcs, aqairr il palcls { l7 t]. l}Lrt tlte fioulclcr ickythos is tlte dortrinrnt typJ by u,r*, its slr,rul,i.,bccorring Hltter end brotdc'r givirq ,r.r.. u..r,."1_

"u.Lr.t lor rhu boclyl' l( It lr(.

Thc sinnarurc of Nrros lHrxrs is thc conuuorcst of :rll ir bl:rck fisurc:rl\'lys rvith ' cpoicscrr ' end u ith scvcrel cli6irent h;rncls srrpplr,in!I rhc 6'qrir_cwork, so ile rvas clcarlv x poftcl.or pottcry owncr, ;,.irrrriil1, 6yra, ii-ranr", ,,,judgc t'ronr thc c()lrlnlor queiity ofinvcnrivencss displavcd bv most of hisshlpes. Thc rarrgc ofhis prodlrcts u.rs erlr)rjlroLls!.rnd rlrc orrqureilry oi hiswork celr []e girugcd lrom thc'Drrlr:bcr o[]ris rr orks . td i..rru ri, u hr.h havccomc to bc' callcd 'Nikosrircnic'. Lt ctrps alonc, rvc havc lip cups, brnd cups(oucc collrborltinq rvirh Auaklcs and onc plinrcd firr hirn t

" l"ju9, t l,.,r,rp

cups etrcl cyr.cups :l l),pe wc llevc vct to clcscritrc ancl whiih brinqs us wcllinto drc r cd 6gurc pcr iod. Sonrc ofthc cy.c crps hrvc r ler sc, spcciel, sp1.r r r,,rrLrot platc (Nikosthcnic). This sug5;csts th:Lt his srtrclio *,"i

".ti,r" f.,r,,, ,,r.,,,

elicr thc nrid ccntur-\' Lultil nclr 5 r o, u,hcn thc pottcr plrmphaios tilkcs ()vc[,cnrplol,ing nrorc r.ccl figurc irtisrs. 'l'hc .Nikosthcric

"urplr,r.",is thc mostclistinctivc producr ofthc studio Ir.19, t 5ol. Its brord flat hnndles lnd ensulerbodv, which slirrrs as tinrc passcs, inritlrc I shapc nrtivc to Etruriil andc\ccuted rhcrc in a pilin bilck rvlrc (bLrcchcro) with, rt thc bcst, stanrpccldccoration.'lhc black figurc vcrsion m:rdc in Athcns rv:rs clcerll,elr cxp()rtnroclel ancl is I furrhcr irclicarion of Nikosthcncs, lleir tbr bLrsincss enclddvcytisctDcrlt Alntost evcr) sitrqlc cxettpic with a rccordcd provcniclcc$,ls foulld iD (llcrc, tvhile I Dr:rjority ofhis othcr vases N,cnt ro Vulci- an oclddistribution rcflcftins loc;rl tastcs in Eh.rrrir, anci somc ctcclit to Nikosthcncs,egents. Thc ligtr rc clccor;1tio11 nt ir v ovct-lap lll th rcc bod v ztrr cs un ticlily I r J o],or bc clisposcd in friczcs lr49i, s.nrc rnirrrll or florel, irilc thc hencllJs coLrlclelso cirly figtrrcs and the spllr.ing iip had a dccorelivc bancl t,ithin.Nikosthcncs' obscrvatiorr of lorciqn shapcs docs not cncl rvith rhc rnrphor:r.The kyarhos-dippcr (scc liTrl) $,es aD;thcr Etruscen shlpc borror,r.'cd fbrAtlr.rrrrr ol.. k 6-.,,, 111',.l1l1,.pr,,b.rLrl) rrrr,,tlrrcrd..rnnh, Lrri,r,t.L,.,.k,r,rorht Arircni.rrr rcpLrror\ rhu [.urc]) Corinrhien skyphos shrpe (riqnc.l uudc,tlr! t,,,,r) .lrdphiJlri,.lr(..r\r(nrIr,,nzcshapc.Thcsc]Lrrtspla].ilgli.crofcupsrrrdc iu r (lheiciclian colony il ftaiy;rrc copied (s"cp. io7,';r761). Thc'Nikosthcrricpvxis', r,ith Ile ng bocly encl dorrrcd li<l islcs..J.tal,ri1,lo,r",rfhis iDv c:rtio s (lt 5.11 ; krr :r cornplcrc cxanrplc scc l:671). Hc sieDs (or1 rhc topofthc lip) onc ofthe crr.licsr c-unrplc\ \)f., p,ykr.._.o.,i". i r i+ l. H. nr.,,, hrvcintr-odLrccd thc Ltsc of the 'Six rcchnJqLrr' tor nr.r;,rr j".t,,1-,t,.,, .,t u",,.:l(scc l-;o9l .rnd p. r 7ll), encl hc uas rrrong rhc 6rsr to use e ,"vhicc groLrnd tot111"1\-f1Sy1." dccorirrion fiuus bi his pritrtcr ofLorrvtc F r r7).

C)f Niko.sthc-ncs'stefl peiritcrs, latcr than his potrint f,-ri Lr,dos (,r barrclcup l7o] end bclly lrnphor:r) thc llMN parN.r rn is thc bcsr, :rncl probablr thccxrlicst silcc I Sixna clrp elcl sontr, Littlc Mestcrs (onc, :r lip cup signccl by

I I ,,.r r( nc\) hevc bccn essignecl to his hlnd. To hirrr u,( rr'( rll rrr\1.(l rrr,,\l ( i I

, I r)( lllrr-r.r-R()PII()N ()-Ass' arnphorac, u,ith thcir Pltrrrrp ll,ilris, , Lrrlr

l, L , , \ rrd opcn dccoration Ir5z] (l3ellerophorr xtle.ks thc (llrirrr,rlr.L ir,,rrrrl,, , lrLr sirlc' of tlrc vase). l)arNrlt N sccrtls to h:rvc cltolltrrl .rll tlr,lll,,. !r.rric ilrDphorrc [rqg, t5o), sorrc k,vlthoi ard cups lt5l], .rrr,l tlr,

I r,, r;ll,lndifNikosrhcncshimsclfcvcruscdabrushthcsc nr.rr' tre lrir., r lr .t thc 53o's end j:,o's. Thc puintini5 oflllgcr fislrres is conlpctrnt. r,l

rr l, llqrrrcsdull,somctitDcssiopp)1conlirlqcloscronr:lssprrrclLrctiorr IIiirl, \ (.rr bc perticular-ly Lrngainly. Visiting rrtists wcrc bcttcr, urcltrr-lirrgl',,,'. brrr thc bcst of rhcru paintcd rccl figurc Okos, Epiktctos, thcL , ,\ll).ncs l)lintcr thc term inherltcd bv Plrrrphaios elong r,,,irh urost ofL, . rrIc iDnovatiolrs.

,,.rllr, tno highly inclividLral nrlnncrists. Txlr AI,r,ti(r'IER (r. 54o to 5:o),1, ,,r.rtcs ovoid rrcck rnlphoritc of rethcl old 1:rshioncd appcarurrcr', sotrrc

1, ',rrl;,iroracincludingthe:rerv'I',vPcCrvithlrollcdlip lr 56], end srrrlllcr

' , ,. llis figures hlvc rirly heeds, rvell upholstcrcd bodics rvhcu drcssc'cl, bul,r Lrl.rl erd spikr.rvhcn urrdrcsscd: thcy arc casiil rccogniscd lt55 7]. llisI LLr( nl uolk is curcful a d es odd in irs proportioDs es his 6gurcs, rvith rvclJ

, Lrnq littlc palmcrrcs lt thc cnd oalong thin tend: iJs, skituty btLt rvcll f<rrmccl

l, ,Lr ses rnd a rrsh oftiny rcd end white dots ell ovcr- clothing. -['hc p.ttctrir]!;, i llorrls is close to thrt of sorne Easr (lrcck bllck Frgr-rrc studios (Clazortrc-rrr. the Northanrpton (iroup) ind irl i pcriod whcn so ttrLrch clsc oalonl.lrl

,,1 rtil sccnls to hilvc bcclr illroduccd in Athenlan art irr sculpturc:rndL ,lritccturc \\:e probxbl,v oLrllht to look lor influcncc in thc vesc paintirrg\ I rlor instenccs ofcopying rrc unlikcly end ir is nrorc likc noticing Arrr,,ri-

risrrs in current E:rqlish usegc. Thc Afii-ctcr is r srvlist es rro othcr, and thc,,rtcntofhisfillulcs.cr)cscor)acrDshinrlitrlc.Prssivcclockr.r,olkcldcrsstrDdr(l gcsticulirre pointlcssl,v u,hilc rncrr lccosl youths or :r Hcrnrcs flutlers

l,tti)rc e scatcd Zcus lr 551. It is:r rnekc-bciicvc worlcl, illd if tlrc Arhcrti-rrrr.rdition hrd nor beeu to put figurcs on pot\ thc Aliictcl rlight h;rvc provcdr outstiuldirlg and origillili cxponcnt oi Archeic art notrvcru. His letcst

rrpholr('hxvc florr]s, not 6gurcs or thc ncck [157] xrld or]c oftllcrtr w;rs

l,.rintcd fol Jriru bl rn attist oftllc sros, u,hich hclps plrcc his rathcr cltrsivc

'rr Ic. Hc u,es possibl) 1 pottcr-p.iDtcr.'fhc otlrcr nrerncrist was crllccl ELBows Ou r' (r. 55o to -53o) by Bclzlcy for

llrc cxeggerited gcstur_cs arld enetolny of his dancitrg figurcs- His tteck.nr)pl)orac erc oflr specia) sh:rpc rvith heavl,ovoicl boclics, slirn flaring r-rccks,

'prcacling fcct end fl:rt hrrndlcs usually decorltcd with a irurcl b.rnd It 5 d]. Tlrc

shrprc:r;rv ou,c sonrethinq to bronzc xlnphorac. Hc ofltcrs scveral ftiezcs orr

thcsc v:rscs, bnt is also a Littlc Mastcr, irnd dccorrted scvcrel barrd cups t,hcrcr hc animels :rre norc car)onical, recalling Tlcson or L),.los. Thcy apPcer llsc,on thc l,vdiorr Ir59], onc of thc lerc Athcni:ru jmitltions of lhc LydirD

l)crflrnlc v:tsc shapc. Hc is es lirrie interestc'cl in [ryth as thc Allcctcr, [rorc

()5

?intcrcstcd in lovc-nrekiug. Thc stvlc is r:rorc virrorously appcelinq too, rno).c'nornral', u,ith scdation rcntovcd. lloth artists cilrl rcctll Am:rscen 6gurcs, brrtnot thc typic:rllv Anrascan oDcs, arrd coDncctions bctwcc thc tltrcc lrc- e:rsilyexeggcrxtcd, cvcn thollgh thc:e is sliglrt c'videncc thet thev n)xv havc sxttogcthcr for pottcrs crrly irl thcir ciuecr w']lor plinting sholrldcr lekyth,.,r.

61 1i,i(,r,r! d /n,., Ji(,r\l hy L'tda:. Cir tortrthl

oa , A)li i, rtl e i

(t.1., Col nndn\hyLylo!. ItuR,t",aI H,:llrdinoJ. H.J6 j

la rd44H

or I /1, ,\',,,r /t,.,r,iii r

r(

---="---/

66 Ptykn\ dnphord by b,l.r 66. r: Dr),rolui* ulttl\ ond 1yt\.66.,: IladiJiqh^ ttu lliltotd"t. H.1,

67 utlly a tln|'d l't I.td.t ,\torhr\urrLr: Hthn; t tu D.dth ol 1\in,t

6iJ Oitutli. hy t.)\ta\, t /(1/ l,y K.i.lroJ. ll.,rl/.J./i(,,j lr.s d/.r (vlaos H' :5 5

r

b9 ?1 . hy I-ydo\. Cotl:..1(n t- A. ,4

t \.,,1n \ltitn hy tlk htillnlt t ,]|,ri )a9l ntu ua)

:a l l)'tlria by th. Pdi'tttl'L)l Vrti..11 109. Hudll^ rt\dt\ D(ir irtl 76 B(|ly Mtph.itd by th Pdnnt:r al

75 1lnnn mtur bY tu t)ni t0 L)l'

I.ortn'I: 6- Il..tt 3

7. l:u.tt k\tt ol hdtul .rt l,/ /-yloJ, pd//./ /ry Ni[oj7r.,.j

7: HtJtir t th, Lrt",, it t ytn\

71 F ttrfy rltutut by Lydo\. H. t7

I

77.1., Ltkytha\byttuA tdsr Paikttt. Woldi rprctu,io.IL jZ.t

N L,.kythas by lk A1 ili\ Pdlnt(t.W.rtnry_

ta ()lpt Lt th! A R!i! 1)ai1r't- Pu\'rsllkpinnt\: .dtu1. H- 16

79 Alil\rxt. hy tli ll 11\\ l\ti tt. 11. q., Ei ()q hy tlLc A nsi' I\ti tct. I)ia y'o' n d AtinLln(

t2.1,2 ()ut) Ly tht ,1 tr\it l\nnd.

s i ()tt by tfu Ahnt\i\ I)nilkt. Dit,itlt ltahld

t t )tt hy tfu A]nr\i\

rs N(k drrylktd hf tlklr,riii /)di,,k,r .l)iort,nrJ

t

. t "

ll y .rt tl ^)to h), t l t A,tti \ hlitto. /)i(,!Iij d,,/ !r)'r! dr ri',r4(.

E6 Nok dtqhnro by tlL( A .t\ Iiri kl .4dtitL5 t\E ltl lly n Vh.n t't ftr A) by tlt. A et^ Irntnk\l\r y\\ r l \ lt\. It 11-7

)r lt.lly . ryhatn bt tln' A,fuliJ Pdn,ld. ,rl.ri.id.j

E7 B.lly ahtloft ( l'ypt A) hy th Atursis pdtltLr

91 u(lly thrylltt by llr A nts5 il.titlttr- 1l- t:

?

9 t B(Uy a t]r , ol Cn\ry E. I h Ri|,.ol Kn\\ltldn. t150.5

94 N..k rhthord alCh\tl ll. HtutkLi.l.qh^ !tu Li. ; "lu nnLl.c finB

' ii l1).rr1th.tur ti Oh\tp li Hotklt\ tid !tu Styrtthtli r llhtt

9b B(lly r ttlr\r t)l ()1\tt 1:, prttil b), t:!tLir\. il.rdlll1 /i(r/! (;.1Io,

7

,7 Nr.l,,rrrord Ji\4,,r,/ rl tx.lnrjt/Lnkb\.lilhx ttu Lia . I t. 10 5

, t\llyt tphon (Typ.ll rr.t,d, /,1' llx.lidj ,1,r ill.s o lAirxd!llav (S(' dlro r'o'lrir'l'nn')

r ) \,.1 r,4rord ,y ,r.liat (t tiil). l'l.hul.,ti |tltn?, 'l'kjii'

t tslly n ryhan I'y lt!&id\. Tht \tiLii ol Aidt

9,{ \'r'.1 dr,/r.rr Jiq,.J ry L.\&irs. r1.lti11(.fithx r)oth6it..a 1o, t)ttrtl )ttthrt rJ lr\,rrr./t f\rli,'

?

, o-i Ciilr.,n.r 1,),lr.lidJ.'I h ehdti.t ol Atlt a and

tat.t,, Ctt) livtn hl

roq.; (-'!p siqrcl /,y lirrl,,a

to5.i,2 tr"()dtt tldtit\ h), ta\tkir\. \towtu! n d ttu dt lrtth. yr.ssit t. H-.t7

! ''-}.-'..t.t. '17^t{1

. ;' .:-1jt

\r,t I -I

ifi

Pt h,ni. h\nntu L)y ta\(kn\

lltllt drph.ft iut L\tlinJ. 11u,r,i ti/L ,1,(.j, r,ir, 10

r,'r , a;,,rdr,,r ary siq .d l,yr. r,,ri,L,rrl li:(ot;,rdJ.

, .- i,r,,rt,,.i ,. r., 110 Lip t+ \i.,t il lrt tlt\\t

t09 B. d .ry h)'tlt. 11.\ l'attttl'

11, Lit try \i.,{rn hy X0ok16. (ht1\

i)5 Lip ary l l1&.1 d!1,) siq dbl

I t7 Lta11t e l,y tllt ()1nr"r lJii'tti

t t( B. d.tr ii! dby Arlik|\ nhtl Cln"k),kt. H. r6 t. 116. 1: Ilk Cn\,.lot1ifi Boat H rtt t[ ,: I ht5d\ 1;,]ht\ ttu

^1i1L.nw

1 1 t Lit, dtt \i<11.1 hy Ht it.!t1]t\. Ll- 14 2

11.1 Bt tldtt \iqktl by Ht ror?ts

1 r t 1.0 nry by tt( Tl\u Pai ttt

1

I

ttt 1,2 Bntlldt)ltytlrt)ak(Jta Liantt. Dir ),\\ a Ll Arirttljt; st11). ! nnn nt\tnLls

t lt Lit t t) hy li ()rltlirl\1iikt. Srtlt r l tn ndd

I L t.t I.it nq lt) ttu t'.titi1rr\ t\li tt. thr (;i'rtt t: k.lnlo\ | Athdrr

t)j Lit)dql,ytht Pht)\trs l\lutttt. 1)1. 1: tlr'l)iihilH0nklt! !o ()ly trt

r:-r (d,rktuJ l,), ,,. stli,'J]\ti nt. Iktr[h\ li.tht'

rrd /j,u,il.iil ii(,.,/ /)), N.d,1tur

lrr.,r r. ri, i t h, lttt)rltrttutt rl'

Btlly r tpho ht tlk, I,ht)) o\ t\littttt- a:ruti't.,]. Lt. Jo

Bclly onphon by tht Tdl(iit\ Pni td. Lt',i(rnr( \,0,r/,

1,7 Dr,\,p nry \i.t tl l,l

12E Dhil tut- H. 1t 5

tr9 l\ala Cn\\'l.tt. H- t1 5

i,6 Dn\, t t)l tlt (;h\\) ol Rltoth.\ l rr6t_ /1Nn:. o,1tit1y H rJ

rJo a-'djJr1ft|. //. d J

1tI H.mnq1.a lkpha\11.9 6

rJr.r,: Sq1,/r.J Ji(,,r d 1,1

t I t lrll), anphan l,y th(t ttrt( olth! Vdtud Maintu,, tu n\t). Eos nan \

135 ts.lry d ryhord by th(Paintu ol Boiin 1686 ( dntuds!). Sdtifue ta Ath1a

I

t ]b 13tl1t o ryhoft bt th. Pri t( ol ts.rtis 16u6. O\it 1.r

1JZ ts.llt r ryho l by th Prinlu ol lttl.tn 16E6. a:h.tts at .K ilhtir | | t lI) d \nn"L LI th ]\i .tra Pdi tu.Z.r!htli)ttlkBi'tII ol Atht r(?)

| ) titlltn ryhn'dI'yttu ]+itrnton hn o.Hunkl(tittot

I

) t ll,lly rntho'o by ttu Sti ! ]\titt.t./ I iiJ li/^ BlJniJ

t! N(kd 1lntutuhlththntro. I\rnn(. Corl: unyLl IILLT:,Aylt,,

115.1 1\ lhodn nhtlthor.l,I r/r. srfnr(P,Lrik1.IIt tt ntul Atltuu.II- 15

i 1 l lly t \lvd hy tht Svnll Pnnttu'

rt) B.lly r ryhott b)'th. S?itt,J Pri k\tat B.lltdnthatullyt. A) hy ttu t).itt(,ll Mr iLh

t I1a. Q"ri.ll"q h ).5pdt(1

11t.2 l\u lunit . +)lptu [f tht Stri !: pri]n,t. Vi.to,, / , \ikJrnlii. .,4fi,r, l,t l)dn,ld N f7l,idlrJ

rtr). srtl^ n l h \1rl\- Il. J, 8

r 50 Nil.vr.ri. ir,/lrri ly lra"n( N (()nt14)(irlt). ll/dtrr . otk iro,r.. t/. Jd 's

15, N,t[ tktphora o] ttu Brl]o'olnttt Cl,s hy rlt,

/Ji/N l1ri,k'r f,d,r. rdj. ol ()lr\\). 'th (:hilrrt ),ttq6 NLtk attpltota Ly tht 5","ry PdiDt4. Tritrrtoro\.

i17 1\id nd ltlythr: by tltr t)h.1i\ t\ti It. .,t

ttt 1)tir tu 1t l:ytho\ ol th( 13ltt/qkrk Ct,^\ II. ja l

rr, (-'r,/ ji(,.d /,1 Nilo\t11(r'\, hl Pnntu N W.,a

.r:sffi!=:i,F.-d_.-E- -."--,* ., ,,5.t. 'dl:i.' ' '. 5-6e4,Laa)ttr

rJ.r NildJrr.,i. trlrli jiq,r/ hl, NiildJrrr,.J. C.il\ n ()|yryfl\ vnh rhr,lLLi l .tlu riLo,,tl i5t. 1

Il _16.5

rrr Nrrl ar+liom l,r,riti llli,1tt. Ztt'dnl Haiti- I I. ti'i!

Ri,&

t 56 B(lly n ryhotut ( t tlt (:) by ttu AlltLt(

r J,r , I']J),Itrr ri(,./ rI Nikr!h1, ', ltlP,,n,/.r N. ,dr./,,o1c-ol, d,.l Cn,rr.

'/4,.7 F' ?Q TChapter Five

THE AGE OF RED FIGURE

157 Nik dali."t by ltu Alli.tt. I ttttu, r t

ri." Nrl i,rtr,.rd,t l,//,rir() .It t. it59 Iyd,,t i lht Lr k\ d Lll,rt\ () tt.9 t:

,, r1 ilol](i,rrlorcProb:rblvc:rrlicrrhlrni'rtcr,rhcrcdligurctccllllitlu' "fI , ,,, u.r. ,,rr.,rt"d in Arhcrrs rtn<l thc first rrtist to prlcllsc it rcglrler-lv rv'rs

r, t,,,l,,kid", l'.rirrtcr. Hc nlso r,r'orkcd irr bl:ick tigurc, sorrrctirrcs or1 tllc, r.Lrc *,ith thc rrcrv rcchlliqlrc, rncl othcr clr-l,v rccl figur-c printcrs rlrrr

1,, ,,'.1 thcse 'bilingtl:r1s'. Not lll rhc tlcst pirirltcl-s \\icrc lrow etlrectcrl to

.,',.. Ihc rcchni.1,.tc inrrocluccd lrclr lllcthods oidrlr'vinq rvhlch rvcr c

. ',Ll br artirts con,,rrirrcd lo rhc old slylc trrd rvhich infltrcrrccd.rhcir

Untll rbout joo lhcrr wcrc ir..onrplishcd ;rrrists still rvorking in bllt k

' ,,rr1\', so |rr as rvc cenjtrclgc, u ith lt fcrv tlsillg both tcchrltltrcs' erltl it is

, l Lrr k rvc- cortsirlcl irl this chllptcr. Ilrrr l'c hevc first to look et thc ncn'

L Lr quc tojud!ac whltit coulcloflcrtothcold Thc ellict I r 6l-zl is thc ] cYclsc

. ,,,1,,tiu. lf bl,rck ligrtrc. Thc frgnrcs rrc clltr'rar in otrrlinc rrrrl lcfi irr thc

, ,,,I,rut.,rf th. c1.ry u'hilc lhc b:rckglotrnd \vls fiintcd ell.bleck Thir

L \\ thcrnirrtotlrorcvividrclicfrhlrrbhckfiglrrc lrclidrlottllekcthcDl'lrtvi L rrlsv to rlistillgtlisll in ovcrlrtpprnq conrpositiolls, erld rllc blrck figtrrc

L .t s incrc:rsinq irircrcst irl tllcsc nllv bc rc:rd rts:r r-cil'rioD lliill11st lhc I))()1c

,r,sque srvlc.'lr rvls, horvcvcr, Jrtgcl,v vitilrecl bY I r{ccrctsng Lrsc of,1,,1,r, rvhicir h;r,:l helpcd (lifii'r'cDlilrtc clrcsscd fiqurcs bclilrc':rrrcl this ruel'

'( vrmcthill!a to rcd flqu:c. Withrll rhc outlrlrc figurt-s tlcteils rvcrc dleu'tl

,,1, tl,. b.udi. iurd not ilrcisccl $,'ith thc qrevcr. Thc c;rrlv rcd figtrrc rrrists

rrsc sotttc aolottr on thcir figlllcs brrt it is soon lrblllclonccl iil I tuorc

,r l,lc linc:rr', ' bl:rck errd rvhitc', cllict u'hich srtitccl thc ncrT ' techrrirltrc bcttcr

, , ,r thc c,lct. Gonc, ior irrstltrcc, is rhc olcl colotrr dilii'tcrrtirtio of r''x'

lrorrgh rhcrc is sotrtr'crpcritlrcnttl !rsc of lvhltc qroLrlld bY thc-ArltLrkldr:s

,rrtci rnd I):tscls. Thc lrsc'ofr blush elso gevc thc oppor-rtrrrirl fi>r diflcrcllt

rplr.rsrs i:r rhc lirrc 11r;rr'virrg, fiortr rhc cnsp bl:rck 'rclicf linc'to tlilutc

,,,.r,-..,i..,.",1 strokcs uhich thc cvc ber-el,v c:rtchcs' ln this.rl:r1'difiircntr '.turcs oiclr,rpc, y ,rl-stlcllgth ()fboclY llloclcllirlg cotllcl bc rcrrclcrcd ln hl'rr k

rtLrrc lhc tclttPt];iorl wls l; usc !hc qrxver likc a brush u'ith.lightcl'.scr-rrtchv

,,,,k"s ,ru "u,ti,,rr,1

rncl drlpctl l'hcrc rll bctilc rvrs cxplicit :rntl pr''' it' '

Lrc btttsh ulso.'rrcourrgc.l nlorc clctl,ilc.l rrrrd rcirlistic trcelrnerrt oflrte[otrrr

Lirri lttcrrtiorr to dcpictiotl ofpostulc. CoPv lhis lrcw rc:rlisnl on blltck tigtrtr's

,Lrtl thc rcsult is btiL,nd t,-, srrt}cr b-r'cc,rrrp,rrison u'ith thc nrorc lili likc rc'l'

r()j

'/4,.7 F' ?Q TChapter Five

THE AGE OF RED FIGURE

157 Nik dali."t by ltu Alli.tt. I ttttu, r t

ri." Nrl i,rtr,.rd,t l,//,rir() .It t. it59 Iyd,,t i lht Lr k\ d Lll,rt\ () tt.9 t:

,, r1 ilol](i,rrlorcProb:rblvc:rrlicrrhlrni'rtcr,rhcrcdligurctccllllitlu' "fI , ,,, u.r. ,,rr.,rt"d in Arhcrrs rtn<l thc first rrtist to prlcllsc it rcglrler-lv rv'rs

r, t,,,l,,kid", l'.rirrtcr. Hc nlso r,r'orkcd irr bl:ick tigurc, sorrrctirrcs or1 tllc, r.Lrc *,ith thc rrcrv rcchlliqlrc, rncl othcr clr-l,v rccl figur-c printcrs rlrrr

1,, ,,'.1 thcse 'bilingtl:r1s'. Not lll rhc tlcst pirirltcl-s \\icrc lrow etlrectcrl to

.,',.. Ihc rcchni.1,.tc inrrocluccd lrclr lllcthods oidrlr'vinq rvhlch rvcr c

. ',Ll br artirts con,,rrirrcd lo rhc old slylc trrd rvhich infltrcrrccd.rhcir

Untll rbout joo lhcrr wcrc ir..onrplishcd ;rrrists still rvorking in bllt k

' ,,rr1\', so |rr as rvc cenjtrclgc, u ith lt fcrv tlsillg both tcchrltltrcs' erltl it is

, l Lrr k rvc- cortsirlcl irl this chllptcr. Ilrrr l'c hevc first to look et thc ncn'

L Lr quc tojud!ac whltit coulcloflcrtothcold Thc ellict I r 6l-zl is thc ] cYclsc

. ,,,1,,tiu. lf bl,rck ligrtrc. Thc frgnrcs rrc clltr'rar in otrrlinc rrrrl lcfi irr thc

, ,,,I,rut.,rf th. c1.ry u'hilc lhc b:rckglotrnd \vls fiintcd ell.bleck Thir

L \\ thcrnirrtotlrorcvividrclicfrhlrrbhckfiglrrc lrclidrlottllekcthcDl'lrtvi L rrlsv to rlistillgtlisll in ovcrlrtpprnq conrpositiolls, erld rllc blrck figtrrc

L .t s incrc:rsinq irircrcst irl tllcsc nllv bc rc:rd rts:r r-cil'rioD lliill11st lhc I))()1c

,r,sque srvlc.'lr rvls, horvcvcr, Jrtgcl,v vitilrecl bY I r{ccrctsng Lrsc of,1,,1,r, rvhicir h;r,:l helpcd (lifii'r'cDlilrtc clrcsscd fiqurcs bclilrc':rrrcl this ruel'

'( vrmcthill!a to rcd flqu:c. Withrll rhc outlrlrc figurt-s tlcteils rvcrc dleu'tl

,,1, tl,. b.udi. iurd not ilrcisccl $,'ith thc qrevcr. Thc c;rrlv rcd figtrrc rrrists

rrsc sotttc aolottr on thcir figlllcs brrt it is soon lrblllclonccl iil I tuorc

,r l,lc linc:rr', ' bl:rck errd rvhitc', cllict u'hich srtitccl thc ncrT ' techrrirltrc bcttcr

, , ,r thc c,lct. Gonc, ior irrstltrcc, is rhc olcl colotrr dilii'tcrrtirtio of r''x'

lrorrgh rhcrc is sotrtr'crpcritlrcnttl !rsc of lvhltc qroLrlld bY thc-ArltLrkldr:s

,rrtci rnd I):tscls. Thc lrsc'ofr blush elso gevc thc oppor-rtrrrirl fi>r diflcrcllt

rplr.rsrs i:r rhc lirrc 11r;rr'virrg, fiortr rhc cnsp bl:rck 'rclicf linc'to tlilutc

,,,.r,-..,i..,.",1 strokcs uhich thc cvc ber-el,v c:rtchcs' ln this.rl:r1'difiircntr '.turcs oiclr,rpc, y ,rl-stlcllgth ()fboclY llloclcllirlg cotllcl bc rcrrclcrcd ln hl'rr k

rtLrrc lhc tclttPt];iorl wls l; usc !hc qrxver likc a brush u'ith.lightcl'.scr-rrtchv

,,,,k"s ,ru "u,ti,,rr,1

rncl drlpctl l'hcrc rll bctilc rvrs cxplicit :rntl pr''' it' '

Lrc btttsh ulso.'rrcourrgc.l nlorc clctl,ilc.l rrrrd rcirlistic trcelrnerrt oflrte[otrrr

Lirri lttcrrtiorr to dcpictiotl ofpostulc. CoPv lhis lrcw rc:rlisnl on blltck tigtrtr's

,Lrtl thc rcsult is btiL,nd t,-, srrt}cr b-r'cc,rrrp,rrison u'ith thc nrorc lili likc rc'l'

r()j

'l hcsc ,r rc tlrc l.rr tors ,"vhich pllycd on thc work of thc black figure artists wchrvc yct to discrrss, uncl it nrust bc rcnrcmbcrcd that from nou) o,, thc 1r.,,,r,.luchicvcrr:cnLs of Athcnilrn vesc plilting 1ie clscwherc.

Tltc shrpcs u,hich occu1ry thc artists now arc gcncrally dillercnt and wccarr ot-rscrvc nrorc spccialisation and clearcr distinction bctwccn thc crrppxirltcrs and thc pot paintcrs. Thc belly amphora is falling from favtrLrr.,c'xcept lbr son)c of Type A. Thc neck enphora is thc coilmoncst anlph()r,tshapc arrd thc schcrnc of clecoratioll is soon stcrc-oryped, u,irh floral on tlrcncck and a f,rir1y sirnpic palmcttc cross bcneath the handles, asllg6]..I.lrchydria is far morc popular: shouldercd now, so thxt therc is a s(,pxrrtcshouldcr scenc and for a while a predcill bclow the nrain scenc, aslrgol,figuring enimals, horsemcn or a hunt, rarcly myth. Later (after thc A[tirrcn(,sPainter) thcre is only a fforal herc. Red figure plurls, w irh bl.rr k b.rckgrouncls,rccluircd decorative borders to sct them oIf froll1 the black body oithc vrscand thc schemc is copicd on black 6gurc vascs. Thc Littlc Masters givc pl:r.cto cups ofTypc A the eyc cups, as Ir 73], whilc tbe dceper skyphoi iome irrrr:fashion,rs Ir,ir-z]. Thc lckythoi now acquirc rhei, frrrrili", iyli,,d.icrl .h"p.btrr the full range oflatc biack figurc lekythoi, togcrher wirh tirc ncw serics ol.oinochoai and somc new shapcs likc rhe rrrrt6rd 611p5 1p" r,ot ch.r r-rctcristic ol'the bcst biack figurc ofthc late sixth ccntury, and will be considcred in a latcrchaptcr.

Thc drlwing convcntiorls arc unaltered but, following thc lead of rcclfigurc artists, thc atatontical dctail ofnakcd bodies is bettcriendcred. and thctyr:f frop frontal chest to profilc hip is achievcd with nerr plausibility byshifting the stomach pattcrn to onc side. For three-cluartcr vicws ofobjuctsrhc combiuation of frorrr aud profile can lead to soine odd cllects, as witlrshiclds, but clcmcntary forcshortcning is menagcd aorl this is all betterobserved_ il rcd figurc. Drapery pattcrns arc simpler and thcre is gencrally lesscolour addcd, buc thc arrangcrncnt offolds with zigzag edges is iow norrnal.Thc ncck flomis now havc tJrin lotuses, palrncttes with scpaiatc leavcs, and lc,ss:urd lcss addcd colorr. The reliol'linc ofthick black paint standiDg up boldlyfronr thc vasc surfacc had bccn uscd sirrcc thc, mid cer,t.r.y in bJr.:k fig.,." t.,separatc tongues in decor:rtivc friezcs x[d for spears or sccptrcs_ It conlcs Lntoits own now for outlincs and cmphatic dctaiJ in red figurc but has a reduccdrolc ifanything in black figurc. Outline incision for black figurc secrrs almosta countcrput to the corltour rclief linc. It lrad been uscd before but it rsintcresting to noticc'how it bcconrr.s comn-ron agein especially on thc work ofbilinguists likc'rhe Andokidcs Paintcr and psiax. It helps dcfine thc fisurcswhcrc the background is a rich rcd, arr intcnsity ofcolour lost through timcaud cle:riring, and dclibcratcly tollcd down by thc photogrilpher.

l04 ro5

lltltnrlrrists I

lr1, ,,1 rlrr v11scs signcd by tl-rc pottcr Aldokides arc by (nre lrirrr(l rlrr'

\rr,,,r rr,r s t'.rrNrr:i1l 6o-61. All arc rcd figure but onc, ir cuP irr l)xlclrrr()' r\

lrrll l,l.r, l' ligurc a bilinguel, and thc rcd 6gurc arnphora ill-Ncw York hirs ir

i,t, 1 i,,,,',.ii*hir" g..,.,",td) lip. Othcr rcd 6gurc vascs eld bilirrlltrrtls c:rrr l)c

,,,, ,t,,,,,1,1 t,, tlri, ".tiit. lc worrlcl sccnr rc:rsoneble to suppose th:1t orrly orrc ,rirrt

., r , ,r,,lvcrl, whatcver tbc techDiquc, but Bcazlcy changcd his nlind twi(trl,,,rrr tlris:rncl in thc cnd prefcrrcd to ettibute thc black figurc work to a

, , ,,,t1 .r tist, thc Lysippidcs Paintcr. Thcre is a clcar gencral co[grucnce of

,, l, ,',,1 "lrirough

cxrit .on-rpari.o,,s ofdctail bctwcc:r thc techniqucs is not

,l',,',,.'t",sucliafineartistili€ihthrve gonc out of his w:ry to vary-dt:tail

,,,,f ,,,,,p,rrl,ion cvctl when thJ sccnes on a singlc vasc wcrc supcr6cially

r,l,l , Lr ll- so hc was very thorough on sorrlc vascs hrdeed, it looks as rhough

r1,,,,,,,r1,.1 hevc bccn the artist's intcntion, sincc the problcm ariscs nost

,, irr,l\ w,ilh soluc bilinguals Ir6l] and not with n)any ofthc attributcd xll-

l,l ,, l. lLqurc and all-rcd-"6gure vascs wherc thc work ofa singlc herrd is rnorc

,1,,, r f,:-31. So the Ando"kidcs Paintcr did pair.rt black frgurc ancl it is diflicult

,, , , " .,1,. ,lr" conclusion that hc and the Lysippides Printcr arc one and thc

.,r',, lt is at any rate quite inconccivable that h e painted onl y red figurc' 'in' c

lr, ,(t'nrs to b" orr"'of thc 6rst, if not thc fiISt prxctitioncr in the ncw

,,,1,,,,.1t,", which u'xs obviously invented by a skilful black figure artist' and

r,,,r t,riinstence, a distinguished muralist (ifthere werc such spccialist$ 'in'-'rr,,,r,r ,lcrails antl patterni arc borrowcd straight from black figurc So somc

,,t lrl bleck figurc vascs could be carlier than thc red figure or bilinguals We

, ,,,',,,, :'"y ,."iily *hich, but somc of tbc amphorac with 6gures whi''h hAvc

L,rrt,,,rnioutlincincisiorrmaygohcreIr65] l t was aln ost as though Exckias

lr,,l t.rkelr uP his brush xgain but in another mxn's workshop' and ii i\

11, ,,, ,.,llv .rg.'e..1th"t the A;dokides Painter was Exekias' Ptrpil Certainly the

,, ,,l,riu,i ir'th. ,"rr", so whxt xrc thc dillercnces? ln dctails they arc too llrcatr,,,Llorvidcntification Ornamcntis much the same and son-re firvourite sccoes

.r, rcpcxted il1 mrrch thc serne manncr Ajax and Achillcs piaying' Hcrekles

.,,,,1 li..be.o.' Hcrakles is a particr-rlar favourite as can bejudged fron the

rllLr.tntions choscn hcrc. Sonre sccncs still carry an Exckien dignity but

r , Lrcrelly the compositions arc looser and iDvenlion, thorgh llot lacking' is

',,,, ,u t ritti"rrt. fh" precision is conrp'rr'rble brrt bctonres slr'kcr in rh' biack

lrrtLrc, and tl-rerc is in a way morc oIExeklrrr conlposrnon ln lhc rccl rlJ]urc

.',r'k,'b,.tt hc.c cor't,p"risorrs bccotttc cven morc dilfrcult lt is intcrcstille to

r , )t i.c that DlosI o f thc bilinguals are b y rlo nrc'tns thc carlicst ofhis vases'

'ihc black figurc work oithc Andokides Paintcr ind ofartists closc to hin)

Lrucrrs or,r".f ,rnpl-ro,"", bulll .rrnphorac of thc ncw TyPe A' which har:l

,,,,r'iLrtu lr..n irrrrodtrced by Exckias, cyc cr.rps and hydriac Thc Masros

l'rrn rrt, i. ol tlrl. grurrp. rrJnrcd irTlrr rlre brc"tt-'h-P'd ' rrp l/o7l'

l':t,,rr I r0,r'-r 7r I I,,rirrtrrl ;r bililcLrrl urnphore lbr the pottcr Anclokidcs,brrt rvc rlct lrir, rr,rrrrr. frortr r\\,() rcd flgLlc v.lses_ Bclzley thourghc hc rnigltthuvc bccrr :r prrpil ol_rhc Arnrsis l)eintcr and rhcrc it 1l1his work sonlcrhirij (,1

thc dciic;rtc prcttir)css which tlliLt arlist sollletirltcs exprcsscd, btrt it is rtrorcbrittlc, lcss r-obrrst. l lc sccnrs rrluch afccted b1, rcd ligure ercl lrc uscs rvuvvlincs ftr fol<ls not to cnrphxsisc blrt ro wclkcn thc sriH-ctli,ct it was difficLrlt roavoid in black 6sure. Fivc 6nc platcs stLr vive, pirin bur ibr sirrrplc end usrrallysinglc black fiqurc srlbjccrs at thcjr ccrtrc! [r691. Hc hlcl rlrc iustint oferr)iniirtr.lrist rltd orl lris l]rgcr vrscs (Dcck :ll]]phorec, h\'clrixc, c;rl\.x cnttcrs etrcllmphorec of'fypc A rhc l:rst bcinrj biiinlu.rJr) his irgurcs i.rr k rrrbrr.rrrcc butcrn bc crrjol cd ir dcllil. Mosr ofllis urork plobebl1 bclones to dre yc;rrs fionr,rLr,,rrr < ,. tu (..rr iow.

A corrtc'uporerv rlso e platc peintcr rnd closc to psiil\ irr stylc wrsPrsrras (irrntctlr kuou,n es tltc Clcrbcrrrs I);rintcr), e fiuc rcd fiqLlr.(, iirtist \\,llousccl thc'olclcr tcchniquc hrr sotrrc dcdicrtorv pl:lqlrcs loLltrd olr thc ArhunteDAcropolis. Thcy u,crc prcplrcd rvith e linc rvhitc grourd, eud rli rcprcscnrAthcnl Il7.ul, sorncrinrcs :Llorrr-. The bJeck ligurc tcchnique r,r,es bcirrgrcrrinccl bv his contcmporerics for enothcr treditiouel prodtrct, rhc plnl-thcnaic vascs, on which sinrilar Arhcna flqLlrcs:rppcar. plsclrs pairrrcd orr norrcoftllcse so l:Lr.rs wc knorv, btrr bclorc onc ofthc Arhcrrxs on a pllquc hc, siunswith r phrrsc rvhich cchocs thc lbrrrrule of thc l)enxlllcnaics ,onc of rhcprintines ofPascrs'. Pcrh:rps hc hed br-cn c{iseppointccl ofan orclcr for thcprrze vxscs.

Ncu, tcchliclucs firr tlciltin!a thc background to figurc dccoration oD viscsilppcilr lnorc frcqLlcr)tlv lro\\,. P:rsces used a finc, glossv white or crcetD rr hisplequcs rnd onc phtc, x tcchr)iquc \vhich airpcared by ebout 5:5 lnd is ottcnnsccl on irtcr bleck fierrrc. Ilc sornctirncs usccl a sccond. rvhitcr rvhitc fbrrvolicn's flcsh, btrt on a lvhite qroutrd thc l:rcllcs wcrc bouncl soon to h:rvcbieck faccs. Psil-x r.rscs rvhitc grorrnd on othcr.shrpcs alabestre. :r lckythospiatc and kylthos lr7rl. Thc Anclokiclcs l)aintcr hld uscd u4ritc sr.oundcxpcrirrrcnt:rlly on onc 'rcd figtrc' vasc (as rlocs l)ascrs olrcc! or) ;t rccl figurcpl:rquc) :rncl lbr a bleck fignrc liiczc on rhc lip of arlorhcr. Exckias haclintroducccl thc corrl rcd backqround orr his l)ionysos cup { I o4 l. l)si:rx has it forthc rvholc interior of I cup r,,,ith a sinrplc ccntrc piccc I I 7o J uivine cxactly rhedccorrtive cffcct ofhis plarcs. Skythcs, e rcd ligure artist ofrhcsc ycars, uscd itfrrr thc blcksroun.l to black ligrrrcs otrr,idc r..d figurc rLrpr Jnd rt rc ur.cd frrrirrcils or1 s()rlc plaiD v:tscs of d1c gcicretiotrs bcfrrrc elld aftcr 5oo.

Cup painters

Thcrc is arolhcr lergc cl.rss of bilingLral vrscs lvhich nccd not bc srtrclicclclosclv hcrc. Thcv lrc cyc ctLps Lrv rcd 6gurc p;rirltcrs lvho put a bleck figurcpictrrrc in the inrcrior torrdo. Nikosrhcnes'It-5r, i 7-;] and p.tmphaios,

r(]6

'r ,, Is]roP s'cr c: esPollsibie lor 1lln) '

iurd thc ltrtlsts rvlr. tli ( I)r'rl( (I!LrL lr I Lrl' '

,,, , ,,r,r'u,.g rhc v.'ry 6r,cst prrctltioncrs of rhc rrcu' tcr lrrrrrlrr' I lr' ' rLl'

r 1,,, ho\\'cvcr, lllLlst occtlP-v us srncc it w:rs il)vcrrlcd lirr bl rr I' lrrlrrr' rrr'l

rLl '\{ ao1lr1lorll)' SO dCCOfetcd

I hc t,srrrl veriety,Type A, es I r 7-7, l7E, I'911, hrs 't shrll()\\ l)()\!Lrisrr)1" li' I

', , , LrD. n.,t oBscr lil'cihc Lrrtl. Mrstcrs Thc fool is short lrrtl slrlr\irrrl tr rtlr',,,,, l.li,rq"trl,"tup.trrrr.rllr.r 1'l'trnblurrttoclikcthcLittlcMlstcrs'bLrttIrL'I ,l,,ru.irrl" rvithrliirc loot is pairrtccl bllck A lcss coutrnon shePc irr bIr' k

r rc is fypc Il, u'ith e c(nltintlous culvc fro1l1 thc IiP orlto thc rop of tllc toc

,, n";l). iic l,,tc.io.,t "tc

oltcn clccoratcd l'ith:r figurc in l totrclo' rron

I ,lrng e dccoritivc borclcr, ancl :l vcl-\' (:()l1l1l1()n devicc is I gorq()llcioll'

1,, ',1.*i;, thc ttsurl rrlarlncr \\'ith ell oullirlc, llot bl:rck figurc ircc' brLr thclc

,,, ., ti*, c.,ps r.'ith tirll irrslclcs lt5t. t7/ Outsidc' tllc trstr:rl clccorltiorr (brrr

,,,,, i,ru".i"Lri" "rp..iallv

fol thc letcr cxrntplcs) is I pair oflrrgc cvcs on c'ilhcr

,r. Lr"i*.^.r tl,.'lr"r'rdi.r' E-vcs hrd lppcricd on (;rcck vrscs in drc scvcrrdr

, I !rtLrrv, ustrlllv ullc:icr archccl heDdlcs lvhich snggcstcd cycbr orvs' erld iu E:rst

r ;,ccc.: o,t jug lccks, eithcr sidc of thc no\c sporlt' ls wcll rs irr thc c'-ve cuP

1,,,'iti,r, n,, liirl"r, u"sc\ which rrc cirrli.r th:rn thc Altic' OD or'rl cLrps thcv :rr c

,.l i,rt,' 1'r',,vi.l.cl *rrlr (\il\r'L'\\' rrrrl\ rro\t' rrrd tlx lLrll lr'i-1.'r''ri',, t,t tiltrr,. llr('\"r\(''u rlr'rr tl'' lr'rrrd L'1"'k l'lu' 'r''rr'\l tlr( trrrd(rrrrot ''

' ,,,ni , ., ,,.i* .,r,,1(([ L)] r drrnk( r's conlplnlorr, rr()t thc drinkcr hinrsclf- ltLrr.rY bc rr()tc.l th:rt s()r11c cyes erc'fctlr;rlc'- aLllolld-shxpcd \\'itholll tcxr

,1,,.1 r. ifr.'"t- a.rv rhc possibility oferr,v friczc corrlposition orr thc vxsc ;urd

rLr{cld rve h:rvc sirlglc 6g,.,rcs or srrrlll grotlPs bct\\'ccn t]ld bcsidc.the c\ cs' or

..,r.,ri ,r* i,"r.llcsi Tlt.l latt", is thc scircmt', r'vith frghtirrg wrrriols' for thc

,.,rti"r, frn*- cxilmplc of sllndird slilPc E-xckirrs' ltnlolrs cLrp ilr

nr.,,r"lr fr r+1. Oftcn e vinc will glolv bcrlcir'h c:rch hrucllc rrrd crccp i:rto thc

ll.ia "loi,,,a',1" "u"s lr

77 El,rl1don\inrPlurLLrP\thcrtrsjrlrt'r.fl"rr'r'lcri,lolphin or simihr simplc dcvicc in thr' Posrliorr li To rJrl' H'rrrdlc.prlulcttcs

()t iittlc Mistcr typcs erc not nnkuos n, btrt lh(r u Jre (uPS 'rrd

rkvphui oithc

',, .,tff.'a ep (Flor.rcr-P.rlnrettc) Cllass rvitb distinctivc flowcrs bencadr *rt'

lr.rndlcs iud lrcsidc the,rr i ltrce horizontal bllck pelmctrc' srlllllcr riLlc

,,,,r,.,,ir*, .ra scrolls; I1o I oorn aor cves on tilcsc scvcr:Ll fill thc u'holc high

il";.;; 6;;, .ui,l,.,u, "y"' lt7's' rz9, t'eol rhc lou'cr bor'1 is usurlll

irirJ, *,i,f, r'rcscrncd barrcl, brrt thc eulicr cLrPS oftcrl hrvc rrorc cl.;rbotelc

l,li.lr., ,rfl;r", ",rd

dots, rvirh elterrrrnrrg btrtk 'rnd r i'id r'Lvs bcl"rr I t 77-El'

if- N;flrrtfr.ri. foot for sonrc l:rrg':r ''''p" l''ikt lh( llrr r('tirrg trrrfrc'' brrr

,pt.,1.r, r.,ittl lr lhitl, trtrnrpct-shrpcJ rr 'rll rlJ rrr'ry bc Jtior'rte'l hcrr'eth

l',z,lr. ,rr tll)ll .r-ll\ cl rl',rr'rlr c\'llrrlrlr \\illl r)ilr( \lr'lu' "rr t I r L ' r r r r L I r I ' t ' ' ' ' r '

ir,,ilr". t.,ri"nt \\hr(h rlr.r) hrvc bi'cn devisccl in thc Nikosthcncs-Prrrrr-

phaios r'r,olkshop, tojttdgc lrotl two sillllcd spccilllcns' is thc'Cu'll t:ttristrr;

L:,,n',.ttri.tr h,r,. sl,"ll,rru, hcavy tonr \vith rPl'rrrr.c.ni'r\t ''dgc ll76l' 1t

i"",,,i i,:, ..-'r,p,: . tvpc rrrclc bv Lh.,l.'dr"' Pirtlcr\ rr) S"rrth lrrll"rrrtl so

taJ

r(prcsr'rls,r lirrtlrcr.l;scrv;rriorr by this workshop offlrshions in the wcstcrnrrrarket. l'ltc tlccorrrtion t(x) sonlctitllcs copies Chalcidian, the eycs berngsupplicLl wirlt rroscs;Itrl s:rtyr c:u s, und rll knowD provenicnces lre lcaliaD withorc grssiblc cxccprior ir Arhcls. Thcv beloug to rhc J2o's_'flrc prchistoly ofrhcsc shapcs:Lnd somc hybids can uscfully bc disctrssedbeforc trrrling to dctlils ofdccor:rtion or thc works ofplilltcrs and groups.Therc had bccn cerlicr Attic cups which lackcd tl-rc ollset lip, such as thc rn orenclrly hcruisphcrical rnerrythought cups [37]. Tl-re srandard cyc cup shapchad many variants, cspccially wirh the onc piccc profilc (Type B) of whiclrthcrc arc cxamplcs painred by Arlasis with the figurc.s bcrween thc cyes,pxinted in free ficld [84], without lines or peiut on rhe lowclbody or stcnl ol:thc cup. Thcre arc hybrids too, inciuding Lrtle Mrstcrs wrrJr Typc A Gct.The WRarrn P,crNrFR, n:rrrled for his rathcr insubstarrtial tlgrucs, pLlt a Littl.:Mastcr foot on Typc A bodics lt 7ql, md rhcse hc dccoratcd likc thc Droopcups (which hc also painted). His cornplnion, the PAIN.r.ER or. THE Nr(x)srAOt-le Ir75], shows a similar cclectic taste: and thc nvo plintcd both,sub-L)cianire'and shoulder lckyrhoi. Thcrc are a fcw larcr cups ofaborrt 5oo(Typc B) with a black top band over thc handic zotrc, so thilt thc schemc is isfor brnd cups, bur the profilc r.rot (comparc IrE4]).

Thc rrrain run ofcerly c1c cups havc ornetc lowcr bodics anc{ thc whites oftlre eycs are drawn in outline fr 7 j. t 77-6l,ltcr nor-e oftcn bcing fillcd withwhicc or paintcd whitc over-black. Thc carly cups ere rcprcsentc,d byNikosthcnes'prodr.rcts lr5r, r73l :rnd a fcw of l.righ queliry by Ir6o], and ir.r

thc rnanncr ofthc Andokides Painrcr, likc the onc with thc funny l.oot Ii 77].Relatcd is thc inrport:rnr CRoup or, WALTtrRS 48.42 which spccialiscs in lrontal1[isks ofL)ioDysos Ir Z8], satyr s or nlaenads betwccD the cyes, and gorgo[ciawithin. Ofthc sanrc fanrily arc skyphoi ofthc Knororos Group, so callcd fortirc sallior yellow uscd by rhc piintcrs for somc lninrels and drcsscs. Thcseskyphoi arc hcevy, dcep vcsscls, witlr shallow concxvc Jips whicl-r r.ay bcbleck or decorated with e ivy wreadr, and with red and black or rll-blecklongLres rt the basc. Thc sccnes arc oftcn Dior.rysiac, thcir backgrounds fillcdwith vincs fr6l-zl. Thcy arc lc'ss fincJl, ptrntcd than thc cups arld Dlust bringus to the cnd of thc sixth cenrury, but tbe group has sonrc inporcantsLrcccssor-s.

ln a dillcrcnt tradition arc othcr cups and skyphoi nreny ofwhich havc rhcflorver end palmcrtc (FP) decoratiou at thc hudles that wc hrvc rlreadydcscribcd. In the (lnoup oF CIouRUNG Cluls wc scc a homosexual courtirrgcouple IrEJ] or I horsct[iu1 betwccn outlincd or. whitc eycs (solrctrrue"omittcd). Urc's Classr.s or Srypsol Ar AND A2 (a classification dcviscd fortbe prolific linds at l\hitsona in Boeotia) havc bl.rck lips which cerry a groovebclorv thc r-olled top, or irrc lrcrclv shallow tnd corrvcx, with undccoratcdlolvcr rvalis. Thc range of sublecrs is sorrrcwhat greirtcr blrt thc style is still\\,rctchcd.

r oll

Iir.rlly, thcrc are somc stcrnlcss ctlps of thc lest qtrttlct ol tlrt ,r'rrtLrrrILr,r htvc broed, shallorv, torlrs fcct. Thc T()P-rrANl) sttrtttrrssts lr'rr, tlr,

,1,, r,rrrtivc scbenle ofbaDd cr"lps IiE,fl, but with cycs iu thc ]r.rrrrllc zorr, .rrr,l

','rirdinlcswithqorgoneiawithin.ThcSEcM.Nl(lL^sshrvcblrtcktrttrr,rrs,l,Lrr llrc pictrlrc inside, u,ith or withoul e scgmcntxl sroLrnd linc, fills tlrc t t r1r.

I lrl rLrbjccts arc usr.urily I)ionysiec, the style fair to poor, but thcy ollrr s()rr)c

,,1 l lc lest black figures ofxny sizc, apaft froln thc Panathcnric llrlph()rilc-lrJsl is a prrticulariy eltboratc cxarnple, with rcd flgurc cycs bclow th('1,,,rLndlinc.!7eshallsccthatfrornthclatcrsixthcenturyontheskvphoirvill, r Lr .r.t still somc worthwhile black frgurc dccor atioll, bur by th:tt datc rll thc,lr.r lLrrv cups ofquality u,crc bcing pairltcd in rcd figurc.

l'he Antimenes Painter and Leagros Group

I lr( rDost prolific ofthc black figrLre paintcrs workins in thc 6rst gcncratioo,,t rcclfigureisthcANrrMtiNrsPAINTER Ir86 r9o],socelledlronrlkalosrranrc,,r, ,rnc vtse. Ilcazlcy regardcd hinr ls pcr haps a pupil ofLydos xrld x 'brothcr','t l)rilx, br.rt hc sccrrrs to havc painted no ted figurc xnd to 11avc bccn iittlcr rllLrcnccd by the ncw tc.hniqLre . Most of his work (somc t io vascs ilrc.rrributed to hilr) mLrst bcloDg to:rbout 53o to J ro, and appcars (]1) hydrilc,rtl ncck amphorac, his scherne ofdccolation oD thcsc shapcs b,:ing standardl,,r this pcriod. He continucs thc tradition of straightforward narrarivc, rcmplified earlicr by artists of ()roup E, but with a remark:rblc range of,{ rrrcs. Fcw oftherr Inty bc'his owl) iDvcnlion, but his prcsclltxtion ofthcrll 1s

r,lling and explicit, though vcry fcw arc inscribcd, and the corrpositions are

r L.,rtlv obscrvcd aud sirnplc, rarely with overlapping figurcs cxcept of ncnrrd horscs or dancing couplcs. Herakles is his cspecial favourite atd we meyrl\o pick out sorne fbunrain scenes, possibly inspired by Pcisistratid works trr

Arhcns; a mstic scene ofoiive picking ll86] in which, turusually for Clrcck.]l r, the trees gct solllcthing ncar thcir full valuc; and some borrowinE aronl( \ c cllps, srich .s colrlpositiorls wifi eyes (rsually whitc l1ow, llot oLltlincd),,rlrcrr l)ionysiac and inchrding thc frontal irask which charactcriscd thc, orlcmporary (iroup of .w:rltcrs

48.42. Psi:Lx docs this oncc loo, ilso on a

rcak amphora.I Iis drawing is not ovcr-precise, but it is never incorrlpctcnt, lnd hc offc'rs

',,rrre quitc dccailed studies. Thc mass end proportion ofhis fi!!urcs show hinrro bc a r-nastcr with thc brush. Hc likcs to 611 the fie1d conrforrably, widl lloL rlrphrtic masses of colour, and il] thc l)ionysiac scencs wc see now, :Is oD

r.ury cyc cups and skypl-roi, the ivy or vinc cendrils, rvhich, whcthcr hclcl orr)ot, swccp grxccfirlly around thc figurcs. Hc succccds in dcn)onstratin!l thet,,lcspitc ncrv dcvcloprrcnts, bl.ck figure cf,n still cllcctively scrvc thc rlccds of

'rnplc narrltive; a rclixbic coDservative; thc typical black 6gurc pairrtcr.Hc has nrany follou,et's w-ho workcd in x conparabic stylc on lhc sanc

r09

shrpcs. \()trlc ()l lllcll) :rt Ic.rst ls qood ertists but Donc, !o.judgc l'roDt.rttribLrtlor)\, ls plolilic lrgr 4]. lhc Ell-SrnEN (iRoup i\ \()rth rrcurionrrr.-.rr lcirst li)r its:runrc vlsc u,ith cyc sircn\ lt95l rccllling Anresis' colccit Iti.rl,enclthc(luouprir ToRoNtoJoj [196 71.T|cl]ur;t;rParNrlr ltq,l'lise:rolcicrrnrn, closcr to thc AndoLidcs PeinLcr. lr,ho soructimcs borrou s l)rn:rthcrr.ri.colLlrtlrls to frrrnc his sccnes. Thc paintcrs or1 ()ccesi()r) ac1cl I sr:nll :rninrelfriczc to rhcil ncck anrphorrc, Iike thc prcclcll;rs on hyclr-irc. Thcr ;rlsojrltrocltrce r nc'rv shtpc thc strrl)lros l]gJl.

Thc lest inrportaut llld DLll)crous srou p oflerec I)leck tiijtrrc vxsc-s ttkus tr\ridc, thc LrA(;uos C;Rour (.. 5:o to 5oo) fronr thc k:rlos narrrc ou flvc of itshyclri;rc. Arouncl krur- hrrndrcd vases hlvc bccrr lttributccl to it of ,"vhiclrucrr'11, hllfarc h vdriac, r'rcerly halfncck rlrlphorre, ll)c rcst unr phor-lc ofothcrshrpc\, critcrs lncl lck_l'thoi, to nlrDrc thc collrnoncst. Thc hvdri:lc rcscnrblcrhosc of the Antirncrcs I)eintct, tcndirg to llorc flrriDg iips :rrcl fhrrcr,broarlcr slrouldcrs l.:o l 61. Thc arriual prcdcll;r l rgol rnd sonrctirrrcs rhu rvvbordcrs givc pllcc:tou r() l)cilt pillrllcttcs r,r,ith bro.rd btrt scp:rretc lcrr,cs,rrlerqcd iD rotrrrded scrolls or loops l;o,u-.1.2061, a pettclrr r:rrc liithc:.t, illbLrck figurc f66] but u,hich soor bccorucs vcry poprrlar in recl tiqurc. A vcrvfct Lclilrau h1'driec tollorv rrrc' exrnrplcs lry thc Arrrinrcncs l)ainrcr inIlivinq rvhitc-qrolurd nccks. Thc ucck urrphor:rc lrc Antirncnc;ru brrt thcr)cck floril is i)ccornirrg lcss lrticulrtccl end tlt c Lrtuscs rnorc likc bluck sticks of(. !r\ rlr.rrr ll.,uur.. ,.,'r, ltoo. )oo).

Thc compositions ofthc frgrr:e sccncs h;rvc a trcrv vigour :urcl cornplcrrtl.Involved eroups of ovcrlapping 6sr.rrcs lrc ski1lirl1v uren:Lgcd arld rrc onlyoccirsioDrllY confitsiDg to the cvc bccltr\c tllc iltcision is clclr aucl bold aDd thcdisplr) of.rrr:rtollicril clcteil is ntoclcratc. fherc is rcstreilcd usc rtxr ofeddcdcoloLrl whilc drrpc'ry firlcls:urd plttclns erc, if:rnvthiug, less cl:rborrtc thurrhc Antinrcrrclr although aorrlclnporrr) rt'd figLlrc tlrc Pionccr Cir.ouP -lcjoiccs irr fblcls, tcxrurc lncl enetorny. Thcsc ertists lcllisc r,r'het is possiblc stillirr thc old tcchliclnc and arc:rblc to Ieducc to rcesonltrlc tcrrlls scvcrxl fiittltrcsofthc ncw, rcnder-ins corrplicrtcd firlds or ruusclcs u,ith lcss cxplicit strokcs(rr.l noticc rhc riny g1c5), bLrr proliring tr-onr ncrvl\. lcer-nt skills in shou rngnrorc cioclucnt poscs, likc thc rrirc tn,isting figurcs rvith orrc lce tj.ortill, oncpro6lc. Thc I_rgurcs:lrc lll hcroic irt ritcir proportious lnd tiatLlcs burllsqtLilcs bcsicle rhc Artinrcrrc,r I)linrcr's clcrks. Thc punels:rrc elrvevs ftrll u,ithrlo figurcs or-spxccs l,lscccl. Thus, thc lorcptrrts ofchrriors tle\.culcrijc fl()ntthc boldcrs of rhc pictrrre if thcir prcscrrcc is rcrlui:c'd [:0,51 lrrcl not onlyl)iorrvsilc sccncs rrc lorrnd rvirh thc'ir-conrplcrncnt oftillinq vircs ol tcudrils.l-:orlis ir qood cxlrrrplc of thc ' in rcn siry ' oi rlrr-r-xrivc uirh thc uction:rndtitrrrcs ovcrl:rppine thc bordcrs, whcIC il Trojutl tcaltr s:lllics to ttv to rcscltcTroilos bur is irilccl bv Athcnr, rnd ruuninq up onto thc shorriclcr ofrhc vasc,whcrc ol !hc batdcrnents ofTrol, lren liqht end dlirrk, a grc1,-bcerd rv:rlchcs,arrd rvorrcn uccp. Thc two llclds:rrc Iinkcd b) rhc trcc\ spreltcling up lrunr

l ro

,1, 1, ,rrr.rncl thc to11rett's;lrllls ()Lllsttctahcd t() tl)( l rlrr.rllr l', l"rr llr'!, , l,ll()rr\, lhouglt tlollsctrsc, sccrD l() hcigl]tclt tllt scrrsc ol lrrL:tl,'

',, rLr.rl p:rirrtcrs illtd tllitlor groLlPs havc bccrr tlistrlrqlrrslrc,l \rllrrrr tlrr',,, l,LLt thc gcncrlc sinrilrritl is strorrg antl tlris is Lhc idi,rrrr ol rlrt Lrtsr lrlr,l

t , L of tlrccrr,-lofthcsirrhccnttrr\'.TlrcAt;ttlr.rxrsl)AlNllllrlri)n" l/,l,.rrr1,, .r rglccl out tirr lris robLlstl\' origilr:rl nr)th sccllcs ellri tllc ',,'

rt Lrl lris

,, rlr,.is oil,rrvc, s:rcrccl xrtd proirnc [.2 r I ] ; and th c Cirlrusl l)A lN rlil{ li)r rxd ICr

r , ',,Lrr flrrcssc [:i-;1. Thc stiuld srLPPollinla tl]c p;rinlecl lurphore [-:o9] is rrot

r lr, Aclrcloos l)llilltcr l)Lrt bY rrrolllcr arrist rvho appcxr-s to hilvc sPccjitliscd

,,1.,()r.rti,rgthesc.icccssolics.ThcnrcrloDltsccruk)bcfccdirlterldfirl:lillge,, Anothcr pclikc, Lcrgrrl in per'locl, sho\\'s thc v;r\c shepc ltsciiilr Lrsc l;r'r ,1,ril oioil l:t-u],endbothsidcsclrrvlcgcrtcls 'C)h ihrhcr Zcrrs, mev I

., r ,rch'. lncl orl thc othcr sidc uith I silnilxr sccrlc, :ln llllltrrllcnt ovcr thc

1r I rq. Thc uppcr pxrt of tltc vxsc ls rcstorccl brrt dtc othcr-siclc \ho\\'s thrt,r rrrttcs ilpPclrl ovcr thc sccllcs, lsort l:tol.

llcr.rklc'i encl Trrrjerr scerrcs urc lhc tivour_itcs of thc (iroup, u'itll solllcrl,lL L rs bcing inr: orlLrccd ft)r thc flrst littlc, othcrs bciuq rcnclcrcd in r llovclr r)cr, sorrrctiDlcs otlirirlg vicrvs of hilhcrto igDlrrcd luotllcttts irl i:rtrrilirr, . s. AlthoLrgh this is r;rthcr in thc spirit ofthc ncrv rccl flgttlc thc sccncs itlc

1,.. rro rucans sirrrplv bolrorvcd furrrt thc rcd fiuurc rcpcttoly lnd thrt it.iL rllr .r rliflclent, though parlllcl trrclition lilr rll thar L}c.rzlc) obsL'r'vcd lh.

I , Lqlrn ch:rrtctcr ofblack figurc work bv sonlc Lrilirrgtrists (thc Nikoxcuos,r ,l [ucharidcs P:rinte: s).

Other pot pa inters

llrc Antlmcncs I)eintcl encl thc Lc:rgran tcl_ics 11cc()r.lllt lor e vcrY srrrrll

1,,)poltion of lhc lilrgcI pots, nlrilrlv rlcck arllPhoritc rrrd hvdlirc, w]ridlLrvivc tiom thc lrsl thirt,v ycars ofthc \ixth ceDlllr\'. Ootlrloissctrlship,'i, rrtcrs is nlorc dii{ictrlt in tltis pcriod ofbltck trgurc therr irr erry othcl arrd I

,rrntion hcrc onlr'a lc\\,ofthe trtists xr)d qrouPs, disrirrgLrishcd b1'lSclzlcl-.I Jr cy nlc choseu lor thcir quelit,l or ii)r' lheir spcciirl irllcr-cst irl soluc ftrrrrs of

L r.()riltioll or shrtPc\.

Flrst, sornc involving distirrctivc or lcss coDllnolr shlpcs lhc Ot.,lss ot'( .M. l r li conlpriscs v:rrients of tlrc Nikosthcrljc elrr Phorl l: r 4l in rvhich thc

l,r oilc is slllootl)cr, on)ittilr,l thc :LrlqLrlarity ofthc c:rnonic folr)r el)d qcDclllly('okln!i rnorc Cireck. Plttrpheios, Nikosthcllcs'succcssor, lllaclc two to be

|.rir1rcd in rccl figtuc by Okos,;rnd, likc tirc rcel Nikosrhcrrics, thc ouly

ljr'()vcr)icnccs for vrscs in this chss rccor_cl (l:Lcre, so thcy sccrn to bc tll llllv inthc Nikosthclic trrditjorr ilrld rlr cxp()r't \ "irc wirh a lilllitcd rn:rrket.

'Ihc Ilvt,ortrazoN (ir.tss (nemcd 6-or:r thc picturc of e ntoulltilt!l witrri()l'()n u1 cx:lrrrplc in Atltcts) is of bclly arrrPhorac u'ltich up-datc thc old tbrru* ith rorrrdcd hendlcs lnd ti'ct I lyPe bY no rlrearls tbrllotlcn (it lppcrtrs in

thc Lc:rsros (iroup) altl-rotrgh trv rou, lcss popuLr thrn thc Tlpc A:rntpho-rec. A linc' rrcandcr ovcr thc pencls is r distinctivc fclturc, ancl thc fiqurccorilpositiors lr-c cqually fiug;r1, but dclicrtcly panrtcd, \\ith I penchlnt fcrr-

gcrlr(r scclrcs other thln m,vrh, inchrdirlg odditics likc lislrcnucn or mcllc:trr)'ir)s pots | .z l5-61. Noticc thc rcjcctccl sketch o fthc doq's hindqLnrter onthc lattcr-. These rrc of the 5 r o's.

Eerlicr erc sonrc rlcck irlphorrc ofstand:rrd typc, brrt srrell, rvith triplclincs betu,ceu the body pilttcrns thc THREE LrNE (;Ror,,p l:171. Srurll blackfigurc ncck ernphorac bccornc vcry corllnloll irr later ycars ancl their clecoretiol is usurlllv of the poorest, but rhis group could rccilll to Bclzicl thcAndokidcs l)eintcr, errd onc' or two othcr irroLlps, Irerdly l:rtcr thal thc 5 ro's,rre wcll peintccl lnd ofGr sonre orisinal ncck prtcrns (i1s in thc McdcuCiroup [zr6]).

A ncu shepc which is introduccd lbout 5zo is thc strmnos, rvcll rcprc-scntcd in thc l)rrtzoMA Citoup [zi9l, so rranrcd lor thc whitc loin cloths wornby thc flabby athlctcs lnd even by the rverrior danccrs errd altrorrg thcsynrposiasts with wi1or11 thc paintcrs of this snrall but distinctive group arcprcoccul'riccl. In thc sanle group ere sorlc onc-handlcd kentharoi l:,2 ol, cctpy-ing an Etruscln shapc eld dcstincd for thc \vcstcrD rlrxrkct, but post-Nikos-thcnic. And wc nr:ly noticc hcrc a rather latcr stanrnos of dificrenrshepc Izz r], a rurc cxarllplc ofa vlrictv olhcrwisc confiDcd to rcd figure.

Of thc other peintcrs I nrcntior four of cpaliry. Thc Eupurrerrrs Parur-ER [222] is bcst k:rown firr his lranathcnaic vascs [zg7-81 whcrc wc scc hisLlncst work and his c:rpecity for dctlil noticc thc shicld deviccs. lt is in thcarhlctc studics on thcsc vescs the! thc transjtion flonl thc atrxto ricrlly impos-siblc runncrs ofnrost c:rrlicr peirtitg to thc n1()re plausiblc vicu,s ofrunncrsr,r,itir thcir:rrnrs closc to thcir sidcs can bc observcd. His odrcr rvork (ir is allnreirrlv ofthc J-u o's) is poorcr and obscsscd wirh the cheriot sccncs u4rich sccn-rfeshionable in thcsc ycars.

Haldiy rnuch leter is thc MADRTD l)ArNTEtt, who is fxr morc corscious ofthc an.tonlical dctail bcing oliired by his rcd 6qLlre contcnlporerics, but hccxccutes it iD an old hshioDccl lnd uncorrvincing way akhouqh hc hes Jearntthc new poscs (frontal ancl proflle legs for collapsing Kyknos on l:::31) andatcrnpts forcshortenine (his shicld). On rhc sanrc vesc thc ligurcs overlap thcbordcl piltterrl and rvc scc still fie old stylc aninral prcdelle.

Thc Pttalr ParNren is an irnportant tnd prolific artist, ir1 soltlc \^,iLyslinking thc Antirncncs Pxirlter.rnd thc Lcil!jros Croup. His work is inagin.r-tivc, for although his irterest lics in fc$, thcnrcs hc trcats thern iD clch instancervith oriuinality of clcttil and compositiorr. Hc is cspccially tbucl of fieAthcnian forrntein housc scencs [:24] lnd of chariot sccnes \\.irh Athcr:r :Lod

l{crlklcs lu:5l. Tl-rcsc interesrs seerl lo rcflect sornc mcasurc of symptrh,v fLrthe Pcisist(rtids and rhcir usc of rnyth arld mosr rnay bc painted bcforc rhcirejcction fronr Athcns in 5to.

I 12

l l)r'l\ycRol'r PAINTIR I226-7]hasnlorcoftJrcrc,l ligrrrt rrtrst rl"'rrt lrrrrr

rrlr,lrrrr-vcxpl:rinhisrcadincsstooutlineinciscn)trclr()llri\licrrr' \\"rl' ll'I'l , ' l)ion1'siac sccues but his bcst work, on bcllv :Ir)rIh()r'rc .l I r 1ri' A lr'r'

,11, rrrr rncl prcsencc lz:61. Ilcazlcy rclatcs hirn to thc l)ri,rrrr l).rirrtt r 'rrll t"l'.r rr, bLrt rhc 'body' ofsotue ofhis work bclrs comp;rrisorl rvitlr l)iorrci l I

' tl

lr.Lrri.rrrdhcunclcrslaDClsho\\'xllllto lical dctail c:rD bc trellslitrc(l cHc(livclvrrrr,, hluck figurc: corlpare Izz,!] by a conlpaDioll of his (thc rlillllc v.lsc {)l_

rlr, l).Lirter of TerqulniiL IlC68,+7) ilrd contrtst thc Madrid I):rirltcr's

, ,, rr l22.ll.

llrlinguists ll

lj\ lhc list ycrrs oflhc sixlh centur)'ainlost cvcry visc Pxintcr ofqtrtli in

Ar )Lns urls cornnriltcd to recl 6gtlrc. Therc rvcrc, hou'cvcr, rcasolrs why, rrc still had occasiol) lo practisc'thc older tcchl)iLlue. Arllollq thc cerliest of1,, bilingulls rherc lred appetrcd cyc cups, bltck fLgurc r'vitirin, rcd figtrrc

, ,,'r ri.lc, Jccoretcd by the bcst ofthc cLrP peirltcrs - Oltos, Epiktctos, Phcidip-

1,,,,, Skvthcs ancl thcir follorvcrs. Thc schemc rcrlraiDcd :rn cxtrcnlcly Popuhr,,,,, throughout thc tirst gcncretion ofrccl tignrc btrt barcly survivcs ink) thc

lillh ccnt;ry. Thcrc u,as nlso a dci)llrd for Panathcnaic veses (scc (lh'ptcr\, r cn) rvJrich wxs lnet bY studios which sPccixliscd in Ilrgcr Pots Sirlce thc

" ,r k cither r,:rs u'clJ paid or convcycd prcstige, scvcral ofthc better peirrtcr-s

,l, L orltcd thc vascs, llnd antonq lhenr rvc rccognisc lhc' Klcophrades Paintct,

Llrc Ilcrlin Paintcr (or his workshop) ald, rrearcr thc nricldlc ofdrc 6fth

,rntury, rhc Achilles Pailtcr. Of these thc first namcd sccttrs to havc heen

, ,rcrcstcd in pxinrirl!! some slandxrd Lrleck figurc ucck elllphoric xod irr

,,,troducing sornc bhck figurc onto his tcd figttrc vxscs for lids or sttbsidiarv

ir iczcs, anJ thc Achillcs Paintcr nlay l)lvc decoratcd iu black figurc arrothcr

r r uditionel shrpe, the loutrophoros.Apart fronr thcsc rrtists, lvhosc ilrtcrcsr in rhc olcl tcchuicluc cen be tt lcrst

l,.rrtly cxplxinecl b,v sPecial dcmarld, thcre arc fcw rcd 6sure paintcrs with err)'

rrorable ileck lisurc outpr.rt Thc NIroxr:ulls P,ttNtln has l thoroughlYlelgren black 6gurc stylc or1 elllplrorllc artd pclikei, but his hyclriec ere thc

rew shape (kalpidcs, r,r,ith onc-piccc profiles). Hc Printcd red figrrrc ttro,

r,,lthout distrnction, as clid his prcsumcd pupil, tl-rc Euchariclcs Peintcr" TLe

lttcr, howcvcr, has beerl creditcd wirh sevcrxl Pxl1athcl)llic prizc vescs ;rs wcll.Lr pclikei Iz:9]atd kalpidcs, end it hes bccD suggested that thcsc rlight rl1 he

r,rker for ihc Nikoxcnos Paintcr's $,ork, u'hich wonld ttrikc hirn arlothcr ofrllosc with rerson fbr kccping up black i-igurc. Tire At}Ilxa P'trurtlt, Irlistinguishcd artist who workcd in bl;rck figttrc lnlinly on lckyrhoi :rncl

,,inociroal (scc thc ucxt chtptcr), has bccn idcntiiied with the Bou'doln

l)rir1tcr, who was Peintrng rcd 6gurc and rvhitc ground lckytltoi irr thc scc<;nd

rluartcr ofthe 6fth centuly, but thc conllcctioll DllIy bc il rn:ttlcr ofwolkshoP

tlJ

Tolll\-'llrc Lr!c of whitc ground 1ll)Ll of olltlinc tcchniqucs ol bl;rck tir1rrr!.lcklthoi ofrhcc.rrlvlilthccntur'ybrirgrhcscvrscsvcr)closcrothcspirirrrrtlrechrritlrrc of rccl tlgulc, :utd tltt'tinc fifth ccrtrrrrv tr-udiriorr oitvhitc qr.olrntltrrucr:rrr ickt,thoi,:lltlroLrqh tlic \\.()rk of r.cc1 liqurc ertists, ,,v.rr borri in thcstlrdios of prirrcrr of blick ligurc lcki.thoi. Of thcsc, rncl of thc Athcrr.rP:rirrtcr, rhcrc r,r,ill bc ruorc !o s:ly trr rhc trcxt chtptcr-. I sho\\, orriy otlc whit.qrorrrrcl oinochoc l:-1ol rvhich illtrstretcs u,cll thc rethcr ructellic clct.tils ofrl)cdr.rpcs oiicn r cscr-vcd lor this tc.hr)j(luc (thc nrouklccl hcecl xr thc hitndlc er)(lrhc coller') u:rd thc u,rv iu rvhich tirll vlluc is givcr to l;trqc rrcxs ofplxir),slossl whirc-

Lekythoi

Activc, if oftor illicir cxclr,ltion ir Atticu rrrd l}trcotir, errrl the conrrr()l)errcic:rt prrcricc iu thcsc erclrs ofoili'rirrg lckvthoi ir s111,c5, il.r. ltlcl1ltt tllut\vc h,r\ c ii firlL-r rccor c1 ofALhcnill bleck liqLrrc lckythoi ofthc liitc sixrh :rndc.rr'll titih ccntutv rhrn ofruost othcr cllsscs ofAthcnien bleck tilaurc vltsc. ItIlrs rlso rrc;rnt thxr rhc;l\,crillic qtL.rlin ofthcsc vuscs is lorv urd, sircc rhcfincsl vltsc pirintinq wrs douc in rcd flgur-c bv norv, rhc colrrrst ,,vith rhccr:1icr vescs, bcsr kno,.vn fi-onr tlrc linc picces c-xportcci ro ltlly, is thc grcxtcr_

Tltc conrirrrr of rcd liqurc. sces th( rro,,LlLrLU,,D ,,i.r triJ\\ r:rritti t,f rhcshotrldcl ickytltos, es l:-;3], u,ith I r.rlltr rrlindrr..rl b,,.lr, grrurg .r ,.1ccpcrficlcl tirl thc llrisr's rvork, and oficr) u irh I stcppcrl pr.o6lc to thc foot, btrt thcold shorrldcr lck,,thos uirh t.rpcring bocll dics h.rrrl,:rncl a conrprorrrrscsltupc r,, ith qclltl\'\wcllillr body'lrrrl ccliinrrs foot hrs r,,,oguc. Nonlallvno$ rhclc js u l)rr)cl oip:rtcrl .ibovc rhc bocll scclc. ()n thc slroul,:lcr thc lorvoi-bucis is:tou usuell\ pcndiltt or r,,c scc:t chlil oflcvclr titll p:ll1)c6csoithcnc\\,t\pcl-u.Jrl,rroter-ouiuqvcrticill)t'11)rnch.rjnsesinbl:rckflsrrrc.

Inlpor'tiurt illr)oviltions erc ilrtrodrLcccl by thc Edinburgh l)lintcr itLrourioo, but thcsl'xrc l)cst considcrcd ln thc ncxt chaptcr alld thcrr itlc fi,\\, lufl\tsor classcs still sixth-ccltul.v in dirtc or nlxnncr u,hich dcse:.r,c rlr cntion. Scvcralofthc Lc:rgros (iroup :rrtisrs dccorxtc iekylhoi- Anrong tircnr rs thc f)ayltl.rrPatrrrl ',vho hes I good e,vc firr clt:riJ ancl a scnsc ofcoloLr. l-u-;rl. Likc othcrlckythos p:rintcrs he elso dccor:rtcs oiDo.hoxi und cspccirlly thc ucrv v;rr rctyofolpc rvitlt a slinr bocly and higlt dccoratccl 1ip [2 j2l. T hc ( ],lr: r us prrr r ll isllsocep:rblcoirdc)ic:rcyrvctlissilnturh Ic.r[r.r:r \\.tk H(r\r1.lntcd h,t thcprick lv pcers on his p:Llnlctre tcnclrjls [:3.; l. The (irr.,l l,a rN rr]x l 2-4 6l slirrts eLrrg clrrccr hcrc tot), blrt )ost ofhis vilscs rrc fi tih ccDturv rnd erc irrflucnccdbythe ncrv irshiorrr. Althotreh his srr lu rrr.l ,,fr,Jr l,c \li'p,h,,cl hc rhnrrs unorigiuel epprorch to l)l vth tnd qcrtrc scctrcs, uncl cet conr posc es 1or rhc ier gcrficld ofnrore cxpcnsivc vascs. L)r thc shouldcrs ofhis lckythoi tht, outcr buclslurc norlrlllv rcpleced b,v flor.,,crs. A vcry high proportir:rn ofhis vescs sccrl tohlvc bccn solcl in thc Wcsten) (;rcck col()rrics.

f l,l

()fthe encl oflhL'c(]ntlrly .trc lcfr.srrrl((l l,r tlr, l'rrr irrr, , rlr,.lrichrct:rirrsthcoldtrpcrjrrllshrPc,\()rirclinr(s\\rllr rl).rll(rr1 ,lr,,

r , oltl r'crricll prlrrcttcs (.1rrd lotuscs rc([r.etl to lirr, s ]il', r.rr r,tr lr'.1i, ,)

, . ' roLrldcr [-:37l. Ihc stvlc ofplirllirls vrrrics crr()rrrrorrr]r'brrt rr s, l,l,,rrr

rr , rlrrr):rdcquelc.Sonlcorigirrllit,voftllcrllcisiltlcllrPt.(l bLrt rlrcrci: rl,,r'I Lr nn:s ploclrrctiorr oistock sccnc'j likc rrrrlrinq, .I uillrt()r I(.lvil)rt l)()rrrc.

I r, )\\()s lrctwcclr c1cs. This is lILrc too ofthc (]()cK C;R()LlP, lllltlrc(l ii)r tl)c, ,ock end ir'\'lclvcs orr rhc sLouldcr, brrt thcsc hsr ncll into thc liilr

r r . Thc Mcclc;r hc.rrl (hcl nunrc is Iiglrtlv irrscribcrl bcfirr c her') l u-;,i1,

I . .Ls olcl firshiorrc,:l rs rhc Athcrls orr aolltcrlrpol-rr-\' tojt1s, ir11.l thc

'l',,v, h, rr. rr .,r(lr.r.lr., ...rtt r.'.

)(a t,. 1),t ittt ltl th. l1)lr[ilti 1\tutk1. 'i.t1tl ],y ,1 ,hLiJL:

IIJ

(rt

:

t(\ B.lllatljh.httl)i,t:1)hlt/l.11tl.ki&'hut1rt.i(1 1:lnl :i\t"t .1tli n il llir[h'ta1 . lthdrrn 'l lltinllL,

t(.j t.2 tt,llt r l,hil t tlt,, l, i') /r, l,,l.ti,/, r

/,,r,r.1 //,1ill,'J,r(i (,,/rati //. r6

taltIt,a,,

t\lltr tlnrnt/tt.,tI/,frh.lrrliltnJ/r[rr'r.]trr//rlr"' l/r'iI/r'! r'1('rl''r'j

164 B.llt r ryhokt ( 1'ypt A)hy th( A la[itl.5 PrututIlL\n11.\ Lnl\. hnl h

i6J Ni.l d,ifrord rt r/lA .]nkitl|j Paitlttt. Httu1llL\tith n ]!ithh1, dtrl Athold

166 Oi adk" lry tli /h,likitu'Pa" u. Lhnl:LJ (ith thl

,,- .l/,ri/.s ll,/Jk ,Ilin.J i)rnrnt (ndtu r.\'). /)r,,ri.! d,,/

,,'t Bt l \' at rfi r t r ( t )' tt' t) |y I']&rs .l lrrrl/r'r'' nar i"r

/ ), ,i+, Ji(r.,/ /,1 Nit.Jr,.rtJ. IL /o j

17, Plntlut hy 1lth6. lfhin,!tutu,l.

1?o Ctl(t)'p(C) lty t)\ins. (), l tud

.t:k,l d. 1Za-t: H.uklt\ uith.N ilthlHoN\L,l l)rr tl 17a.,: l\1\utt

P\inr. l/hitL !tuunlDio ),\t\ nnn &, at.

Ory l)y ttt l,ltuith t\iltttt. A n1.. o,1nthy. Il- it l

' -. t:|l ' - tt' / x"j'' .'' '1.' \'r'' "' t t-t' lt't llt tt' , ltL 't t

t76 Chtl.idisi r.y ary. H.9 5 t )\ nry ol tht (i1,ry 4 Wnltu\ 18.1, ( ihn u!,).I)n,r),Jor ,,,j!

t ) ()ry. H(&L\ tuldks Lhsio (.li. ltu lr rrt\t(

t77.1,r,1 Ey! ary h th( nnh( ttl tlnAtniakid!s Pai t.t. satv| 1t\k

t tr ()\'. lrntlhip dtul turhnnt )ar

-.,r, .s()/J,,./f.r, (.J,r ].x..r. Dtrt,, x.tlt.-,t, t,tt-,"1,t, tl.,L,-- ) t1. t., (:lry .1 lli Oh\tp d Owlri:t (:t$. H- u 1

i ) (. t( t'rr(:).lth.Cln!tl ti\ht l51. tL\\..W iat ntubnl tt.5 5

...5(n,., J,,,r,.4,.{r, /r.!r. \t t.htn.,r..l H \.o r.ei r,: c-rl) o/ r,. S.(,r,1tt (:l.tlt lr- t7

i,!6 \i,.t n,rrr),r rt r/r. Attin( t\ t)ni k1

Olitc hotLit.Il. 1o j

1E7 N.tk hrnL,ft bt tllt A tiu( tt t)rn1t(lWatioi\ tlryd ot uilh trtisti.y ( r tnkitq

\tk n tphatu hy th. /1t i tut.r l,di |t.

\nk n ryhan hy tht ,1rti kl( t\ti n1'.

HttrLlt\ lirh!5 Aplla.lar th( tit,.tl

ltLtakltr li1hr' tlt lidt

.'-t

too tl)tLn lt) tli, ltrorr" I'd 1h) tqz hllt nphtut "t

th( n un t)l thltl ti n k\ I\inltr. Htnkld dLliut rlttllty Nitlti Bon' to lir.l\tlr , H.52-E

t* tstltyr ph n ol tht tiirl! al th( A li "\r\

th"ttrt. Ht t nkL \ liltt' tltt Ol1nh Btll

t9t \hk ntryhott t'l th(()orrol lVt':brry 199(1ntur r6t) IldrklL\ l!:l r\..1t 11) tt\ ,0. ) .1r r. ,.r,., I \ ,ht t _t- ._ (,,. ", .-1.

un ). hlL\t\ t\tstkt vith lhtti!. H. ]a

t9b B(lly nnuhda ol tlkOhut t)lT.h\lh Jo:.A uanior lLatts hauL

t97 N-.k dnphorc ol th(Ch"ry ol Toto ta to5.LlLtutk16 uith Pholo\ dnd olu

'98 N(k.ntlh.kt hy th( Btri

Pdittd. SDtl\ pow unt(r;SiJlplior rrlr rir i/o,c ,r

t99 l3tlly atlttto I lypt A) t'lth. 1,turfu\Ch)ut. Hunkld.l!:ht\ Antdio\. H. 6J

,oo ndlt r"ryho ( t ytt A) ol ltu Lu.\!1\Cturtp.'IhA.h .rtit\ il ttu ,4 k1:.

,o. lhli) tt)\hh ,, rr. Lr,r(n,J C/ort.Hrral/r', 7iq/rts Nrrri. 11. 1; ;

,o) (dl,rt) llyltut ./ rr. t.,r(,.r Cr.!p..lLltillLt ptpont n, ln! H .lni\ b.dy \ritl

,oj H)\htu rl th( t..d*r\ (lh\ry. AtllillLidtui ni d.nn h\th.\ili (? )

,a 1 Hytlt,l t) l t h( Lt r\'.11) \ Cr\t t. A.h i l k ! 7 dy' 1 tui l.s htlt\L Tk y. H. i 7 -

5

,r5 Llyltin al tlI Ltd.tht\ C\ut). Honl:lt5 kills !h( \ltpinj Alkyomt: I ttlr iltfu LalI,.\ Cturtp. A P tt.dlt tt, rr.nr1 i.5 n b..ly ortr \u I ot Er! a,l

toq hitltil dh\tn l,y th( A(lkko\l\1ir1tr a n .nud by nrtlrl dtti\t. H411k1t\

,ttht.t lL. Klry ilidtl Dt1'- H-6t

2od,\i,.l,,ifl,o,, 1,),,r, ..1,r.1,r.hlitlk\ (ntw w). I Idnkli

zoi Hydrid ol tk t.u.{or (;r.,/,. C.&,tqrr Ctr ,/j

,1, I\'li|!. Srl. ol.il. H..j7-E,10 2likc h) ttu Ad ,lL\)\ I\ nd'.'t'h!.1t) 11 r)l

rr, ri. r,j ltlrJ 7iin,,

. rj NttL @ryl td il ltu a:lLl\ q Cdb. \lLil. 2i E

.4tillo n Ll . !rdd.j'. I t. to 5,1r.r,) ll.lik. Ly tht Atlltlar\ Pni tr.IL.1, 5

,tj B(ll), atrylbtut t\l th( Llyt.hihd:rlt Cir$. Il. t6 ir9 srrrrrrrL, /,/rL 1\tt- n.t t i, rP- II t' i

t rt hnttul Larthaa-t t t:,) I tri(\\iti. Il. )9 1

rI S/,,,r... Dnr,t,n,i tr./

.. I rtrrylratn ttlitul t. tht M.lo ()rtt-r,,i L.,firJJ.j. It J,

:tu B-11, t.. .,t t 1.. H ,rtt,....ttt , tt.._,..,.

1' lt t1. th,'\lr.l.:l l'.,'|',t H t,l, n.t.t. 1.)lt-.

)r4 Hydir bl th. h'n t P,tilloI:otltttit hru| il1 Athai 11. 57 '5

:z: Hyiit Iy thc hphiltn,! ]\rttt, \irikl hy Pnntphdiot ns po n'. Dntiyn\ o,itli \nyt\ di]d hn.ntd\ 11. 1a.6

'. Btllt nrynvd l'tttt ,4) l't th. hia Ptut. Allnn.1i titklt\, lidhr'\\i ! t .lhti.t

)16 Lttlly r tph n I t)'pt /t) b), tltt t<y.ttli Pari( ( rtu pn!). t..ti' thati.l ,,8 Bttllnt1)tt.tnl!ttt'.1)hytltt)dilrtuol ttrlyntir RC 6E17 ( !,n' fdl.l. II.,du.jli(ir^

2tr ()i'whot by tlk t)airttt \\l t.a lo lJ ('2.Whik \t.n,1- P(lLr\ rt t t11\'. Il. r5

rr; (irlt.!,rr(, lt), tht RyLnli Pdiitkt .ltltilhs atl .lpt ylty H.tLi.iLh.lN!i\dlio) '| t\lill by nk lltnhaidti hLrtto. C.l'1,1$. H.+D

T

2-r1 t,) Ltkyth.\ by th( Dtlhturk hu ttt. (:itu. ()dy\\tLt . d hit bn itt k,i aupatlots ,tj.t.2 l.(kfth.\ ht tht ().li l\litn\'. vvhilt qtu\ td.Dio ti\ nntl hinrl (dtliat\t.H.rg 4

()lft [t th Dryhuk hri ttl.lldl)kl.\ tu tht hn(]i] tli \ 1. tt.,t s

L.kytln)\ bt llk Orht5 htiltd. llttutulL' h nt ol tlk Ht\\\nlL\. H.,7

t.(kyth.J l,t th( Cthr hnlt(. LL.11Llt\ r'ith ttu Kok.r\

,:16 Itkythos[y thcCt]a Pdii!(.\'yliitln\ol. Hlrl il Atlton th\r .Ll I'r Nilr. / 1. ,d r

:tZ Itk)rho\.ltlr l'ha yllisOmry.Anti .q H.1z

2r.r /-fl),r,.j d/ rrr C-..1 Ctutry. llL\1d ol ltlttua

Frorl abont Joo to at least thc middle of thc fifth ccntury:l considcr;rlrllnumbcr ofblack trgurc vascs were slili being madc in Atlrcns, dcspirc ilr" t:,, r

that red figurc was by then r,vcll cstablishld "r,t" p.i-"'r".i,riqu",,,,,,tvirtually no ocher figure dccorated pottery was being produccd in th'c Grccl,rvorld. Witl-r rare cxccptiorls in tha first q.rart., ceritL,ry thc quality of rlr,.black figure is Iow, ud wc ceIl scc that it ietisfied a d",rr"rrd Lr..l-r"ip .,,1rr,jugs and oil flasks at r tirnc wircrr thc pottery industry in Ath"r. ."", b.r'o,,,,,,1ibut thc fincr led ligure was probably beyond the pursc ofpoor"..itir",,,Thcre wrs, thcrefbre, ro demand for th. l"ig". .."t..r,

" r,, plr,r'."

" "ud hyd.i,,,,

in thc old tcchriquc, ro furnish the synrposie of thc well_ro_do, yct blrr Ifi61.r. pc-,'.1,.1 [rr l.rngrr rhrn c.,n Lc cxplrrrr-d irr renn\ ot,t,",rr'..]ru.,,,r,tastc of tirc clclerly. Thc cxport mxrket f.r, th"se p.rn. warcs in Grc,ecc urrrlbcyond Grcecc renrain-cd srroug. Herc couscrvatistr nray well have playc.l ,rpJrl srrlc(- rhc export o f Artic portcr y to othcr Grcck towns, to Cypnis ancl t,,culorres rn rhe rrorrh .rnd u esr, Jid rot abate, yer for chc first fifty years ll1icrthe invcntion oftcd figure this tradc is vcry l:rrgcly t"t",-r.,p try irll.k hg,,,.,.vascs, whilc only thc lnajor markcts ofEt.uri,

"rj Crnrp",ria ("ncl ro a 1",rr,.,cxtcnt Nxucratis) s)rowcd:r nrarkcd prcfcrencc,lirr the new styie. During rlr,.vcJrs.urv(\i1l irr rhi.,h rp1,r. Arh,.n. Dcu d(.nror.rJc) wJ\re\tcd Lrl inr.r,i,,rrtrer c-it1 rnd r.nrples irikcd and burned by thc pcr.sians irr 4lio. Thcse dir.L'vcrrts h:ld no perceptiblc ellect or1 thc producrion ofblack flgurc vascs or onthc sccncs paintcd on thern, but rhe disa-ster lefr sottre valu rbli rr.t-r".'ot..,gi." t

dating por,ts in the dcbris ofthc city, whilc thc torr.rb ,r.r.ut.l at if4"l"ifr",,.fought in 49o, rtrxkcs its contribution ro chronology too.

lr is thc lckythos p:rinrers thxt we hlvc to follow, sincc thc lckyrhoi lclt thcruost prolific scries fbr ciassi6cation, but thcsc painters dccoreted othc,r sha;,cstoo,_ rrd sonle cvcn prefcrrcd orhcr shapes. Swifr production fbr I brisknrarkcr Jcd to spccialisatiou, and thcrc is liitle ofcithci arr or craFt irr most olthc black figurc of thcse years. Thc poorcr rvork will ,r,,t irc igr,,r..,J 1,..",bccausc it is plcntifui, br:t its sublcct mattcr-is rcpetitivc. So,rrc"ofth" lrctr".xrrists could show fl;rir still, and origiDality in al1c trear|rent of old or thcinvcntion ofncw thcnrcs. and so ro rhcllt ntost ofthc following pegc,s arrclpicturcs arc devotcd.

r46

Chapter Six

THE LATEST BLACK FIGURE

llrr: k:l<yth os painters

I r, l )rNlltiRGH I)^INIER is the first in)portant paintcr ofthc lerge c,vlirr'1' r

,l r rlr,,r l:-19 Jl21. H is styic dcrivcs directl y fl-orr th lt ofthc Lc'rtgros (iro trp,

1,,,r 'r

lrcn hc <lccoratcs va;cs other thal) lekythoi thcy xrc sl-neil Dcck arrrPh()-

,, |'I;1] or lekan c lids, rathcr than thc largcr vascs firvou rcd b y thc(irorrp'I \\ r, lr wc havc only otlc or two fronl his hand. Soon after thc stert ol_his

l, rLrrrrg cerccr hc introduccd trvo innovatjons. First is thc trivial but c:rsily

,1, r, , r.,irl. ,rre ,rfrcducing thc numbcr ofPalrrrcttcs on thc lekythos shouldcr'

lr,i,r '.vcn (charactcristic ofthc Letgros Croup) to frvc lz4ll The othcr i"

r,,r, in)portxrlt - thc use of a thick whltc groulld for thc body pic

,,,,, ,;r -zl iDsterd oflhe custornary rcd clay groLrnd 1239, 240] Thc whin', ,,,,, ,,1 bcconres rcgLrlar no\\' lor all thc lincr lekythoi as wcll as nrany ofthe

rrl, L r, pllttcrncd vascs, e d it is iltrodtlccd for sonrc other slrepcs likc thc

rr,,, Lroei end srnrll ncck ampholac dccoratcd by the lekytbos painters ltrl.(:lllorlscnscofpxintingwolllL'11'sfleshwhitc,sothcseparrsarenorm;r11y, r , ii l. li black on wir itc' grotr nd tases. Tl-rc Edirrbtr rgh Plirr tcr's style is clcat ,

, ,1,1r lrrd unciuttcrcd, lhc cxprcssiot ofhis actors rithcr vacxnl with big

,, ,, , ,l cvcs. He is capablc ofdelicacy ofdeteil but rcal fincssc is Ilo lorrgel to bc

t,,, , .,'.1 ior in black i!5urc. His rxnlic of Inyth xrld llcnre sccncs is noleblc md

,,, l.rrc black figurc is only rivallcd by his inrrntdirtc cottrprrtrt'ns and

r,, r'\s()rs \vhose work wc ncxt coDsidcr.llrc Grt.a Patrren, whosc carlicr vxscs havc alrcady bccn lloliccd, is

llri nccd by lhc ncw styles, but clings to his prcfcrencc ftrr flowcrs, bcsidc

rl', ,,duccd nunrbcr ofPxlmettcs on lckythos shottldcrs, atld nrly introducc

l,,l,rrctrcs besidc the figirre sccnes. I show two ofhis ]lrter viscs' both whitc

11r,,Lrnd [.u 35-6].lhc Thcseus and Athcra Pliuters werc coilcxgtles, working in a rclated

.r\ li (nl rc'latcd sh:rpcs, rnd tekiDg thcir lctd from thc Editrburgh Painter in

rLrL rn.rttcr ofthc use of whitc ground arrd thc ncw schcmc lor dccoration ofrl,, lekythos shouldcrs. But each had widcr lntcrcsrs:lnd a nlore veried cxreer

r Lrr rhcir Lelgran nentor. Thc THL'slus P,'uuTrn startcd his carecr :rs thc best

l,.rrtcr of thc Whitc Heron skyphoi whosc imrnediatc prcdecessors we havci., , n irr thc Krokotos Grottp l r Ei z]. A whitc hcron ispaintcdby theharrdlcs

,,1 rrrtry ofthcsc skyphoi (but not all white hcrons arc his) rncl thcrc is thc

',,rrrc distinctivc usc'of ycllor,,', xt lcast for h;Lir, u'hich gavc thc Krokotosr irrlrp its nanre. His skyphoi [245 7] arc from his cerly ycars, perhaps n)lirrly1,, ri,rc 5oo, eDd :rorc of thcm arc prescrvcd thlrtl ofhis lckythoi Thc lettcr

, Lcd somcthing ir1 thc'clcgrrrcc ofrhc fiturcs orr his skvphoi, but shou' tlrc

'., rrc tirm hend with stocky bodics, rouud hclds. He hes :r good c1' firr,r rr:rls, solnc irnegination lvhen it comcs to lllollstcl s, end was onc of tllclr \t oithc black figure artists to takc nruch rrotice of rhc ncw vogtrc ti'r

. "'!\'ll\ \\eDi 5l',fS. r,tgl, whcrtc, lll. tt.rrne.

t17

'l'lrc A Lrrr.N,r l',\rN r r,r ljid 5l wxs nrorc ,,vholly dcdicltcd to the decor:r-tiorr ol lekvtlroi :rrrrl orrrocho.ri, rncl rrrust havc startcd his clrccr l.rtcr- Ifhc iltict:rlso p.rirrtctl rctl liqrrc (hithctto krorvn as tl)c work ofthe lJolvdoirr[)aintcr') spcci.rlising in Ickythoi cithcr in drc usull tcchnicluc or rvith orrtlirrr'ligrrrcs or r rvhitc gror-rncl, hc r'vis workins sti11 through or bcyond tlrcse()rrd rllL.rrtcr ofthe ccntur\'. He had lcrrrred the rrsc ofrvhitc ground firrrrrthe Eclinburgh Plinte: and Lecl some minor iunovetions of his orvr tircontlitrutc to thc standllcl dccoration ofblack 69rrrc lckythoi, addirir rendrilsrvith thin closed btrds to the 6vc shouldcr prlmcttcs, blacking sorrr,nccks [.:t 5i], outlininla thc upright llars (clcbascd tonqucs) ebovc rhc shotLldcr.dispensing with a ground linc. His bcst work hes rhc dienitl, of thc bcstLcegren; thc rcst hevc e sirnplc, livcly clLlxlity, sol)cti1r)cs nrrDrlclccl in dctilil.thc frEurcs rclding to thc cgg hced. Hc- puts sorrc finc llrgc hcacls on lrisjugs

[,u 571 :rnd lekl.thoi, :rnd Jris dcvotion to sccncs with Athcnl givcs hinr lrisnernc. His choicc of sutrjcct wes vericd illrd somctinrcs oliginal. Fro r hisworkshop conlc ir nLulrb.'r of bltck bodicd lckythoi, ;rnd ;l grc:rt nlenyoirrochoai of varyirlg l11crit, rtrllirllv whirc gror.rnd, as \\rcll ls thc later r((lfigLrrc lckvthoi (Bo.,vdoin Peirrrer).

There was roonl [or severx] different u,orkshops proclucing black 1ii;trrrlc'kythoi ir Athcrs ofthe early fifth century. Ilesidc thc paintcrs ofthc lergr. r'

cylinclcr lckythoi thcrc wcrc many othcrs, gcncrirlly morc prolillc rnd nlrk-1r1!l slllallc'r nrorc rcpetitivc vlscs, bnt kecping aiive,:rlthoLrgh ir lcrminirlconclition, a tr:rdition it black ligurc which was to last to thc nrid century.

A largc group ofthe clrly fifth cerltrlry, the CLAss ol, ATH.NS 5ilt, stenrlson irs owD, and centres or1 the work of thc Marirthon Paintcr [256-7] wlrosupplicd many ofthc Ick-vthoi clcposircd in thc tumulus r:tiscd ovcr thosc rvlrofc'll in the battle of49o. Thc shapes are gencrally rjld faslrioned, tap.-Lrn{stc:rdily ro thc foot. Thc MARATTT()N ParNrrn hls x scDsc of colour aDd

prttcm, introdLlcing pattcrn bxnds on somc vilse necks xnd lor,r,el u,alls, aDrl

varying tJrc xrcas ofthc v:lsc to bc ccx,crcd by whitc gronnd, but thc carlicrvases, as thosc from Marathon, wcrc nraillly cley ground. Thc shoulders o{'lckythoi in this Ohss Iz5E-9] carry palnrcttc!, buds or rays, thc fillrrrcs er.c

gcrrcrrlly llinrsy end carclcssly executcd, thc backgrounds ofren ful1 oficafybranchcs, :r strlc continuccl on thc Hrirrrorixrr lckrthoi (scc bclot). Thcrcarc also rl]ny exrmples of'pahDettc lck ythoi ' decorltcd orlly ,,r,ith thc oltlbleck figurc Jotus and pelrncttc friczc.

Thcrc rvcrc othcr lncl trctter plinters ofsrrriill lek ythoi irr thcsc ycars, etd :rc

rheir- head stand the Sappho and Diosphos l'ainters, humblcr colrsins of thcEdinburgh Paintcr and influcnccd by his rvork. Thcy too prcFcrrcd thcsrlaller lekythoi, often rather oid fashioned in shapc and kccping the old bucllriczc on thc shouldcrs, but adnritting whitc llrourrd- Tlrc Sappno l)aIrur-ER[160 6] is the more irltercsting .tnd inventive artist. For his narrrc vesc

scc [3rl]. Hc dccoratcd sornc largcr vAscs! cvcrl a column cratcr, lnd othcr

r48

r.,t,,: irrclLrding cpir)ctra lor wool \\'orkcrs [:6.;l' llc lr'rrl I l)rrlrr Lr rr lrrr' I

L ,1. r( \ccl11s, in filncr:rl sccncs, llncl givcs lrs r ij(r()(l ( ()lr\|( ( llr! (il ' orrl L rrrlrir

rLr\ fr.talicc oll llrllctllrv phqucs fot itttilclll)rclll t() l t r l r r l ) \ l ' ( r

' 1 , I ltrrl

\,.., ?66] :rllLl loLrtloPhoroi [.261] e rittrrJ shrrpc firr lllritlr rlrr "lrl r"lrr rL tr r wrs lons rctnincd (tl'lc Thcsctls Printcr also clccor ;rtc(l sorr rt )' I lt' Itrlt tt

' t

rr\( r sPriglltly tluelirl rvhich colnPensrltcs fur tlrc olicrr lrtrrri'rl rrlnr"rrA r roLrgh uot illircratc hc sPrilrklcs thc field lrcelv t'itlr clisrirrctivc rr"rrv rrx

,,,.,,,f,ti.r,,r. A !ilrict) ofsl1rrll ick,vthos ',r'hich he tlt;r) hrrvc irrr"'rrte'l ('rr,,1, ,h r:r;r-r'hrtvc bccn irvotlecl fol hillr) h:rs I tlLpel ilrg bodt irlttrrtir"ilrr l,lv abovc thc tbot l2d1--?] irr)cl sonrclillcs dccorerccl \\'itll liorl\ ()rr lhc

l,,,,,l.icr'; hor,vcvcr', rnost of lhis llLrrllcr{)tls LII ILE Ll(lN (itess 'tlc rlot by

l, rrncl but br collc:rgucs, llltd thcrc llc 1tl:lll)' othcls of thc Littlc I iorr

.l ,1,c rr,ith othcr shorrldc: piltlcrns (...(. hou:rci ancl helc)'

llrc I)tosptlrs PatNttlll,:6d 2721 wrs a slightcr lttisr with x poorcr

rL l,rrtolv, his figr.tr-cs big hcrdcd, slirtr but livclv, lllhough he had a boldcl..,,1. Lr,

" lcr,r, lck,vthoi. Sotrrc of lris ircst work is on rltbestr':r Iz6E], enrl hc

, ,,, irliscd also in snrrll ncck elnPh()r'lc His letcr lekythoi bcco:llc slinlttcr'( ) i sornc hc jrltlodllccs ftgurcs bctwccn larllc palmettcs encl perts of thc

rrLrcs nrc drx\vll in outlinc [.u 69]. This'scrlri-outlirrc' tcchniquc \\'xs 1ro

,l,,,,Lrt irflrrc:rccd b1'rlrc lr'hitc g rourr cl 1ck1'thoi ofthc Athcrla P:rirltcr or orlrcr

,,l liglrrc rltists. Hc rves probeb]v working still irr tllc [rid fifth ccntrrr,v'

Ilic HaruoN P,qrNtnn wls rn illcluslri()us yorLngcr colltcn)pollrl' ofthc\. 1,pho lnd l)iosphos Printcrs. He pairrtcd snrell, slirn lckl'rhoi, r'r'ith thc

,1, r,'irlc re scrvcd linc il thc lo* cr bhck ;rrce iu T-J ] u'hich thc l )iosph os Pxirl l('r

,,rrrhrvcpopul:rrisccl.Hisslirtlfigtrrc'ssteldorposturcairr)lcssl\'i11 aJi'ldof1,, ,,,cIr".. Tl,.'cLrp-1ikc lips oflcklthoi hrd bc.^lr bcgirrnirrg to flarc slighrlv,

,r,l :r rrrbcr suddcn innovatiort is to nrakc thcn) tlll xlld nliilrlv collc:lvc siclcd'

llr. H:rinrorr l):rilrtcl dccoratcs solllc o f thesc ' chitn rrey-lckythoi ' Hc hls e

1,r ,rlilic ' lluinroni:ru ' fbllou irlg. Sorlc ofthc othcr sh:rpcs hc rrrcl his rotrrperr-

,,,,r.lccoratc shorv I difii'rctlt itrlcrcst lronl thilt of lhc lck)thos Pililltcrs so

Lrr cliscussccl. Thcrc lrc nlasroid cuPs [:74], u'ifi or r'r'ithoul hlndlcs; :r

\ rricty of footcd cups, ttsurll,v u'ith a sirrgle figure tondo, end ctrp sky-

1,lr,ri [.u 7,5]. L)l thesc thc larqc ]rendlc palrncttcs hrvc long, krrobbl,v lclvcs'

I lrc figures r;rrrgc f'rolll Poor to cxccrlblc, the subjcct nlxttcr is rcpctitive lnrl

, '. p"i,,r"r', co,rrp"riorrs rcgtllarll dispcllsc with whitc ground, rvllilc irr

,,thcr closely lelllcd trouPs cven incision is :tbancloncd'

Thc .n orishop of ihc Rt t oarl l),llNlrn, irlso :rclivc illto thc sccotrcl qLtrrtct

,,1 rhc frfth ceutui,v, offcrs thc lest illlportrnt grotrp ofbltck-figurc vJscs to bc

l, rodLrcccl i11 qnittrtity in Athcns. lt is closcly liDkccl r,vith thc Hairnonilrr r,. ri. r.

,,,ntinuiDg tl'rc treditlon of srnall thin lckythoi, the Poorcst bc'lring lhc

, hinrney trouth lu 7E 91, sbarp shotrldcrs ancl e high blunt foot' Thc p''i'rr' r

, irusclf u,:rs capal'rlc r) fbcttcl work th:ln thc lJeilrlon Pain tcr on l:rrgc lck ytll o i

rrith incurviug nccks lnd carly irl his c:lrccr' Alr exatnplc'is his tutnc vtsc

| .+9

wlrcr c .r rr,r rr rr.less Ir.rrrider is bcing tortured by satyrs [2771. He put ivy on rhcncck ot srrrlr.orhcl lckythoi too, and these include some with purcly outlincfigrrrcs.rrd lirr:cr:rl sccncs Jrrlong thc first ofthc great scries of Athcnirrrrwhirc grotrrrd lirncrel lckythoi. His smaller lckythoi are also supcrior to tlrcHliuroni:Ln, wirh rrruch use of white, and added usc of whitc grourrcl,sometiDlcs only bcncath rhe pattcrn friezcs. A speciality was pattcrn leky-thoi [280], whitc grourrd with florrl or chcquer pattcrns (also mede in othcrworkshops and throughout the century), and palmette lekythoi which con-tinued the tradition ofthe Class ofAthens (llr.

Other late workA very fcw standard neck amphorac werc still being decorated in biack figrrr cafter the Pcrsian wars. Most ftfth-century examples ofthis shape, paintcd inthe old technique, are small vases. A few (doubleens) havc only double reedcrlhandles, not treblc, and many carry white ground on all or part ofthe vasc irsdid the lekythoi. Of the lekythos painters the Edinburgh and DiosphosPaintcrs also decoratcd small ncck amphorae lz4j 4; z7t-zl, usually wirlrthree palmettes on the necks and some with panels for the body picturcs.Several paintcrs and classes have becn distinguished, most ofwhich require nomention. I name only one of the earliest, thc RED LINE parNren, whosometimes outlines thc pattern band below his pictures in red Iz8z]; and theDor BaNo Crass, named for the pattcrn beneath the picturcs. Both oi thcschave Leagran connections and the Edinbtrrgh Painter dccoratcd examples ol'the latter [244].

Oinochoai and olpai were othcr f:lvoured shapcs of the Athcna paintcr.The many othcr examples ofthc first quarter ofthe fifth cenrury arc seldonrwhitc ground. I mcntion rhe KEysrDE CrAis [zdJ 6] (mosr of which do nothave this border pattern), the ALIENBURc Cr-ass [284], and thc Crass or,Varrcav G47 [zE7] which includc some good genrc scencs. Thc tall olpaiacquircd a patrerncd lip beforc 5oo Iz3z]- Some oinochoai havc flatmouths [288] instead of trefoil, and a fcw arc red bodicd with no paintingbelow the figurcs.

The succcssors to the black figurc eye cups are nufilerous but undistin-guished. Some early in thc ccntury carry a black lip, following the scheme ol:band cups (Top BAND Crass) and several simply carry lotus and palmcttcfriezcs in the old manncr. The lattcr typc continucs to be made right throughthe 6fth century tojudge from finds in Athens and in Corinth, somc srill withslightly out-turned band cup lips. The eyc cup schcme was continued in thcLrarrrss Gnour, nanted for the strippcd branches which appear in thc fieldsofmany examples. They havc gorgoneion or single figurc tondos, and belowtheirhandleslurk dolphins, birdsor leaves Izgo]. Most, however, dispcnsc withcyes and prescnt a weary repetition ol Dionysiac sccnes, gencrally of the

rso

'rqLrtcstrtcritlzgrl,butonrhervholcbcrtcrtlrrrrtlrcsirrrilrr lrrrr rrr'rrrrlr Irt' r

ll rrronien cups. Thc Leaflcss stylc is tracccl oll liy.rtlroi ,rrrtl rrr'rst"r'l ' rrl'",r lr, h rlso liad a nrorc disringuished rccor-d i:r thc lrrtc sirtlr ..rrlrrr \" 'rrr(l .rlI r l,lroi. Thc Thescus Pxiutcr had workcd ou skyphoi'rrItl irr tlrc I Icr'''rr ( l''"r,,rrhichlrccontribulcdthcr_cwxsasucccssionofftrpoolctqrrllity l|ttrcr,r, thc mastoid cups with fcct rnd ordinary cnp hltrdics, of ll)c l'rsrr^sr rrs [294]. Among rhe skyphoi l-rlve bccn distinguishcd thc CI l(l (lttoLtt"

Ll,, tiqirrcs being sit in narrow bands trld comnlonly showillg it chirri"r* ',elins round Izgz] or a courtitlg sccne (the inirials ofthesc slrlrjccts 1)lnlc

rlr, group). Of larger works the Slppho Paintcr's funcrary vxscs havc bccrl

,,,,r.,,kcd elrc.rdy ;lnd wc nrxy adcl (not by hirn) i l:rtc lebes gamikos [:z 93],.L r,)lhcl shxpe witlr ritual corlnectiolrs for rvhich the o1d tcchnicltLe was

,, r ,iuccl, es it wxs for sonlc loutrophoroi to thc mid centrtry'

q

;,) t,: t.tkythd by rhc Ltlittutrrh Pdi d.B|LLrntk

,4o Ltkythn\ I'y ln Ldi ht, lh l\ t to. Al,nlb ttdflr.$.i,4drtrr.i ./Lut,)r

2.11 L)r"l,lt (L t rylkn l,),thlI)l"thu\h 1\in,tt. A r h1lrtu t altrlnl|hth.H.,76

21.1 t).11\u (:li\i t..k auphtta by tltL

llli b,tqh l\tnn( I\ rtr M tl tsrll

,11 t.! 1..\,tltr\ l't th 1\lal\ .,J.h t\1ut1tt t d n rt\t). Lrhn lkwtd. I)tidtltt \r \ th l)rtl) il tlttto 1'1\ .,ldtill6,.t2 1 td),thr\ lt tltt 1:tlntl tlh P.n (. Whitr:tttwd. l)ir1yt\' dtrtiot. H. ll

,, slffr.j lf /rr 'l'h.!\tr Pnt t.Il. 1?.2.,,j.rr'l7ri'Jri/Jtrqr/JPr.,rljr'J.

-r.i{6 S/.),tr.J l,t /ir. 'Iht!\ts 1)ait t. A srttt, IIL'aklt\ dil Athor.lL tT 5

r \/i[r.J i,t ,r. ]lri.!rI t,t th( lhiP @ rl 1)i. y\\

i t)i'Nth.. l,)' ttu Th.\'ts1'.tintu ltu bln"ln.. t)1

, ) tiltu b) tlt. 1h&\tr t\lito lL'hit (run thNar (itlt ttu trtll il !\ldtdth . H. 18'5

i i.)!li\ ht ltu Alt(Lt P,iiittt. lfhitt .<r\ l.I'.j.!nrr ., , J.d ,.rj.. lt Jd J

i t. )tln\ br rht Atltu l\tiiitt. Sl..r rltl Dtrth a,1y tli hady.l Strytdo.1:1.1l

/ r, n,i /i(n/, S1,1,,

:52.t.: t.tl:yrho' Ly rlt.,4tltt r P.i nt. llltitt ltrritLl. lldiklr hl ..1th:, t )i'tu\h hy th( Athdkt 1),ti1t0

t ttt lnn nl. Crr( L)l l)ltl,thu..\-

,r l..kylho\ hy tlt Nl a n t

t rin Chdit al Dir,:)'\'i. H- 16

t,l)'tltr\ L) tlr .\1t lnrt iih ) Uhttr{ttttdt',rt't hdl,l't'1 t, t *Li d'tt tht Ho \ al Di.'kd.

,.\ l..kyho\ .!l !h. Clds! t'l Ath41\

,\ r. ,4trdio, r.r, lI lin .lo(J H. ro

.o /-r lrfur ,r/ rlc C/,rrs ,r/

lirl r, ,5dr :1rr.r,,t(lrt! r (;ir,

z5q l)ntodn bytht )rhcndPnilkt Il. t1

,:) ()inrtlr\'by tht Athtld Ptntt(. Ll/hitL ll1ruhl.llt.[1t\ li \nlritttt II ),

u, 1t h,'c. r, tt.,' .)rtt. t r. .t- 4 t - r't l. ta

,tir i.).J ttk:ttto\ l,y tht Sntph. ]\ti tt!. I,tlhit(.qn\ur:. Hodklt\' tirtu u.tifi.!. H. i 7. 5

,6a.1.2 Lnrnnthoto\ lty tk Sn ltu l\rrtd. itlonaitt.:.: r d

,6i I\t Nry tlatu by th. S.ptl! htrtut. La1{n! n,t,1,,tttd (y,nh$ir. I4/. ,6 5

25!.1., Lt[),thr\ lty tli Snt'tlto 1\titltu tl.ili I irlt (:]t\\).Whik ,r,\ td badf n.t|. Adtill5lhr) t l

^lr l\,ltrotr.

,b1 L.4thashtthr St lli Pai tu(t,itl. Lio Ch$).Whitu{ ttulbodyJ..,.. ll./,r,j,r.i(rrro!/! (psi,./to\tt\d). H. i i.6

,66 Bnil-hnLlld ft\t l'y th(Sdtpho Pni,kr. 'lh. dnt&,bilt,.../ /. /,ir &)llix

,62 Nikoxh n pylis. Itlttdditp pnrts:ion

, t t)tlti Ly n, Diasphos Ptint.r. Whn. lk,kd,tt,t )t t,' li&li 1t Hydtut

t t ),rtl,l. uk nnphon by ttu Dia+ho\ P."t|cr-

,66 Alahr\tro h), tht Dio\ tr! !).ji1tttrWhitu ,qtor d. H. )Z,69 l.(kytlt\'! by th Diospho\ I,.i,tttt_ Whitt!kwtt bod), \ 1c. pc6u.t-lla.tr.Dt Mcdr\tr/r,o/,,dr! Pr(d$!. H. ri 5

,72 N.A anthon bt thtDit'\)r)\P.ink\(d1t

,7t L.kythas by thtHaioLa Pa tu. WhikstuDn.l body na.- l htsphnx urits oJJ a Thcttnn

)71 !'h'n,d ntt b.) th( lloimoPaikn\- lludklLt n,hl1 tllt Ctun

,75 ()ry 'k?hos

ol th. Hdinnn Ctuup

,76 I Iy&tu (Lnbi;) Ly th( Lliituahhliflttt Ni/l/ trith t hrll

) tr[yth.! hy ttu ]3.ldan l'jainrtr. tltit ,qmttd bod y j..,.. .so i,,r'^ l o il j. r.r1\1 h ut1s. II. r,, t Ll:1'rho: Ly rhL l)tldon lrnint. H..12

,27 t.(kythos hy rln, lltldon Pnnttt (.hn td\t). Soty^ to tu a

,8, N(L onphora l,)'|tu Rtd lin l\nn thm'i tht tdttl. t,l ,;lpllo

,Et NtA Mryhord nL the fln"Lntt t)l ttu tud-|ntPdtun- Pdn n d d uona . It- 2.

,iJJ Nttkanthaturl th.Clnsol 'ltonta3t5 Atntos htit\ Aa.hi,$ lion Ttoy. H. 14 5,84 OnlDtlN. o1 tlt Altothw! Cta$_ Athea d d H(nk!4 nt d dwiat to fuht t( Cn t5

,E6 ()nn.ltu oJ ttu Krysitl( Clo$. Otysd\ d tl th. Silljtr

..ii ()i,o.l,or oltht (:lnlt i] V iatlt, t7. ll thtt. H.2j

tt ]:lnt n\nh(l oi r.lkt IK h

I /,,rr). Dr,,l,roJ rir, !i/),rJ d,/

,Jr.,,i a)n,dlr., tl tfu ()tidt LiItr'/,,!.,4.ro, iIi,ll l)id,r!,i, nr/),rl

,90.1., (ttp il tlt ttallt'J! (;tuirl, 1)n,r)'Qj &r/

rdr ()no.r..,, /h.K.l,Ji,/. (l/,rJj. F.r(. H rji

,9a ()U, rl th( Pl\tiat (:ln\\. H. t I 7 :9j I.(tus.{dnik.\. Wk1t1r}r t\\6n ;PrLt^?tNl.. .ith l hti!. H. Jq

Chapter Seven

PANATHENAIC VASES

r ) .cr ics ofbl:rck figrrrc vescs is clistingrrishecl b1' their shtpe, dccor etion tndr 1,r thc rrrscriptiorrs upon thcn1, rs prizc vascs for thc l)auethcnaic Clarlcs

r \rlrcns. Thcy r,crc big oil vlscs (usrrirlly 6ll-70 cl). hiuh), und thc clistintr r t iqht hlrrdlcs, nrrrou, nccks errd fi'ct dcrivc fronr a type of Attic sroragc

' , ,.., hich eppc,rrcd first ir1 thc Lete Ccomctric pcriocl, drc bocly usualil1,' rtcd bllck, thc neck sonctirlcs with :r simple patterrr which hes eerrcdrlr fr thc ll;rrIc S()S arlplrorlc. Thc PanerhcDllcs rrc dccolatccl by bleckI , LLrc:lltists lvhosc othcr work wc cilll rccortlrisc, but thcy rvcrc cspccially,, ,, rlissioncd by thc stetc. Moreovc'r-, thc shlpc, dccoretion:rnd bleck frgurc, r rirluc lvcrc rct;rillcd lor thcnl long lftcr bleck tigurc rves eblncloncd firrL, rllirrv wilr'a, as wc sh;rll scc-

l'hc canonicll shipc ilnd dccorrtion rvas csceblishcd by ;rbour 53o l c lud" rrlry look rt t\.picrl cxirnrples of thcsc ycers bcfrrrc considenrg lhcir,' r,ius, latcr dclclopnrcnt, xrld pnr-posc. [:97] md [,u9d] givc thc lroDt ilncll,,1, of rrvo P:rnethcnrics bv thc Euphilctos P:rintcr, thc cerlicsr artist qf,r lr,rsc prizc vrses an,v nurllbcr hrs sttrvivcd. Thc ncck clrrric'i a nor:nal florel.( )r thc lront Arhcrlir stlttlds, hcr shicld:rnd spcal rrisccl, stliclirg forrvlld but,,,,1 .rctivcl,v cnq:rqcd 1lg]inst rn cncrlry, xrld sLrrcl,v hcrc rcPrcscntiDg l ctLlt

Lgc which nl:lv havc bccrr irstellcd on thc Acropolis ancl pl:rycd sonrc rolcr thc ritual ofthc elLnrcs- At cithcr sidc irrc f)orjc colurlls !uppolting cock,i.

r.rc vcrc votivc scLrlpturcs oD colurrDs orl thc Acropolis, bLll thc cocks xrc

' lrcr rrrrcxpcctcd rnd eri.- laellcrrll) c\plrirlcd as syrlbois of chc spirit of,,,rrrpcririol1 (cock fights fignrc on orerry crrlicr vxser. B1, tlrc lcft-lrend,, lnrrru is rhc inscription,'ton Athcncthcn rrhlon' 'onc ofthc prizcs frorn'\ lrcns'. ()n thc rcv crsc :r 11 cvcrlt frorn thc g:rrrrcs is shorv:r hcrc a loor rlcc.1 ) L llcr c()ntcsts co rlr nr oniy sho wn arc tll c horsc rx cc, cha rlor rxcc, Iloxing xncl, lrcr cr,cr!s irr rhc pcnt:rthlon (lurrPirg, -i:rvclin, discus, rvrcstling and thc

,LJt rilcc). Sorn.'tinlcs thc triirlcr is irllroduccd or r victor is shown bringtng

' horsc ir 1r45.:l or bcinq clowr)cd rr)d dccoreted u.idr fillcrs.Thc Prnnthcnric Fcsti\,el hed bccD reorgauiscd, it sccnrs, ir1 j66 B c :lnd rhc

l,rcltcr Paruthcnlia wcrc thcn hclcl cvcry fcrur ycers rvirlr glrrtes inclrrdiugrlrlctics, the Lcsscr arrnuelly in rhe vcars bctwccn. Thc vxsc! rclcl to thc,,r rncr. Thc prizc vescs carlicr thlln thc Euphilctos Pairltr:r show sonlc v:rricty.

,9, SLftho\ ol th (:tttCtu\tt. Chrr|t n,lh

,9t ()tp t)l th( Letll6\ Ct.\'. Stlyt\ r tl n" ,t,t\

167

,9a ()U, rl th( Pl\tiat (:ln\\. H. t I 7 :9j I.(tus.{dnik.\. Wk1t1r}r t\\6n ;PrLt^?tNl.. .ith l hti!. H. Jq

Chapter Seven

PANATHENAIC VASES

r ) .cr ics ofbl:rck figrrrc vescs is clistingrrishecl b1' their shtpe, dccor etion tndr 1,r thc rrrscriptiorrs upon thcn1, rs prizc vascs for thc l)auethcnaic Clarlcs

r \rlrcns. Thcy r,crc big oil vlscs (usrrirlly 6ll-70 cl). hiuh), und thc clistintr r t iqht hlrrdlcs, nrrrou, nccks errd fi'ct dcrivc fronr a type of Attic sroragc

' , ,.., hich eppc,rrcd first ir1 thc Lete Ccomctric pcriocl, drc bocly usualil1,' rtcd bllck, thc neck sonctirlcs with :r simple patterrr which hes eerrcdrlr fr thc ll;rrIc S()S arlplrorlc. Thc PanerhcDllcs rrc dccolatccl by bleckI , LLrc:lltists lvhosc othcr work wc cilll rccortlrisc, but thcy rvcrc cspccially,, ,, rlissioncd by thc stetc. Moreovc'r-, thc shlpc, dccoretion:rnd bleck frgurc, r rirluc lvcrc rct;rillcd lor thcnl long lftcr bleck tigurc rves eblncloncd firrL, rllirrv wilr'a, as wc sh;rll scc-

l'hc canonicll shipc ilnd dccorrtion rvas csceblishcd by ;rbour 53o l c lud" rrlry look rt t\.picrl cxirnrples of thcsc ycers bcfrrrc considenrg lhcir,' r,ius, latcr dclclopnrcnt, xrld pnr-posc. [:97] md [,u9d] givc thc lroDt ilncll,,1, of rrvo P:rnethcnrics bv thc Euphilctos P:rintcr, thc cerlicsr artist qf,r lr,rsc prizc vrses an,v nurllbcr hrs sttrvivcd. Thc ncck clrrric'i a nor:nal florel.( )r thc lront Arhcrlir stlttlds, hcr shicld:rnd spcal rrisccl, stliclirg forrvlld but,,,,1 .rctivcl,v cnq:rqcd 1lg]inst rn cncrlry, xrld sLrrcl,v hcrc rcPrcscntiDg l ctLlt

Lgc which nl:lv havc bccrr irstellcd on thc Acropolis ancl pl:rycd sonrc rolcr thc ritual ofthc elLnrcs- At cithcr sidc irrc f)orjc colurlls !uppolting cock,i.

r.rc vcrc votivc scLrlpturcs oD colurrDs orl thc Acropolis, bLll thc cocks xrc

' lrcr rrrrcxpcctcd rnd eri.- laellcrrll) c\plrirlcd as syrlbois of chc spirit of,,,rrrpcririol1 (cock fights fignrc on orerry crrlicr vxser. B1, tlrc lcft-lrend,, lnrrru is rhc inscription,'ton Athcncthcn rrhlon' 'onc ofthc prizcs frorn'\ lrcns'. ()n thc rcv crsc :r 11 cvcrlt frorn thc g:rrrrcs is shorv:r hcrc a loor rlcc.1 ) L llcr c()ntcsts co rlr nr oniy sho wn arc tll c horsc rx cc, cha rlor rxcc, Iloxing xncl, lrcr cr,cr!s irr rhc pcnt:rthlon (lurrPirg, -i:rvclin, discus, rvrcstling and thc

,LJt rilcc). Sorn.'tinlcs thc triirlcr is irllroduccd or r victor is shown bringtng

' horsc ir 1r45.:l or bcinq clowr)cd rr)d dccoreted u.idr fillcrs.Thc Prnnthcnric Fcsti\,el hed bccD reorgauiscd, it sccnrs, ir1 j66 B c :lnd rhc

l,rcltcr Paruthcnlia wcrc thcn hclcl cvcry fcrur ycers rvirlr glrrtes inclrrdiugrlrlctics, the Lcsscr arrnuelly in rhe vcars bctwccn. Thc vxsc! rclcl to thc,,r rncr. Thc prizc vescs carlicr thlln thc Euphilctos Pairltr:r show sonlc v:rricty.

,9, SLftho\ ol th (:tttCtu\tt. Chrr|t n,lh

,9t ()tp t)l th( Letll6\ Ct.\'. Stlyt\ r tl n" ,t,t\

167

'fhc errrlicst *ylistic.rlly end so pcrheps of thc letcr ,i6o,s is thc llLrrrl,rrrArnphor.r l.u96J rvhcrc uc. scc Arhcue's orvl orr the rreck, e scluerly Arr lr.rr,Athcnirenr.ldrcirscriptiorrrvithlrnlclclccl,cirri,,.llru...,.,fh.-".,,.i,rt.1,,,,,,,ott thc Icvcrsc is l ,tvDoris tcaru (nvo-horsc or -ntulc cxlts). SiDcc this rr rr,,riithlctic it coulcl bc curlicr thtn thc rcorsanisation but it is i;kclv thar th( r(.\\sclics ofvascs rvus inluqrLrltcd xt thu \.urru tirrrc t)tlrcrc-rrl) r,,.,,1r..1 ,,,,r,.vases:rrc' also morc- ir formative th:rn thc l:rtcr oncs. A fragnrcn I ilr Hlllc lr, \ l,closc't() L\'clos, sho,,vs thc t'bot recc and slys,rrrdron,,;ofthc nrcn,: rhis r,,

usurllv tukcr to be thc crr.licst to shorv :rrhletics, brrt thc lotus on its ncr l Ir,r ,

llrcedy_lost its cclrtrii spike irld thcrc is rnothcr cur-1y frrqnrcnr florr: rlriAcropolis, siruilarly inscribcd lor nrntrcrs, o:rc of rl.horn hes still thc ol,lf:rshiorrccl rcd f:rcc. ()thcr vescs rlan)c thc trvo-lcnsth foot rlce (di;rrrl,ri)showing rrnrc'cl runnels: tllcv ennoLu)cc or,r,lcrship, , dieulodrouro(rr) crrrr

,,

or victoly in rltc shcljon, 'strdio(rL) endrorr nikc,. llclos puts a vicror bcl,,r,Athcre ud rclcqttcs thc inscription to thc rcvc,rsc. Thcsc cari1,pl-izc v.ls(.\onrit thc cock colunlr)s ilnd thc- Athcnes st:Lud 6:rt-footc,rl.

Thc cock colunrns erc sccn firsr on l)an:rtbcnrics l)crr C;roup E, by lirrkias Iro6] end by thc Slving Peiutcr. Exckius,onc r.,.vl,,,i,rg.,r,,,r,pl",,.,prizc v:rsc, btrt tirh thc rnscription by rhc risht hand colrrnrr."Thc Su,inse,,,rrc r1ot il)sctibcd irs prizcs. ()rr onc ltc puts a Hcnltcs bcsiclc Athcn:r;rncl orrJnolhcr [/1J1, whcre a rnortrljoirrs thc dcitics, thc- rcversc reco].ds .thc

hor.slof L)ysr)ikctos u,j11s'.

Thcrc lrc I nulltbcr ofothcr unrphor:rc r,vhosc shlpcs lpproxinrltc to tlrr.prizc .,,rscs in varl.ing dcgrccs lnd r,,,hich clrry tirc Achc:ras, oftcr tl:r.colunlris, ilud the tlhlcti. cvcnr\ )s wcll xs rDr.tsicel contcscs (pipcs p1:rr,crs)rvhich had problbiy bcen adrrriftcd in thr, sixlh ccncury, lrrrl cr,cr lcrob,rt,arrcl spcclators ot1 a vrsc inscribed -,r r 'rtr,cl ti.r rhe runrbler.. .k.,Jos r,,rkl,bistciroi'. Sonrc ofthcsc rnigltt bc 1.r rze v.l\u\, bu t Lr Lr\rur.rrr drcl n,,t wrn oil:rt this detc, ald tllerc lrc ordinary arrrphorle rud othcr shepcs rvhich borro,,r,rlrc Panathcn:Lic sclrcnre of dccoration eud nrust bc ,n".jv souvcnirs. TlrcDon-prizc I)aLnathctrirics oftcD dcvietc tn, , b i, i,r rrirti:rg colu r[,, .t,.1 .rd.]ine u rrowJ or othcr ligurcs, rl,hiJc I lclv r-eplecc thc cocks b1:cuuldrons, iions, orvis ordisci and oncc by nrele tiqurcs.

With thc Lceqros Ciroup [_zgg,-7ool \\c \ciJ thl! srr.rtcr Lrnitunlritv hl(lbccn esteblishcd for the prizc vascs rnd thc rrtist.r r,,111111q1i,,,,.rl t,, producr.tllcnr lnorc oftcl r_cpcat the s.nrc shicld dcvicc fbr thc Athcnrs ofouc scrrcs.PossibiY thc dcviccs rvcrc dictltcd by the rlrasistretc rvho ordcrccl thc vlscsfronr cliRi'rcnr pxillters to hclp identify ,, Ir,rtfl,. Th" frrst gencmtjon ofrc(lfigrrrc lrtists sccnrs r)ot to lr:rve bccn irvitcd to producc prizc vrscs, :rlthouqlronc lrasnrcnt hrs been rhought pcrhxps thc wor.k ofEupirrorios_ .I,hc

Euchr_ridcs P:ri|tct is thc lirsr t.ccl figorc araist to h.r\r F.lIrtcd LD\ Irrnbr.r, rtr tlrc1..r. .'rrrrrl .Ld l(r \ou.,rrrd lr..i, Lrjl,,rr..l Lr..rrrrcof rlr, .,,,.r Jr,rrr,_guishcd nanrcs in rcd fieurc thi-' Klcophrrdes Peirre:.f3orl (l)cgJsus blr_

r68

,',,.i p(rhrps the llcrlil Printcr [-;ou ] (gorgonci:r) rnd the Achillcs Peint-

' I r,, r'l (gorgo eia). Thc Athcnas strrrd in thc rraditioull pose bur thcir drcss

, ,,,,,,t,l.,rit"ii "ua

rhc athletc 6gulcs rctldcr xll thc oc\\'skills in drar'ving brrr

,,, rlr, o[1 rcchtique- The vlscs rhcnrselvcs hxvc higher shouldcrs with nrorc

\\r rlrrrs coDtot;s xnd hcavicl-lips and fcct. [u thc seco d iralf of thc ilfih,, r,Lrr ir is tlol so cils\ to idcntify Paintcrs of prize vascs \vidl knorvn rt'd

ri,LLrL ,rrtists but groups can bc disti:reuishcd (thc llobinson Cirotrp, thc

l'. rrl, Lr ( iloup [3oi]). We do ,,ur l.rok lor signetures on Pllzc vases but Sikclos

,,,, ,l ,,,r, r"riri l, r.liii11g his orr the colurllrl ofonc irl thc late sixth ccntury errd

I ,, LL r\ \ign onc or tw; irl lhc fotrrth cc tury (Bakchios, I{ ittos and lx)othcr) '

i,, ,,. riiif, ccntury thcrc wes xr lcist onc kxlos inscriptiol ([297] on thc

, l,l: ;Ltier rvhich tlrc Etrphilctos Plintcr is n:rmed).

\\'ith thc lourth ccrltllry conlc ilnovatiolls. By thc righr hand coluun,l l,. rl ir)scrlptions nrnrirrs thc erchon lor thc'ycar. Thc eerlicst rvhich clrr Le

,L 'il,l,, ."rt,rr.,l ,,",,r"s Hi;rpo.1",,ras, ofi75/4 uc:, but Bcezlcy sr'rspccts th:rr

, .rr listiialli carlicr vrsc'nlrncd l)yrhoklcs, ofrgz/r BC. On thc colurllls rhc

, , ,, l, .rrc rcplecccl by s,vlnbols, diffcrcrlt cxch ycAr, usLrilly a st rluxry figtlrc or

,,,,,, 1r. Thr: tllrpholl sh:1pcs bccotnc nrorc fcrnininc, rvith gencroLrs lips,

,1,,,,q rh,r.,1d.r:s, slcnclcr rlecks and il)klcs. Thc colurlllls slirlr lo xr) imPos_

.l,i,.rrchircctur.rliir-rnarldillthcaa)-o'sthcindividuallcttcrsoflheillscriPtiul,', , lrorizonral. Thc Athcnas wcrc xlrcxdy bccominq pin-hcldcd lrrd gro-

r, , urll'c'lorrgttccl irr rhe lrtc 6fth ccDtury rncl thc proccss continues.Sonlc

, ,,, t.t.u".,r'359 end 34lt tlc Athcrla turrrs to facc right, hcr shicld raiserl to

I, .., cn obliqllci-v 6orn u,ithil lJo5l. Shc wcars a cloek drapcd ovcr hcr uPPcr

,,,,,', its .rid Ileritrg in s*'ellorv tails which also affcct the hcnrs of hcr

,, \ , i gilrnlcnt iuld chitorl : likc :rrl carly twcrlticth-ccllttlry fashion p)rtc' 13cez-

l, r'.'rl,rrks, xnd thc HoLrblc Croup of 3S6/5 D (i nccds llo cxPltnllion lJoTl-llr t rr.hilc shc is Itrrnnerccl, arcllaisirlq, thc ethlctcs reprcscnt ihirhfirll,v thc

t \\ scrrlptur'rl proportiors er)d Posct ofthc fourth cctltury Bcsidc thc[r nray

,l,l,crr t;:riDc1s, Nikr-'or, oncc, x pcr-sonilicittioll ofthc Olynrpic ()enrcs, a

,,,rrrplinrcrrr to thc scDior lcstivel aucl gerl1cs.

lLc larest clrtcd v:Lsc is of I I2/ I I R(lbtrtPAn:ltllcrr.ticsxrcslillbcingrllrdc, rhc rhircl aDd sccond ccntulics [;oE], nxnr;]g othcr oficials - l trctsurcr

lrrLrriirs) or stcl\.rlcl ofthc srnlcs (egonothclcs). Thc shxpcs cx'lllgcrxtc r11d

, L,,,rltc thc o1d sinrplc lornrs ,urd thc stylc is :r 1:rirrr pcrfunctor y rcflcctiorr of,r rr,rt bllck 6grrrc hlcl bcen. lltlt thc v:tscs wclc still velLlcd, and erc showll ()11

,r ,ll plir,trngs el)d Irros:rics, orr l)el()s of the first and sccond celltury B(l'

\, i't,rt]e cxplains lbr us that thc .rchorrs u'crc rcsPonsiblc lbr providing oil

t,, th.^ prizr's fronr thc secrccl olive trccs. Tllc clllecl vascs ir'c oDly ofYc'tr\ ill,, r ich tire Grcatcr Pmxthclrtix wcrc ,?ol helcl arrd it t es th c cluty of omc jit ls irr

r r( \c vcirs to lly LIP thc stock for rhc ycer ofrhc g:Ln1es:rnd to 'ollllllissi()n

thc

,,rductioDofthcvlses,whichdxtcdtllcharvcstillthcsltrlcu'irythxtvilrtilllcsi,,'r".htcd by ltrchon sttnlPS irnpressccl on lhc h:rDdlcs of willc illllpllolilc

(lrrrr rr.t irr Arhcrs). So,rcthirg of the or.dcr ofonc thous:lrrd 'ilscs

\\,.'r(.liilrlrrr'rl lirr_prizcs rl cuch g]n1cs a strDt rvhich brirrgshorrtc tlrc eppellirlgl11,,') '1,',r,lr.Lr(..t,,1, rn,,\r t)l(rrrilirl ,rrclracoloqi;l cviclcncc irlr'Arch.,i,,rl,l ( l,\ r. rl(,r.r,,

'Ilrc vlscs ltcl thc.ir contcnts rtril,lhr bu suld by rhr r.L.trr, rr,hr.h cxol;rirrstlrc uirlc clistril.,rrrior oftl,cru tlrroL,qh rh. (;,..1 ,r.,rl.l'.,,rd .r,,,.,.f. ii, fr,s()Ilc ntrr\t hr\'c :rccoruplnicd victors to thcir !IrilVcs ljkc thc vescs:rt cui lrcorrcr ofa slrr-cophrgLrs in l:rrcrltrLr)) errcl nrlny wcr-c declicarcd in serrcrrritrics.WhcrthccstttcsofAlcibilrcics.tu.lntltrrd.rc.r.rrt,rr,,ttlrcHcrrtrrlvcr.i.soirl rrp in :[r j D(: ovc] onc hurdtcd r,vcrc clisposcd ofrt

"u "u"."e" pr.ia" ,,thrif :r clrrchnre. Anotlrcr rrcusurc oithc-ir popLriurity ru,r. rlr" .,r,ri] i,i.ri,l.l,

rhe shrpr rr.rs ri,piud ir \tur(. t,,r trwcilcri, fl,r srr"ii 1,..fi,,,c v,rsL.s,,,rcl ti,,tt.1 ftqtrrr vrrcr dcc^r.Lr(rl \ itlt \ .,rroLls scctrc!. Ofiiciul tDcasrrrcs ofthis sh;r1,,l-r'rr .,r'.\rlr.,r.r lrur.l .rr,,r . , r , j

1

, . . , r , r . . 1 ir i,l.r, k ,rrr rr. L l..l ,,l ,.rrr.,,r,,.r

J'ublr' l:lll(.\ .rr( tjtlr/t.,r ,t,i.tjntr\ i.r ,1,r..

, t.. l\ Llth.ttit rtrl,ldtt ol1fu f' tlr' ,1,l ntuN!).Ll-6t 3

.!qt Iiit! nht t,l l\t\11hd&i. r t trhj,,ttnttLlto r_ydaj

2q7 P ,nhuiit Lthon l,y nk L rhil.tr!Prifilu l atu rnr). H- 62'5

,99 Pd nth. diLn rhaLrr)ltl1( I.n$'\tr ])a ith. at. rnphan al Llk t.t:dlras Ctu\q)

| | t t Pd'ldthonit dnphott ht ttu Klrclhndcs Pdnnd

,9E ltdtdth.ndit noryhon bt ttu hthilct(t Pa"t1u

t ntrhtrat, utllrrt l,y tlt llLtltt l\trrtrl

| : l\ irthnrl r tlr\r ltt tlr .lltill.\ 1tli tt,

tot . ,/1 .thtt rilt, |l to1 l 't Itt..l-,t.. qlt.rt.t'1. l'11.Lt".t 11..

iI

I

r)1.2 t\untln dit r lrlr\d \'l ttu Ktbat ()1\tp

t06 h ntltnnit dtnthrll,, /i,. \'il.,k.roj S.rn: ,4rr,',,/,'/,rl K.phi\\\b.!. i,1l.! BC

to5 Pd nlh! ni. a,rlr\d,,,,r Nil.fld.lr.J,!r,ri.J. ,4riro,rr//,al ltytln\l(1\,5, .j1615 BC. I L [,;

, t\ufihdfuit dnpho t)l th. rhbltu CNry. A11lo$hilt t, ! lrrl(lrr, .tj6l 5 l:l( :

t,o3-)-: I\rlttlhlan n thotd. Htllai\tit H.7t'l

I

t

Chapter Eight

ODDS AND ENDS

Six techniqueThis technique is named after the scholarJan Six, who discussed it in r 8llll.its simplesr form ir lnvolves layrng on figures in white or red on an all-blsurface and incising details so that the black, not the clay, shows through.technique had been used in details on Athenian black figure vases formen's faces with featurcs incised, and for some shield blazons from thchalfofthe sixth century, as [47], but it is not used for completc figures orwhole decoration of a vase until about 53o. The general effect is, of couthat of red figure, but it l.rad already been used outside Attica (in CorinBoeotia and East Greece) for whole figtues and major elements ofOne of the first uses in Athens is on a Nikosthenic amphora (was thisofhis innovations?) for studies ofnaked girls fjogl, and in this case thcblack vase recalls the all-black Etruscan bucchero it is copying. psiax willanother user and the pottcr Sosimos. A small group of stamnoi and ncckamphorac [3rz] ofthc end ofthe century used the same red that was used fofdetails in black figure, but the main pcriod for the technique is the late sixthand early fifth century and most examples are on lekythoi by the Sappho andcspecially the Diosphos Painter. These scem to have introduccd the use of0pink colour for the bodics of men instead of white, more closely resemblingnature and red figure, and they incised some detail as in outline, on the black,It is not only used for small vases, and the Sappho Painter's name vase is ahydria (kalpis) with the poetess drawn in rhis techniquc [Jri]. It is rhctechnique used iu thc fifth century by Etruscan vase painters when 6rst thcytake note ofred figure and try to imitate it (Praxias Group) since it dispenscswith delicate brush-work and the tedium ofbackground filling, but the palcpaints used ate fugitive. Finally there is a small group of mid-fifth-centuryoinochoai (choes), mainly from the Haimon Paintcr workshop with unin-cised red figures on the black.

PolychromeThere arc a number of late sixth-century phialai [313-4] including nranyfrom the Athenian Acropolis, decoratcd in white and red ovcr black, witir

r78

Irrtlc or no ir.rcision, on their interiors. Thc subjects are dolphins, fiips'orloplrses, florals, rarely 6gures. There are earliel Chian phialai decoracccl

with white and red florals within, inspired by the reliefpattcrning ofbronzccxir)rples. Sosimos made a phiele including a lloral band ofrcd with incisi'rrr

oI lhc lllack, which is a techniquc used earlier on Rhodian Vases (Vrottlia(lroup). So it seems possible that these rare all-colour essays in Athens wcrc

rrrspircd by East Gteek work or artists.

MiniaturesMirriature versions of major vase shapes were used for dedication in tcmplcs

,rrtl rombs or for toys. Thc most important Athenian sixth-century serics is

llrc SwAN GRoup, roughly decorated with swans and lines ofdashes. Altrost,rll shapes are represented, even odd ones like eggs and bells, but in cups thcre

,rrt only skyphoi of Corinthian shapc ('kotylai': the swans on thcsc arc

lr,rintcd upsidc down [315]) perhaps because Corinth was herself an activc

i xporter of miniature skyphoi. The shapes copied indicate a range in detc

liom the second quarter ofthe century, perhaps to its end, tojudge fron-r finds

irr Athenian gravcs. Othcr sixth- and early fifth-century miniatules decomtcd

witlr stripes and blobs (notably kothons,jugs and fecders) seem to have bccrrlcstincd for funerary deposits in Athens, perhaps all for children. Many otl,crsrrtll, but not strictly impractical versions of common shapes were made :rr1d

rlccorated in the ordinary manner throughout thc black figure period.

Miniature Panathenaic vases were made in the carly fourth century,

l,rcsumably as souvenit vases, and naturally decoratcd in the old techniquc,likc their models. This is thc Buras Gnoup [3t 6] to which many othcrrniniatures, not black figure, are assigned.

Black vasesWc might have expected that the figure decorated vases which have bccr-r

tliscusscd in this book represented only a minority among the clay vases rlscd

by sixth-century Athenians. It is remarkable, however, that the unpair-rtcd

Iottery ofAthcns in these years was designed for storagc or the kitchen, notli)r the table. We must make allowance, of coufie, for wooden cups and

l,llttcrs which have not survived, but there is one series ofclay vases whiclrscrved much the same purPoses as the figured ware and is often of highquality. These arc the black vases, painted all over with the fine black gloss

|iint, somctimes with added red lines or with rcserved bands bearing thcsimplest decoration of stripes or rays. The production of these black vascs

rloes not, however, exactly tally with that of the figured vases and may bc

briefly summarised here.The big black oil or wine vases which in the scventh century had SOS

dccoration on the necks aie usually plain in thc sixth century - all-black or

r7t)

N9 Nl, nltuh Mphrtn Sb ttlnilu, H- t,

t) t'llil,.\trt,,lt il|,.W t, t

tt ) Phinl(- Si! (tl liqu

tI6 llli|idtnt. l\ tnthonin ryhdn ol ttu Buld\ Ctott.

,rJ l;l)t,h,r d ,&, Sil,, (a'.ut. Ll- 5-6

tt, N.tk h\ntutd. Six t.d qn

jt 1 Hydrtu lkdlti!) hy th( Snpt'ha l\Nto ltn knv). Sis trh i.tt(. Sappho

ltt Cltttl),|t lhrtrlt ll :t s

h.rrr,lc,l u itlr rlrrrrrcrl p:rirr (clccor:rtiorr 'i 1r brossc')- -1he srlrrLl;1rd lDrphor.r.

lrrrlri,r.rrrtl .r,llct sh.rpc\.lrl poorl\ rcprcsclltcd irr bleck, bLrt thcrc rr.c rr:rr rroin{).lloiri, sL vcr,rl pclikui lnrl psl ktcr,i lrld ln irclcr:tl thc lltc si-\th ccntrrr\\(cs.rrr incrc.ls. in thc pro<lLrction ofblrck virscs. Spccillitics in biirck ofrlr,.r,vcrrs errcl i.ttcr ur-c stcnt tcrl plltcs rlld clishcs. Lt thc first h:rlf of thc sirtlrccl)ttrr\, h()\\'cvcr. bllck:illtphoflskoi wci-c collllliolt (sontc rctlrirring rlt,.S()S ncck),llrhough rurc in bilck filrLrc, rvhilcbl;rck iekunei long ourlivc rlr,shipc'spoplrlilrit\firrtjgrrrcclccolltioninAthcns.rr)dsul-\'ivctoirb()ut.\tr,Anrorg lck,, thoi ()rrl\. thc carlv 'l)cirririr' shepc i\ conlnron in bllck, brrt rr,

Lhc cerly 6f_th ccnturv sontc cLlrrclt shitpes hlrvc bllck bodics r,uith or.clirrrrtshotrlclcr clccoretiol (I-ittlc Lions encl fiont thc Atltcntr Plintcr's uor.ksltol,)()icrrps thc (iorinthi;rn sklphos rhlpe und its Attic clcr.iv:rtir'cs rr-c c()nllr(,1k)gclhcr \\'ith .up skr plroi. fhc t,holc mngc of tborcd cuPs, 6.or:r thc korr r.r,rto cvc cups, is ucll rcprcscntcd ir bl.rck (bur rrot lip cups). TItc e.rr.licr.or,..ou,c much lo ln oidcr l-est (ircck trlclirion (the so clllccl Ioniun cLrps),.rrr,lthosc oiSirnl shepc h:rvc rcscrr ccl lips, hendlc zoncs ercl bot.lr brncls, olit.rr\itlr closc sc-t groups oi:cd lincs uithin thc rcscn ccl lip or toncjo.

Athens or Attica ?

Tht'conrrnor pnrcticc ofcellirg Athcui:rrr vascs Attic clisguiscs thc possibilrtttlr;rt thcle \\'crc fottcrics proclLrcinq firrurc clccoratcd v:rscs clsr.-utcrc ir A tr ri ,r

rhiln in Athcrts' p()ttcr s' cluurrcr. Tltcrc tvcrc rlen v rich lou.lships in th c A t tr,coLlrrir'\'sidc iu thc si:ith ccnturr,, nt;rrkcd bv thc Iillc stiitlrilry irDd v.r\(..,rcrtrvcrccl fionr tlrcit cc'nrcrcrics, ltncl nten,, sourcL-s of cl:r\ othcr thel llt(.nrliri clav bcds ilt Allrrrousion ,iollc t\\:clvc kilorrctrcs tionr tbc ci11,. Thcr c r,trnlikclr to hrvc bccn irrrv rpprcci.rL,lc tlitlc-rrn.r rn rtvlu.,,rhrr rh.Ln irr tlr,$ ork o fclitlercDt hrnrls, so thc- possibilitv ofdctccrion lics il distriburion, u rrr l

this cer bc I rrrislc:rding euidc, but \,\'c hlvc sccll thtt soruc c.rrlv bleck figrrrrpeil]tcrs rrc'so t'llr rcplcsctltcd onlr'at Veri, ill southwcsr Atticr, r.r'hich u.r,,clc:rrly a11 jnrport.tnt celrtlc.

Il is clslcr-,,r,lrcrr drc proclrrctio:r is rrrorc spcciuiisccl . votivcs ti)r:l lo.,rlsi cllr;rr\. fhLrs at Elcrrsis, thcLc iuc \onlc vit\cs ofcllstiuctivc dilpc [1r I .rrrrIpl:rclrrc'r of the flrst helf of tirr.. si\th ccnrLtry, bl pl1rttcrs not rcprcscltc(lclscrvhcrc lrncl shor.r'ing:iturl sccrrcs uppropri;rtc to thc wor\hip ofl)crrctcrAnd et llrltulor rn cest Attic:r, \,hctc drcrc rves e sJDctuerY of Ar rcnris, lhcr r.

hevc bccn forrnd r nunrbcl of lootcrl cretcrs in err unincisecl snlc of 6lilrcctrtrtrv c1ltc, shorvire niikcd qills cl rrrrrrr{ [rrrl rnLi Llr.rrlr rel.rtin,l t,r rlri.locrl crrlt orrlv.

Emigrants and lm itatorsWhilcAthcns'bllckfigLrrcsctestrndard1brorhcr(l:cckstrrdiostoiirllor,.orcnruliltc it is not clsv to tracc Adrcniun irliLrcncc oursiclc Articl irr thc l or L

r il2

,, .rLjigr.rnt\ ol rlirect copr'ists. ()fthc lirrllr,.'r clrss tlrcrc is tllc l'j.rirrrr'r ,,1 tlr,

I r,. .,1en Lckrnis \\'ho IuovcLl to llclrllY ll()co!iil lllis sccrllr to lr.rrL lrr r rr .

L l,ti!c xrc.r, \\ihcrc \\c cilll:llto (iclcct thc nork ofpairlttrs trrrtt rtrLrr' lr'

\r rLrri.rn (lorgor Plintcr.rrrtl rhc KX l)rirrtcr'. Irr tht scrorrrl lr'rlt ,'t tl"L, ,Lllr:\i lD Athcrriln, Trrsl,ls, signs xs P()ttcr t\\o skvl,lrt,i rrrrl ,r I' rr,tlr,r"',, ri,h l'clc 1tt:ldc in Bocotit 1rt1d orc of tltclll clccor:rtr'tl irr.r IJ"i"rr'rrr,, frcr b1:rckpol-lchrorrtc,t'ithirlcisiollilllclcoloLlroll.lll.rll IJ.r, I'r1r"r "'lI , (lA 1r,L l) tNTER is itrr rrrlsl \vho Ilrs llithcrto bccrr t;rlerr Iirl Atlrt rrr'rrr.

,rrril:j cup sklphoi irr e L,vcl;rn stllc, but hc rvrrs protr,rbl,r u,'rLrrr1l rrr

ll,,L.otir.ln Eubocl, .irolhcr closc ncighbotrr to Artlc.i, :r slroDgl) A lticisirrg st1 lc ol

l, ,, I figurc hes bccn iclcrrritrcd, rr spcci:r1it1'bcirrg anlurtls or firlrrr-cs l.rclrLrg

l 1., h ol rli ircisiou. F.rctrie rvrs lhc princiP.rl ccntrc, end il sccnls likcly rrow

rl l \onrc qrorLps of v.rse\ u,hich hed bccn tirkcn ibl Attic propcrl,v bclorrg

t ,i r tirc wrtcr, irr Lrctri:r or sorrlc othcr Eubocrtl lor,r'tl. This sccllrs tlrlt, trf'

'rLrrv ot thc l)oLPutN (;Rour or lck,vthoi (shoLrlclcr lck'vrhoi of thc rrricl

L rrrLrr),rnd Iirtcr) rltd scvcrel othcr hydrirc lnd enrpho:ltc u'hicJr hlvc plsscd

,, Atlc. Clev rnelvsis by crllissior) sPcclr ogrrPh,v hls hciPcd to is()lalc !hcsc

l, i .cs froll) thc Atltcrtien scrics, illd thc s:1olc lcchniquc hclPS tls to plxcc th('

l\rJLArA (lr.^ss of srtrlll rrcck tnrPhorire il Sicily. It is likcl,v tlltt othcrr,l rrslrncnts to our ju(lgcrncllt of wh:lt is Athcniell uiil hlvc'lo I)c ulildc.

l'in:r1lv, at cirhcr siclc oflhc I)ildrncllcs, iIr tllc Trotcl lncl et Elaetrs u'hcrc'rLhctls rvts ilctivc clulirlg lhe sixlh cclllurv, thcrc .rr'c ll:1llv srn'rll eninr,,l

izc vrrscs, ofrctr leklnei :rr1cl ttsttelly \\'ith urlinciscc] birds ls thcir on11'

,1, L oretiorr, \\ hich rrc rclxtcd ro thc Su,rn (irorrp lllitliattrl cs tlld problbll' of1,,, rl rr:rrutictrrrc.

,r!, AfrirrF/'/,,,,i,/r., H. it 5

Chapter N ine

SHAPES, NAMES AND FUNCTIONS

Athcniln pottcrs ofbllck figurc vlscs wcrc not thc flrst in Cirecce to sisn th, rr

urc:ks rl,ith pridc, but it is with Athcri:rn sixth-ccntr.lry vascs that wc..urbegiu r<) sllspect r nrore conscious intcrcst ofthc pottcr in his r,vork.'1'lris rr

r-cvc:r1cd by rclincmcnr oilip end foot proEIcs, end lttcrrtion to, for lnstarrcr',rhc nrodc'llirg oflcss irnportlnt llcts likc chc undcrfoot lerturc's which c,rrr

servc rs critcria for thc idcnti6c:rtion ofpottcr lvork as cfcctivcly as clct;rils oldra*,ing carr rhc pairting. Ilcfincnrcnt, invcntion, irnitation, nrav all :cvc,rlthe potter rs lr.,"lrcboth ofthc comnlcrciel aud precticel veluc ofe good sl:;ry,t'

lnd ofits vduc as a 'r,r,ork oi urt' (ifnot cluite il orrr scnsc of thc tcrm). lirrrnrodcrn corunrcntetors pcrh:rps havc bccl cluickcr to obscrvc rll this thln tlrr.potlcr would hevc bccn, and es e rcsrLlt it is rvich Achc:rian black figurc tl:,rtscvcrrl rcccll invcstigetioDs hevc bcglrn in an attclrrpt to rccovcr thc Prrrciplcs ofproporrion or 'dvnenric synuuctry ' tvhich govcrnccl thc sh:rpc's rrrr,l

dctaiis of tirc incr vrsc shepcs. Whcrc thcse studics itrply l knou,lcdgc,rIgcorllctry far bcyoncl thc wit of aDy ancient potter they can be igDorcrl\\,ithout lorc ldo- Thc rnost thcy rnry dcmo[strrrc is rhat :r ' atura] ' curr,,u,hiclt plcascs thc c) c nlry bc c\pressed nrathematicxlly. (icrtrirrly thc shrpt s

irr rircir overall ploportions end dctails rrriry otrcn bc rrrrdcrstood in tcrrrrs\lllich wc can irs rcldily apply to othcr rvorks ofthe (lrcck artist, in architr t -tlu-c or scLllpturc. All this brings us too repidly, too Gr lronr thc blsic trrrrlrthat (lrcck vascs are frllctional, that shape was dcternrincd by siltplc rrccrls

- to storc, nor ro spill, ro suir thc lip, to hold hclvv liquicl, to kccp cool, a:rcl s,,

on. Obcl.ing thcsc rlccds thc shrpc can also be acljustcd to ccho function es irr

thc bxesy outlirres of liquicl colrt.incrs rnd clcly rhc'erchitcctrrrc'oflip,Dcck, bodr., foot..fust as iD thc dccoration, the painter nlxy try ro cnhencc tlrccllcct of shapc or rs js no[nlrliy truc iu black ald rcd fignrc conveythrongh picturcs his vicrv of myth or life in originrl iltcrprct:rtion ofstockrhcnrcs.

Thcrc lvas undorrbtcdly sonlc rlreesLlring and standardisation, quitc epitr I

fronr thc spcci:rl rccluirclDerlts ofe fcw shapcs intcldcd to hoid sct qulntltlul..Thc rccks, bodics and fiet oflarge vescs end ofthc rDorc.uticulttcd nltlllor)cs wcrc norrrrally throu,n scperatcly on thc whccl, thclljoined. Thc pctttct'nrLrst havc uradc blrtchcs ofnecks, bodics, eDd indccd lids, arrcl thcn nrltchcrl

r ll4

tlr, rrr up. To evoid wastc hL'would huve nludc thc p:rrt\ to ,r .t,rrr,Lr,,I .rr, rrr,1

t ,rc is closc corrcspolldencL' of DreasurenrcDl iI v;rs,s rrlrr, lr \((rr, lr,,rr,l, t.rilsoiportinqrnclprinring,tohavebccn prodtrccd liorr orrt rr,,rlrlr,,l, rn

L.r,rlrpcriod.Ovcrrllchrngcsinpropor-tiolrcirrrilis()bc()l)\crr,,l .,rl,r,,r.,ll rr.ition t'ionr stoul f()rrns ro slcndL'r oncs, with J rctLn n l. nr1)r r r,,l,rrsr rrr,lr r 1ic,-l tornrs by about ) Io, soon eftcr thc iDtrodu.tiorr ol lctl lirltrL, rr lr, rr

.., \Lr:rl nc\v shepcs uhich erc purcly pottcr inspircrl (pclikli, k,rlpis lrrilr.L.., rrros) also nlrkc thcir eppcitrinccs.

lhc irllrrcncc of :uctul vrscs orr thc shitpcs of clilv virscs ts rvortlr ,r

I L,nrcDt's ertcDti()n. Thc lbrrncr, csPcciitll) thc clccoritccl viscs, nru\t.rlui.r\slr. , L.bccn the mor-c valuirble. Sonrc'shepcs in Athenirn blrck figLrrc, lrkc thcy,irL,rlc eucl cliuos, hrcl bccn bolrolvcd b,v clrlicr pottcrs fton1 rhc rrrcr.rl\\L,rkcr's repL'r-tory. L)fthc rrcu,shlpcs lhc volutc'cllltcr in pluricLrlur ptob,1, r oucs its oliqin to rlctai prototypcs, but not Athcniln oncs. ()thc[\\isu

L r. nr:ly bc dccorltive fi'rru:cs copvint nrctalwolk. Thcsc rrc'rrrost pro-rirncnt or hvdfi:ri errcl oinoahori, both poprrl:rr bronzc shapcs, lrDcl rvc scc

r,,LL llcs :rt rhcjunction ofhendlc lncl lip, u,hcrc roo r hnnreu [:30] or lninrelr,.rJ in thc l()und rlny look inro thc vcsscl. Thc schcrrrc with thc hcrd is,,,, r'orvcd tLr sonle kv:rthoi I t 7 t I. Prlrrrcttcs uud si:u ila: dc'viccs fol etrrching

rr, trl hrrrdlcs to lhc bod,v ofrhc v:rsc rrc:rlso copicd itr paint oI rclicf-. Thcl,,,rro1,ing5 rrc l]cvcr slirvish aud rhcrt'is e rcturn trlffic wirh:r blonzc,,r ktcr.

I'hc rcst ofthis chrpte:-is dc'r,ored to rn eccornrt oithc fLurctioDs rncl DrDres, lhc vxsc shepcs \\,hosc clccoretiou has bccu stuclicrl ultclcl,l. Somctinrcs thc,1, r'clopnrcnr of a shrpc or thc inverrrion of a rlcw onc hes provcd xrl

rl)ofleDl clcDlcrlr in thc story of thc dcvcloprllcrlt oa st\rlc, rl1cl thcsc,,1,{(r1,11io115 rlccd Dot be rcpcrtcd xt lcngth. So thc follorving cDtlics slull-

r.Llisc lrd cross-rcli'r, encl rhcv cln cll onl,v uhcrc no crpllnetion h:rs lrccrl, lcrl lbr :rlrcedt .

Anrphorae

L lrr, llrgc rrr'l ariplrr)r.?. ofthc lxtc scvcnth ccnturv l5l delivc lronr ['roto.rtti.r.rpcs aDd do Dor long continuc to Lrc nradc. Thc usuel forrrr ofthc flrst halfof

rlr. sixth cerltulv lnd littlc I:rtcr is snrellcr, ovoid, u,ith sinrple c_vlinclriclllr Lrrrllcs to nrid ncck. Soon efter rhc micl ccntrlry thc colnltlorr t'brtrr lres triplc-

' , , rlcd hlncllcs lr,hich rut nrorc srrroothly irrto rhc ncck, end thc body's cenrrc

, I qritvit,v is highcr lr 86l. Thcrc erc sonlc firlc plump cxrnrplcs b,v Exckilsr rJ Anrlsis ldJ, gzl brlt thc lypc is soon st:rndrrdised, with p.lmcttc cross

.Lrtcrr)s bcrcrth thc haudlcs (eD older East (ircck pattcrn), cnrphesisirrg thr.'

l,rr-els rathcr than thc spinrls which bcttcr' ;rrtists nraDagcd so wcll, rrd thc,r qcr v;rscs grecluallv givc placc ro a crop ofsnrall neck amphortc arout,:l lrrl

L ll.r Joo B (i l -21.1-7 ] rncJuclirg :r nLlnlbcr of ' dotrblccns' rvith doublc-rccrlc.l

riti

handlcs. Of spccial varictics the Nikosthenic and its successors may be not.edU4g,2t4l, and thc neck amphorae of Elbows Out [rj8], wherc thcsplaying neck, high body and strap handles may owe something to bronzcshapes.

Thc belly amphora, with a continuous profile from lip to foot, is reprc-sented in a few massive examples ofthe late seventh ccntury [3] and remains Ipopular large vase, acquiring by about 6oo its usual scheme of decoration,with pancls sct in thc black ground on either side. The earlier variety (Type B)has a straight lip, rounded foot and cylindrical handles Ir 8], and continues tobe made into the early fifth century. Soon after 55o, however, a morcelaborate shape is introduced (Type A) with strap handlcs having flanged arrddecorated (ivy patten) edges fFtontkpierel, soon a palmette drawn in a rcscr.ved patch below each handle, and a stepped foot with the'riser'to thc srcpleft plain after about S2o [163). The Afecter has some amphorae with rollcdlips and simple feet [156], a type continued in red figure (Type C).

The name amphora, or rather the Greek form - amphorcus, conveys i1g

shape: 'carried on both sides', so with two upright handles. The types wchave noticed are mainly storage vases, the plain examples of which are thcneck amphorae with narrower necks and fcet, which inspired the shape ofthodecoratcd Panathenaic amphorae and Iater the occasional black 6gurc'pointed amphora', which may be provided with a cylindrical stand [2ogl,They could have held oil or wine, or small solids. The ordinary belly and ncchamphorae are commonly lidded, the former with mainly black lids patterncdaround knob and rim, the latter often with broad-striped lids, matching tlrcoverall patterning ofthe vases. Rarely they carry 6gure friezes. The knobs arcusually like fruit, sometimes drop-shaped.

Pelil<ai ate decorated like belly amphorae but are generally smaller, withrolled lips and a sagging profile [zro-z]. They appear 6rst about 5zo, and tojudge from the scenes on some of them a common use was the storage ofoil Izrz], perhaps perfumed rather than culinary. A minor variety is the ncckpelike.

Hydriai

Water jars are identified by the arrangement of one upright handle forpouring, with two horizontal, for lifting. The tall slin.r variety, or loutro.phoros-hydria, has a long history in Athens. The more pmctical variety, withglobulat body and cylindrical ueck [5r], is borrowed from Corinth in theearly sixth century. About the middte of the century it develops a shoul.der [74], which becomes progressively flatter, while the mouth flares, the sidchandles curl up more and more, and the upright handle has knob and rotcllcattachments inspired by metalwork. This is the standard black figLrrctype Izor]. The so-called &alpis is introduced by about 5zo, with a continuolu

r86

L

r87

hody profrle and rolled lip, and there are many smell iatc cxrltttplcs lrl tllirsh;rpe in black figure [276].

Oinochoail hc earliest ofthe common pouring vases in Athcnian black figLrlc is tllc o/2r',

its profile from lip to foot a flat S, usually with a broad trcfoil -rrrotrth,

,,,rictimes straight, and with a high-swung handle Ir3]- Thcsc arc frcqtrcnt

lr or-n the Gorgon Painter on, and in latc black figure the lip may bc r hcavy

'echinus', sometimes decorated [2-r2].Oinochoai with a sharp junction between neck and body may have high

(tllas t) [z59] or 1ow (Class II) handles and often boast a pronounced coller''l'hcy appear no later than the olpai, but arc relatively scarce until thc-second

Ir,rltofihe century. Plump oinochoai with a pronounced S profile and trcfoillips (the latcr 'droas ' : Class III) are rarer, and not earlier than the mid century'

livcn less common are beakedjugs (Class X) which copy a metal shape, and( lypro-Jugs, for the Cyprus market and copying an eastern shape withhLrlbous body and narrow conical ncck.

Wine mixers and coolers'l'hc sixth century sees thc establishment or invention ofall the open wine-

rrr ixing vessels except the bcll crater. Th e old skyphos-croter ' like an enormous

, up, &..r with conical lid and foot [6], does not survive the early sixth

, ",,tury

arrd may rever have been a vase for the symposion."fhe columt trater

ruls copied fiom Corinth by potters serving the Komast Group-and was

known as the 'Corinthian crater' in antiquity. It has a flat, often decorated

rirn with rectangular handle plates over the hoop handles, which eventually

reparate into two supporting 'columns'. It is most popular in the second

,1,.,,r.te. ofthe centutylf5] and then loses favoru, but is never forgotten The

flrtnqois Vase [46] is the earliest Athenian uolute .rater preserved complete'

l.,rter examples usually have all-black bodies. The neck is higher than thet ofthc column crater and thejunction ofhandle and lip is eflected by a heavy,

rising scroll. The shape may copy Peloponnesian bronze vases' The earliest

sLtvl.ting calyx crater is by Exekias (r. J3o) [r oJ], who may have inventcd the

slrepe. It is like a heavy cup with high straight walls, offering the painter a

g,rod fi.ld with only a one-way curve. A broader, squat variety has a short

vogte lzzTl-'The lebes or dinos copies the metal shape, with rounded base, but may be

grlovided with a high stand [r r, z4]. The Gorgon Painter's name vase is the

lrrrliest Athenian bLck figure example and it is an important shape for the

l)ctter paintcrs before the mid century. The sranaos has a low neck,high body

,rud horizontal side handles. It is a red figure shape but there are black figurct xrmples ofthe end ofthe century lt9j, ztg, zztl-

I

i

A psyltt,r is for cooling wine. Standing in a crater, full of well watcrsrrow rt plcscrrtcd.l mirxrmurn surface area to lhe coolant bv beine Erlrapcd wirh "r fit'srr.m . lt appears firrt by abour 5.:o, one ofrhe er.li'"*tmost elaborate being by Nikosthenes [r54]. In black figure a few,miniatures, arelidded and have picrced lugs or ears at eith; side. A rarecooler.takes_ the form of an amphora with an inner wall open to the Dcand a shoulder spout for the outer enveloping cavity. Ther.

^re e*"raples

the third quarter ofthe century (decorated by Lydos [66] and the Swi

CupsThe development of the Athenian cup has bccn adequatcly discussecldescribed in the earlier chapters and I givc here refe.ences only to textpictures: komast cups, p. r8.[2r-z]; Siana cups, p. 3r b4_6, jg_42, 44_5!merrytho_ught cups, p. 32 [37]; Gordion ."p,,- p. 5S 1to{i aarlap. 59 [r o9]; lip cups, p-ss tr r jl; typ. a ."p, 1"y.'.,ip,i p.'i;; i; rri;irp.cuPs, p. ro7, as [84]; Droop cups, p- 6r 11r 8l: Cassel cups. p. 6; trt] ; ilhal.cidising cups, p. ro7 1t761.

There are one or two covered cups ofabout J3o on, with a decorated covctmade in one piece with the bowl, leaving a mouth hole.

Ofthe deeper cups with horizontal handles the straight_lipped type whichcopies the C-orinthian kotyle (often called sbyphos in tf,is p.iiod) b"lorrg, toearly black figure down to the earlier Siana ct,ps [23,315i, and irlikosthenctrevives the shapc but without figure decor"tion. OrLer skyphos types aredeveloped by the Little Masters and have been discussed rl.."ay, Urria rky.phoi (p-. 62, ft jzl) 1nd Hermogcnean skyphoi (p. 6u, [r3r ])_ From abour 5 3oonthe heavier-walled skyphos Irdt-z; ,45 71 b..orn", popular and remaingso-into-the fifth century, and there are stemlesses *hose body shape is tJratof the footed cups [i84-j]., The ruaslos cup is shaped like a breast, with nipplc base [167]. The form isborrowed from Corinth, and shown hanging oir the wali in a scene by thcKX_Painter, but the few surviving Athenian examples are all ofthe secondhalfofthe century. Mastoid cups have a narrow flat ioot, flanng lips and one,two or no handles l:741. Thel rre produced rbour 5oo and lrt"cr trr Amrsismade a skyphos of roughly this shape, with vertical handles. The shallowphiale, with or without a central navel (omphalos), copies the mctal shape anclis rarely decorated (only within) by the Ltest blach figure artists altiroughthere are some decorated in Six's technique or polychrJme [313_4], perhalpscopying East Greek types, some miniatures ofihe Swan G.o"p,

""a Nit"i_

thenes made plain black ones with a tongue pattern around the -navel.

It was avessel especially for libations to the gods bur could be used also on ordinaryoccasions rojudge from rcpresentation5 on vascs.

Ofcups with vertic alhlndles the l<antharos is the most important, although

r88

it is not common as a shape in Athenian black figurc atrd tuorc oliclr scctt llclrl

hy u Dionysos. Nor is its iurmediate origin clear, but it hrtc{ I vcry loll$ ll iit(ll y

iri lloeotia. The best are quite early - Komast Croup and N ca rchrrs witlt li'w

lirrcr [/22]. Some dozen surviving one-handled kantharoi bcltlttg ttr Lltc ycrtrl

,,rt,t,,id 5oo. These, like thc kyathoi Ir7r] (dippers witJr sirrglc, high vcrticrrl

lrrrrdles and straight walls) which seem to have been invcntcd by Nikostllcrrcs

irbout 53o, were for export to Etruria, and both copy Etrttscan bucchcto

slnl'rcs. In these circumstances it is odd that two ofthe one-handlcd kanth:rnri

bc:u Athenian funerary scenes since vessels so decorated werc usually for lr'tcel

rrsc, but these travelled west [zzo].Statdlets for cups are small rimmed discs on splaying feet [318], and the

rrrrlicst surviving one is from the hands ofKteitias and Ergotimos, no less'

Bowls'lhc lekane, thcavy dish with ribbon handles Ir9, z9], is an early black figure

slxoe which survives lo the period ofLydos Some are lidded (for these the

rl rire lekanis i" ofren preferred by scholars), and there are a few bowl lids only

ol-ebout 5oo (Edinburgh Painter). The shaPe had been known in Athenien

( icometric ^rri "

,".,ion had survived in the istands' The Anagyrus Painter

rrr.rde one with high walls [30] and in the first half of the century there are

,rccasional other o!en chatiie-iike bowls with straight sides Sophilos makes

onc vasc with a body like the Chian chalice [28]'Thc .o-called kotiori is anorhcr earll :hapc l33t lr is characterrsed by its

irturned, dipping lip which Prevents sPilling. and may have been used to hold

p".f.,-.d *"t".1ioil, althtugh some scholars have taken them for lamps'

i'igu.e-de.orated examples last to the mid century and have b-road tripod

tic't [381. Later ones havi splaying Get; most arc all black exccpt for- a pattem

r',,u,,i the mouth [3r9]. Some ar; lidded. The ancient name for the shapc may

bc axaleiptton or plemochoe.

Oil flasks'Ihe earliest Athenian llack figtre lekythoi' by the Gorgon Painter and his

lbllowers, may owe a little to Codnth, since some have spherical bodies Ir 4],but thcir pronounced feet and cup-shaped lips are new' The elongated

l)eianira shape Ir5-6] lives longer, beyond the mid century, but by about J60

the variety with an offset shoulder is invented [77-8]. These shouldei lekythoi

;rcquire straighter, but still flaring walls, but after about J3o they arc soon

,"piaced by iekythoi with cylindrical bodies Iz5o], the type which survives

thiough the fifth century. Some classes of the latest blaqk figure lekythoi,cplac-e the swelling lip with a slim chimney mouth [278-9], and thc. LittleLi,on shape lz6t-zl, perhaps invented for the Sappho Painter, has sloping

r ll9

\-ffi

FO

:' t-

tp.

g

o

o

o

!oo

3

.<-

{go-

5o-

o

o

{o

z

o

E

Eo-o

/l

1c

p,

6roYo

p-

?

a-o

oe-t

o

oo

F

{

Eop-

-ts

OE

=.JE-

=.o

oi)

29

'r3

,o<p

E,'D{D

o0c

Fr]o

o

p

o

-a-

F

a.o

P

o

Bo

!p-

p-

{oE

o

5r

e3

Jr

o'

o

aE

,B

o

o-

I

o

fo

'd

{oa-

5o

p

o-o

c-o

3

o-oi__

iEE

o-

FE

o

o

3

o

o

o-

o

o-

F o =.!

oo " =

5.d6-25,j?

-el! -

a)

co)

Eo

.l

o

op

n

otr

a-

{

o5

gao

1,

p_

!l,

?.lI

to

tsE

o:-3:'

Pe-HO!ZA

o-€ao

.9,

355a2dA9i6

E"-i5..-

A- o'Ji1a_

=;

Ep-

o_

qp'

tr

p-

o

5

5

{

a

o'p-

']

qs

o

o-

-t

o'

{

a-

E

t

o-t

c-

5a-

vp-

o

p-

o5

tr

:tqc

o

-oo_E25

oo

LE-5

2,aie

o

o

B

5

FO

op-

a{

o

5

tr

a

€

o

o'

tr

{

p-

o-

p-

o

p-

I

oe-

tr-Iotrp

t

F

o

oq6

o-o

i

5p-

o

E

o

o

{a-p,

o

ap

irp-o

g

oE

a

g:

a

3

s!:',

3p-

t

!')

-g

o_

o3

a

o

og

p-

p-

o

?

'=,_==i1z? .=a. 7=i:ta;9 =ii=-?.='=117=== .=

7=:== = 7 :. - ': i : * ,. = i ! I . =:.=a_. j-.:-_=j..-=._i; E - a-=:.;'i. 4{:.: ia'+;._ 2 I -_r -^;= za'-: -r;= 7 ! -i=e': ;1i: J3;oi

^:i=_1i? a /1ti42i{Z+iiei in:L: lo!.< r :9 : 5g:..',:- i-! ;.Yl : n6 =

._ 7 a- | : A r a., .: o :\ i;*ti:i[issriB€+i5*si ;

' r*?];'; iH*iiii)+q-irT&i 1i*-; ii-:a! i.a21B;;.:5;{:i3r5a€ -;6 i t 13 i v iL! -c "** 3ii""il11=i&:It i:roe::,=2 ;6-L Za;ala ??aA;!2+?;-gC1;g-;ii1El?i ii; t i-s t;=a i,:; r ia i z;: : ? E,E a...=..: :.^D a;r3 +_2 j A o gi.i?.:1f,r_"-r;qt'a13. =.a"3 -+t^-;l a ; : '- ; o* ; 6 : 6 -' + - ? r: ;.::=;6o- eerf lqe-ii ;i;TiT9?.*iti=i1E;;i3F:i i =7-* ;aav?i c+;i iEtli!E;31 i;;::iii:r ?=':A i==r_= a i f 6 i. i x I o- i i r I i L t;-) 4 -_ -;r =oa r oj qCd=:: j e "; i j g f r g { i g 9 a -,.i3oO:<: \32:. -._:i= - ._* : .a -4 = ? = = =. -

_ : i=idoar,: jo.j io.ia

= -:o-; Lr-oF!A= J.:f,)^-lD':v.^i:L-' :.c;2 d-,:iH-. \ d =

E n A I o i Y ;' 9 - : 'c"eie+;lH edPa -;i;; j

=-5-*-+o"-'a=-d's;3i;sil,fI" =ona=; -:lE=9.533--^t--2iE=;€+iiai iiil lq:ii3 fli;;eiirlil?!i,ra-? 9 j-?14 :io^=' : : ti' ! P ; 6- - ; o * 4 i \ -: ^Xzi2ii€i Zti! ii::1; iee;d,:?:ai')iz=-2='' =; p,-.6 o: ;..!cE'I r2 i1+ = o-o "l cLt-Z E;1.7.=\

=,f+B3 t?ei € i: a ili271 aiq;5pi i7iri?i=Fi.<,,.?6=.6 i-o;, :3:^84! Z * = . = -.o E i r - , - = -;{;i3'i;F rigE :ri€E} si i:i=.;1';?j77.=*lili;+i'; 4?'rr ;iiii{ i;;'dZtzi. t;;;;1=.

a-^96

2<

.<3

-p-

<;

9Y-

book s orr ( irccl, vrrscs. ( jor vcrricncc ind thc corlvcnri()lls ofrcccnt schol:rlslr r1'

lr.'r.,,, r,, r.rllr,',rt,', rilr..l,,,r,.r.1,'r.rlrun. -,f .r,,.rr.,r \.()f thc (ilcck u,ords I, ;1r)d othcrs, hevc Lrscd to dcscribe shrpcs, rirr

lbllouirrqsccrrrspccifi.illlyconcctlortheshapesindicetcdIrcrc:anrphor,rl(thc Lutin lornr, enrphoril, is llrorc comrnorll\r usecl: k;rdos ilnd stxmnos \\r(,1xlso trpplied ro thc shilpc in untirluity), hydria, psyklqr, lckvthos (but uslrlrneinlyti)rorrr''atybllloi'),klutheros(perhapselso;uiclbetre:callcdkotl,lor),cr'atcr, lcbes, lebcs glrr)ikos, phirlc, ulubastrotl, oillochoc, plcntoch()c, nllsl (,\,

1hc follorving xrc scncricrllv corrcct: skyphos, kotl,lc, iouterion, k1.rthos, olpc (epplicablc ro r u,iclcr vrrietv of sh:rpcs includurg our ':rrybu lios ').

starnrros (rlso lp;rliclble to xnphorec end probably onr 'pelikai'), krrl1,r,,,aryballos, pvxis, clrous, lckanc, cxalciptror ; and k ylix for a cup ofen y lirr rrr,cspccirlly rvhat rve call 'skyphoi', usueliy epplicd rlowada),s to stcr)rr(.,1aLlps.

Thc follorving rrc \\,ror1g, but in conrrnon Llsc lbr vasc shlpcs (rlrc r,..rlmcxninq is indicltccl iD brackers): lorrtrophoros (a mortal r.r,lLtcr bc;t|tr1,kothon (a cLrp), pclikc (cup, lr.rg or bo,,vi), dilos (cup), phonniskos (srrr.rllbaskct), onos (footrcst).

Chapter Ten

R E LATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY

l).Ltes for Athcnian bllck ligurc vrscs hlrvc becn siven in clris book irr

r,pr oxinrate but ebsohrte ycxrs D C, and rlot eccording to :lnv schcnrc ofEurly,Nliddlc and Letc, such xs Dcccssxlilv donriretcs nrost stllclics ofprchistr,llL1,,,1tcr__y.Thc,vcouldelsil)bc'convcrtcdtosucheschcnrcbutthcrnovcrvolrld,, r'ctrogrlde sirrcc:rDy ettcnrpt to dcfillc closcly thc'stvlc' ofu sub period is

L,,,Lrnd to bc sccorrd bcst to thc sr.lcccssfui idcntilicttion of paintcrs lndrr,,rkshops, whi.h cerr nrirkc it possiblc to clistinquish:rnd phcc lccurlrc'lvl,,,rh the old fashioncd rnd avlnt qrrdc errd can obscrvc thc rrrastcr-pupi1r, .rtionships. Much ofthc rvork ou peiltcr ilttribLltiorl cel thct bc sccrl tolr.rvc sc:ved to stabilisc r lcliable lcletivc chronolosy ior thc vescs- Thrs rs

l,,r tificd tncl confirrlcd by meny parallcl stLrdics: thc cvidcncc ofdcvcloprngr r|cs; the evidence ofdcvclopinq dccorativc nrotivcs, such :Ls flor;Lls, or thc

,1,,rt,ilE of 6gur-cs lrrd clrtpcrl ; thc ktlos irlscriptior)s. In rhc chaptcrs ofthc\t pxrt ofthis book this lelative chr-onolosv has bccrl lcccptcd ercl, whclc

1,1,l)oriunc, bccn dcironsrrltcd. Thc possibilit\, ofcrr()r rcnlri s. Ifvesc A is,l rtccl ' lboul i:o' encl vasc lJ ' rlloltt J I o' this nrerns no nrorc lh:ln th:lt il tha,,1,'ervcd plogrcss ofsrylc or rclationship ofthc peiurcrs involvcd A is slightl,v, r licr r,vork thlrr lJ, Lrut ifthc paintcr ofA r,vas a youne innov:rtor, thc peintcr,,t [] er oldor.ltist or orlc ur1\\,illing to charlllc his sr},lc, thc vescs could bcrr( rr corltemporary;rvhile ifthesc qualilies rvcrc rcvcrscd thc ebsolltc glr;r

rqht bc grcatcr. Wc usc thc tinrc sc:rlc as a colrvcn!iorr :lnd convcnicncc, LIrtr this pcliod rnd r,r,irh thcse v:rscs thc scqucncc rld rrtc ofchxr)gc proposcd, Lr) bc trcltccl rvith somc conlidcucc. ()nc 1:rst fecror ilfli-cting this'r'irtc of, r.rngc' is thc volunrc ofsurvivinq pottcry :lssigllcd ro dillc'rcnt pcriods.I rcre .ite obvious dilngcrs in rhc rvish to sprcxd st\,lcs eud peirtcls cvcnly

tlrr oush 1 qivcn nurnb.'r ofvears, bLrt there ar.' eqLlillly obvious dc6cicrcirs in.r rv schcrrrc u,hich:rssigns d:rtcs in such a \\.ey thxt apprcciablc gaps ofnon-l, orllLctiolr appcar rvithout c\pl:lnrti()n. 'Ihc stylisric s.'(lrrence irr Atheni.lr),.rck frgurc is sccurc cDoush to :tvoid this clrrlgcr', but thcrc is e hlrnrlcss

rL ldcrlcy to ussiqn d:rtc\ closc to thc rriddle or cllcl of ccntLlrics Bc or tor rrrk irr qLrartcr ccDrlrrics tlc, rvhich arc obvior.rsly lllcitninglcss.

Thc ebsolutc clatcs r! c proposccl dcpcrld oD othcr flctors. Ilricflv, thcrc lrc, tcu, tlirl),rclieblc lixcd points to which thc st,vlistic scclr-rcrcc cen bc pcgucd,

J)o ])yxj\ \,1 ttu CNry al !h( Oxliid Lid. Hdrkl5fieht: Apollo liv thL tipotl

t,t t), LL), lirAlar hnt,' H.rt 5

r 93

the gaps thcn filled by judicious observation ofthe probable rate ofprogress of painters and workshops, and volume of work produced.criteria for cstablishing these'pegs'are ofvarying merit and can beclassified as follows:

(r) Vases or styles dated by events. This usually means their presencecontexts which can plausibly be associated with dated historical events.are few of this type in Athenian black figure and the historical ' dates'sometimes imprecise. Marseilles (Massalia) was said to have been foin 6oo and the earliest ofthe early Athenian black figure pottery whichbeen found there is in the manner of t}te Gorgon Painter. In J66Panathenaic Games appear to have been reorganised. If the earliest surviPanathenaic prize vases l2g 5-61belong to the first or the second ofthegames, then Lydos began painting in the late 56os. An Egyptian frontierat Tell Defenneh was probably overthrown in the Persian invasion of5z5,it were found pieces of standard neck amphorae of the general style ofPrinceton Painter. After the battle of Marathon in 49o the Athenianwere buded in a tumulus which contained several lekythoi by thePainter [256] and some with early Haimonian elements, and the Plataeansrightly identified) in a tumulus which has two late black figure plates,loutrophoros and more work ofthe Marathon Painter and from the ClassAthens J8r. In 48o the Persians sacked Athens' Acropolis and city, and infollowing years the tidying-up filled pits, wells and Acropolis terracesthe debris. The latest material fiom the Agora includes Little Lion andHaimonian lekythoi, CHC skyphoi and a Gw Leafless Group cups.Acropolis evidence is confused.

Another type ofdating by event might be from the naming ofcontemraries on vases but the kalos names prove of limited use in this(p. zor); or from the identification ofselect myth scenes used symbolically tocelebrate particular events, but for these we should require some literaryconfirmation-

(z) Vases or styles may be dated by their excavated context with othcfobjects, usually vases, for which a chronology has been established on othctgrounds. Down to the early sixth century it is the Corinthian series which iaadequately dated by criteria discussed under the last head. There are manytombs and sites where Athenian and Corinthian are found side by side, butmost are sixth-century, when, for absolute dates, the Athenian take priority,although the correspondence of contexts with the stylistic sequence of,Corinthian is always a useful check. Although plenty ofCorinthian potteryreached Athens in the early black figure period it is remarkable how seldomAthenian and Corinthian are found together in tombs in Atl.rens. In thesoyears we find the earliest Corinthian pottery at Naucratis in Egypt is ofTransitional to Early Corinthian, dated about 625 to 620, and the earliert

r94

Arhenian is related to the Nessos Painter. Rather latcr tlrc sitc of Old Sttt yrttnwrs reoccupied efter its sack by the Lydians, and thc clrlicst pottcry il ulc witttlltc Middle Corinthian, dated about 58o to 575, with Athcninrr irr tlrc rliurlcrofrhe Gorgon Painter, examples ofthe Komast GroLrp, ar)d a Sophilclrr vrrc.

(3) Vases or rtyi". -"y be dated by stylistic comparison with othcr irts orvrscs for which a chronology has been established. Our dating of c:rllicrAdrenian black figure relies almost wholly on observation of fcaturcs and

rnotives derived from the Corinthian sedes, such as were picked out in(lhapter Two. Later in the sixth century, if the name vase of the SpartanArkesilas Painter represents Arkesilas II ofCyrene, it must have been paintedin rhe 56os. His other work is found with and broadly resembles AthenianSiena cups. The earliest sculpture from the columns ofthe temple of Artemis:rt Ephesus is likely to be ofthe period ofKing Kroisos ofLydia, who paid forrrreny of them and who was deposed in j46. It shows that stylcs ofdrapery,with splaying three-dimensional folds, were current in the J4os, at least inlirst Greek sculpture. On Athenian vases this corresponds with Exekias andrliddle period works ofthe Amasis Painter. The Siphnian Treasury at DelPhiwes erected little before 525 and its reliefsculpture very closely matches thecrrly red figure ofthe Andokides Painter, easily related to his and other blackligure work. ln the same way rathei more advanced red figure can be relatedto the sculptures on the new Temple of Apollo at Delphi, built about Jro.Some other near-absolute dateshave been proposed for Athenian sculpture inthc sixth century, notably for the breaking ofgrave stones, but these dependrus much as anything on comparisons with the apparent dating ofcomparablepottery, and form no secure basis for argument.

195

Chapter Eleven

GENERAL DECORATION

Thc clccor:rtion ofAthenien black figurc vescs was dctcrntinccl by r varictv olftctors, not the lcast bcing rhc invcntivc skills of :r lumbcr ofgilicd:lrtrstrrr,ho fottnd nl this colnprrarivelv hunrble creft:r satistictorv rlcl cllcLtr\(,mcans ofexpressine thcir vicu,s of myrh end lili, on objccts <)fcvcrvd;ry us('BLr! ruost vlrsc plinrcrs \\,crc lirtlc bctrcr than hacks, cl)do$cd \iith vrr) r rlidcgrccs ofconrpetcnce rnd originality, \\,hosc work fills our firr Lrs this ri{ lrcorlspcctlrs ofthc de.()retivc arrd narretivrl- xrt of^n irllllreutiul city rhlorrqlrtnorc tharn a cerltul y,

Thc carlicr historv ofthc craft in Athcns phyed its part, brLr thc qrrrlirv ollhc nlonuulc[tai nrrrative scc]les on Protoattic vescs ofrhc scvcnth ccrrtttrt rttbr r lvhilc subducd by enorhcr influcrrcc, that of thc prolific schools ()l

Corinthiln vesc prirtinlJ. These, as rvc heve sccu, introduccd thc rcwtcchniqLrc, es,,vcl1 ls rcw shlpcs tnd stylcs ofdccorrtion, notirbly thc lrrirrr;rlfriczc sryJc. For thc contcnt ofligurc scerlcs (lorindlixn v:rscs xrd othcl lrts, ir\ofrclicfbrorrzc worL, hclpcd dcl'irrc thc rcpcrtory ofsccncs clrau.n upon byAthcniau plintcts, but apart frolll sonrc stock sccllcs ofmych or stock figulcrJikc korrests, thc Athcniln sccms ro hrve bccn quick to invctt 11cw sccncs orcstablish llcw convcntiois; quick to obscrvc novclties ill orhcl pxrts of tl)(.Crcek lvorld ln lwercncss pcrheps cnlrarccd by rhc arrivll ofartisrs fi,,rnoutsidc'Attic:r (sce pp. r:, r6, 54); cluick ro obscrvc co sLllrlcr dcln:1rlrl;lllolc lcldY roo, ,,r,c rnight cxPcct, to iook to poctry and stor'1'-tcllirrqwhcthcr rl,rittclr dou,n or not, for fresh inspiritioll, iud to cxpkrit rlyth irr tlrcintercsts of politicel svnrbolisnr, llthough this is dillcult to jrldec ir)(lirrr possibic to provc (sec pp. z r 6, :: r lL). Dcspitc thc li rllitations of tcchniLl u r

l nrxstcr iikc Excki.rs cotrld rlisc his crlft to d1c sratus of a ura.jor ert :rlltlprcperc tllc wey for thc .lchicvc rcnts of carly red figure.

Thc rcasons ibr thc choicc ofligurc dccoration on a bleck figurc v:rsc urcs()nlctinlcs obvious frrreral scerlcs oD 11 rituel vasc irrtcndccl for thc grevc.dcitics ou votivc phclLrcs, convivi;rlity on drirrking vessels. IJut whcr, li)rinsrancc, deities or cult scencs rppcar on vxscs ofordiniry donlcstic shtpcs u/(Irray rlot rssunlc thrt thcy wcrc dccorirtcd lor a specific prrrposc. A higlrproportion ofthc survivi g conrplcfc vases were folutd in grevcs, bnt whrthesc vases lre ofordinlrl,shapcs thcrc is no disccrnibly dclibcratc choicc ol

t96

Lhc sccDes ptilltcd or) thcnr rvhich suqqcsl\ llt.r( (lrr \ rr, r, rrrr,l, l,,r l,

l,llrfosc ()1rly. Somc:ittrll viscs ccrt:rirrlY rvcrr's,r rlr':r1lrr,l rrr,l r,,rrr ,,1

l.rsks nraY hrvc bccu bought for r brrri:rl, brrt rrrrrrry,,l tlrL otlrr r lrrr, r rl r r..1rorvsignsofprcvir)lrsr.lsc,evcnofrcPeir.Merrr'.rrrtlc,tl rrl()\t,,r|( lr,,rrr rr,,r(;rcck, Etnlsciln graves. Plrticular vasc scc)rcs nrel rvell lr;rrclrr'trr lr<'i1',,1,lir l cLrstomcr, end therc arc r_alc cxanrples of l sccrrc .rf p.rr errtl \ .rirrr,,l .rt .r

r:rrkcr likc thc nrarrv Acrcas ;rnd Arrchiscs sccrrcs uhich rcuclrirl It.rlr'.rr hclc thc nr-vth hrd a spccial locltl rclcl,lrrcc. 1)ut thc lrcqtrcrrt rcpctirr()rr (,1 .r

'icnc bv ln arlist suqgcsts tllat thc clloicc nsually 1ey with hinr. Evc:r rv]rcrr tlrct,crrc is topicel or of possiblc local synrbolic siqui6carrcc, ()r rliLrrrcs irrr

,\ rircnirn ,v,-ruth, thc vesc oltcn travcllcd to Etrnria \4ficrc xll thcsc points rvcrc

l,rotr.rbl,v lrlisscd :rDd they nray onl,v ltevc bccn :rpprecietccl during l bricfl.cliocl ofclispley in Athcns. I imlginc thc Athcniart potrcrs'qu:rrter to hrvcL,ccn lrtrch ficqucnrcd by rhe ordi:rarv obscrvirnt Athcrri:r:r. It lav bcnvccnlhcil nllrkct pllcc arrd il gatc*,ay, bcvoncl rvhich rl,es onc of lhc princip.ll( .l1lctcrics: n good pllcc to rva1k, talk, :rnd look.

Intcrcst in rhc contcnt ofdccorxtioll lcd xwry fronl a propcr intcrcst irr thcr..or11Drod;1lio ofdccoretion to shepe, rvhich wc nlev rcqrct. Ho\\,cvcr, thcr r Dqc' of clecol rtion errd the gradual stcrcotypirlll ]lld dcvcloptllcDt ofscrttesrrrl convcrrrions ir Athcnierr bleck figure, nrrke possiblc hcrc es in no othcrlielcl of (ircck :rrt, a derailccl stucly of thc cvolution ofe ' Olessic' st,vlc- Irr thclirllor'r,irrg scctior)s rlrl ittcrnpt is rrledc to dcfinc:rnd to describc thcsc

' 'r\ \ rrlri 'rr\ .,rrd r lr, ir drr.l.,prrr, Irt.For corrvcnicncc- of discussion corlsidcratiorr of rhc work of red fiqurc

rrtists hes bccn avoidcd, exccpt in so far rs it xllccts rlrc st1.lc ofbl:rck ligurc.rrcl dcspitc thc lirct thlt tir pllt of thc pcriod .ovcrcd it rl,es tllc DCu:

rcchnicluc th:rt rttr:rctcd the bcst trtists. This arro raly hes litr1c or no,lctrimcttal cllccr on this prrt ofthc book- Apert tionr a ti'rv drared sccnes,

rncl e vcrv fcrv copicd, thc l:ltcr blxck figrrrc' rcpcr-tory, cspc.ixll-y ol. iililrrc\(cllcs, has rcnrerk:rbll littlc ir conruon $-ith rhc colltcnlpolilrv rccl tgurcr .pcr tory. lJut ir should Lrc rcrr:rrkcd rhet it is only rl,ith thc rccl ligulc of thcilfrh:rnd tinrth ccntrrrics tlrrt it bccon)cs possiblc ro provc r n)orc clclibcrrlcrrltc]-cst ir1 drc choicc ofscencs for vases ofcoDruron shlpcs.

ConventionsAs in env elt rnxilly collccrrlccl rl,ith urr'r-lltivc sccrlcs irlvolvillq llunrrnligLrrcs, Athcni:rn black ligLrre bccanrc subjcct to convcrrti()ns of plilnn;;.|]()sc:l d colllpositi()r), u,hich rcquirc \ortrcvufiet rrrorc:rpplicxtion fror1l r.rs t()u dcrstxnd rlrru thc,v did in ruticluiB,.

Thc colour convcnrions t-c sirttple. Whitc p:rirrr is used ft)r \l'orlrcD's flcsh,.rlthouqh rhere rverc a1u,at's sourc plintcrs \^, iro cl_cw thcsc perts in outlinc xtlcrst on sorrrc vrscs (c.g., Sophilos l.u5l, l(lcitias 1161, thc Anresis P:rintrr

t t)7

I o"-i, ,t'7. ,r9l) .rrrrl cs1,r'L r.r l11 lirl isoirtcd lreads like soreoneia 169, ?9ol or on hcx(l(lr|\ l/r-5. ,rIl; \\,lrile tl)crc rlc rirrc ruid-sixth cclr!Llrv cxxrnplcs of bl:rck'rl);llc'llc\lrlirruorncrr,uudrtiet- joour()nlen'slleshh:rsrobebieckonwhitr-gr'()11r)d v.rscs. WorrcD's cycs lr-c usuell_y r]1n()nd-shapcd, n()l thc rlrxlc seLrccIs,

xr)cl oficn irrvc rcd pupils. ()n1y ghc 1s.1.,.6 p,:rils ofcycs on c,vc.ups ilt1d tl)('like nrc crlciirllt sh:rpcd lyjlh lhc lcxr duct llrarkcd alld cvcn soirc ofthcsclrc ' lcnrxlc', xhlond shapcd. The observen t rcadcr u'ill havc noriccd thar rh c

rvhitc painr olten hrs nol srLrvivcd on thc vase, and rhar meny womclt illv.black ficcs, blank bccer.rsc thc irrciscd dctail ou rhe ovcrlyins, no\\, nlissrrr11,

r,vhitc did not go decp cnough (nor should it) to scorc thc blxck. Thc l()slwhitc can bc dctcctcd on worrcn's flcsh or shield blezons, fol ilrst:rncc l)yrhe drLlled biack bcncilth it. It I.rsts better o11 rhc clay grornrd itsclf. Mllc flcsh is

'plein', in this cesc black, but on carly vases it is nrorc oftcn over-printcd rc(1.

indicating a weechcr bcatcn tan: rvheu komlsts undrcss we sc'c thrt thcy hir vcsr-urly chcsts too lzr]. llut this disposition ofcolour is not rlwrvs logical, urrrlin thc sccond quartcr ofthe century wc scc sorDc rcd chcsts bciow black ficc s.

Thc rcd nrey bc uscd for carly rnonster faccs, cvcn lcmule (sphinxcs,sircrs [82]), but is abandorred for nreJcs by al:our the middlc ofthc ccntLrr valthough cvcn Anresis oflers two rcd-ftccd Athenes and there is a rcd-farcrlHcreklcs ol e Nikosthclic c'yc cup. Red and whitc arc othcr\,isc usc(l li)rprlrc pattcr11, or for a rough iIrdic:rtion oflight and shade stripcs on drapcry,:rnirnel ribs and haurlchcs, or thc palc hrir:rnd flcsh ofrnene and beilics. ()rrvescs ofClroLLp E, Exckias aod sorr-rc lollowcrs wc solnetjDres see a wxrrior'sgrclvcs paintcd onc bleck end one (thc'farther) rcd, but this docs rlot sccrr rrobvious clsc for distinguishing light and shadc and thc purposc is obsculc.sil1cc thc dccorativc valrrc is sliirht. There is lcss ii-clinir for thc usc olcomperlsxting coloul- Dlasses thxD thcrc was ir) Clorirlthixn vesc painting, urr,l

brold arcas of abstrrct patten) were evoidcd although thcrc arc it tiurnlphorac and cups ofthe rhird quarter ofthe ccDtury on which much of I lrr.

bocly is covcrcd rvidr f,rt srripcs.

lndications ofagc are vcry simple. Thc yours arc smalicr bLrt in thc s:rr(.proportions as adults IFrorrfispir&,] : small childrcn arc not givcn largcr hcir(l\.Young rren are bcardlcss. Old nrcn have whitc hair, which may show rrs

thir riirg or as a 1)rcrc fringc. Thcy 11ray stoop on sticks. The occxsional o](l(.rlady is rnorc portly. Expression hardly goes bcyond an opcn mouth or st:r rir rllcyc rnd is bcttcr rcndcrcd by gesture. There arc very few grotcsquc ornlalformcd nrortal faces and only in thc sccond half of thc ccntury rri,Africens givcn curly hair, thick iips and snub noses [9g] (compare the carlicrpyenlics on thc Frenqois Vrse [46.8], wiro arc iittlc mcr)). Frontal faccs;u(gclrcrallv grotcsquL', or separated fronr thcir bodics, or both (s:rtyrr

[50.2, t77], gorgoncia [69, r77], Dionysos Ir78]); but on whole Ggurcs tlr( ]may serve to 'punctu:rte' a sccnc, as by Exekias at thc sidc of onc funcr'.rlpleque in a scrics.

rgll

f)eveiopmcnt in tirc rcprcscntation ofrnattor)l v :rr(l ()l lilir rrr s rr r .r, r r.rr lr r

bcentdequatelydescribedinthefirstpartofthisbo,rk.It is r .rtlr ,, nr( rrl', r

rrlg how vcry slow it wts and how only with thc ir(lvcrt rrl rtrl lrrtrrrr rr.rr tlr,profilc or combined frontal-pto61e convention clli'ctivcly hloklrr. ,rrrrl llt rr

then not lor heads, akhor-rgh there were occasi()Drl rrrtl srrcccsslirl ,rtt( n r pl\ ti,rhowobliquc,forshortenedvicwsofshields[2,u3]orwhccls.'llrcrrrrriorrtttllikc figurcs of black figure fight, run, lllourD, c()rlvcrsc with posr's .rrrtl

.:i.crrru. rvhich,rr( r(puJrr'd lronr q,'rrer,rliurr to l]('nL'r,lrri'rr..rrLi\t r,, llll\1.Sometirnes greater subticty is adrnittcd or an:rrtist tcsts natrrrc with thc figrrrcof a collapsing wxrrior or horsc, but wc ncvcr hrvc thc itrprcssi,:lr chlc lrcbothcrcd to look rt livc nrodcls when hc drcw wholc frglLrcs- Horvevcr, thcrcprcscntations of running xllord e good cxemplc of how a 6gurc-drawinq.onvention can be adopted end eventually ebandoncd in levour ofrcalism. lnt[c scvcnth ccntury rur]ners on vascs lrc gcncrally stiF lcggcd but theknccling-running posc (Kriclaufl is soon adoptcd, probabiy from thc Eastr'hcrc it scrvcd figurcs dcmonstratirg por,ver rathcr than ttrovcmcnt. The(irccks usc it to irnply action, running or flying, arms and lcgs bcnt likc e

rr.hirligig swestika, and it is vcry cffectivc - cvcn whcn enatomicrllyirupossible since most early mnners are shown moviirll thcir righr (or lcft).rnns alld lcgs foru,ard togcthcr [295]. Onc or two artists coulcl Elct it rillhtl,cfore thc mid sixth ccntury but it was stiil possiblc to m:rke this mistekc il]thc carly fifth ccntury. By this timc, howcvcr, thc knccling posc had bcci.r bandoned and already il thc Iest quertcr ofthc sixth ccr)trlry rLrnncrs irray bc

'howu with thcir lcgs only slightly bent[296] and somctirncs with thcirclbows wcll tucked in. Thcy still run with thc front ice rrised frorD theg.ound [-;oz-Jl, r.thcr th:rn thc beck lcg [306], which givcs a lrlorc real\u.rt.itudc only grrdLr.lly obscrvcd in thc 6fth ccntury.

Thc languagc of gcsturcr in black 6gurc is not a vcry subtlc or c-\tcllsivu,rrc rnd there is rnore to obscrvc irr red figurc but thcre erc e fcw gestures\\orth mcntioninlj: thc raiscd hatrd, palnr out, for thc vaicdiction of malcrrrourncrs [265]; hlDd to forcheld for griefor drsrnay [zoz-3]; irand to chrn llrrLrpplication fronr thc thrcat of dcath 167l or for lovcrs lt24;871 ridnrxny ges!-lres of remoilstrancc or dcn)olstration such as still cnliven the( (rlvcrs:rtions ofour Mcditcrrancrfl co[tcnlporirics- Thc wonlcll's gcstllrc,lrolding thc cloak bcforc the f:rce, is r little enisnratic. lt is somctrncs.'xplaincd xs a ritlral gesture ofdisplay, but oftcn aIi-ectec{ by gocldesses or\\'onlcn iD lnomcDls of nr()dcstv or cilbatrtssrncnt (fur contcstallts tt thclLrclgenrent of Paris, Helcn rccovcrcd 167,9ol md in u,cdding proccs-

'ions [77]). Thc Archaic artist docs nor likc obscu ng hunun fcltrrrcs (whichLs r,vhy u,arriors so often fighr widr their helmets pushed back) and thc\\{)rllcn arc pcrhaps to bc thought ofprrtly vciliDg fhcir faccs in a qcsturcljnrilier cnough still irr Mcditerranean and Arab coLlrltries where sur1, dustrnd thc vic$, of nrcn arc to bc avoidcd by the llir skimcd. Thc degrccs o1'

| 9<)

l)lt(lr(\ (11\l,l.ryr(l hr s,.rrriors. cvcn i11 ectioD, dcll)onstrlfL'e coDvcrltioll ()lsorre irrp()rl.rr(c in (;rcck irrt ofell pcriods.

Wlrolr' srr'rrr. i ol both r:crrr c errd rrl\Ithicel contclt ltcquirc convcnti()r)s ()l

coIllpositi()l] elrri posc, sor c ;rlrcady cstrblishccl in thc scr,crrth ccnttrry.Wirl:iu thcsc tlrc rrrisr is licc to irrtroducc innovations or vary tlglrr(\,solllctlmcs pcrccplil)ly to irltcr tllc lrctiotl oI l]1()ocl of a ptrticrtlar storl irr

xccol-d u,itl) his orvrr vicu, of it or u,ith r pocnr on thc strb.icct, or cvcr) li)rpulposcs ofsynrbolism. It is ncvcr clsy lojLrdgc which iflrrv ofthcsc mori!,'\detcrrrinc thc dcveioprncnt ofparticrrlar sccllcs errd stories, trLrt tltc gcrrcr;rllyacccptcd convcntions do makc' it possiblc to obscrvc- ilnd spcctrlatc otr dcvi rr rt tend rhis is rvb:rt nrakcs thc stLrdy of (ll.issical iconogrrph,v, cspccielly ,,1

Arhcnian blrck ligurc.rrrd rcd fiqurc vasi.'s, so vcr), rcrvardirrg. Thcrc u,ill lxopportnritl enolrglt to clctrronstrrtc rhis iD liltcr chlptcrs but ir rnry hcrc lrr'rcnrukcd thet artists rlso frccltrcrl!l,v prcsc:rtcc1 cxccr pts tionr lhc sturck sccrrcr

pursucrs rvithorrt e qutrrv ((;or-gons), ulbush r,vithout victim (Achillcs rrrrrl

Trr.liJos), conrptition rvithorrr:rjudgc (rhcJuclgcnrcnt ofParis) rvhich corrl,lstill rcedilY bc recoguisc<l bccetsc rhc collvcllriorls or thc story *,crc rv,llkrrorvr. Whcn e rlcw stor-v is shou,n ancl:ro inscriptions erc proviclctl t,,cxpl:rin lieurcs, sonrc (irccks trrev hevc bccn rs tttr.rch i1t ir loss:rs \\,c illc l(r

cxpllin thc circurnstiiucc of tl)c lclions. Thcrc rrc fcrv such puzzics iu blrr, l.

figtrrc, but oD occrsion thcrc is rcesotr to slrsPcct thirt lhc :utisl (the Su irrll

Pnintcr is onc such olii'nclcr) hls lbrgottcrr or-igrrorcd thc point ofa sccrrr',

sccnl;uising rl)yth (with orclinerl club-mcn:rttrcking a chirrr;rcrl) or lcrr rr,1i

otrt vitll clcrncrts (lly tignrcs ruinrins Hcrakles fighring ApoJlo firr tlr,'tripocl, rvith no tripod btrt r,vith Apollo's dccr bctuccn thctr).

lnscriptions

llcforceborrr5Tiinscriptiolsn:rnrinethepcrsonsshorvuinsccttcs,:rrnrrrrit'1',thc itrtists illc cxccptional on Athcni:rrr vascs, but u.ithin a fcw vclrs wc scc r lr1

]lrost llvisl) cx.rnrplc ol'tlrcir Lrsc, {)rl thc Frrngois V:rsc l4dl, u,hcrc cv,rt11r,vthicrl ligurc and l1rost uninrels ;rr,. n;rrrrc'd, 1'rottcr end paintcr sitn lrt i,,',lnd cvcn sorlc ob;ects of lurriturc erc lebclled. C)u Do lirtcr vxsc xrc llr(inscriptions so protusc. Sotrc ertists evoid tlrcm:rltogcthcr:lrld othcrs ilr(

usurllv inconsisrcnt in thoir rrsc, sonrctirncs bciug r,vhoily cxplicit, sorrrctrrrr,,sclective, sornctirlcs silcnt. It is still e rrriroritl'ofv:rscs u'hich carty thcnr. br rt

thcv crn trc sccn to llcquirc x ccrt:rin st:rlus vlluc sincc nrock inscriptiotts lIc ,,rr

occrsioll suppliccl rvlrcrc cithcr thc ertist's litc[acy firilccl or no propcl rr:rrrr, tucr'c rcrlrrirccl. Tlrcsc rrorscrsc inscriptions rprpcrr rilrc:icly on Tyrrhcrrr.rnvascs eDcl latcr piintcrs ci111 son)ctirllcs bc fi)trDcl thouglttlcssly to Ic|( rl

nonscnsc fLmrrLrc (thc Slpph,r Prirrrcr's liiislis, loloslos, ctotot, ctc.). ( )rr

Lirtle M:rstcr cups thc signlrturc or bibulotLs rnottt:r has dccorativc velrrc.rrr,lrnll bc'rcpl.rcccl bv norrscrtsc or blob lctters t() pr-escrvc thc clccor':rtivc clli r t

aoa

Ilr.rc.irccxeupicstooofsccncswhclcsctlsc'xndll()llscllscstttlttl riilt l'r tr'l'rLrlgcstlng ;r nrixturc of copying lnd inregination.

I'hc iuscliptions :r;rruc fistrrcs, rercl-v ldrlirrg ;rrr cpitlrtt. .rrr,l tlr, r 'r,,

1, Lcccl in thc tlckl nclr lhc rclevrtrrt tigrrrcs, itlthorrqh orrtc irr r rr'lr.rr.rt,,;listcl ovcr thc scetrc. (icrrcr:rl captiorts, likc Soplril,r: (i:rrrrts ol l'rlr,,,os l:6] urcvcryret-c,ilndlcgcrldslt.rrdlvcvcrr[rPcrrr(tlrcr.rr','r,rr,,rr,,Lrrilrrr rccl titLrlc). Sotlc cxcep!iorrs xrc thc cr)'of rl Irlortrrrel ,rl tl)c ll\ rrrll ()rrl

oiruoi;or'()dvsscus ticcl to his:trast as his ship plsscs rlrc sircrrs lrrs(,,)rr"' Lrt nlc so' l:t6] ; oI tlrc oil urcrchlrr!'s ' Frthcl Zcus, rvorrltl tlr.tl I rrr igl)l grl,, h [: r:1.

'I'hc kllos irscriptions forrn e spcciel cless. Thcy llc p:rintcd ln thc ilcld,r thout Iclclcllcc to thc liquIC scctrc, r,r'ith fc\^i c\ccPtiorrs u'llclc thcrrrL.rltion rllirv hrVc bc,.'tr so lo clcsignerc I voLlth, lthlcrc oI hcro rs 'bcllrrri

L '. Sorlc!irrrcs \\'c tcc jLlst thc t'ord 'knlos'; sorlrctinrcs thc pliisr i\r,ncriclllvirr-':rboy"('hop:riskllos');burrrstrtlllthcbovisnrrrrcd Thesc

ir'rc coDlclrlpollrv Atllcni]n ,votltlls, scvcrll of r,r'hol1r erc iclcutif]lblc. It,l,,cs not nccd to inrplv lirrrrili:rritv orr thc P:rrt ofthc peintcr liltllcr thrn ir

,,rrc:al lcknorl'lcdqcnrcrrt of sotrrt' ftvouritc of thc drr', btrt lllc-ir truc,lr.rlrctcl is clusive ltlcl r'r'c c:ru hlrdly disnriss thctl as flipplrltll eruorous

rrhcr thc,l ;rppcer, fbr itrstetrcc, o:r $rllc oflxckias"scriotls'vescs. ()n thc,,Llrcr hencl thct' hrcl not bccornc by thcrl l 1lrcrc corrvclltiorl silrcc tllc\'onl\'l,, girr ro rppcar or v:rscs ititcr rhc nrid ccntttrv. A 1ed u ls likcJl to tltrrrlifv fort rc cpirhct lor orrlr' :r linritccl rrnnrbct oivcrrs, wc nrir:ht itlleqiuc, so v;tscs bt',lrtii'rcrrr puintcrs rrenring drc serue bov trc likcl-v to trc ttc;rr co:rtctltp<lLlry,,i hich is:r hclp irr rc1:rrivc r1;rtirrg ofPirintcrs' rvor-k l givc I tcr',' cxrtrtlplcs,rrrlh nunrbcrs irrdiclting thc trr.ttubcr of vascs otr rvltich thc iDscliptiol)L1' pcrl-s :

r )nuor-iclcs krlos: Exckils (:); vlscs rcletcrl to thc Arrdokiclcs P.rirrtcr (-:);

I Lrcc Liuc (ilorrp (r); I)rirrcton I'tilrtcr (r).l lippokrrtcs k;rlos: Mr:rucr of tirc Arr.lokiclcs l)rirrtcr' (r); Ilucc I irrc{ lloup (r); Psir-r (t).

I ,rgros kulos: Lcrsros (irotrp (s): (rn,rnv rcd figrrrc Etrphronios (r:);I rLrh,vnriclcs (r) ; l)lrintirs (r) ; ElcLrsis Paintcr (4) ; Clrclis (t); Colnrer P.rirrr-

,'r (5); crrlv ()ncsinros (r); ercl 3 r othcrsl).\()\tr-i1tos krlos: rrenncr oiAchcloos Prilrtcr (l); (rcd ligrrrc Phinties (t)).

ll On.-toridcs rvrs :rrchorr ir 5:.7/6 (rro yotnl!tcr thrll tlljr ly) hc plobeblv corrld,or huvc qrr:rlificd rs :r bcluty elrcr- rbout J -l o- IfLcrgr-os is thc gcrrcrel killcd irr

1o; hc nriqht rvcll havc bccn k.tlos irr dre hsr dccedc of thc si\lll cellttlr\ 'ir hich is rvhcr c on olhcr qr()Lrrlds \\'c wonlcl plrtcc thc Lceqratt vascs. A vcrvli * rvonreu trc sirnil:l1l)'honotrrccl bv trenrc,:rnd cxtrcrtrcl,v mrcll'l god rrr-

a5 515 r l" //57s.550 A /V550-525 /t4 N5r5-5OO /{ ,^/sao A15 /^,/'/\ N N

ooooo

a@ r

a oo I

olotot

-r '{

TT-r v yY

7V

q=6t

II&

B

,,

N

A

AANlEA A FE 1 EA

^ EE I EH

N A EE 1 H

AAEIH

,

1511

11

f11

t1

?? t

t,t

IIP

PRPR

1 = xl

The lettering is done in black, rarely red (see p. 36) and spellilgsometimes shaky. Often inscriptions run retrogtade in common withArchaic inscriptions on stone, and there is very rarely triple dotbetween words. I give a rendering of the common letter forms insixth-century vase inscriptions since some may be unfamiliar even toGreek-reader. This is based on a table kindly checked by LilianJeffery.that in Athens ofthis period no separate letters are used for long e and longand tiere are other occasional idiosyncrasies ofspelling, peculiar to Athensto early Greece in general, which again might puzzle a Classical GreekFor instance: er becoming e or r (Chiron); ea becoming u at name(Nerus); erTs for 1s (Heraklees); E becoming tr (especially Olysseus)6pcbecoming op (Asmetos, Kasmos); single consonants for double (rarelyreverse) and zt for oo (Netos) ; the loss of nasals before consonants (

mache, Sphichs); additional aspirate-0, g, X fora 7, ,. (less often theDedicatory inscdptions naming the deity appear on votive plaques but it

unusual to find a bespoke inscription naming the dedicator, purchaser o!mortal dead. Exceptions are on one or two funeral plaque series. Somepainted insc ptions are discussed elsewhere - artists' signatures (p. rt),Panathenaic prize vases (p. r67). Incised inscriptions added after firing do notnormally refer to the painted scene but record personal dedications or giftt,Exekias added to one ofhis vases an incised signature in Attic letters and a giflmotto in Sicyonian letters for the purchaser. Keian and Samian letter formahave been detected on other vases. Graffiti underfoot may record prices, bugmany are monograms or symbols which have to do with the marketing ofth6vase or ofother vases in a batch, and seem to have been put on early in theit

202

kK

6

xx+

+

U

crrcer rather than by a retailer. These are most common iu tlrc sccottcl hnll'ot'rhc sixth century. In the same position red dipinti may serve tlrc slnte pttrporclnd some are found earlier than the 'mercantile graftiti'.

Florals

Some late cups have floral bands as their only decoration; otherwise florals fi1lsubordinate ftiezes or serve as the decoration ofvase necks. The commonestpettern is a combination oflotuses and palmettes, a type already developed by(lorinthian painters. In early Athenian black figure the lotus has a broadsplaying form with the spiky central leaf shown over the tiny palmette whichOrcek artists ofthe seventh century had persuaded to grow there. This lotustype progressively narrows and the sequence can be followed as a usefulcriterion ofdate [5.2, tr.z. tz, 241 25.2, 42.r, 47, 52,56]. Before the midsixth century the central spiky leafmay be omitted [5 r . r ] and the added wavylites which could cross the calyxes or palmette hearts had been abandoned byirbout J6o. The body of the lotus becomes little more than a support to thespreading outer leaves which frame the intermediate palmettes. Lotus andpllmette usually alternate and are often opposed, but we do not see friezes oflotus alone and rarely of palmette alone (e4., on a handle ofthe Frangois Vaserrd work by the Ptoon Painter [5r. r]). The interlace is linked by tendrils, butliom about 560 these are increasingly often replaced by round chainlhks [51], which become normal by about 54o, and with these the floralciements are normally opposed [92], not alternating. Added colour disap-pcals, the palmettes become more angular with time and their leavescventually sepatate [r oJ]. The lotuses progressively thin [r 88, zogf. The pal-rrcttes have a new lease of life with the red figure Pedod, comPosed in neat

circles within scrolls Ugg, 202f.The lotus and palmette patterns are fotmal but non-realistic. Friezes of

pear-shaped buds are, in their simple elements, more Plausible, and alternat-ing buds may be given curling outer leaves like opening flowers, as Ir 4z]. Arclinks above the buds hint at these opening leaves, and the arcs are regularlyrepeated below, again as links, as Ir46]. Some ofthese bud and flower friezestppear in thc second quarter ofthe century [47, 54], as on Siana cups, and are

often brightly coloured, but the more mechanical friezes are later and are

pcrsistent. Base rays had once been a floral pattern and are sometimes treatedmore like leaves than a geometric scheme.

The only plausible florals are the laurel or myrde fiiezes which sit likewreaths on the lips of some Siana cups, and the ivy in the same posi-tionl35, 4o), but also often framing later black figure panels. The ivy leaves

soon become mere blobs, and ivy and vine leaves are seldom diferentiated infigure scenes. Generally the black figure painter is not vety observant ofbotanical forms, and even where a tree or vine is relevant to the scene it is

203

uru.rll\ r(ri(tl\'\Lrl)()r(lin;rrcdtothcfiglrrcsl8tl rld only rarcJr.givcn its tirllv:rlLrc l r r'61.

Animals and Monsters

Thc u,ild iiii' of thc c:rrly rrinrel lriczcs lvas borroucd ironr Clorirth, urrrl

Oorinthi:rn t_vpcs are observed and tbllo.,r.cd right to tJrc nrid ccnrury. Retht r

nlorc coDlmon irr Athctirn friczes, pcrheps, is thc gr:rzing horsc, whiclr h:rrllonq bccn a popular uotivc on hcr vlscs, ancl irom thc uricl ccnttrr; thc orborr nrev havc his bristlcs 'brokcn ' er mid-back in thc Eest Clrcck nran:rcr'. Afc:lturc of thc crr],v Athc ial eDinreJs, Dot sccrr ilt Clorinth, is thc comnrorrdoublc shoLrldcr lirrc, cs1-rccielly for lclircs.

Anirrr:rJs nray:rppcer iu fiirure scenes es ettribr.rtcs (Athcn:r's ou,J or

Hcrrncs's aoet), protegonists (nreglificcrrt horscs, es by Exckias, or htrntir,liclogs) or subsicliarv clctril (flf iug bircls; mnnins doss, cspcciellv with horscrlcn). Srn:rll flr'ing birds in b:rrtlc sccncs arc nrorc probebly t)rlrcns thrn soul\,ifrrrclcccl rltcl.hlvc'a:ry significancc tt.ll (ci lZS, zZt)). Oirtrll:i:re iifc orr ltclolphini counroull ;rppclr, lclping in ctrp intcriors lroSl or in friczcs. Asshiclcl bl;rzo:rs u,c scc rvholc anitttals, hcads or lorcparrs. Onc unusrrrl bllrz,,rris a rvolflikc hcacl rvith wuxrs iitticllccl [93], rl,hich looks likc l vcrsion ()l .r

Scythierr rrrctel rppliqui; a col)rlor onc is thc 111irrg clglc clrr-ying a sn;rk( ,

11) obvious orlcn,:lrrd this nrly nppclr in lightrug sccnc's (cf.[48]). Snekcs;ulbcerdcci l:381, irs lcgrllrrly in (lrcck lrt.

Aninrtls ln lctiou rnr,v occupv thc ticld o11 thcir ()wrl. Wc think cspcciu llto fth c fin e grou ps o fliorls attxck in g bulls, strlrs or boirrs [68, r:o] sonrcrirrr.tIrrlrs or- qoxts.'Ihc motif is iD oid oricnt:rlisinq onc, blrt thc Dcw cor1lp.l( I

schl'rncs with crossing ol closclv cng:rgcd bodics rvin suddcrr popul:rrittlbout i7rl rnd ilppcitr_ il\o in Athcnilrr r)lorlunlcntill sculpttrrc. This serggcstr

frcsh iuspirrtiorr lir>rn custcnr sourccs, llhcrc such qroLlps lrlcl t syntbolr,siiyriliclncc, pcrhlps rot cntirclv losr l11 ( ircck :rrr. ( locks fiqhr orr nrluy Lit tl,'Mesrcr cups Ir ogl, ,,r,hilc on orllcr v;rscs wc allll scc thet l,ouths hvorrr llr,'sport'.

()f rrronslcrs thc collulor)cst :rrc sirclrs entl sphilxcs, rrrc thc grilfin {t, a6.6], rs rvcll rs thosc occupicd irr rnlth Chirnacre, l)cg:rsus, Kclbtr()s. with ccntrLrrs rllld srtYrs, rlrc perr-eninrei il1rllrorlxls. Thc Arirrrsl,s,drcsscd likc Sct.thi:urs, lrfio fbrrglrt thc qrilirs lilr thc sold thcl gnardcd, ;rr l\ccn () lwo rrricl ccrrtlrrv ctrps. Thclc itrc ()]]c ()f t\\,o litlc r);r]rrclcss col](()(tiorrs, gcrcrlllv lor Hcr';rllcs to clcal rvith l:5-;1. ()r Tyrrhcrilr vascs sorrr'rl)orrstcrs colrrpounclcd lronl irrrirrrirl torcpillt\ attuchccl to cocks' botlr,rshoulclcr thcit wav into drc uuinral fliczcs, but ofsuch onl,v thc cock-lr()r\r'(lrippelcktrvorr) h.rs sutrst.rrrcc:lrcl rr;ry Lrc sccrr r icklcn b,v l bo,v ol lr,;rr

riorIr5ol.

-iO,[

Chapter Twelve

SCENES OF REALITY

i\,1\,th nas by ro rrrc':urs tlrc'on1y sorrrcc ofinspirltion firr filrurc sccncs ir),\rhcnien black figurc. ()n cerlicr vlscs lhc orrly vicu,s of con tcnr ponr 11, lifc\\ arc citllcr' itssocirtcd with cult, likc thc luncrrl scencs, or oi:r t,vpc rr,,hcrc rr ts

r()t rlwr),s cesy to jrrdgc u,hcthcr sonrc cfic occllsion rvls in ntind, likctiqhtinq scc cs. This rc rlins t: rrc ofAtircDirn blrck liglrr c. Iu sontc sccDcs of\.tniors \\,irh squilcs, ol rvirriors clcprrting, cspcci:tJly rvitlt chariots, itrpfcxrs dlirt.,r,c lrc bcing sho\\, courtlv vcrsions oacvclyd;1),cvcnts uJhichlind thcir cxlct plnllcls rrrorc rclclilv in the lvor'ld ofHonrcr thlrr jn sixtlt-, r'utury nrilirrrl nlellncls. lt rcquircs orrlv inscriptions r)rrnirg lrcrocs torrrslltc thcsc to thc world of :ry.rh. This probeblv cxpleirs roo wll,v slilvcs. rc vcrv rlrely dcprictcd or ditlircntiltcd from frcc nrcr elthough thcvcprcscnt:r vcrv colrlrnoD rnd rcccssary clcr:rcnt ofc'r,crydav iifc etrd rvork.

Whetcvcl thc urood. horvcvcr. tltc aatiorl rcrnairls'in rnodcrrr drcss'. lnclrr holc strrdics arc dcvotcd to prrrcly secuhr bcheviour. Thcsc givc .i virlrr.iblcl,rcturc oflifc in Athcus and thc colrrtrvsidc, lncl in thcir clcr:rils rhc_v tcll usrlLrch of iirlriqLlillilr intcrcst u,hich, thlouqh rhc ilccidcl)ts ofsrlrvjvitl, hts, scepcd thc cxcevltor.

Everyday life

l1_ ucn drcss rt a1l in bllck frgtrrc, thc nlvirialblc grrrlrcnt is thc himirrion, rr.ctiuglc of cioth rvreppcd:lround thc bocly rvirh orle eDd ovcr t shoulilcr l7r l. llcnclth it :uly be rvorrr a chiton, e ltrll lclgth bclrccl clrcss rvith slrorr

'lccvcs. Thc shorr chiron, rhieh-lcngth, suits rvorknrcn, \virrriors, or- thcitcnclill) active, irrcltrdiDg nrent,hcrocs. A smrllcr clolk f:rstcltcd ut the Dcck,rr clrepccl ovcr thc lorcelli is usuitlLv cilllcd a chlenrys, r nernc morc propcrlyrcscrvcd fbl thc short but llc:tv), cloilk u,or-n bv horscnrcn. This nrrv bc eeilyl)irttcrnccl in thc North (lrcck or Thrlcian nranncr Ir g6l, ,,vhcr it is prcsum-.rl,ly lvoollcn.

Sorrrc latc black flgurc has cxplicit vicr,r's of thc rvotlrcn's chiton r,r,ith thclislctings elors thc uppcr ann! full siccvcs rnd loosc fblds ovcr the bclt I r 9 r ].l'rllicr rcplcscntrrir)11s ofbcttcr-fittccl short-slccvcd drcsscs ale itlso gcllcrrlly,LrLrr pcrhlps not rightl)', taken for chirons. T;iilor-ing wrs no inrportlnr part of

troj

1(ir.rk (()stlllr)(. rrlriLlr rDrrdc cl(r r,r,ith besic rcclxrrgulrr slrapcs, stitched orpirrnctl toqctlr( r. l lri lltcrnltivc ti'nralc costurnc which c()Lrld xlso bc worlovcl u driton, il rrccrl bc, wirs rhc pcplos (sonrcrinres rnislc:rdingly c:rllcd thcI )olic chiton). 'l his hrs e looscr skirr end a plain or,,crtrll fionl thc ncck whi.l)cncis in e streiqhr cdilc rt thc w:List [461. It is fastencd by pins or broochcs at theshouldcr 164.:1, but thcy arc rercll,shown on thc vxscs. Thc arms arc thtls lclibare, which is olc criterion for identilyilg thc drcss, but ;r box-like trcrtnrcrtofthe overfall is anothc'r indication. ()nc sidc nlxy bc lcft opcn, but for tht'bcit, ancl rhis explains tlre one tirll b:rre leq showl by xrne runrrirrqfigurcs Irig] in all bur larc black figurc. Ovcr pcplos or chidon r h;nrtr(,1nr:ry bc u,orn, as by men, but u,onren oftcn draw ir ovcr thc back ofthc hcrtlend mey hold en cdgc ofthc garnlcrt bct'brc thc fecc wirich is thcrr silhoucttcrl(whitc on bhck) bcforc itl67,9o). Sorueti:res two or thrce (rercly n11;1q)

rvomeD sharc orrc himetion fr47]. Sornc rney bc aroups ofgoddcsscs but thisis uot ncccssarily rrrrc ofali. Lr the second quarter oathe cclrtury thc wonrcloften srand holding the cdgc of thcir himetia bcforc rhcm, thc hcru rrailing

Bcazlcy's ' pcngnin lvomcn' 173].Men and wonen may have thcir hair-bound by a fillcr. Thc brorrl

brirnmcd rravclling hat for nrcrr is thc petrsos f:ro]. J)ctails oIdrcss,jcwcl-lery and coiflule are best obser-r,ed in red liqure but we scc spir:rl brrcclcts enrlcarring pcndxDts, oftcu tri-lobcd I8Zl. HrLrrtc'rs \\rcar laccd boots rvith plo-mirlent tonglrcs to hclp thcm on, which nr:ry bc styliscd into u,ilEs firlf:rvourccl figurcs of ttryth (Hcrr11cs, Pcrscus, (iorgons, Ik:rros).

Thcrc erc fc.,v scencs ofthe donrcstic lifc ofworncn. nonc nruch bcforc th,nrid ccrtrrry. Anresis shor,vs wonlcn :lt thc loonr 17.9] end in thc htcst bl:rckligurc thcrc arc morc sccrlcs ofthcn at thcir casc, in drc eyneikcion, spinrirrr;,with besidc tlrcnr thc cheractcristic wool baskcts with flering sidcs (kalathoi)or ir an orchard, scetcd or f'ruir-pickinq, whcrc thcy nright bc trkcn firlnylrrpJrs. Thc Srvingcr's nenrc vesc shows enothcr pastin)c lI+2], rathcr th;rrritull. A ltcr about 5l o thcrc xrc ln:ur y sccncs, rolrnxlly ot hvdriec, of worrcrrvisiting a fourttin housc to draw watcr [-:t:1], and writing bv it to chat. A fcu,of the sccnes irrtroducc youths w:lshirrq thcnlsclvcs. Thc rrchitcctulc itchborxtc cvcn if not perticularly consistcrrt, and thc scclrcs nrey r,vcll br'inspircd by Pcisistratid work on the Athens'water-suppiv Enneakrouros:;rsystcnl which sccms to irlvolvc thc constr[ctiol) ofscvcra] llcw fourrteirls witlrcolunrn:u t'igadcs, of thc typc shown oD thc vascs. On trvo uc rc:rtl'Klllirhoc', thc flatrrc of a rcvcrcd Athcniiln spriig, end thcsc picturcs:rrcsood sourccs for thc familiar nenrcs ofAtheniln eir ls. Therc is lirrlc bv way olrrchitcctlrrc othcrwisc on thc blxck ligurc vascs. Thc Wrlls of Troy on thr'Frtnqois Vasc rney bc rncntiorcd, ald drcir bettlcnrcrts on sonre late sccrr'softhc dlagging ofHcctor's body, tlrc dcxth ofTroilos l:or I and rhc Sack olTroy; the house ofPclcus, llso on the Frrnqois Vlsc lnd the fount n horrscs

in Troilos sccncs 146.5]; r mortal lronrccotnillg [77]. Gcncrllly a coluo-ln witlr

7,A6

()r withollt clrrablrturc is crlough to ilrdicatc rhc Porclr of l housc'(ls for-thcl.rtmg out ofx body lz65l), the ptoxiurity ofa tcmplc (thrcc on [.2 z5]) or rhcI l.rll of Hadcs lr 62 -r]. Thc typc of capit:r1 shorvn for-sonc colrrmns, r,vith thcr olutcs s1r'irrging tionr the shaft, is not onc which is rlol-mll in rhc srorre

.r chitcctllr c oaArhcns rnd nlry indicate a paintcd \\oodcn form. Most arcr ccognislbly' J)oric'.

Mrlc activitl, whcn not wer-likc, athlcric, conrlrlcrcixl, pecdcrasric orbibulolLs, is Lrslrxllv coucclrlcd u,ith horsc's - riding thcnr, lctding thcut,hrnrcssing thcnr, or driving cheliots, nlor-e oftcn for a procession thln for.rr.rcc. Thc sterrding f'rontal cherior is a popular syrnmct cil conlpositro l 154. 92, rg0i. A lcw sccncs show \\,hat eppciu-s to be aimless discnsrio[rr<1uc not so nr uch indicative ofer Arlrcnian dcliqhr in corrvcrsrti()r) as oftheplirrtcrs'lack oa imxginatioll. ln the sanre spirit nrrle errd f_enrale onlookcrsrrrlv fi11 thc r'vings for e rnytholoqical ccrrrre-piccc. lrr rccl ligrrrc onlv docs the.ntist trkL'i scrious intcrcsl in rciaxcd gcrlrc sccncs involving rro spcciel.rctivit,v or plcpiration.

It is rcmar'klblc ho*'fcrv dircct rcfi'rcnccs thcrc:rrc to colrtcnlporaric\ ilLrlack figur'c. Thc kalos n:rncs arc thc obvious cxerrplcs, but xrc not rclxtcd torhc pictrrrcs. Sonc ofthc wonrcrr narucd in ftrncrel or fountai:r scclcs nlightlrrve been rcco!5rlislblc Athcnians tbr lll rvc cen tcJl. Seppho was nilllrcdposthLrrlrously J,r r l.

Fighting'fhc vesc picturcs erc a good source of information xbollt xlrlour aDCl

\\capoDs. Thc usurl ollcrrsivc wclpoDs xrc a thrllsfil)g sPcrt or sword.Sonrctinrcs thc srvord is crrrvcd and onc-cdqcd: rhc'nrachrira'ot'kopis'-'fhrorving spcer s ar c gcDcrrlly carricd irl prirs ll1c1 in tctiolr, cvL'rr 6 orlr hd_sc-heck, a thror'ving thonq mey bc secn tlstencd to the shaft I r -z l. i ]. Thc shiclcl is

ofthc routd hoplitc vilicty, crnblazollc-d, and il)tcrior- vicws shorv thc ccntr-ll' porpax' throulih rvhich thc lorcerm is pesscd end thc haDd-grip, ' :rrltiiabc'',\orlrctirlics with cords elso hlnging wilhill lhc 1i111, pcrhaps lo fistcrl rts

covcr [56, r.1l l. llercly 1 cloth is shown hengine fronr the shiclcl to protcctLlrc olvncr's lcss lior1r rrrows. Thc 'lJocoriau' shicld is fittcd likc thc circullr\ irriety, brit is ov:tl i shepc wilh cut-outs rt thc u,eist, eDd nlav rlso h:lvc e

baldric. Sornc bclicvc it rorl-functior1e1, hcroic cqr.ripnrcrrr, xnd it is ccrtxirllypopullr rvith hcrocs (ls dclivcrcd to Achillcs), dcitics or xs prradc xr-rnour lJ-r, 73, ,!71. ShicJd blazons arc usu:rll,v prilltcd whitc, soDlctirllusinciscd. TLcy figure t:rirrrals, hclcls, lirnbs, thurrdcrbolts, !aorqonci:r) to lrarlrethc morc il1t.'restirlg. Clornmoncst trc rncrc blobs, ii tripod or :r bull's hced. Atiw, likc l lion's hclcl or r suilke, stlnd frcc of thc shicld, in ther ou nd [64.-;, t z r ]. Tht'y a re rarcly if cver signifrcant of idcnrity or allegian cc.

Thcrc l:-e sc'vcrrl blsic hclrrct ty1rcs. Tlrc Attic cen bc no rnore thxn x cup,

247

rs \\'(,nr l)\i Atlrr.nrr lr.,l.:1. und sonre Arnazons Izo4], but rvithlt hiqlr crcst.Ilorvcvcr. its rrrorc pr;rcticll for-m includcs a neck guard and chcckpicccs(l r62,r,sn","r.l6l;Arnirzons[56,9E]) wl-ricit are sootetirncs sho$,n Foldcdup ovcr tl)c rcnrlrcs. -['1]c (lorinrhiall helrnct {t6.r, 52 ri.qht,86, 1oo, t2t.rlrvith high or lou, crcst, covcrs thc fecc lclving only thc eycs cxposccl and a slitbcfcrre tlrc rrrotrth, but it is oftcll worn 'ar casc' on thc brck ofthc hcad, cvcrrit tction (at iclst in art). Thc'Chalcidian'hc'lnrct (ru inaccurltc titlc) issinriler but it leavcs roonr for thc cxrs and thc cheek picccs rney hevc e curvcrloLrtlinc Ii2 /r,[]. Thc stittcd crcsts rn:ry htve or-rlirrc crcst holders likc aninrlhcads or r,vhcels [17,66], but drc lou, crcsts beconrc thc nric end :L sl.rcci;rlv:rricty is placcd ecross thc hclmet, not lbre:rnd afr, and is favoured lor frontulor rexr vicws. Thcrc erc ilso doublc, helf-cr-csts l?or tap.206,2tZltobesecrr.sonletinlcs attechcd to antlers [47], lncl for spccial cllcct fearhcrs or bulls'hor-ns nray bc attechcd ro thc cro$1l l./Zl.

The :r1l-nrctll bcll corselct protects chcst erd back:rnd is oftcn shown withspirals and rib-cagc malkcd orr drL' clrcsr l4S, 62. SSl.ln about -5so a leathcrcorselet appcers, and by thc clrly iilth ccntury hrs taken ovcr in popu-l:rrity [E6, r4r]. lts shouldcr picccs arc ticd icross thc chcst lrld rherc arcrectansulxr fltps bciow thc bclt. A short slccvclcss chiton is rvorn belrcathboth typcs of corsclct. a;rcavcs protcct thc shitrs end so:ne pattcrncd thigltguards J64.-r, 66, too, zrTl (paranrcric{ia) and arm gtrards Iroo] arc slrowr.

Archcrs corrre to hlvc spcciel dress of Scythian typc wirh thc pointc(llclthcr crp (as Ir14]) .rncl thc closc fitting tunic, lons siccves and lcsgirrr:s,oftcn geily p.ttcmcd. Thc pointcd cap alrcady eppcars or1 rhc Fran.-or\Vtsc1q6.1;c.l. d3 /rlil end on c of tl.rc figtrrcs wcerin g it is called ' Kimmcr ios',' (linrrcriln' kin to thc Scythiens whonr thc Crecks r,vcrc conling to knowon thc llllck Sea shorcs. Alier lbout J4o thc tilll drcss:rppc'ars Il6o.t] andrnay bc worn xlso by Amezors. Quivcrs havc a top flep to kccp thc arrowflighrs dry, usually folded back, lnd somc cluivcr bow-cases ofscythian cypcrrc ilso showD. Thc Scythiaus, likc the northcrn horscnrcn with thcirpettclnccl cloaks, erc thoLlght to havc bccll introduccd to the strccts ofAthcnsby rhc tyr:rnt Pcisistrrtos.

Thcrc are lightcr arrns too a slingcr (ci l95l);and lightcr shields of\\,ickcr ancl skil, cithcr of the ' Bocoti:lr) ' shape, but sccrl in profilc worn orrthcir backs by cheriotcers Ir:6], or thc clcsccnt-shaped pclta crrried byAtttazons and othcrs. Trrrnlpctcl s usu:L1ly rrrcrit scperatc studics, stxltcling ft)blow lt 691, lcft hand on hip.

Sonrctimcs rnuch ofthc ernroul is olrrittcd arrd with ncar-nakcd cornbe-t:rnts it is hard to say how nruch is duc to thc Creek lrtists' intcrcst in 'hcnrirnudity', how truch to coltrelllpor:u y pr:lctice dict:ttcd by hot wcrthcr or thcpricc ofa bronzc panoply.

Cornbat schcrncs are stereotypcd and without inscriptions it is llot possiblcto tell whcrhcr a hcroic cncounter is beir,g portrayed. !7hcn wc arc so guided

20ll

\\rc can sce that victorious action is nornlrliy shown from left to rieht rr)(lthc dcad bodics normally lic with thcir hcads dircctcd towards their fi icrrrls.\4tlics with chariots may bc scct, but not oftcn with horsemcn. C)ollep'rrg,rrd fallen Egurcs of rnen erd horses rrc rcndcrcd with varying succcss.

Popular :clatcd sccncs ilrc of ilrnling, whcre x chlrxctcristic posr rs

\tu)opirlq to clip ol1 r grcave [,u.;71, or thc ,,',,rrrior dcparti q lr96]. For rhclrttcr e cha:tot rn.),be showl ;rnd ."r,ilc end chilcl nttend. tlv thc cncl ofthc.cntlrry thc sccrlc is usually nrorc rcllistic, u,ith I rvifi.pouring from rjug lbrhcr husbancl to nrrkc r liberiorr, or siurply stanciing rvith r 11thcr or br.othcr rshc scrs ofli A cournron pertici1rlnt in drcsc letcr groups is ltr trchcr in firll rrg .rs

rlso ir li87l rvhcrc orncrs lrc bcitlir tekctl bv i:rspcctiotr ofcutrxils.()n sornc nrid ccnturv v.scs \vc scc ir nroulltccl squirc lc:rcling his nrestcr_'s

lrorsco: accorrpanlinghisfullv;rnncdmesrcr [4d],prcsum:rbly]rliudiceri!)Dof contc'nlporaly prxctice ilr tlaining or scrvicc. Ol1 occxsion thc wrrrrorhinrsclfis secnjuurping fronr his rnoviug horsc iu the militerl c:<cr.cisc ofthc'irnlrblltcs'. Clhrriots, rvltcthcr for reci[g or tiuhti g, erc tr,r'r>horsc, soDrc-tinlcs wilh orlc or l\vo tr:lcc horscs, ntcl thcrc arc son)c liDc hilnrcssing scerlcslronr Exckias on (ct-. [.93, ::5]).

Wine, women, boys and song' I(orrrst' denccrs rppc:rr on (brinthiarr vlscs belorc 60<l xnd lrc' iutrochLccclto Athcnien vilscs bv thc Ko:rest (ilorrp irrtists, rcnra;rinq populrr bcvondthc micl ccnturl. Thcv rvcer short, tiehr, paddcd chitous [.u3] e d pcrt'irnrdrcil botronr slapping, kickirrt dlucc olrcrr rvith clrirrkins honrs or cups Ln

thcir hlnds. Sotttc m:ry bc nlkccl (nrorc oftcr lrs timc p:rsscs) or lvith a

shoulder r-irrg likc the slccvc ofthc chiton brLt probablv intcndcd ftrr r wrclthor- ribbon [-u r], :rs it is sccn rvorrr by nrcn d:rnccrs letcr in bleck fiqrrr.c (on thcAllccter's vlscs)- Kornasts lrc nloltirl, atld mev daucc rvith nakcd rvonrcnwho lercly thcmsclvcs clon thc disrirctivc costunlc 1221. Ilcforc thc :ridccntlu_y i (ioriDth thcy bccontc essirrrilatccl to utyrs errd c r iDtrudc rnl)ionvsirc sccncs. In Athcns the trensition is lcss clcer arrd ir mly sinrply bcthrt lncn grve Llp thc spcci:ll dtncillir costLllnc, llrt hter Alhcrrirn konlustsinrpcrsonrting satyrs contr_ibutr ro the clriy history ofthc (lrcck thcltre, erldrhc p.rddcd costtrrlle is sccn xgltilr nl thc fitth ccltrrry ior irctors in coltcdy.

A lcrv v:rscs of about 5oo sho\\, rrrcD drcsscd up rs horscs suppor.rinrjriclcrs lr37l, or rs bircls, in denccs u.hich sc.-nr to lnricipetc Old Oomcdychoruscs, rvhilc onc drcsscd as:r slt),r, dllcirg lbr L)iol1,sos, rtri.ght bt'orrrcrrlicst rc:rl rcror i2tgl. L)thcr latc vescs sho\. rlrcn ridirlE dolphiDs errdostrichcs, or drlrccs of' rninotrur-s'. Sincc :L pipcs pl:r 1cr ettctrds clrlcc rhesc toornighr be 'live' trrnslatiors of nnrDllncr\,. Sccncs of pick-e-back (cphc-drisuos) ;rncl rncrl olr stilts It14] rnav bc in likc casc ancl tlrcrc arc latc vescsu,ith wlnior dlrlccrs pyrrhichists (c1. lttll).

)49

(;xtL: i lrrrrlrt tl ()r)t() .()uchcs lor thclr fc:rsts b-v rbout 6oo, lcavirrg thcw()nler) l() sit .rt tlrtir lcct, or ilPrrt o11 chrils, cxcePl whc'rc solllc lllorcirrrirrnrc scr'', icr !!,lr rcquil-cd oftl)crrl. Thc coLrchcs on Atherriatr vescs usu:rllyhrvcblocklcgsrvirhcut-outsbclo\\,,p:rintcdwilhPrlrncttcsII6r,26i],btrt.fiu,huvc thc trrlncd lcgs, rvhich rre probrbl)'an crstcrr fclt!(tlc. tleiorv (thatis, bcsidc) thcrn r rhrcc-lcggcd tablc usurlly stincls \\,ith ctkcs o1 slriPS ofntcitlupon it [3d], but this is often onrittcd iu latcr scclcs, r,vherc drinking errcl

sollgs :rrc lhe prinle coDccrDs. Thc mcn rcclinc on fhcir lcfi clborvs, suppottctlb1, cuslrions 1t77, zrgl- The full parephcnralia of thc syrllposion is llcslstuclicd irr red figure and thcrc:rrc comparttivcly forv black 6gurc sccncs

exccpt on sonlc Siena cups eud lalcr, irr rhc rc'd 6gurc pe:iocl, but thc r1lusicll'instturncnts used hcre ancl iD othcr sccnes ntay bc- mcrlriollcd. Thc doublcpipcs arc playcd wirh the hcJp of a moulh bend which is nor alrvaysslrou,rr l-r37, r6z, zzo, zzzl.Thcpipcs crse, with a side pockct fbr the motrtlrpiccc, nrav bc sccn halging in thc ficld or frortt lu erm, ol clscrvhcrc lz3 5 r l,but clrly oncs lLc a rvholc srrrall rnimtl skin. Metr or wonrctr Iuty play pipus;

cleppcrs llc [rc1d onll' by wonre:r, rnae]rads or tty:uphs Izid,::t] eltlurdcrsterdrbl,v rccollrpxny da[cc, rrot soDg. Of thc stringcd illstrumcutsthcrc is the ordinary lyre r,r,ith hor:r shapcd arlns and tortoiscshcil sottncl-

box 136 /r'/i, 77 a6olrl, or thc brrbitou rvhich is rnorc hc:rr t slupcd r,vith )orrg

arnrs. Thc klthrrr is a hclvicr iDstrun)crrt rvith anguler sourrd-box lrldeltboratc arms, its protcctivc cloth oftcn shown haneing fiolt it lr4o.l, 165,

t97, zr4, zzzl. Tl-ris is lbr rDorc scrioLls phying attd it is ofrerr c:uticd irvApollo, o: by a soloist rvho mounts a st:tnd (bcm:r) to pcrforru bcrwccrljudqcs(conrplrc I{cllklcs, lr65l). SLrch corltcsts aPpc.r on somc Penathcneic arrtl

rclltcd vases fbr pipes pltycrs in thc sixth ccntury, for I kitherodc iu thc filth.Morral lovc-nreking is nsuelly shorvn ls a grotrp tctivity u'ith couPlcs

pc'tfbr'nring on couches as tt a fc:rsr, or tnorc ofteu stllldirlg il1 vafi()Ll\poscs [6i ]. Entry from bchind is thc preferrccl poslurc. Malc nrrsturbatiorr is

occ:rsionllly shown lE:.2], fellatio r;rrcly. Thcsc sccrtcs rlc coll)lll()llcst ()rr

Littlc Mastcr cups (es by Elborvs Out) end drc Tyrrhcnian vascs. On the hltcrthc nlcn nl:ry h:rvc rcd bodics likc kornesls, and sonrc schol:us tirkc thc[1 fi)rsltvrs, :rlthough teillcss. lJut whilc cvclythiug iu tJrc c:rrlicr hislory ofkontaslsseenrcd likcly to lcrd to rtris liccntious bchevior.tr', ttrcrc is uothing in thc latcr'

lrltbits lnd:rppearurcc iu bJlck figtrre ofseryrs and tulcrr:rds (t1r,vtys drcssctl)

to sullljest that thcy ltlcl cvcr so cavoftcd. It cotrld be thet thcse kolrlasts rrt'beginning to cleinr sorne sturdirrg:rs sltvts, rvilh the occasionel ivy r,vrc:tlll,,,irrc or largc kurtharos, which erc Dioirysiec, but drcsc hxve nothin!i lo (ll)rvidr thcir' sc\url gyllrn:rstics.

Malc honrosexull activi!y is sct cortrrnonly show11 thtl ir acqttires icorlo_

grlphic convcntioDs of its ou,rl, ancl is pronrotcd to bcing a lnaill sccnc olllargc, fine veses a status vcry rlrely echievcd irr bleck figurc by ththc'teloscxltt] crlcountcrs, cxcePt of nlacrlad lnd satvr, or I wcll-ntltt'tncrctl

2IO

c[Ibrrcc of 1lllr1 ttrcl rvifc Izt r]. Thc srrppli:urt lover- approrchcs r,r,itlr orrt.hancl rriscd to thc boy's chi:r, thc othcr lo,,vcrccl tow-ards l-ris loins li:1, r,t'yl.ol bcarjng thc lovc gifr ofa cock l136l or e clcacl hare. Clonsunurltiorr rs

rchievecl stuncling, from thc 6-ont, inrcrcrurel Ii-;6], r:rrcly Lrndcr covcr L,l .r

clolk, lncl thcrc erc rrsttllly tualc' onlookcrs. The sccncs appcrr regulerl), tr (,nr

rbout 16o on.

Sport

Most rcprcscntetiols oflthlctics on bllck fiqtrrc vascs lill inro o:rc'of threeclasscs. On vascs oftbc nricldlc two quarrcrs ofthc ccntuLy u,c scc l fcrv stocksccncs peirs ofboxcls squ:rring up, thcir r,,,rists rnd hauds bound il thongs oflcllhcr; r ptir ofrvrcstlcrs gtappline; a f<rot recc, juurpcrs with thcir.ju nrprrr;lvcights (l-raltcrcs) [r 5r]. Thcsc arc trcetcd ils qcllrc sccncs simply, u,ith nospccific lssociltion. Whc: c chrriot r-accs arc drou,l it is rlu,:r1,s possiblc tlut:rhcroic eveDt rvrs irrrclclcd, like thc firncrai gatrcs Ibr Perroklos on thcFt anqois Va sc and on a dinos b y Sophilos | .u dl. Thc ca11v, urotcsqLrc trcatnlcr ) tofrutncrs hls alrcady bccn discusscd (p- t99).

The second class conrcs lvith rccl ftgurc urd thc grorviua irltcrcst in thcp]ttcnls of llratonr\,. In bleck 6gr.rrc thcrc lre feu,cr erd iess succcssiirl:rttempts lt shorvirg thc athlctc's posturinq rvith thc discus, tcstinli thcstrrightncss or tip ofthcirjavelins, or prxctisirg ,,r,rcstlinq drrorvs, but thcrcrr-c somc, end rhc popullritl,ofathlctc sccncs paintccl ,on vescs in lhc ncwtcchrricluc crtcourtgcd l comparable renee ofsinliler sccl)cs on vescs peintcdir thc old-

Thc lhircl class co:upriscs thc scclcs shown ot thc r_cvclscs ofl)lnlthcn.rreerrrphorlc or oD vlscs ofl):rDethcnaic typc r_cfcrlirlg to cvcDts in thc llxntcs lttAtlrcrrs. Thc carlicst have thc foor racc lrg5,2gill, horsc racc l3ool, I chlr-iot J29gl or boxcrs. ln thc last qrLartcr of thc sixth ccnrLrrv wc scc' thc firilpcntrthlon ransc-discus,jrvclir,jrrr p, foot rlcc, wrcstlil1q. Spcciel cvcDts onth csc lnd othcr vescs in volvc th c rrcc in :rrrrr orr r (fbr ' ho plitodrorloi ') usuallvrvear-ing only a hcinrct end clrryrng shicld lncl spcer {3o61, :rrd .j.rvclirr-tirrowing fron horscback ljoq.zl, fron rbour 4oo on. Panathcnaics of the33os ancl latcr shor,r, thc ncr,r, hcavy bcrxilg gloves in usc.

Thc ithlctcs erc usuaill,nakcd encl thc odd rvhitc loin cloths woru in thcPcrizoma Group are cxccpriol)el [:lg]. Thc toilct gclr ofstrigil (scr:rpcr'), oilbottlc ltnd spongc, is r:rrcly shorvn ir bJack ligurc, comnron iu red fiqurc.Tr;ritcrs ltrcncl or intervene r.r,ith drcir lorrg cancs [30 r. r], riud thcrc mry bcadnriring bystruclcrs rlcvcr wonrcl)- A tripod clulcLon ls dtc nrost v:rlueblc

1r-izcslrorvn,audevictornravbcsccrbesidcitorclrryingit[tq5.-z;,:J'.tj9],but oftetr only wrceths or fillcts, rvhich ntay bc ricd around the hced, ernrs rndicgs, iuclicatc succcss.

2t I

Commerce and ind ustry

l_hc lrlur'l llgrrrc r,.rse p.rrrrtcr obscrvcd a rvidc varicty ofbarlusic lcliriticsbtrt dcpictLd thcl) rirrclv possibll orr clclund try proii-ssiorel cLlst()nlc1s.

In Anrlsis'sccrrc oilr,ourcn busy rt thc loorrr l78l rvool is bcing rvciglrcdotrc, lncl a fcw yclrs latcr Tllcidcs shows nrcn wcighilg bundlcs, pcrhaps ofwool Iru5]. A gcrlcration carlicr x Lrconian paintcr had shown !hc Cyrcncalkiug, Arkcsilas supcrvising similer activitics. As usual in this pcriocl, likc is

wcighccl against 1ikc, not a!!ainst wcights. Of othcr sccrrcs of rtailing rhcrc erclerv until the hst quarter ofthc sixth ccntury and thc carly 6fth, whcn wc scc oilbcing clispcnscd into llabastra fronr pclikai via funlcls [zrz], for men or'

wonlcD crtstonlcrs. But such sccncs wcrc rcvcr vcry popular and latc strrdics ol'e fishnrorgcr (cL l,:r6l), butchcr [;E7] or cooks erc cxccptiorlal.

Illdlrstrial arctivjt,v rvas closcr ro rhc intcrcsts ofthc pottcr/pilintcr who w.rs

rvcll placed to observc thelr. Srnirhs et r,vork on tripods rrc sccn soon rftcr S j()lncl thcrc erc a icrv latcr sccncs of lorging showirllj a good rlngc of tlrccxpcctcd tools [:6.5]. C:rrpcurels arc shorvn also, and cobblers, t]rclt clcnt:stll)ding orl thc rvork rablc so rhet thc lcathcr c:tn bc cut ot l11elkcc1 irrollr)(lthcir tc'ct. and rvith a borvl bcneath the reble tor-wetcr rvith rvhich to solicnthc lcethcr for cutting l.z,tgl. Thcsc scclcs too erc rrre, but thcrc llrc rxthr'rrnorc ofpotring, fronr a Lirtlc' Mestcr cup shorvinq rvork or1 thc \\,hecl buinl{rur_ncd by r sqrirttilr!! boy, !o e lrtc sccnc ofthc rvhoic shop r,vith r,vork on thtu,hccl, ins1'rcction, rnd thc kiln trcirg rekcd out.

Of fiurrriug activitics ploulihing and so\rirrq;lrc sccll lr1()st oftcn, carlicstou ir Sian.r cup (llurgon Ciroup) whcrc thc essocixtion nrel bc' rcligt.,us.Othcru.isc wc hlvc olivc pickins IrE6l, thc o)ivc prcss end scvcrrl sccncs olthc vintlgc rvith thc grlpcs bcire pickcd (rr en Acropolis plaque) or nroreoftcn bcing trodclcn. Thc pcr_sorncl lray bc srtyr s bnt rhc ccpipmcnt is sixth-ccntury Athcni:rn. Anlsis ollcrs thc cerlicst and bcst ofrhcsc sccncs l8g].

W:rrships r,r,ith r ranl prow, sorllctilnc! in thc forrrr ofar elinr:rl srrout, rlrtll triscd stcrn, erc sornctilncs choscn to dccorxtc thc inncr riln ofdinoi Ir o-z]or'

cretcrs, fioru Exckias on. Thc stceli:rq oars ancl laclclcr-glugplank:trc shorvrre! tllc stcrn, end thc seils:trc trrrued fole a:rd ift so:rs to lppc:Lr in thc profili'vicr'v. Sonrc ofthc o:rled ships shorv trvo bluks of o;lrs rrrd oll onc virsc rr

piratic ilttick is pcrlr:rps bcilg rnountcd on helvier, rourrd-bottonrcd nrcr-cluntnrcn Ir,90].

Religious occasions

Wc scc littlc cuough oftcurplcs in black figure: ar nrost a tokcn colurnn, brrtelters eppelr qrrite often, sonlctinrcs in myth sccncs [67, r35, r13], likc tlrcclcatlrs of Prianr or Tr-oilos, or- thc litbcllcd altar on thc Fran!-ois Vas.^ outsi(I.Pelcus'housc 14d.5l. Thcv rlc uencr.rily block likc', souretiurrs rvith onc sirlc

2r2

reisccl ls a fornr of rtirrcl brcrk lirl tlr, brrrrirrr srrll.rce 167, r.ls, r.l.;i ,rrr,l\ol]rctiDrcs Nidr thc architcctu(tl cllbor,rtiorr ol s, rolls. lrr sacrilicc srcrrt.sofli'rings ar-c cerricd irr blskcts, lrnd erirnrls urc Icrl trp ro thc' :rlrer, oficrr r,, itlrnrtrsical eccolrplninlcrit- Tlrc boncs lr)d fit ;r c bu rrrr orr thc elr:rr itsclfurrl rr cnrel scc the r:ril of rhc stcriflciul aninel tu,isriDs irr thc llenrcs. 'l hc rlcitt,irvoked rrrclv attcrlds, in '1ivc'or slltu.ry lirrnr. It is usuelll Athcru lr 151but rhcrc erc scveltl latc sccncs rvhcrc an irulqc of Dion),sos is xtcnclcd L)\.

cllncing rvonrcrr, rarcll clurlctcr-iscd es nlrcnads and widr satyrs. Eerlicr rhcrulskofDiorrt,sosalone isshou,u,such.rsrnrghrl.r. Lft.rchtdr,,rprli.rr.r..rcultliqlrrc. Thcl c arc r nuubcr oinrinor rcligious sccncs on lltc vescs onlt, a brrli,rlonc b1, an llter or levcr rnly bc cnough to indicacc sacrilicc; u,l_vsiclc shlinesrvith e hcrur und sonrctirrrcs an;rltar also eppclr, r',,ith lnen or wonrcD.r ttcnditl g th cn. Thc hcrm is a piliar toppccl b1 e bcardcd hced o f Hcrnr cs, :rnc1

u,ith nrelt'gr'nirels, usullly crcct, listcncd or cervccl il f'ront l:7_;1.A iibation is conulonlv poulccl at the dcprrturc of I rverrior or or l

rimil:Lr occasion, cvcn bl dcitics lz46]. A rvilc or nrothcr holds drcjue, rhcnren e yrhirlc. ()r rhc u,rrrior irrtv iuspcct chc cntrails of e secrificecl aninral(cxtispicv) to-judqc it thc olrcns lrc llood lor thc crlrcrprisc Jl (t71.

Thcrc is not rruch inclic:rtioD ofspccial fcstivels. Ilr sontc l)ionysiac sccucstlrc agricultural and fcrri]ity aspect ()f rhr god is intlrc.rtcd, lncl rirc nr,,nstcrphellos clrricd on a lip cup ntrst illusrrate a rustic cclcbration for rhc same god.His impcrsonation by the rrchon basilcus rnd pessAgc through !hc strccts ofAthcns in a whcclcd ship durrrg thc Andtcstcria fcstival is also shown [:247].Thc l)ionysiac associations ofmost dccoratcd vasc shapcs rrlay accorlDt for thisintcresr in tlrc ntorc colorrrful sccncs ofhis worship, rathcr dltn those in honourof thc city goddcss.

Thc Circcks hld no mlrriagc ccrcnrony. Arnasis shorvs us thc pro.cs\i()l) to!hc gloom's hoLlsc, ilcconrpanicd by thc wilc's ruothcr rvith a torch, rvhile thcgroonr's rnothcr, llso rvith a torclr, rvlits at thc rlcw housc1771. NcxtDronrirrg eUcsts errive with prcsclts. Thc grcat fricze oD thr'FriLllqois Vascb: inqs el1 Olyrrlpus to l)clcus :rnd Thctis in chariots or on loo t l$.5 ; c.l. 24- 51.Sinrplcr sccnes shorv thc cerlicr proccssioll rvith bridc :rnd groour ir thccbrrior, rccotnplnicd by dcitics end prcscnts ofboxcs (oflitcu, prcsumabll)iuld c:rlrlcl-oDs {z671. SolrcercnrythologicxI l)clcu s and Tlr cris, KeclurosauclHarntotri:r, and rhc crrlicsr, Hclcn lnd Menclaos (Sophilcan) but u,hcrcthcrc arc Do inscriptions ol lttributcs wc nrav rcrsonebly think oir sccrrlerocc:lsioD.

Thc laying out ofr bodv (prothcsis) appcars on hurcrary phclLrcs lz65I rrrrlsonrc lourrophoroi and phorrniskoi. The dcad lics on a bicr, his hcad r,,,cllproppcd up erd thc chin strep kccping his mouth closed soructimcs llso\hown. WoircD arc busy or [1or]rDing by thc bier itscJf, according roprcscribcd custotr, brt rnalc' nournc'rs rney approach with onc hand reiscd illhc rittrll gcsturc. A column rnay indic.rtc rhc scttitlg, in the house porch. ()l

trl-l

Exckias' phcluc scrics wc have also the procession-ofguests including- chariots'

-o..";g iir thc ho.rse and preparation in the courryard[lo5] fo-r the;Ipho."Y to burial. Lydos anJsome latet artists show a Procession oFmele

-o'or.r"., [7r], halrds iaised, on foot or horseback' The Sappho Painter is

fond of fu.reral scenes, and apatt from his 'prothesis' plaques he shows us

pr"p"r"tior, "t

ho-e for the '&phora' [266], interment [264]' and mourning

L, ilr. nr"u.. Onc or two earlier scenes show the 'eLphora' itself' by cart or

oifr U.ir"., lzzol. Rounded or rectangular grave monuments are shown'

Lrr,rl v p"-,'"a *hit. rnd wirh some ;ildlife uPon them They correspond

*i,t "r'.^rr","d

monuments of the same date A very few late scenes show

,h"r. blo.k -orlrl-ents topped by a sphinx or siren, perhaps a grave marker'

with men attendir-rg.

2t42r J

Chapter Thirteen

SCENES OF MYTH

The conventions which govcrn the depiction of myth scenes in Athemanblack figure havc been discussed in an earlier chapter. Here, by way ofintroduction to the description ofthe scenes themselves, it is necessary only tosound some notes ofwarning.

Athenian black figure gives us by far thc dchest corpus of mythologicalscenes in Archaic Greek at, but there are limitations on its value as

representative ofArchaic Greek iconography as a whole, and although theselimitations are not too constrictive, they need to be kept in mind andcxplained. First, there is the clear indication from other sources in Athens,notably the architectural sculpture, that it was possible for an Athenian artiscto set a scene in a different way and possibly with very different narracivedctails. Secondly, Athens is not Greece. There are, for instance, rich andcarlier series of myth scenes in Peloponnesian art on bronze reliefs andCorinthian vases. Sometimes Athens' debt to this tradition can be traced,sometimes her independence ofit. The stylistic and technical influence ofEastGreek artists in Athens in the sixth century is clear, and we may suspecticonographic influence too. Although Ionia so far has ofered little withwhich to control this, it is clear that there was no absolute 'commonwealth'oficonography in Greece, and that lonian artists too had their own views. Sothis is an incomplete account of the Archaic Greek artist's view of myth,rlthough it represents the bulk ofthe available evidence for it.

ln this chapter it has proved convenient to group scenes by their protago-rrists or by thematic association in a poem, like the Trojan cycle of epic. Itshould not be thought, however, that the artists took a similar view oftheirsources. Aitists may be shown to be individually interested in particularrtories but not, for instance, in the lliad as a source, and the rather haphazard;rnd scant illustration ofthe Homeric poems shows that the artist's interest wasr)ot in the poem as such, but in the opportunities offered by particularcpisodcs, such as the companions of Odysseus, translated by Circe, or well-tricd themes like the blinding of Polyphemos. The situation improves, butrrot impressively, towards the end ofthe sixth century and with red figure,l)Lrt not to lead us to believe that a poem alone could have prompted a serics orcycle of scenes. The Theseus episodes seen on late vases may well have becn

sur)s ir) .r rc.rnt p()cur, LrLrt thcir gcncral poptrlrritr', eud ther of tltc pocruproblblr rcl,rtc to thc rcrv polirical significlncc ofThcscus in Athcus. I hlvc:rrgrrcd elscrvlrcr c thrt Ilcnklcs, xs proriga of Athcn:r, ruey h:rvc cn-jo\ ccl hiscrlornrolls poprrlrliry in l)r-isisrlatid Athcns (ofthe ycers fr()nl lbout ja)o to.llour jlo) bcceusc tlrc tvmnt Ircisistrrtos idcrtificd hirnsclfrnd his lorruncs*,ith thc hcro, plotcctccl bl thc city llodclcss. So ifthc picrurcs cer)nor illwir)shclp us towrrds l bcttcr apprcciation ofcurrcnt litcirtrlr_c (ltlostl,v lost) thcyllrey hevc cvcn 1]rorc to oficr ()n a broxclcr_ social o: proiirical lcvcl- Thts ts .r

strbjcct rlillicult to cxpl()rc :u)d fi eught with incolclusivc lrgultc:rt.Frnallr,, drcrc is thc tict thxt fi onl 5 3o on, rcd fiqrrr c bccanlc thc scDior vesc

pilirrlin!l tL'chrliquc in Athcns, eud hcrc uo noticc is takcn of scc'tlc's oD r-cdfiglrrc v:rscs. Ilut whilc rhis nrc:ur s thet this lccoLult ofnlyrh ol Athclriln vrscsilltcr jJo is seriously incorrplcrc, it still has a siqni6cant unity end indcpcn-dcrcc, sincc thc black figurc iconogrrphy is scncr:rlly difiircnt f'rorl rhc rcdfigurc, both coltirrrljrlij au olcl treditior:urcl clcvclopi:rq ncw illtcrcsts.

The Gods

Thc ()lynrpien dcirics;u_o sccn vcry ficqucntlv ou black figurc vilscs: llotoftcn rs protrgorlists ill lllyth, but xs supportirrg fillrlrcs to hcrocs or in thcirorvn right with no lction invoivcd. As individual patrorr dcitics oftorvns thcyhed a morc irlportant furcrior il thc living rcliqion of(lrcccc tharr hclocslikc llcreklcs or ThcscrLs, lrd it rcqtLircd rrorc ingcnuiry on thc prrr of rhcepic poets :rnd thcir lollorvcrs to iltcgratc rhcnt iu rhc schcntc of rlrythhistory. 13ur rhcir :rttribrrtcs erd scperltc ftrnctions as ' cc1r.rrl ' m enrbcrs oflfirnrily ratlrer thal individuel loc:rl dcitics h;rd alrcady bccn clcfilcd in sonqrnd litcrrtlrrc by thc cighth ccntury aud this is the spilit of rhc v:rscrcprcscrltrltioDs, :rt sorl)c rcnlovc iionr cortcnr1rollly rcligious pracricc endrcflcctirrq r-:lthcr thcir rolc in nyth history. We look irt thcrn first scprr:rtcly,\\,ith solrlc n)),!hs in wJrich thcy tlkc thc lced, thcn as:r fenrii_v, rr holrc arld ilb;rtdc; but chcy will rccur oftclr in scenes dcscribcd in l:rtcr scctions of thisch:Lplcr.

Zrus, in conurorr rvidr thc othcr rlr:rturc rn:lle dcilics, is usulllv shorvnir bieck figurc drcsscd, :rJthorrgh iltcr he genctall,v irppclrs nrkcd, or ncarlyso. His plincipal xttributc aDd wcrpon is :l thLrndcrbol!, styliscd lroot a

selecrion ofspikcs, winss rncl florlls, es on l6:, .to6l, but hc mly holcl a fincsccpt[c lik.'a kiug, and his thronc is ot'tcn r vcrl cllborttc piccc of fumiturc-His cagJc is not often sccu. llc is sc:rrcd ktr tbc Birth oJ Athud, u,lto spnngsfully rrrncd frorn his hcad, ard u,ho eppc:Lrs crncrqing frorr it irr scvcrllsccr)cs lronl :lbolrt 165 orr | 6.u, l zj. r I and sttnclinq on his lap I r 75] liorn aboutJJo on. Hc 1l1ty rceistcr surprise or pain at hcr appcer:urcc., arrd Hcplrlisrus rs

often showll stitl-tirlg away frorn hirn, shouldcring thc axc with rvhich lrc hasjust dclivcrccl his sistcr goddess. Orlc or two womcrl [6?l lnly ltrcnd ZcUs

216

thc goddesscs of chilcl birth, I'ilcithvi:ri lt7,5l. A scxtcd Zcus, xrtcn(l.rl b\tl)c t\\,o \\,on1c11 (',r,i1gccl o1 [t3,fl) bLrt \\,ithoLrt Hcphiristos, is plcstrrrruhlrtrking prc-netal cirrc. l)iol vsos " scconcl birth'6orrr Zcus'thigh rvhcrc hchrcl bt'cn scu,n b,v Zcus for tirll gcstariorr eftcr Scmclc's plclrlltlrrc dcliver \.nlxy be sh()wrl or1 thc l)iosphos l)linlcr's rlemc vesc [:72]. [le:e thc yorrrrrlgod strnds on his 1lp holcling torchcs ard is hailed xs 'light of Zcus'- l)ios plros, btLr sonlc scc yoLlrlg I lcphaistos hcrc. For ZcLts' lnronrs rvc hevcto l,eir tt: : cd flqutc, which cxpllins r latc b]:rck figurc pursuit of(irrttyrrtdl(l yourh with r c()ck), but Errr,r)pd is sccn orr sotrrc lrtc vxscs riding thc Zctrsbull [:14] not to bc confuscd with the mlenad u,lro is sccn siruiltrll,rrrotLntc'd.

Apirr.r-o is uslrally bcalcllcss It91, :t4; but r4o], dresscd rncl nrrv holcl rbo\\,, a lrrLrcl br:rnch or a kithrrr. His silrlatulry rDey bc ilrdic:rrcd b1 e tripocl(I)clphi) and hc is olcc shown ridirle x t: ipod ovc: thc sca, or by rhc peirrr trcc(Dc1os) rvhich supportcd Lcto whiic shc borc him ancl his sistr'r Artcrnis- C)ltwo l:rtc vxscs hc drarvs l bor,r, agair)st the sclpcnt Pllro- [Ic lcts oiicrr rvit]rArtclris or ferrril1, efleirs. ():r Tt,rrlrcniau vascs thcy itl c scdr shooting dowrlthc nlaDv dtildrctt o.l Nnr/rr l6ol, rvho had borstcd of hcr supcrlo[ity to lnrothcr oflrlcrc ru,iDs, aDd nlctiDq out tlrc s;r1]rc trcltrucnt to thc giaDr Jir),o-r,

rvho tricd ro cerry oil Lcto. Tityos is shot in the birck, ancl orlcc showrr hrir).likt'u sutvr, rn indiclcior ofhis holrid rletulc. Lct() st:tnds bctwccrl rcscucr_s

i11d rttlckcr 159]. Tir_vos' lltc is secn or fi't later blrck figurc vascs. Wc sllallhavc to rctunr to Apollo's l)clphic dispLrtcs u,ith Hcrtklcs.

Hnirurs is bceldcd and, in his rolc of rllesscngcl ilr1d hcrilcl, is rlsu:lllydrcsscd for trilvcl with x short chit(nl xncl chhrnys, as or1 [io-r, r-i7], sonlc-tinrcs rvith rn lllillll skil or top, but in a fc'rv scencs belorc thc nricl ccncurvhc u,cars a lorrg chiton (l6"zl, rvhcrc hc idcntilics hinrsclfas ofKyllcnc). Hissun hrt (pctesos) lus r widc brinr end sornctirDcs :L hieh colricel crowD withtlrc brirr ttrrncd up rt thc beck, Robin IIood stylc, as on l t o 7, t 5 4. t, : z6l. Hcis bootcd ard cxrrics :r hcrald stlll'(Lcrykcion, cedr.rcclrs) \\,ith thc opcl) 8-shrpcd tcrnriurl rvhich is only lttcr styliscd as cntwillcd srrxkcs. His hxt ancl

thL' tongucs of his boots mry bc' wingcd, end orcc or rrvicc hc is wingccihilrsclf I r 4o ]- Hc is sornctirn cs eccornplnic'd by a dog, ranr or golt, u1d r11ry

evcn riclc thc llst trvo. His orly rcgulrr follor'virg is a group ofuranphs [,u r.9].(icncmlly his firnction is to lttcrd divinc end hcroic sccncs, n()t to beconrcinvolved, ancl ls a rcstrlt hc is probabll, rcplcscntcd xs oftcn xs lry major dcitycxccpt Athcrla erld L)ionysos. 13ut hc tlkcs ]n activc p;rlt with Kcrircros whcDHcraklcs llas to fctch thc rlroustcr lronr th c urrdcrrvorld { r 6 ; ], end som cri nr cs

h:rs to holcl Plris to lris Jrrclgenlent. As;r b:Lby hc stolc,42ol/rr'r rrrtrfu'and is

sllo\\,1 is lD rdult u,ith r lrcld ofbulls on x Tyrrhcniirtl alllphorr x11d litcvilscs I.ud2]. His slel.irg of ,,1r1os, rvho hacl bccn sct to r",,,atch lo, trenslltcd byHcre into e cow, is llother-r'ali6. iu black fignrc. Argos is showu as a tu<r-ficcd urln, lvhilc Io end Hcre arc in thc pictrrrc too Iio7].

I)rrNysos, qo<l ol '.rinc, is bcardcd, firll_v dressccl xncl usr.rrll) hcevily\\rcrrlllcLl \\ith ,.irrr'or ivr.:rrcl holdiDL x cup (lrorDrxll,v il kiulthrlos or'drirrkrrg horr), err,-1 sonlctinlcs r vinc lcndril. His ship u,ith thc virlc rlrlst onExckias' fiurous cup { r o4-31 problbiy rc'lirs to his cncourrrcr s,ith rfrc pir:rtcswhorrr hc tornccl irto dolphirs. Othclrvisc hc rir-lcs a donkey or trxvcls b,v

chllior [-2.1-2, -256], oltcn u,ith a u,ornan, bridc (Ari;rc1nc) or ruothcr (Scurclc),Ittcl since he \vrs ir conlplrrltivc ncwconlcr to ()lyrnpus rhcsc scenes u,hichbcgin lborrt thc nrid ccllturv, 11rey rllrrdc to his errivrl thcrc. Most co111nlonlyhc stelds, sits or rccl;rcs [,2;,s] (iatc) oftcrr rvirh a consort [(ti, ,7i], plxcidly,ufiilc his tloop of s:ltvrs xld rl)lclxds clilrcc or plil)' rbolLr hinr, ancl on rhcA:rresis ['aintcr's vascs hc witcl]cs his sutyrs lt thc vintilac lEgl. 1-hc rrostinrporterrr f)ion),siuc pr-occssloD was rhe one thet cscortcd thc dr-unkcuHcpluistos brck to Olyrlpus- Thc Frlrgois V;rsc givcs thc carlicst and ftrllcstvcrsiorr [,16.7] ofrhc Rrr/r,r ttl lfuphaistos rvith thc qocls rttcndr[g, urd rvithHcre pirrrcd to hcr thronc wlit;rg to bc rclcrscd b_v Hcph:risros rvho hedprcpalcd thc trrp lor hcr bcforc Zcus c:lst hirrr fi orrr ()lyrupLLs. Fronl thc qhtDionysos end his follorvcrs cscort thc god whosc rclucturlcc had beenovcrcollrc by r'r,inc. This is thc prototyl'rc for nr:rny hrcr lcss cxplicitproccssiors whcrc thc gods in Olynrpr.rs arc ornittcd [65]. Dionysos' facrnghclcl or nlsk lbnls thc ccntrc piccc olr a nunrbcl ofvascs li 7.91, end hc rudAtircnl lrc rhc ouly C)lyurpiarls $'hosc Norship wxs rl xll oftcr) sho\\,D inAthenian bhck figure l:,171: Athcnl as city godclcss, l)iorysos probebiybccltrsc'ofthc lirnction ofso n)xn)r ofthc vxscs irrvoivcd.

Orr rhe Frlnqois Vasc HEpHAIsros is bcrrdcd, fully drcsscd, his ]:rrncncssshorvn b1 a nvistcd foot [46.7]. As cr:rftsrr:tn god his rrtriblrtc is cornnronl)'acloublc rvoocl axc, cspccillll, in rction sccncs, es et thc birth of Arhc*r16z, tzj.tl. ()r1 thc lrtt'r v:lscsishc giver slrortcr lvorkire drcssand tongsr'vhich rcfcr llror-c dircctly ro his rolc es snrith.

Tht' scl god l)osr:IDoN lllilrlcs littlc, looking likc Zcus bur holcling a

triclcnt I r o-; /r,/i, t t z, l4ol, a fish or ;r dolphin. Thc 6glrrc with a tridcnt ridiuql horsc lislr (not r rruc sL'x-horsc) oD liltc vilscs lz5ol nright bc PoscidoD,Nereus ot lrnothel rttlliuc porvct.

Anls, in thc I{,r,knos elirir (scc urrdcr Hcreklcs) or fighting gients is sinrplya hoplitc lvlrrior. Or ()lvrrrpus hc rves rirthcr;n oLltsidcr xnd his positioll u1

thc FrarrCois Vasc sccuc of thc return of Hcph;ristos [46.7 /rli] indicatcs hisiiilure ro rchicvc bl forcc rvhat Dionysos had acJricvcd b,v r'r,inc.

Of thc gocldcsscs AtrrrN.t is nrturllly thc most pog'r.rier. Shc docs notrctnlarl,v appcar arrnccl bcforc thc sccord qulrtcr oftlrc sixth cclltr-lry spcarr

onl)r on 194] lnd in thc Judgenrent [-]B]. Hcr helrrct is ofthc Attic vrriery.ottcn in its 1l1ost sunrnl:lry lorrr a mere cap to slrpport a high crcst [-t35].Shc r'r,cers e pcplos :rncl, cspccillly on P:truthcnaic vlscs Ir15.r l, e ktrcc-orcrlfllcngtlr ovcr-garDreDt lrJJ, tj9, t6z, zzj] (cpcnd,vtcs) sornctinrcs opcn etrhc siclcs. Thc Acgis, n scllv uilgic uont skin givcn hcr by Zcus, is u.orn likc a

.2rii

bib, its ctrrll,cclgcs sr,vlisccl lilc srr;rlcs l-97, 1ot.zl.l)rrr not rrsLrell\.bcerrnqthc gorgoncion conrnrorrlv shorvrr lutcr- l::71. Hcr on,1 scldo:l appcrrs, :rrdo:r rr fiu llrtc vlrscs shc is sho,,vrr lr'ingcd l?:o7l t trrit leerncd fronr lnst(ircccc- Ap:rrt fronr hcr birrh, rl:circlr.consiclcrcd, hcr- tppcerarrce in bleckfigurc is trsLr;rl1y in hcr rolc as piltr-or ofhcr()cs ofHc[aklcs rncl to r lcsser

clcgrcc of1)crsc'us. Ii,v thc nricl ccrrrurl,lrcr:rssocietion rvirh a cherior mey hevcbccn c'stirblished bl thc sccnc of Hc'raklc's' Lrtrodrrction to Ol-vrrrprrs (scc

bclow) but is uscd eqein letcr in sisrutomrchies [:.!4]. It is intcrcsting tonorice how thc Aulrsis Plirrtcr sccnrs to insist on :r lriendly relltionship rvithPoscidon, rvhilc Cllssicel ar r du,clls or thcir strugglc ftrr posscssion ofAthcns,:rs in dre ['artht':rorr pccliorcnt-

HrRa is qivcrl no spccill rrtlibutc's in Athcniiin bllck figurc c'xccp! lor xnocc:rsionrl lincr cLou.:r uDcl sccFtrc. Shc is rttlckcd b), sltt,rs on e vasc oflror.rnd 54o au cvcnt rcclllccl iu rccl ligurc b,v thc llrygos l):rrrtcr.ApHRorrrE, rhc third of drc soddcsscs in thc Jtrdgment of Paris, is htrdl,vbcttcr scrvcd. As cerl1.ls ;7o shc is sho\\,n witl) Elos ill hcr arns, blr! Erar i\ tobc thc deriilg of rcd tigulc not black figurc'.

Arllurs is nrorc iutcrcsrilg to thc icono!jraphcr. In thc scvcnth ccnturvshc had bccn shou,n as r Mistrcss ofAnrnrals, oltcn rvingcd, Iiolding onc orlrvo bcasts, usr.rrlly lions. Shc appcers thus o11 thc Friulqois Vrsc hrucllcs [4 6.2 ]

lnd :r fc'w othcr Athcnian v:rscs, but not much rfter the nricl ccntntv; ltst o:r tlckythos b,v thc Aruasis Pailtcr. In nr),th shc is idcntificcl b,v hcr bou, or clccrend eppcrrs oftcr in support ofher brother Apollo [59, 6o]. Shc causcd thchuntcr,4trrrirrl to bc torn b,v his dogs for rn ofli'ncc v:rriousl,v spccificd il;rnticluit,v (bo:rstirg, lrrstine or vicr,vinq hcr- nakcd) and lre srrflcls this fltcllonc, orr occ:rsiorrll vascs l.z5 t] t'ror:r rborLt 56o on.

Ints carrit's r cidr.rccr.rs likc Hcrnrcs. Or thc Frangois Vesc shc is $,ingless,but latcr usualJy rvingccl, erd on sonrc Ixtc vilscs shc xrtcDds Hcctor's drr!llirnqrouncl thc rvalls ofTrov. Thc Diosphos l)lirtcr has hcr clrryine e Jcttcr endon r letc'cup shc appcars u,ith sat)'rs, rccalling thc asslrlt on Hcr:r (scc ebovc).

l)lr,rrrrn enrl hcr diLlqhtcr PLrrsEpnoNr. clrr'y torchcs or cers ofconr, btrtrhcy:rre inlrcquent on Athcnian bllck figurc. Thcrc arc, horvcvcr, occilsion:llpicttrrcs of thcir rrlrlc prr-tncr ilt Elculis, 'l t'iprolut:rts, scatcd il his u,hcclcdrhronc Ii 4 6] (soou to becomc r wingcd ch:uiot ir (lrcck :rrt) md holding cersofcom on his mission to ciny thc blcssxrlls oflgriculturc to cilth.

Thc gods actirrg rrrcl 6ghtiug rogcthcr as l firmily proviclc nrlny, inrpor tantblack fignr c teblcrux. Mosr dcitics, cvcn I)cmctcr, rnly bc sccrr r,vith r chlr i,r(asl-z:6l,LrtQarrclouthcanalogvofthcAthcn;rriodl)iorrysossccrcs,wcrlrlysupposc drcm to bc ol1 thcil wlly to ar1 Olyrrrpiln colrrrcil, or prcp:lrirrg tbrthet orher qrcrt nruster ofthc qocls at thc u,cclding ofPclcus and Thctis. Thcgocls sit togcrhcr ro grcct thc rcrrr r'rl ofl lcph aisto s on thc Frln qois Vesc l 4 6. Tland oftcn latcr lor no spcciflcd occesion. Morc often they stnucl, convcrsc, oL

lrccollrpirlly c:rch othcr's chuliots lro-3, tt2, tlo, 15j, tg3l. Tlrerc lrc sonrc

2tg

p()pu lx r l \,! (rs, )rn c\ \\'lr iclr utc c;rsily cxplicablc: Artcmis end Apollo, Zeus ;rntll:is ch;r nr bcr'llin I lcrrrrcs I r 5 51, Athcne rnd rhc r1cwly promorcd Henklcs.'lll bntlt ol tll ladr arrrl.qi,:ar-r:rppcnts lirsr ot Arhctian vrscs in rhc 56osand thc lincsr sccucs ofthc nlass ltcti()r) :lrc carly on li-xgllclrtxr\, vrscs 6-0rlrthe Acropolis iry Ncalchos, L,vdos 164 | end othcrs. On liucr- vrsas the actorlatoluld ZL'us' che ot! ol sepal.atc cncoLrnter s occasiolally groupccl in tr,vos or-thrccs erc prcferrccl. Itisthccallysr:crrcsu,lrichcourecloscsttotilcspirjtofthcfinc stonc rclicf friczc frorn thc' Siphriarl trcxsrry ar Dclphi rvhich is

ryprcciably )atcr (:rbout 5-:5), and on rhcsc onll,is (ic, thc clrth nrothcr, \ccnsuppliceting Zc'us tir hcr qiant childrcn. Thc qiltts urc drcsscd rnd fight:rshoplitc's, but;r 1lw 11)ay h:rvc sctly cor-sclcts arld \or1le tllro\\r rt.irrr"r. Tlr.ccntrc piecc is gencrelly Zcus'chrriot, wirh Athc,:ra fighcrng bcsidc it ardHcrlklcs uporr it, u,itlr onc foot on riru ch.,r r.r pt,lr. f.l1 in{ h ri b,,rr,, \^ hicir ishisonly r,r,c:rpon in this ectioD {.206]. HcrJkles rnrcr\ iJnrr.,n .r rhc srdrofthcgocls rvas dccisivc alrd Athena natumlly kccps closc,. Ou nrlnv vescs altcr 53oshc is sccn hanclling a whcclir)q chat.iirr hcrrcll rid rns d.rl r r -r gi.rrrt. Th e sccrcis thcD en isolarcci oIc, but oncc Hcr-aklcs stands bcsidc hcr l:d41. Hc,r spccirledvcrsarv is Enkclados I t z tl. Zc,as is scldorn shorvn i:r arnrour. Hc rvields ;r

rhunclcr bolt es hc nlourlts his chariot, or, hrcr, fights oll fbor. Hcrrlrcs issolllctirltcs i11 tu morrr, btrt rrrcly fights itr I scp:rrate dUcl, whilc Arcs appcllsls an ordinlry rvarrior. Poscidon is arrncd oniy irr thc cerl1, scqnc5 tru; i5 1116li1

oficn nakccl or lishtly <lrcsscd. He fiehts witli his tridcnt, rercly a spcer, enclhis spccirl contritrutiol is to crursh rhc gia:rt polybotcs wirit en c,nornrousrock, brokcn fronr thc islerrd of Kos which, whcn ir [:ri]s, u,ill beconrc thcisland Nisyros. Apolio end Artcnris rarely fighr, with bows. L)ionyros,wrcarhcd xnd wllppcd il rn aninlill skirl, fights r,vith spclr ald shield and ishclpcd by liols. Hcphaistos, on lu Acropolis vasc, plics thc sacks ofhis bcllor,vsto heat tirc co.ls $,hich he will hrrrl at titc giar)ts, as on thc Siphnien trc:rsrrryfriczc, but hc is not to bc lookcd for in thc later vcrsioDs. Hcra dons hclmctand sl-ricld and fiehts rvitir vigour by hcr cousort's sidc. A good cxarnplcgivitg nrosr of rhc sccncs is [154] whcrc our il]ustririons shorv il acri<;lHcrmcs, Hcra and l)io:rysos wc;l r1g an lnimel skin and helpcd by a snakcaud iions; thcr a sod in a chlriot and a goddcss (not shown) ; finllly poscidon,aDother goddcss, lnd AtheDl i hcr chariot.

The whole spirit ofthese sccnes oftlrc Olyrupi:rns rs a farrrily is l new oncirrtir.ck.rrt. rlrlror.gltlorrgt.rrrrrlr.tirrrhcH,,rtrL.rrcpocrrrr. flrc.,crre,l,cErrrto appcar abour drc tirne ofdrc'rcorglnisation ofthc paD.rtheDaic Festival in566. This possibly involvcd Honreric recirals or conrpctitions, and rhe pcplosrobc' brought ro Athcna on thc Acropoiis et thc Crcrt panetheruia wascrnbroidcrccl with scencs lio[r thc war with the (]iants_ Thc vasc sccneswhich beiong to thc cxrly years ofrhc rcorganiscd festival, ancl werc rnany ofthem dcdicated on the Acropolis, surcly rct'i-r to it.

22.)

Herakles

LJcraklcs, by origil r PcloPorr lr c\iir rl hcro, bcclttrc tltc tttost PoPLllar rlrydlo-logical figurc orr Athcniau blrck Iigurc vxscs Probirl)ly bccausc his petroncss

\\'ls Athcrle \\,ho was thc.itv goddcss lncl is rcgrtlarll' shou.n rvith hinr. TJre

rssociatior l)l:ly have bccn cxploitcd politictlly llso and Pcisisoatos, thcAthcuiln tyrert, rcturncd 6onl his sccond e\ilc with x chxrlde rccilllirtgtlothing mor-c thlln Athcra's inttocluctiorl ofHcraklcs to C)l)'rr rPos by char i()t.

Thcseus' cvcntuel chellcngc to his populerity in Athcrriel xrt llso had its

political oveltorlcs.On thc vlscs hc is :r bcl-deci figrtrc, oflerr wcxring his liou skin t ith thc

prrvs knottcd rcross his chcst rnd usually with irs mesk as his cap. Thc skitlnrel bc hcld ur b,v r bc1t, or-, lltcr, fly lrcc likc- :r capc lz-u 81. Bcnc:rth urly bc :r

short tunic or chitorr. Hc is oltcn whollv rrekcd, rerely drcsscd es a htlplitc and

rrcvcr heLuctccl. I lis usurl wcxpon is r clLrb ftrot belorc abortt l70 on Arhenl.Ln

v:rscs) bou or-sword, Irol x sPcrr (but rlotc 16.91). As en archcr hc nrr,v :tPpc'ar

ill Scvthien drcss LIrt not \\,ith r Scythi]n crp. Thcrc lrc rilrc cxlllnPlcs of rl

bc:rldless Hcluklcs aftcr 5:o, bccomirrg corllrllol)cr irr thc filth ccnturl'.Athcru is vcry oircn shou,n hclping or cncouragirill him Thc onll othcr

rcguhr attcndlnt frgLrrc is Iolros, his chrriotccr, wlro rttly bc weitiDg rvith thcchu iot, holdirg Hcreklcs' usclcss rvcapoDs whilc hc wrcsllcs with thc lion, o:'

sinrply'lvetching Ir9.z, tg7]. Hisonlvictivcltclp is:rgilinstrhcHyclr:r. Mostofthc sccncs lrc of violcn! :Lctidl elrd involvc thc Lebours sct bl KingEurysthcus of MyceDae. Thcy eppcer' 6rst iu Adrcrrien black 6gtLrc il thc

sccoDd quxrtcr of thc sixth ccDlurv, but thc cxnonic T\vclvc Lebours of thcChssicrl pcriod rncl latcr lvcrc nor l1l cquall)' Poptrlar in ctl licr cl:r,vs. Most ofthc othcr Hcreklcs sccrlc! lrc rlso rro cerlic'r thln thc scconcl qullrlcr of dlcccntLlrv c\ccPr lor sonrc involvi]lg Ncssos, othcr cclltrurs, Nclctts etrcl

[)romcthclts-!Vc trkc thc LxboLrls filst. .lJrl N'crttratl 1-rorr rvas invr.rlncreblc ro ordinarv

werpolls- Frorr lhc nlid ccrlttlly orl Hcreklcs sotllctilllcs tlkcs a sword to it,ollcc lli\ bcnt s\'\,ord is shou,n, and oltcn his usclcss wcepons rrc hurtg up, laicl

rsidc or hclcl by Iolaos who is cor)rn)oll,v ;r xttenchncc. Slalrditrcl sclrerlrcs t'br

thc fight elc rs follor,vs:

(.r) thc Lion Icxrs Llp:lgtiDst Hcleklcs \\,ho thrc]tcrls it, grasps a pl\\', r:t1 lDavnor to11ch it rt a11 [rEgl; (b) r steDding fight with thc boclies crosrirrg.Hcr':rklcs' lrrrrs rloLlnd rhe Lion's ncck arrd thc Lio:t solllctirnes cla\virr'jllcraklcs'lcg l97l; (c) rs thc hst bul with thc Lion's hcad turncd en'rv; (d)

with botlr bodics going right, thc Lion bc,vond Hcrrklcs I91l; (c) rvrcstlilrgo1r tbe qrourlcl, Hcrlklcs kncclrrtg with his arnls iuotuld lhc Lion's ucck,

rhcir boclies cxtcnded i:r oppositc dirccrions, or (t) iu thc s.tnlc dirccti,,rr;(r) Hcllklcs krccls end throrvs drc Lion forlr,ard ovcr his shoulder (vcryr1[c).

'1'lrc l:rst thlr'r'rrl thcsr'r'crsions llrc sccn r)D1\'ri'tel ebout ijo. All !hcsc groopsrcscnri)1. ordirrrr'\ \\rc\tliDq tllrows o: holc1s. Thc rrlists oac:lsi(rrrllv sho\'tltc hcro rvc.rlirrrl l llon skin, firrgcttirg th;rt hc lcrluirccl it firrur rhis vcrlLion. ()ncc hc is slro\\rr qLrttinq llie crcrtur-c.'l'his is rhc nrost poptrler ofrJlthc Lebotrrs lnd ucll ovcl fivc hundrcd bl:rck figLrrc rcplcsclrtlttiol\ .llckrorvr pcrllrps nror'e thilrl rhosc of :rll rhc othcr Lebours put togcthcr.

71rr' Hydra hls lrorr trvo to ninc (usu:rliy ninc) snekc hcrds cnlclging li or I

l plurrrp, coilccl bod\,, sorrrclirrrcs r,vith I tbrLcd t:til, likc r nrirssivc shcll-lcsssDlil. Hcr-rklcs usLlxlll :rtt:rcks r,vith l srvord, soltrctitl)cs rvirh e sicklc (herpc):rDcl is olrcn hclpcd br. Iollos. Thc AthcrirD ar-tist scldorrr adrlrits thc cr;rb, scnrbr Hcr:l to ctclrtc ir clivclsion by nippilg Hcr_eklcs'lrcci, ol Iolilos'tolch u,ith$hich Ilc sc:rls thc scvcrccl uccks, or thc rvlitirrg chlriot, lvltich.trc olicrrsho\'n irl rron-Athcllirn sccncs; thc lrlollstcr too is nollll.rlly iurrcr. l'u7ol is

rrntrsuellv crplicit-Hcrrklcs cnptLrrcs thc l:r'ytnntltiat l3oal rvith his berr. h.rncls lnd rrrl,v bc

sllou rr !l.rpplurq rvirh ir, lltiine ir, cerrf irg it o:r his shouldcr. or tr uudlirrq rr\\'hccl-l):rrrow leshior I r 661. Eurysthcrrs, obsc:ving his rturn, hicl ir I p.utburiccl storlucjlr lncl L{cr:rklcs is oltcrr showri rboLlt to tip tlrc bol: i:r on topofhinr {19:] thcon11 L:rborrr rvhich lc:rdsitsclfrohunrour-. 1hcc:rpLrurissho*,r brrcll bcfbrc rhc nriclcllc of thc ccntuly; thc confiont:rtion rvirhEttryslhcrrs burclv bclbrc thc lesr cperrcr.

'l-lr Kcr),uiti,lt 1)r,tr,"r'as Ar-tcuris'bcest errcl hecl I golclcrr horn. licr.rklcscxptLrres it rliv. l.:ogl ucl is oncc shor.r'rr brcrkinq oft its lrorr. Iloth Artenr:;rrd Athcrrr rrrilv lttcrlcl (scc:rlso bc-lou rvith Apollo). Of his orhcr aninreltlr.rlrrics thc St,r,nrphrli:rn Bircls erc rercl\ showD, rittrtckccl bv swor-d, bow orslirrr: [951. end rhc Thrrciln Horscs of Dionrcdc\:r]c its !c.rrcc lr7o.r]. onccshou n rvinqcd :urd ettecLccl u,ith .r cltrb l-u 5 7l. Thc CrcreD llrrll, rvh ich h.rcl tobr^ blought brck lli,,,c, is fir morc conrruor, tlonr drc lticl ccntut y ou. Apnrrironr sccrcs ofthc cirptlrrc, thc nrost clr:rrlctcr-istic clolrp, ofthc l.rtc pcliocl,shorvs thc BLrll brorrght to lrs knccs ltS+, :Z+l errd bcirg ticcl bv its nruzzlc,,'-.,.rr,I .,.rr..r trr r. ..,.rrrr,.l..

Hcrlklcs'cucountcr $ith (l(,,),ori errd thcfi ofhis c.tttlc, wls onc ofthcruorc cotrinroulv rcplcscrted Lrborrls- (lcrvor .rppcilrs ilr il triplc wrt-ri(rr,joirrcrl .rt thc $ilist, iuld Hcrlklcs:rdr':nrccs on hirrr u,ith bou, or club h:r,.rrrr1:rlrc:rdy disp:rtchccl rvith rn rrrorv onc oi thc rhrcc Lrodics, rvltich is col-lepsinr 196 ]. C)thcr fisurcr sho\\ 11nl:rv bc thc skirr-c;rppcd hcr rltnrrn ELr ryu()luho hes rlrcedv bcc[ stIUck dowD, his nronsrcr doq ()r'lhos, rvho:tltry bclwo-hc.lclcc1.,rncl tltc crrttlc.

Orthos'brothcr,thcdoeKlrr(,,'or,hrLltr)bcblouqhtoLrtoflhclcsl-r6:71.Thc lrorrstcr is trsu.rllv shoun with tlo hclcls lucl sornctimcs u,ith sn:rk)c\crcsccnccs. Hcrrkles n.'eotiiltcd lris strrrcnclel lll.l clocs Dot hlvc to 6ghthinr, rnclelv to lced hirr, brrt lrc kccps his club rclclr',:rs \\,cll rs thc c|.rrn.

Hclmcs mrv bc shou.n couxing thc rr()nst(r', lrLl l)crscpltouc u,utchinq. Ircu,letc sce:rcs sbor,r, Hcnklcs' lc(lri\iri()rr of drc ,4pplr,r o/ tirl Ht-rpt,rirlr,-r, cirlrcl,iuppoltirls thc hcevcns uhilc Arles li'tchcs thc litrit Iz5z], :rs or) rhc f.ulroUr()lt,nrpil rnctopc, or hinrsclf lrt:rckirg thc st'rptrtt coilcd :rrorrrtrl thctrcc [2.i3]- ()n his u rr. u'cst hc nrc't Flli()-r (thc Surl) rnd :r fell' 1:rlc vnscs shorvthc confrontetior, Hclios ir Jris rvingccl cha:ior, olic'n frolt:rl [-z6o], lncl tlvohrvc Hcreklcs seilins ir thc (loldcn llor"vl u,hich llclios providccl [:3:].Thcrc erc no sccr)cs of thc cicxr)sirq of Au{c:rs' stlblcs.

Hcraklcs' fighr egeinst thc.4rrra.'olr is gcncrrlly conducred es r rcguhrbtttlc, :tncl chc hcro hls u,arriol contpltuio:rs u,ho oftcn turc ler lcss u,cll thenhc- Hcllklcs'opporlcnt! oficu shorvn filling arvey fronr hirrr, is sonrctul)csuilDrc(l Androrruchc l ;6l. Thc fight is sccond in poprrlrritl orl; to thc Lionrnd bcttcr rcplcscntcd th:ul nrost L;rtrorrrs in thc sccond cllrilrtcr of thcacrtLu ),.

So rrruch 1-or thc L:rbours, bLlt thcrL' rr'c subsicliar'l cpisodcs. To cliscovc: hisroutc to thc I lcspcriclcs I lcr uklcs qr appics r,r,ith Nlrlrr r, thc Olcl Mln of tlrcSce. 'fhis is e sccDc cllr-r-cnt x1lcady in thc 6rst qrrlrtcr_ ofthc ccntlrr\'. Ncrcush:rs t lturtrln lotcpatt arrcl long frshy bocl1, lrom ,,vhich brclk orit r[iulif'Lst.r-tions ofhis skill rr lnr.rtilrion into srllkc, lion or' fir c. Hcrlklcs tLrrrrs his hcrd toobscrvc rhesc [16]. 13ciorc thc nricldlc ofthc ccrtrrrl thc r)utiltiorls clislppcxr,Hcraklcs lhccs lirrrverd, lnd thc rlonstcl sccrlls to hlvc cherrgcd iclcntity irndis latc'r ne:ucd 'l ritott lzt 3). The poi:rt ofthis chirrgc rDiv hivc bccrl r nrrttcroi polirical s,vmbolisrrr radlcr tiriul ln,vth()i()gy. On a fcrv llitc vuscs NcrcusrcrppciLrs, but l,holly hunr:rn [-:o.z], u,ith flrc sterting fiom his bodv lnclenirrrrls eroLrnd, likc his dauehtcr Thctis nttcnrpti:rq ro fighr oli Pclctrs (sccbclo rv).

Arrothcr cpisodc lssociltcd u,ith l Lrbour wxs thc fiqhr with rhc (,i,rrt,rrrs-

L)n his rver, 1br thc Ilo:rr hc pcr suedcs thc ccntaur l)/ro/os to opcr thc ccr)li1rlr s'

corDtliunill rvincjlr to Jct hirtr cltiDk. Thcjar is sho$ n es e sunkcn pithos u ithits sllb licl lcrlrovcd whilc Hcrlklcs rncl Pholos sterd by ol drc iiehtbcqins lr97l. Ihc rLo:uu uttractccl thc othcr ccntrurs rvho :rtceck, ;rnd ur-c

toutcd by Ilcreklcs, so wc hrvc n1a1ly sccr)cs with sinrply Hcrtklcs fightrnqccltarrls I i.z.: ].

_fhc sinrplc ccntarrr fieht is shou D bcf'orc 6oo bu t ill sollt c litcr

ccnt:tur'om:tcltics thc cclrltc-\t ol cvcrl thc idcnri|t, of e Hcr;rklcs lrirv bcqLrcstionccl {9a, i r 7]. I'hc ccltaiu Pholos .^pisodcs bcgin ir drc 5t o'r-

'I hcrc arc othcr cncountcrs, lcss ()ttcl sholr,n : oncc' $ ith (i,ra-r, Olcl Aqc,showl rs I \\'izcncd dwlrf; rvirh thc gilrrr,4rrt,lirr-r rvlth rvltonr hc wrc,i-tlcs IIgg]; rvith thc qilnr hcrclslllllrl .4/t)ro,rarr-r rvho is rrstL;rllr' slton,u rccLrr-bcnt ol slcc'pine, holdinq a rurssivc club fzo5l r,vith rhc snrell u,rrllccl f-rgrrre ofHypnos (Slccp) pcrchcd or hirn end drc Clttlc of drc Sun, uiich hc ltrrcl

stolcrr, nciLr bv; u.ith thc trvin robbcrs, Kr,r'Aopc-r, r,honr hc pursucs or', nrorcofrcll, crrrics otl likc glnrc, sllspcrrdcd Llpsidc clo\\,n fionr ir polc ecr-oss hisshoultlcr' l:341, a position fiorn u,hich rhcy.libccl :rt his huirincss until hc fi ccd

rt -l

thcrr);rnLl sh()()tir)g (lo\\,r thc lirtrily ofllarltos for rhcir doublc rlc:rling. Forthc iight rvith li.ylrror, ulrich is morc popular, Herakles rna1, rvcur clir,luclyprovidcd rrrr)olrr (brrr ro hclntct) lnrl is often supportccl by Atlrcnl rvhilcI{vknos is hclpcd bv Arcs l-z:31. llirrclv our- hcro is fightine A rcs hirnsclf (as

or1 thc KolchosJug [6dl) with K,vknos clclcl a1rcacly. Athcne or Zcus rrav bcshowl) scpxrxtirrg tLrc colrrbatants, aDd lxter Zcus' thllncicrbolt rlonc is shou,nhovcring betu,c'en thcur. Br-rir/-r, en Esl,ptier king, slcriliccd ail foluignvisitors. but Hcreklcs turns thc tablcs on hin ud his Africar) steli-. Thc s.cnL is

rrrc (rLniquc?) ir Athcnil:r black fir:urc'll43l.Hcraklcs hld to light trorh ro rvin errd to kccp his briclc Dc-iuuin. Hc fiqhts

thc rivcr god ,4rlrr,/oos, rvho is like r centaur but wirh :r bull's bod,v, or, rarcly,shown islr human hcadcd bull. Thc crclturc's horn is ofrcn grrspcd l-:oEl,btrt not, in bl:rck frgurc, brokcr o1l ls it should bc in rhc stor\.. Thc ccrrrlLrrrV'JJo-r tricd to rlpc Dcirnir a hlving fi'rriccl hcr lrcloss a rivcr'. Hcr:rklcs kiilshinr u.irh srvord, rrrorv or cluLr. In thcsc cpisodcs l)ciarire hcrsclfrnl,, stluclto Nxtch, is irr Ncssos'illn1s, on his buck [7g], or is omitrcd. Hc'rlk['s rnclNcssos eppcrr ir bleck ftgulc llrclcly bclirrc 6oo on thc Ncssos Piintcr's narlrcvtsc [5.-r ]. Thc sill Hcsiorlc hls llso to be rescucd, b1, killing l sc:r nronstcr,.rr,d tlruru ..ru L,t. .,.r'.', ol H, r.rLt,.., rrl(rrr- it\ r.,pinr j.,rr.. ln \ r,l ,.ul rr\ronguc I r 79].

Thc'r'r' nlc two spcciel crlcourtcrs n,irh Apollo in rvhich the,v disputcposscssion ofcitircr ,4 pollo's tripol or a der, rvhich nrrl bc tlkol ro bc Apolio's:rninrr1, or his sistcr Artcrnis'. []oth Artclllis alld Athcne xrc usuallv shorvu rrr

sr.rpporc, encl thc plotxgolrists eithcr' ftcc cech othcr rvith thc prizc trctwccnthcnr, or Hcreklcs lrolds it bcncath hls ernr rnd Apollo fbllou,s ro \\,riJ\r rtlroru hinr ltE,l, 22t. j2o; tq1). -lhe tripod sccnc is corltlotrcr ltrd ln;r\, htvchcld sonrc syrubolic signilicaucc in Dclphi :rfrcr thc First Slcrcd \Var.

1)rorrlr,//rcr.r-r, bourrcl lnd inrpllccl on e stake, is frced by Hcr:rklcs who shootsdoun Zcus'clglc u,hich contc\ diil).to cilt Pronlcthcus' livcr. Tlrc sccnc:rppcilrs llrcxdy by 6oo [6.2], rnd on a 1i.\\,Tyrlhcnian vescs.

I Icreklcs' only qui.t orolrlcrlts in blrck figurc erc rvirh lris pltrot or lt Jris

:rporlrcosis. His IttrLtdrrctiort rtt ()l),npus js efc'ctcd b,v Athcne rvho lcecls hirlbclirrc Zcus. C)thcr gods nr:Ly be in attcuclrrucc, notrblv Hcrnrcs rvlro cer lcaclthc proccssion es ushcr lr.u3.zl. A liw carlv sccncs show his rpproech bvchirrio!, but Athcnu hcrsclftakcs thc rcins only iiorn !hc 55o's ol lnd cithcrflglrlc lrrav bc shour nrountinq ol disnronntcd lr6E]. Iol:ros is sornctrrrcrrrr)cxpcctcclly ptcscrlt, rrsu:t1l) es cheriofccr. C)thcr gods rrray accomplnv thcproccssion, copicd oI rDspirccl b1. l)cisistraros' rcturn to Athcrrs lr]d lhcAcropolis irr thc earlr'51o's (Ilcrodotus i 6o). Soructinrcs thc herncssing r'shorvr, errd with i scttillg of c()hul)ns u.hich suqgcsts thc Acropolis rt-sclf[22J1. L)n L)lylrpus Ir5-il Hcrlklcs plavs t]rc irtcllcctuel, cnrcrtrinin,jrvith thc lvrc or kithar':r, aDCl nlilv xpperr rllolmlinlr e pletlbrrn (bcrre) topcrfbrnr ll65l, but orcc ;r bLrrrirg lltlf is shorvn, so thc scttillg nrilv not

2)4

:rl\\':rvs I)e ()lynrpus. Hc rrrrrriccl rvcll.:rucl ir shol,r in a cirerior rvith rhcqoddcss Hcbc. Lr rhc lest qr.rertcr of thc ccntu r-r' hc is sh ot n ulonc u ith orlrcrgods cspcciellv Athcn;r l:.761, u,ho conqrrtuhtc hin rs hc rc.lincs irlli'.rst lr6r], sornctinlcs l.ith l)ionvsr.rs lncl sclvcd b\ s.rtvrs, occlsion.lilyhinrsclf conrribrrtirg !o thc rcvcis on thc pjpcs. His othcr lsvrcietiorr rvirhsrtvrs orl bhck ligllrc is orr t\\ o littc vlscs rvhcrc hc is robbcd bv thcnr, :urcllclcling tltcrr ils prisoncrs. Scenc's of hi:n s:rcrificing (et dlrvn on [:60], ls a

victor lr;9]) or lc:rding r bull to srcrificc holdinq e burdlc of spirs lr67lprcsurr)ilblv Iclcr lo his lilc o:r c.rrth-

Theseus and other heroes

()ulr thc (lrcfln :rdvcnttrrc ofThcscrrs figtrrcs irttportlrlth, i Athcrliitn blrckfigurc, r.r'irh thc sh liug of thc Miroterrr lnd thc vicrory d:rnca- Thc lxrtcr wrssholvn b,r'l(lcitils oncc oD thc Frlur(_ois Vrsc *.hcrc thc ship cornine to piclup thc girls rr)d vouthr rcscucd bv TltcscLrs is elso scct 146.,r1.'l-hcscus hcrclclds or thc ly rc lrrrl is a bcrlclcd, scrtclr' lirarrr-c. This is lrorv hc ls shourr brErckirs (on e h-eqnrcrrt) uho rlso p:rirts l cluict sccnc ofhis sons t,ith tltcitholscs. llesidc Thcscltr at thc dilcc oll thc' FlilDc-ois Vesc strrtrls Arildnc.holdine thc skcrr of rhrc:rd r,,hich h.rd lcd hirn through thc l:rbvrirrth lncl a

wr'cxth, xnd t() hcr siclc hcr nrrrsc. Ari.tclnc rncl nursc :tlso lrtclcl thc s1l1,ing ofrhc ,llirrorirrrr on thc sisncd brnti cup bv Archiklcs .rnd (iirukirL's lr r6..u ],whcrc Athcllx \1,rits u,ith thc lyr c rrd voung Athcllirlns \iltch thc cn(1)Lllltcr-u hich shouid h:rvc tlkcn phcc oLrr ofthei: siqht ir thc isollrcd rcccsscs ofdrcI:rbl rin tlr. Thcr , or lcpr-cscl)trtivct, l c shou n in olh cr clcpictions o fthc frlaht,\\,hich \virs vcr-\ populrr fiolr itbollt .i60 on. Thc ltonstcr hrs :t hLnlel bodr.,soDrctin)cs hairr,, rlith :r bLrll's hcllcl e d t:ril rrtd nte\' bl-il riish lr stol]c-Thcscus, bcrrdlcss, rttrcks \\.ith a srvold. holclirg thc bclst's horn, r.r,r.ists orrrcck. Thc c()nlnr()ncst scl)cllrcs huvc thc Minor.ru: ruunilg tiolr hlnt, orullLpplccl lncl uith its irced turncd towerds or aull,frolr hirtr. OD vcry lrrcvascs thc nloDstcr hrs fillctr to tltc rrtounrl ot.is bcillg dritrlgccl liont fltclebvtirrrh in rhc rcd flgut c :rurncr-- Thcscus usuJll\' \\'cirrs :r short chiton, u.irlr:ur lrrimtl skiu on thc crrp citccl, but on vascs oflround 54o bl,Lvclos {66-:llttcl l compllion, hc ucirrs rvlrrt rntrsl hilvc Lrccrr r-ccoqniscd as r C)-ct:rn loincloth,lnd in sonrc ofthcsc sccncs his cloak lics foldcd ovcr.t storlc.

Of lris.rnrouts, thc rlpc of Hclen hls bccn suspcctcci in sccncs rvith n,, cr

YoLlths accostiDrl ii woll):lt1 (Antesis I)lintcr) or trki g hcr to I chlrr.,r(Lersros Cilorrp), but drc Anrlzon QLrccn,4r,r/()l)t' i\ idcrti6:rblc bv hcr.drc\srld oucc br inscription. Shc too is clrricd to I chrriot, t\viac \\'jth Posciclonill)ctting ol1 Lcrirrirl vitscs l.:ool. Thcscrrs is nuntccl otr thc Frenr.ois V.tscccntlurorrrrchr', hclpirrq Pcilirhoos:rncl thc L:rpiths, but rot in othcrs.

Lr thc sirth cclltllr_\ AtltcDx is or l]tuch lntcrcslccl in thc hct-o rvho rs rLr

bccorttc hcr citt,'s hcro prr cxccilcrrcc. His Dc\\. st:rtu\ is l)irrdh, lchicvccl

t2j

bcftrrc ;rboLrt .,ro. rvhich sccs thc cDd of Pcisistr.rrirl r.rrlc lr Athcns. IhcnThc-scus c:ploits on thc ro;rcl tl-onr Troczcn to Arhcns Lrcgin to rrppcer-olicn orr\ilscs, cspccirllv rcll figurc, bLrt drc Thcscus P:rintcl shorvs him u,ith .Prrrr.r.rrr/r,r(lopplrrg hirr). Sirrr-r (prcprrlrq to strctch hinr ou his pil)c trcc) ;rr11 S(ilr,r(toppling lrirrr) f-u;-s l. Hc is irlso non sccr biurline rhc ,\.lat.ttltnlidit Bulll24)lt1.lthc schcnrc used b,v I lcr'.rklcs rvith thc () cr:rr bcrst. brrt thcrc is :r nrid-ccrrturyYrsc sho\\'irrs.t uirkcd voullr;tttrcking i1 Lrrrll ,,,"ith ir suord (?) lrtl rlris rrrightbc hc.

l)rr r.us' rvooing of lrld rtrurrirgc to fhctis tirltccl rhc pt.olouuc to rhcTrtlerr l.u uncl urs srrng in thc Epic Trojun c)clc (icc l)clo\\,)- C)ihis clr.licrDrisrdrcrtulcs orrc. \\]tcrc hc uls trccrl, bY l /irrir tl n badr.ltIpc.lrs orr rwolltc vuscs l:.;ol on onc ofrvhich his rcscucr- thc ccDtilur (lhirorr is .rlso shorl,n.H c n lcstlcs rvith th (. sp()r ts\\'o lrllll .ltalatttd <lt e r'.rsc oiebout j6olucl sorirrlltc r'.rscs,

I)lttslus decrpit:tlcrl thc (lorgorr lJr,r/rr-irr llcl nndc oE uitli hcr hced.pursLrccl b1'hcl trvo sistcr-s. Thc pLrrsrrit occrrpicr bhck ligLtrc.r:.tisrs r:rrhcrthilD the rttick, [Tccrusc thc ltrnniug (iorgorrs rvcrc so c]ccor.lrlr.c, in,:lccci ilthc lrttc sct crtfh ccntLrrY rhc Ncssos l)uintct-giVrs lrs ol]lv thctrr Nirh thcir dc]clsistcl on his nuntc \:lsc! rhc cloJphins bclorr, indiclting pLrrsuir t>vct. scl J 5. -.l.()lr x tr;rglicutitry bo,.r'l u e h.r vc his PcrscLrs :rncl ;.rrolcc!rcss Athcnl, u hilc tltc(iorgor I).rjrrrer. on his n.rnrc vlsc, hrs thc wholc sccDc errd lclds Hcr--rrrcsJrr.-ul. lhrsisthcusu.tl schcutc, brrt rhc srrbjcct Loscs popul:rl.itt clrDrn{thc tlrircl rltr.rlrcl oithc sirtlr ccDtur'\'. l)crscLrs is drcssccl i:r ] shorr chiron, fbtspccd, ltis rl:rqic cr1) ofd.trkDcss is ll fctlrsos:rld It is r:rlqic b()or\ ;u.c sollclllLsrvinqccl. IIc Lrscs 11 s\\:orLl or'hrrpc'-sicklc. llrc (iorgorr hc:rcl is crrrrcd irr Ib.rr: (kibjsis) slrrns round his ncck lr7o..:1. Thc (iorqorrs rlso u,c.rr shorrchilorls, lloots sollctirllcs rvirgccl, irrrd :rrc tllonsclvcs t,inqcd. Thcil.r:rolcsquc tiontrl hclds lblloll rhc (lorirtltiln invcrrtion ofr liorr nrrrk u ithruskccl jlus, lollirrq torrguc, squrshv lo!c! but hurtrrtr ctrs.incl cYcs. Strekcsrppclr oftcr in thcir'hair, \o tctjntcs in thcir harrds or. ls e bclt. Thc Atu.LsisPaintcr shor.i's thc :rcturl r.lcclpitarion [,sol, rvidt Pcrscus cerclillr. lookine:r\\'xv, xnd it itppclrs :-lrclv letcr in bluck tigurc. The dvirg Mcdrrst gilvc birthro Pcgx$s:urd thc lrumrnoid (lhrvsror ijrrr her scvcrcd ncck irnd thcscfigurcs, or thc fitnrcr- llonc, xrc vcrv occlsior)illy sccn crncrging or.lir.clrl\'f'rcc of hcr bodv {.u 691. I-hc (iorgon }rced elorrc l69l is r fhvouritc rorrclcrdcvicc fiorn the Ncssos l)irirrtcr's lckrnei to latc cups [.:go.-:], r,r'hcrc u,c oticnscc folche.lcl dots ulich nr:rv clclivc f'ronr thc hiliry wrrts in this posirion onoricnlirlisilrq liolr rnrsks. (lor gonciu llso ;rppc.rr rs tlrc prilrcipiii dccorirtiorr onl groLrp ofskvphoi ofthc -i:os irud rs shicld dcvir.cs.

BlLtrloprror.r riding thc \\inqccl horsc [)ci]rxrs, ettlcks thc Cihirnlcr-r withe sircer. Thc monsrcr's rorrtr.il tirrnt is;r lioD, uith l gr)et's llcil(l llrtd Dcckspritqinu fionr its b:rck end occrsionrlly brcarhins firc, rrcl ,,,,lth:r srekctril 139, r 5:]. lhisis:rrolhcrstorlshichu.rsillusr:urcdbvthccarllcstofthc

12()

Athcnlan bleck 6gure artists, but tlrc Ncssos I)airltcr in his cerlicst deys (rs tlrefonncr Chinracra l)ailtcr) lbrms thc rlronstcr in more close:tccord wirh thcHorncric formul:r, and rnakcs the whole of thc hind qutrtcrs illto il

scrpcnt I7l. Thc subjcct docs not survivc into lrte black figurc but Pcgasos

alolc does, ils :1n isoiated motif (notably as thc shicld dcvicc ot thc Klco-phrf,dcs P:tilltcr's l)enathcnaics [Jo].2]), just as both llcllcrophon rnd thc(lhimacra ntly appcar in isolation c:lr-lier and evcn Pcgllsos tlonc with thc(lhimlcre.

Aolarros had to yokc l lion and boar to x chxriot to win his bridc, lndApollo, tenlporarily obligcd to scrvc llin), pcrtbrms the task for-him. Thcrcarc a fcw latc sccrles ofthc chlriot group, with Apollo | .::10 ]. A hcro iightrng .r

sclpcnt is possibly Kaul.os with thc dregon which hc killed and those tcctlrhc sorvcd. But thc sccncs, nreinly latc, are not cxplicit tlld thcrc is thcpossibilitv ofconfusion hcrc rvith HcrakJcs with thc slakc guardine rhc eppics

of the Ilc'spcridcs, or with arl .rb:idged H,vdr.r.

On thc Franqois Vesc thc (larvuoNIAN lloAR hunt is shown in a silglcfriczc r.ith thc boar at thc cclrtrc heving brougbt dor,r,n l dog tnd a

iruntcr [16.3]. Flcing it ere Peleus and Mclcagcr, Mcllnion arrd Atelette, rrrdrrnorlg thc othcr hLrntcrs we find thc Dioskouroi. This is thc usLrxl schcrlrc fortlrc hr.rnt, rvhich with rarc cxccptions is dcpictcd orlly rrr thc sccond quartcr ofdre sixth ccntrrry Ir i 6.1]. Thc hcroc's lrc morc Lrsually not rrxrlred rrrd evL'Il

rhc firir Aralanta rrriy bc orrlittcd but thc schcnrc of rhc dogs .tt.ckjnq thcboar bccorncs st:rndtrdiscd. Thc tridcnt boar spcar is soluetinrc's ttsc'd eg.rtnrrthc bclst. Sonrc boar hunts with horsenrcn arc Icss ccrtairrly idcrrtificd rs thcCalyclorien.

lltcrcst in rhe story of thc SEVEN AcAINST Tnrlrs is sporaclic, bcgiDDiDgor) TyrrhcDiarll vascs wirh thc hcrocs Adrlstos ar1d,4,i?ridldo\ sctlirrg orrt inchariots. C)n x later v:rse Hipporncdon is sccn with his wit'et tn eltir, .udothcr 'warrior dcplrtirrg' sccllcs with chrrjots rllty rcfcl to lhc stol)',espccially whct thc wo[Ien and chi]drcn rrc prcserlt, since tlrey arc importlnt.Anrphieraos' rvilc Eriphyic hed bccD bribcd with ar xnLrct nccklacc (u hichshc is oucc rt lcrst showr cllrtchinq) to scnd hinl to his dc:rth. Anothcraonrnrorl figurc is ll scatcd and sorrowillg maD bcforc thc horscs, prcsLlrDablv

ir sccr, arld therc rDay bc othcr cxpressioDs ofglicfor disrDa,v. Eriphylc r,vcrtt

on to bcheve in a sirnilar \\,xy to hcr soll Alknlcon in thc sccoud cxpccliric,rr

end his vcllgcancc on hcr, by kiiling lrc'r it hcl husbild's tonrb, nlxy xPpcaron another Tyrlhclrian vesc l63.zl. A srukc lirr,v rcxrs r.rp eqainst lhc rnrtri-cide. Atonynrous sccncs of wxrriors tightirrg errd bcinq separrtcd by a nrarr

(ir thc schcnre ofHcrakles, Kvknos arlcl Zcus) rrc doLrbrfulll'rcfc'rrccl ro rhcfiehting at Thcbcs (as Irai]).

Thc (l l);rintcr oncc, lrnd hte lrrtists nlo1c oticn, show thc THtrBAN Sl']IItNx

clrrying off a youth, clinging bcncath hcr bcl1y. Thc Thcbln prirrcc Hrirrroowlls olrc victinl aDcl givcs his n:lnlc to the late lckythos p;ri[tcr lvho fevotlrs

::7

I

this sccnc l:7.yl. lhc cncountcr wirlr Ocdlpur appeers only on r ferv latcvescs lirllorvinq thc rcd 6gure schcnrcs, with the sphinx on t rock or

MtrDEA dcr)onsn;1tL'd to thc l)drq[r.r-{ (ll R,i lrl-r horv rhc',v could rcjuvcnltc-thcir f:thcr bv clrttiirs Lrp a rrm and boiling it. Wc see the u,orncn ancl thc ranr(u,holc)inapotovcrthcfirconsoirever-ylatcvascsl:T8l.Pcliassuccurubcd,end the fune:ll genlcs ()l:r fi'rv vlsc's oflbout 575 :rrc inscribed rs f()r hinr.

The Trojan CycleScerrcs lronr the Trojrr) Cyclc are treated herc i:r the ordcr ofthc srorv. ()fthccpic pocrn! $c Ilied;rnd thc C)dysscy nrev bc thc clrlicst corrpositiolls, r11d

hlrve srrrvivccl intact, bllt thcy arc rot thc ciulicst in thc nxrrrtivc, Dol thc Inostpopullr with blrck figrrrc .rtists. Othcr post-l lornclic c'pics cornplctccl thcstor,v of Troy, stnrting with thc remoter ciu.lscs, including rhc contship ofAchilles'prrcnts errd cnding with the rcturn ol'the Clrccks aficr rhc wer.

Of the poems the KypRIA deal with Achillcs' parentagc rnd carly lifc',prcscnrirlg thc hcro ofthc Ilild; rvith rhc Judgclrc[t ofPrris aucl Rapc ofHelcn, which wls thc immccliatc cruse ofthc wu; ;rnd with thc opcning shotsoD thc Trojtn Plarn. Scvcral cpisodcs arc wcll iliustratcd by b1:rck figurc artrstsfrorn aborrt 575 ott. P(l s u,rtstlin,{ u,ith'.1firtis appcars 6rst in about 57o, irr

the Corinthien schelnc with the hero surprising her end puttilg hcr to flightwith her Nereid corrpanions. He grapples with her lirst in the mid ccntury,lnd latcr sccncs displty hcr ability to chrngc xrto diffcrcnt forus rvith cithcrfigures of lious and snxkes or thc flanres which spring frorn hcrbody [19 5, 29-r]. Thc ccrltrur Chiron, who hrd :rdviscd Pclcus, and a prrty offlccing Nereids nrry also be shown as well as the seashor-e pallll tree scttir)ri.Thctis' rcluctancc is ovcrconlc, by frrrcc, and thc nuptials arc cclcbratcd. ThcWcddin,q ol 'l'hctis an d.l1,/r,r.rs rvas thc occasion for thc challenec u,hich lcd tothcJrrclgcnrcnt ofParis ancl thc Trojar War, but bleck frqrLrc artists shorv rrs

or)lv thc rnegnificcirr proccssion ofdcitics in chariots and on foot, who atrcrclthc couplc on thc nrornins followilg Thetis' flrst nig)rt in Pclcus' honrc.Sophilos lz4 5l (twicc) and Klcitias 116.5] (orr thc Frxrr(-ois Vesc) rrakc thisthc prinlc sccnc oflargc and costly vascs which may hevc cclcbratcd rnortllnarriagcs. Peleus greets che gtrests before his hornc where Thetis w.rrtsnroclcstly. From thc nticl ccntr,iry on x tttarricd couplc, thcnrsclvcs in ii chari(,tlnd with ln cscort of di,",initics, trrry rlirin be Pclcus urd Thctis, Ii:stapproaching thcil rcrv honrc. Thcir thild Acli]lcs \4,:rs txkcn !o thc ccntllrrCliriror lor his carl,v cd ucetion. Thc Hcidclbcrg Pein tcr shows th c sccr c t\\'ir ,,

about J60 r'vith PclcLrs holdirg his infant sorr l4ol, and tJrcrc :rrc scvcrll letcrvc1-sioDS- Cl)iron $is llr ir)poltirnt flgurc in tlrc story arld I(1eiti]s pllccs h irrr

at the hcacl ofthc proccssion ofgLrcst divirlitics on thc Franqois V.sc.^fhc

-ludguutt rlf l),r,1-r ippcrr-s ou Athclliarl vascs by about j7J. Thc b.rsi.scc11c shows thc thlcc goddcsscs lcd by Hcru-lcs to Alcxrrldlos (t)aris). At frrsr

228

drc tlucc- goddcsscs rrc not dillcrcntiittccl, btrt uticr thc nrid ccDtllrv Ather.r r.iuclicttcd br hcr anrrour, ard Hcre rvho nslrell,v lceds thc trio nr:rv curr'\' .r

scc'ptrc. Apl)roditc l)il)'holcl l sccptrc. Peris is bcerdccl, sorlctirr)cs \\itl) .r

plinccll sccprr-c ol lucc. Hc makcs ofi-irlirrnrcd lt thc clivinc ippar iti()rr l.rJlxrld sonlctinlcs hirs to be :-cstminecl by. licrrncs, but liorn thc bcrri:rrirrrt o itlrcscrics it is :rlso possibic- k) sholr. hinr qLrictlv grccting his visirors. Thc fir ll sccncnlrY bc c\ccr-ptcd, ol11ifting Peris, or ollc or two of thc godclcsscs.

At Irov thc first cpisoclc surlg .ulcl showrl is thc,4rirlrisl ol TroilLts.

r-cpr-cscntccl in scve:ril stagcs. Achillcs croLrchcs bchind thc lountrirr r,vhcrcPoll,xcnr liils hcr h1,dri:t u,hilc l loikrs, hcl brothcr, wJits u.ith t\\'o holscs,olr foot or nloLrntcd LiJ]. ()r' Achillcs lceps out prrrsuine thc nrountcdTroilos, still \'\ itl) two lrorscs, l,hilc Pol,vrcrl rlllrs e\\'il\;, hcr hlclri:r:rban-doncd:rrd sonlctillrcs brokcn [16.51. l]oth vcrsions rppcrr bcitrc eborrt j6oir Athcrril:r bllck fisr.rlc. Thc ibunteilr, ol liolvxcrr:1, ol both, nrel bc onrittcd(on | .u 6-z I Achillcs is dotrblcd), end tou,rrds tlrc cnd ofthc cclrrur-\/ srirqc onu rs

oitcr showr) onriltilq Poly\c-l:l. Troilos rv:rs killcd ir r s:lllarrr:llv ofApollo Iu o i ] lnd witlr thc' hc1p ofrcd figrrrc sccrcs :rrd sonrc bhck flqlrrc wcscc thrt rhL'stoly thc rltists knc\\, htcl Achillcs drrg hirrr lroor his lrorsc bv hishlir rud bchc.rd hirn.rt thc rltlr- Alrcrdy orr Tyrrhcni:ur r,:rscs hc flghtsHcckrr ovcr rhc dccepitetcd body ofthc youDra prince. (Scc rlso bclorv ou thcl)c:rth of IJrianr :Lr)d Astyell:l\.)

Thc Irtarr is poorl1 : t'prcsentcd i:r Athcriru black flqule, the sccncs b.rnq:rll t'rorn rhc last p:rrt ofthc pocm, r ftcr- Achillcs' rctrrrn to tlrc bettlc ficlcl, :rnd

rhcy arc bcttel r-cprL'sL'r1tcd in contr'nrponrv rt'd figurc. Thcsc incltrdc thc(lrccks' Missiou to Achillcs, i (lxptulc of I)olor1, aucl v.Lrious dlrcl\ orwalriors sctting oLlt, onlv idcrrtilicd b1, irscliptions. Aclilhs dra,q.qitt,q ltIl(.n)r bchillcl his chlriot is ilnothcr poprlar lltc sccnc l:o3l in u,hicb L is rrlv:rlso xppcrl iLnd x t;)y ghosr ofP:rrroklos (sonrctinrcs rvilqcd) bcsidc hrs ronrb.Tr,r,o wiuqccl dcrnons, S/r'r'1.r ttnLl L)L'dth, clrrrving ll bocly, arc sccl on solllc6fth-ccrtlrrl vescs encl rr):l)' bc bcernlll Selpcclol or Mcrlrrorr tr_onr thcfield l:5 i ]. In about j7o thcrc:llc two vcrsio:rs oftlrc chnriot rrcc in thc C,i,,r.-io/ l)dtlot/()r' (by Sophiios [26] end on thc Frengois Vesc [1d.3]).Tlrcre rrc a

nLrllbcr of sccrlcs ol AchillL,s ttccittifi.q his nn otu, b:ut thc carlicst l zol (about

J70 or1) nllv tcfcr to his lrrli:rq :rt honrc bcfo: c slilirlq to Tro\., ltttcrldcd b).figurcs ill rvhonr lve nlight rccogr)isr' Pcicus, Thctis, Petr-oklos lnd ettcn,:llntMyrnridons (rs br. thc O:rnrt:rr Plintcr | 51] :rncl thc Pejntcr ofLonclon 1376).

After:rbout jjo, with Thetis hendinq over tlrL'rrnr()rlr, the sccuc nrust bc'l roy encl thc irr-nlour thrt r,,,,hich rcpl:rcccl thc suit i()st rvith l)etroklos lE6].Thc nrein piccc oflrruour is usually l fincll.crubJezoncd lloeotiln shicll.Noticc too Achillcs hanrcssing his horscs, bl Ncarchos, encl thc l)eirtcr ,rt'Lotdon 1376's frontll chr:iot iclcutiEccl by inscription.rs r dcpultur ir (,1'

Hcctor[57].Trvoothcrtro]1tllchariotsofdrisd;rtc:urclclrlicrarcfbrAchillcsrnd l)iorrrcdcs- Also apPcrrinq iirsr c:rrlicl th:r:r the rrrid ccllrLrry lrc rlrc

))9

sccncs of thc .l?rrrlJo,/r rr'lJc.l()r'-{ bod} with Priam approaching Achillcs'couchbcncrth u hlch thc b,-rdy lics; lucl in the j,tos the fi!!ht over Prt: ok1os' body.On Izl r I thc lansoul is rcprcscntcd by thc bou4s crrriccl by thc boy bchiudPrilrl. So thcrc sccrlrs eD curlv intclest in scencs involving Hcctor's rlceth.Thc rrcrv iurcrest irr rhc llird letcr in rhc sixth century nray bc thc rcsult ofHippurchos' promotiorr ofHo:ncric rccitals at thc Crcat Panerhcn:ri:r, bur tlretirllcst h:rr vesr of rhis is rceped by rcd fisurc lrtists.

'l hc At r uroprs follorvccl the lliucl. Intcrcst in it or rt lerst in Achilles. sccrns

Exckirn.Tlrcrrrtstcrt\\,iccsho$s,4.rrllcskillitt.qPcnthtsilul[9E],thcArurrzonquccn (rn cpisodc not ccrtainiv attriburcd ro this cpic), end e Lcesros (lrolrpv:rsc hls hinr .rlr)'inq hcl lronr thc licld l,u o1l. Hc shorvs Mcrunorr nidr hisncsro tbllo\\,cr\ | 9g I orcc killing Antiiochos, eld Mcrnlon eppcers too letcrirr thc ccrtLrrv. Lr Achillcs' fieht widr Mcliriorr thc hcrocs erc rcqnlarlysccondcd by thcir nlothcrs, Thctis end Eos [,2r 7]. Thcsc appcirr frorn a;roLrp EoD, possibl! cerlicr, rDd thcrc,, rlc a uunrber ofothcr fights rvith rvonrcrrwiitchnrg \\,hiah rlret, bc essocietcd with thc cvc t. Hc'rrncs is scc'n wcighilrgin thc balancc rhc li,,,cs of Achillcs arld Mcmrlorl [:61] (p-ryr/rostnsirr), rl acrpcrhips nlorc f:rrrilirr to Lrs liorD thc llied rvhcrc Zcus rvcishs thc livcs ofAchillcs eld Hcctor. Thc nenrc vilsc of thc P:rirrtcr of thc Vrti..1r)Mourncr'It34] r)ii) show Eos lvith hcr dced sor, but hcr rcrnovel of thcboclv l:71I is l sut-rjcct o11l,v lor thc liltcst bllck figrrrc ofthc cirrl), fifth ccr)tLrry(but ci lzo7l, rvcerirs lris lrclnrct?).

'Wc co:nc norv to the evcnts sung in thc LI'l t l.ri ll-lAD. The derth of Achillcsis rlot lho\\,r1 or1 Athc'niiln bl.ck filiurc virscs Lrut /fdx.drtlrlq,4.ril/{,J' bodyovcr his shotrlder hed lo:rg bccn popultr in Greek art, irs is seen lrorn thcFrangois Vrsc 116..2] on, cspccially in thc rvork ,of Exckixs, thc ADtlnlcrlcsPaintcr rnd on Lcrlrran vrses. ,4f.r.!' qrnrrLl wih Od),-r-v rts ovcr Achillcs'rttnrour ls sccn bcforc rrbout joo, but othcr hcrocs qultrclling rlld rcstrili)lcdby thcir tiicnds I l4 i ], ofthc sccond helf of thc sixrh ccnrlrrv, nrisht bc thcy,:urcl thcv lrc par tcd by Athclr on htc lckvthoi. Iixckias' srudy of mrcl Ajlxpr('p:lrirrg suicidc lldr I is uniquc end thcrc is orlv onc nrid ccntrrlv l'lloodla11orrr,. -fhc Littlc Ilild rlso tlcelt rvith rhc Srck ofTroy (lliotrpcrsis), rvlriclr\\,;rs !lcrtcd by othcr pocts, ll,ith virirtions possibly to bc idcutiflcd in rlrcdilliring trcirhncnt of prrticlrler cpisodcs bv rrtists (xs ior thc rccovcry o1:

Hclcu lnd dclth ofl)ri;rrl). Thc Sien:r cup p:rintcrs oficr-thc cerlicst l)t,otlr rr/

Irrlarl, l\lpc ofKlsslrnclrl and rccovcl_v ofHclcn. l)rienr is souck dorrn lt or'oftcn or1 lr1 ;r1rrr, b1, Neoptolcnos, who sonlctinrcs sw;rgs;lt hirn thc clcrtlbodyorever thehcacl aloncofltis grand-chi1d Astyarux [67]. Whcrca l'n.rruis not bcrng.rtt]ckcd it is possiblc tl1:rt slrch sccllcs lcprcscrrt riltl)cr Aahillas'trcxtnrent ofTroilos l.zor ] at thc altlr. Ajrx (thc Lcsscr') scizcs Ka-rsardra tior rr

hcr supplilnt position belirrc'or cllspirrg dre stltue ofAthcnl, rvhich llicr thcnlicl ccnrury is shou,n in chc striding l)er:rdrcrreic posc l9-ll. Tl-rc prophct... i'often showrl lrlrlost or wholly r1akcd. ,4r'ntds ct1ffi(s Ancltis(s oD his br.k 12,9-ll.

230

Ilc'einla fiorlr Troy u,ith his son Askurrio: iln(l sorllctiulcs rvith his rviti rrrrtl

fricncls. Thc groLrp bclongs to thc llst qLlnrtcr ofthc ccntury;lncl rrr:rrv rr.r\hevc bccn cspcci;rlll irtcndcd for lhc rreclc to Itrl\', whcre the nryth hrrd:rspccirl rclcvrlrcr trrcl l high proporti()ll ofthc vascs sho$.ing ic havc i>ccrr

lotrrrcl. Mcrrr,/aor rttot)trs HLlLtt thrc:rtening her lvith his drlwrr srvord 1671,

holding hcr cloak lrtd ftcirg hcr, ol lerdirrg hcr:ru,e-v [9o], rlrclv puLsrtn{hcr. Rr/y,r'crra js carricd to sacriEcc et thc romb of Ar:hillcs on l Tyrrhcnl.rrlvasc [57], lc'cl to ii on r Lclgre[

Thcr e is ouc othcr Tro.jiur sccrrc Nhich is populer on bleck ligllr-c virscs t)Llt

tbr vhich rro litcr:rry inrtholitv sLrrvivcs. Acltillts aul Aiax ythv e borrd q:rnre

scrtcd, lully arnlcd or with s()nrc of thcir rrlnour prlt ilsidc IIoo, -??7].

Sonrctimcs thcv rre alolre, cllling thc scorc, blrt oltcn AthcDa xppcurs bc!\vccn thcr11, rppelcntl) sun)rlronil)!! thclu to thcir duty. Thc occusiolr Dllly be

at ALllis \\,hcrc thc hcrocs \\,rited fol a u,incl to clrry thcrn to Tlo)' lndPellrrrcdcs iuvcnrccl gallrcs to \\,hilc rwey thc tinlc, or rnorc prob:rbiy oD thcTrr>jlt Plair irsclf (:r p:rJrn trcc is sonrctirnes showu). Exckirs intr-ocllrccs thcscenc in bllck figurc rnd it rcnrrirls vcr) popular ir)to thc c:rrl,v fitih ccrrrrrrv,shorvn also in e sculptural grollp olr tlrc Aclopolis-

Thc ()l)yssriy sccnls to ofli'r cvcrr lcss scopc therr rhc Ilild, but thcPo/ypllcaros (Cyclops) story hrd appcaled to Athcniln vnsc ptiuccrs in thc nridsevc'nth ccntrrry. Thc pairtcr ofthc 13osrol Poll phcmos (littlc bcforc sso) has

en odd sccnc shorving thc gillrt bcill!i rnldc drunk, end on thc sanre cup (rrrcl

rnothcr) hc shows C,'rc rvitl-r Od,vsscus. Hc hes hcr rekcd, mixiug a cup lorthc conlprnlons rtho arc lll lrLrrnen, bLrt for aninral he:rds, r,r'hile Ocllssc'usepprolchcs rvirh e chawn sword. In thc sccrrcs oftlrc cnclofthc ccnturv shc is

drcsscd end cirhcr shc or Odyssctrs rurv bc shorvn scarcd l:3 r l. B-v this tirurrhc Blinding of l)ol1'phcnros is shorvn il1 thc Lrsu:rl wxv, *,ith thc gient scetccl

ol) thc groLlnd but rlot rrronoculilr_l:4o'1. Thlorrghout thc sccond h:rlf of thcccntrry wc hlvc groups shor.r,inq r (ilc'ck csclping 6olt thc O;rvc of l)oly-phcmos, clingirg or ticd k) r ram [.255], lnd thc lltcr cxenrplcs hevc scvcrel

rrilrs lnd Polyphcnros seatcd bct'orc thcrn. Lltc too arc scolcs oi ()dvssc'lrs

rvith thc S/r'r,ris, thc hcro ticd to his rlirst, tltc Sircns pcr chcd on rocks plrl irrtlpipcs rnd lyrcs. Ou thc onc I figurc Oclysscus bcgs to bc ticcd l:E6].

Other f igures of myth

.4ria.-orr-r rrc iclcutified br. rhc coloul of thcir ilcrh- Thcy do not hevcprorrilcrrt L-rrc:r,rts l:rcl lrc cquippcd likc enl nrelc rr,:rrrior or alchcr'. ()n letcv:rscs ll)cy rlrirv oltcD bc lighr-:rrrned u,ith a pcltr shicld, errd on]r thcir bertlc-excs r'r,hich llc nrrcly,shorvn in bhck 6gllrc, erc stlictlv rou-Gleck n,capons(orrc hclcl bv au alcher on lzoq ri.qht)). Aprrt frolr the common fiqhts u,ithHcnrklcs drcrc lrc vcry nlrnv sccncs of thcru lighting anonynrorrs Grcckrvrrlirrls, ftorrr about l7o on I t:6, t7q, zgzl. Al1 t1,pcs ofconrbet erc edrrut-

23 r

tccl or tirot, r,uith iror-scs or chrriols, end thcl luvc thcir-contplt'rucnt ofsubsidiary lrrilitary sccncs arnring [26-i], harncssing, clrying offthc dcadfrorn tl.re field of battle.

Wingcd 6gLrres urc not rlw:r)s casily idcrrrificd. Of thc nrelcs rhcr.c lrc llcw ofthc frrst quattcr o fthc ccnttrrv r.vho cer 11. ilrplc'mcrts or e beg .rrrcl arctholrqht to bc ,4r'i-rtrrir,-r Ii 71, :r rrruror bcncfictor oinrlnkincl, lrrd thcr.c is .rn/Iaror on lu Acr-opolis fnrgr:rent ofaborrt -i70, but $.c h:rvc onlv ltis lcgs andwilrgccl bo()ts. Winqcd rllnncrs iu prirs erc thc roas o/_Bo(,ar. Wc havc rltcit.cluerrY elonc, thc Harpics (u,i:rgcd wonrcr), oD :lI ilrcotDplctc vesc by thcNcssos l)lirrtcr, rnd no firll vclsiorl ofthc cltisc. A ti:ry rvirgcd rv:rrrior- rrr:rvrcprcsclt thc ' soul ', es o fAchilles, fi ccd lor hisJourDcv to thc Islcs ofthc lJlcstby tltc sacrificc of Polvrcru. Somc virrgcd rnalles with sclpcntirrc lowcr-p:rrts,irlld solllctirlrcs nlorc lhilI oDe torso, nr:rl bc rhc rlt()ltslrolis Tl,p/rorr, bLrf hislight uirh Zcrrs is not shorl,r.

Of thc rvingcd rvomcn, 1rr'r ancl Nik, (Victory) rrc nor rcedilv clsrrr-rluishcd ulllcss thc fblnrc-r hes hcr hcruld's ceclLrccLrs, oL whcrc thc litttcr. onvcry lelc black 6gurc, is sccrr rvith a buli l-2761, b,v an tltlr or wirh e w).cad1 inthr':ed liqulc nt;rnucr-. Iri-r is oDcc urrncd. Of othcr liqurcs nrcntioncd.ilrcacl1, tlrc firllorvirg nrly ()n occilsiorl uppc:lr win!!ccl: Hcr.rrrcs, Adrcna,Artcrlis (oftcn crrl1,), Thctis (pcrhaps orlcc rt tllc lighr with Mcnruon), Slccp(ivith Alkvoncus), Elos (noluralll), Eos.

(,i,llarr-r uc hrvc nrct elrt'acl\' iuvolvcd rvirh Ilcrlkics (Pholos, Ncssos),end r'r,ith PclcLrs ((lhiron). Ar thc rvccldiur ofthc Lepith I{ing Pcirirhoos rhcynss:rullccl thc Nomcn Ird this lcd to il qcnclill coDlbrt, rvidr thc L:Lpitltr'vllr_iors helpc'd bv Thcsctrs- Thc Athcnietr hcro is nlnrccl only on thcFrlnqois Vesc, rvhich is thc clrliest black flsr.r'c rcplcscntrtion. Onc spcci:Llcpjsode occLrrs hcrc errd occasionrlly in larcr ccntau ronl ach ies : Kainca-i, arrilvirrciblc Llpith, hes to bc lircrllly bcatcn into thc groulcl bv his advcrsrric',and rpperrs ptlrtl), bLrricd- Wc occrsionally scc ccntilLtrs attacked by othcrvolrths or olrt huntirrq 194 tt7l. lD Athcnien bieck ligurc thcy h:rvc ell-cquinc legs, r-xccpt sonretil)cs for (,'rir"orr rvlr o displlys his superior status rvitha rvhollv hrLrren fbrcplrt, and evcn cJothcs. A ccntlur's hair is LrsLrrll_v wild, hisnosc snub, his clrs sornctinrcs ;ininrll; his wceporls i:trc branches and stoncs.

Salyn urc likc abbrcviutccl cc:rtaurs, without the,hor-sc bodv, but with e

horsc's tail and clrs lrd uslliLlly snub noscs end rvild hair, r,vhilc sonrc hevchrirv boclics too. On thc Fr;rngois Vrse 146.71 and rerclv latcr lr67] thcy havcrvhollv aninrrllcss, rnd oncc in Athcuilu black hgLrrc thcy rppc:lr in thc Easr(lrcck nrrnncr rvith hrrrnrn lcgs brrt ccluinc feer. Undcr thc n)orc sobel c\.c ofthcir rnlstcr I)iony sos ancl oftcrr widtout him, rhcy nrekc utsic, claDcc, workiit thc virltaqc Itgl, irllrnlc or rap.' xDiilrals f2681. With nxcuilds thc\ rrcqcucrelll rrrolc cirr:r-rnrspcct, at lltost clrlyitrg thcrtr oli, but the_v rcgulxrlydisphy proud crcctions, u,ith or rvirhout :Lr)y laoxl in vieu,, lrncl rrc cluirc oficncxcrcisinq thcnr thcrusclvcs l5o.:]. Thc rlrrcllrds - rvild ."vorucn r,vho dancc

23)

lor Dionysos also rneke rrlusic, s()rlctinr.\ tirlr rluppcrs, ilnd xrc usueliyfullv clrcsscd, sonlctirnes with al1 rninlll skin ovcr-rll, rs on 16 5, t5l.

Srtlrs secr:r to huvc becn inventcd by, Athc:rien er-tists by rbout jllo tr:.Thcy trc ncvcr rcrlly involvccl ir nlyth cvcrl thc ettrck or Hera (scc ebovc)ctDbetukcnus'evetldrl,life'for s:ltyrs but thcv uttcnd l)jonvsos on cvcnlssuch ls thc Rctutu oi lJcphlistos cl1- or1 lrrc v:lses, cvcn irr qiganbrrr:tchv,rvhich :ra,v cxplain sornc urnlcd setyl s. Thcir contribution to dr:rm:r is e li tth-ccrrtrlr \r phcnoll)cnon but thc'rc nlxv bc :r bl.rck ligurc sltyr lctor, clrcsscd iD e

hi:netion, rvith reil rttachc'd, rud rvtrchecl by f)ionysos rogcrhcr wirh r 'rcel'slrtl,r'lucl rrrrcnrds, o11 .l vilsc of lboert soo l:dgl. Thc occasiollrl vcr\'letcxrrrl ccl slrtvr drn cin !l or tb c !!arr g cniclly tortru-in !l r worr alr l-u 77] may :rlso bcst:rgc s:rtyIs.

S/lclos is r rcll figtLrc oI rrryth :lnd rcprcscr]tccl as lr scoior lncl indivicluelsityr, rot palt ofI)ionysos' troop- Hc u,rs iutoxicatccl trv r fouDt:riD flo\ in{with rvinc, crrrght, bouncl rnd lccl to king Midas. Wc scc him rvith his cscortoD r fcw varscs from thc mid ccrltury on! ilDd or1 two hc is srrrpriscd et rhcfbunt:rin itsclf[,lro]. Thc namc could:r1so, howcvcr, bc uscd gcrrcricrllv forsityrs, rs on tirc FraDgois V:rsc [46.7], and somc schohrs distirLalrish bcnvccnthe purt-auinral silenoi:rnd konrest setyls.

.1)rrl is rrot sccn bclorc ebout ;oo end thcu in r fcrrnr fhr fronr lris hlrilitrClassical appcarence. He is all-goat, st:rnding on his hitd lcgs, bcsidc it rnrcrrador1 onc vrsc [:Er ] and piping firr :r ti'est on xrrothcr. It wiil tekc his intcr-vcn-tion at Merarhon to cstablish hinr in Athcnieu ert.

Onc stor\,, ncithcr cluitc thct nor fiction, is shorvn occlrsionllly. in thcsccond qrrrrrcr and thc middle of thc ccntlrry. It is thc fieht of PygtttiLs tttlCr,ncs | 46.8,5 o. r l. On thc lirot of thc Frrucois Vrsc tbc I)yErrics riclc golitsrnd ply sliugs es well as thc uscftrl curved sricks which arc thcir usllirl wcxpon\in thcsc sccncs. (lrlncs qo fo: thcir cycs. Thc Iliacl mcntions thc light, bLrr;rncw pocnl ol pictLrrc rrlxY have rer\-akeDed tlris intcrcst, rvlrich llpscs a,;.llnf<rr halfe ccntury.

Thc [-irrdlrrlorld hc]d littlc irrtcrcst but thcrc rrc a fclv sccucs of Sisvphostrr.urdling his rock uphill in thc scconcl hllfofthc ccnturl . I Ic is on his or.vn or*,atchcd b),PcrscphoDc, eDd orr onc vesc thcrc irc eiso souls porrri q wrtcrinto :r Lc:rk1, l)ithos likc thc J)eneids lr98l.

r3-l

-J-F FJUJ =<(rrFLl]aal,)

\,

3

z6-

d^oE--c

ilrr;i)io(lnrriY,'lx.:.,trrAtl,Itr Anrl! \\l .'lt(hr,(tLti. yE. H,rspcls. 1r,,, Bid.l-rJ,,11/

J.1). llcizlc,!, Attic lJhl:k-flgur(Vrsc-frxirr!c,s (I9j6).4, r/r,?r()i,l(;l,o,r D(/i(r,ArthaiologikL t:plmru ;:Anonr J ' rl ol Aftlld,Ltlt)rl

Atlk i{tu \liltih r!Annatio LlLila Satolt ArdrulLAiLa

JH.S

oJh

NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

B Utti of!h( hnihtu it Clnlsi l

A ln1l\l tht &itish SLhonl at AtttlrCa\"t! ValMm A ti.trouJ. l). Dcrzlcy, Ihc Dtttbrudn \tAt Bln(k Fi.t t( ltest)

I rhl,t rl I 6 t0t \nrut ar.hiol ori \ h0t

Jo rL iI LI(lldit Srtdi.\l]nthiau lli c[|h d, rpn'/<k t

.ld| n It li d.\ i;!t ( tt idt idtutdr.hiiolo!|lu li\tirtk\ in /itJ. D. llcrzl.v, htd;lt atr lte7i)R0n! Archioh!iqftR(N! d6 Lttlt:! Aftit 6Rin i\lt( 11itti|n.g1t

ABBREVIATIONS

o.9

I

oo q ;e+t rJ i;c:n -<7 t \

d 9o)

xd<a

B/ats

RIR[,4R,l,

a.s,{CVAD.r.

AAAAAAU|.

g

;{dO{T

,9

d

,9o

65 ! U

{

-9Ed'

19

eY

(,

(9

---J

I

,3tqt4EP

a

;$d

d&

F

ABI'

AD(ltAL4AIKAt1.E

&pE

u-l

) t. Cld\\. L',4niyiti Cla\\iqn!.,1ff],. C/,rIr.,{r.r../d{nr C/drJ;.dBAB\th B lkti| A ti.k,: Btl.|nri ,r

B(:H B lhti lr Cork\pr drm' H,:|ll|itlr(

6

'Eur

-l

oo.-]

U0oJoZoIU

{IE

fi

:n'

o oooOQro.{+

aEPao

- 5E

.g o

-

d

<: o- rod<!Jl-> c{ u1uz -<z

(,, - < Z < O:l a- !.)

(iENEIIAL t]OOKS

J. D Bctrzlev, 't lk, Dtrth,t t. t if Ati. Blo.k lri.qn.(r9rr) brill;rnt lcctlrer. quitc wcll ilhBtr.tcdi lr;.l3lnk t:i.l l l,1!t Pdi tt^ (r9i6) lists ofpinri$s rrclgroups, sufplcnrc',itcd n1 Pardlip . . {.tt7 t).J. U. Hotfnr, ,4 H,,,//,.d1 or()".1 8/d.I r.i(,,.,/ I.'dn,r(,!ra) picnrres ofsigD.d and sonrcatriburc.l vx\cs.L B. L. \)vcbstcr. Por..r d d iAlth\t itl Cld!!iL\11 AtltuN(rrz:) ruscful discussn on pon$srrrctor sLrLrjccts.L H,l" .. .{//r. Bl,"r l'i:.'. t l\t''tt'- \.1 ,yE.ttljil,Mnl.tuir dZ(id x .sdLt ()itcholtezt) tlirll {rNci, for lts clay.Thc lollorvirrg h;rrrlbooks havc usclil sccrions onblack iigure: It. M. Cook. ()kk h1i t.d 1\,tk1'l(r97r)..nd ll. B. Shc'lton ir 1,. Arias M. Hirnr.r,/-I;rn,I ,,/ Cr..! l'A. Pdn,tn( (r962)i C. M. liobcri-nrn. C,..4l,,rn,rn( (r969)i E. SinroD. Dn (;ri..,i\.r.,rI.'dJ., (re8').OD thc gcucral artstic bi.kgroun.l: (;. M. Allichtcr,lr.rdi. (1r..[ /, (r9+9)iJ. Bofdr]nu, Pft-a'/rrJi.a/ .S/14. o t C)rilildtilu (r967)i M. Rob$lson,Hinoty ilCftck A ltgj\).htnlopedit dLll'.4ttt drra.i (r9jN r9rr., til] bricaiccouDrs olirrdi!rrhu1 plir)tcrr iurd Srorrps.o\y' t:dlt)flir Alttittrolr, (CLl)is i scrics dcsisncd

'.'p,,1.1,,1),1.u,fi.,,o,,..r.r1,1.",,r.rr,;,,,< .". r,

tPrrxrc grouPs of ftsciculcs lirL creh nruscuD,orgr.iscd rr.rtiorr:rll).

I, lNTROI)UC]TION

Hirtory lt. M. Cook irr C akPni ttlPotuych. t\.Tcchn$,c J.V.Noblc.7/a. I!.l li,lt.s il Pdi .dAtn P.n.r) \ry6t)tv.E. Cortr.rr, /I/S l\x\!. r6lIprchuinrr,v skctchcs.SigDrtlrr.s rDd stxtLL ).D.l,cazlc.\.P.ltur Il\i n1ilt A ciot AtMs lte.++)t lt. M. Clook,JH.! xci. rlTf-.rC. M. Rob.rtnnr.-/Hlj xcii. r8(rlf.l')ric.s I). A. Anryx, H.!, \).!ii. rilTB-.lxpott frttcm lJ. L. Dxilc,v,,/HS lx. 6oli-.Solor Plnttrrch, Sol,)lr 2a.Vrrrrr rspccts nr l)a1ur r ttu A n!i! Pni t(t I lti\l,ti)r// (cd. M. 1,uc re37)r l. Schciblcr, a;r. Ti,/rirtl,rs/ (r)iil).Ncrv rctcrcuccs to vrscs in llcrzlcy's lists in T. H.LlurpcDtc.r, Dftr/.),,.Id,/dnl,rr (rese).I givc no rcfcrcnccs ftr ,,lAl,'or P,," ti)r n)(livnlrrlartists or groups snr.c drcsc works rntr{ 1). rl).I,.,si(kxrls lin studcnt ivotk D r libr.rry rri(l qiv. llrllrcfcrcrccs for c..h vrs.i Dor. utrlly. Lo thc,rthcrgcncral books rlrcrdy listc.l. Arri.lrs r,.l lr(,(,1\.,,.citcd which rvill IcrLl thc r.i(lcr n) rlin rsi(,r\ oi \1\ l.or usciil collcctn s oa pi(rutus. ltcli.rrr(rs t,,prrticuhr poin!s ir lhc trrt rrri,giverr rr rly ii rhcy ,rrrrrot crsilv rccovrnblr tiorr .l/i1 {,, /ri,,r

co

,.i o<i3

E

3e

oco

ooo\o

o P o

II, EA1I1,Y ATIILNIAN IJI A( I{ I:I(iLJITL

Thc lfulritbI ii'o I I)r orii.rfti. I \,1. (in,k. ,3S..1\\\\i, rerJll-.: K Kiihl(,. .Irdrrir,n..\I,1,r.i (L)io)',|,t ,, ,,t I t{..., ,....,. r{... I

l, L.j,, \ .,, ,..,. j.. ..,r ., t, r..t \ 1 lr .:|,l\ $, rl,, 1r,, p' I J 1:r,n, ,,,sr

.l r, r',..1...F,./.... ,.r t...' , :,..tViri \'.r\.\ S. K.r()uro!. ..1(\,.i,r trtl .1jjrtttutt1tr\

Acgur.r v.rsLs (;l .t Il.,li,) ii W. t(r,ril.r. .1,(,,r(ei').

Ne'u 1Chinr.rcfu) l,r irrtef I) ()l)l\..1.\11\..i. jfflrl:. ll,(nnDrcr. lthtl,tth ld Bllnn.\ll,j.,,r;\. rril1 ..J. 1 )nnLr.rLr!,. ll.s. I rl\. r rrit. (torxIhi.n, |.|Ir.r

Trr (ir)r(,o\ l,^r\ Lrr lo Sop r)ss. l(,rou,orL .l.l/ l\ii. til .orl:l,rriirg n),,,rprirtc*. goo.l piLnrrcs.(;orSon I).ri,,r.i I S.h.ibl.i.-/,// I\\!i. rtilK, r, ., , .. l. \ ,,j, L, .. i. /..i 4j....r rri,rr:r\ rr i(, I t dt\|thttt,tr:)\othilo' J llo.rr.lnri,,. rS.l liii lir. rjijt:i \V.loh.rirno\\k\..1,Ir \\\jir x\xi!. Iirili (;. likrj.'l,i ,.:1,{lr,r.l), L

','.r,- I M H .. .l l.h t/, .t. . :n.Hrrv' hc&1.rrrrpl,or,rc M (; l)i.o,,1..\/,rli,I/ij,.//,,ri \\iu (re7r): A. liRl).r11. /H.s \.ii, t.,R: (tl .l

III, KI.I]II'IAS. SIANA (]UI' I'AINT1]]t\ANI) () IUISKrrrr^\I l) IJc.rzl.!. /)d, .h. IJ-, 1 ,r \. 1,. . rr. \ ,,. l. ( i. t,, I.t I

A lrr"r.'r- .r.ll\ . 1,. , ,,.. .,t .- t' t...r.rr. 1 .., .-1.,,r,,t.. l,r ",r,,A.Mr.r, //lr,/ ,.,.' | )l) V lJoLh,,rcr. . l/\ \\i\. .6t:

Sr,\N.\(rfr\NrutsI. l). llr.,rl.\. /)rr. rrfi:. jofil(1. l'.rir)r.r .l l). Il..r/1.\..\/,1r .\/i,J. !ri,l. \. !rHlllrr, I', .',ri.r I I' l,.r ... ttl:|.. '.lll.l l' (,1' " i 1. .,,,..^,tr,,_.-n'Ill.r.L irhzcLl' .,,|s .J. Ih!.rllr.J Bo.rn{r Iin .rjr J JH.'v.s. 1i,trr i. sHl(ll .'l Lon\r( \iiii 1.or).1(ri ii.H. llr!d.r .\n ,, (l,rr /r.rn,/,I I (rrNr )

()rll]'r r() r f^r\]rls(l.rnrr.rr 1'j.,;,,t.r I) \o,, Llorhjjr.r..tA ii. ir1.l)nr)r l'j,rirllcr Il. lt. W Srrrirh. tlt Ihrttr Hyrttia(,er+)

I rnnHr\r^\ ^NrIrorr^r,Il. Ihrcrsclr. tynltLttittu .luylutttt (rNer)r t). rorr

lnrt]rnrcr. .l/ I \lriri. r.rH.: ,lrl .l/\ \ji. ].)ri.

46

(Arcl,ippc (;r,rrp l,\Lln.r(): K. 5.1),ru.rbfrg. .l.lrea,:. jNtil: (ll . I I .!rrr ii -lJ, r, rfr (rrJrrdri r \lj\,.r\fl]: r. (l.rrt.,,(.r. ()/. I I, :7erJ iiii. +jR:

IV TlII] MII) (]I]N IUITY ANI) AFTI:II

(l M A. lli.hrcr. .\/r,,. .\1|J. .\r,/. i!. r.),)lt.: W.L ,r^ l\Ilr.. rr'. q l{ ,,,,1.r. . x1 . , /.l' ,. ," i ,',' .r.

'... I i'. lJ .,. . .1,,. I n.M. li\r,io\. l-f,/.r lni /,r dd-r,r r(r, lr(116).W. L l(l.inLrru.r..l/-l l\viii. ttill r.l.lli01]\ \itll(lori,,tl)irDi i|(l li,r al,)iIll]ri.!);rn,g Aftj. H.rl, i\,r16rl.i i\. L+a.

lllr Arvl^sr\ I,\r\rurI l) llc.r,l.\. /).r. ,r. 5i l. /\,r.r:dr, '//ri tIrdriJi'],rrr,, (rrj6) ti,llv illu\tri1((l: l) v. Borhr,.r, t'lr'.1 ta'i\ l\tirtt',rx,/ rlj JIn/,/lrr)rr).LxruAs

^ \r) (;RoL I L

(lrou| [ .l l) l].r,1.\.,5.s,1 x\\ii. rriE\.ki,r\ .J. l). llcrzl.\. Dd,. .h. 6: W. T..h,,iru.l,:\rLi,a (rrrr, ti,lly rllu\rr.rrL\l: ll N.nr\.h. .\/,r.l,h.r.t lrhtbtuh \\, +.t ll-.r M. ll. Moor.. . t/.1 t\\ii.r\7rt. hor\.si.l. llo,rLlnr.I). .ll.l Ixrri. rfi:

.1. I). l].i/k\. /)rr. rh ; rnd ///5 Ili. r.7fi]p,elinrrrrn iists: IL Illo.l.Jl /ir,,;l,r,^,/t, S,/r,/,,(rr+o)i F. Vill,r11. R/,.1 \lvIi, rjen dcicJopnrcrrroa:h.,1)e\ (ll --1 l.ourr. riii. rxi Lorr(1.,r ri.(iol r] .u|s (i. lVl li,,Lrcrtror. /H.s hri. r1:n'll.nr(l .ul.s $rh p.rr.l\ l{. lJl.rr(....1 .1 re67 rrtuU,rdcrti,or Jccrr rrions A (;rcrt.Ihrq.,,. ./rIl\\\vi. Nori_.r K Sch:rucrburs, .1..1 rrir, rr;rn_l),i)of .nfr P. N. Ur.. /ts/.s lii. iiril rj,.l s,,,/n.rR./)ir,,,, ii. tiH- Thc Il.ri,]1oDi,r. 1)ro{)tJ ruf. t,,,d(].$s.l .uf\ .l l). B..r,l.v.-/H,s hr, rerl()rllr s)r rr\r\rrft\ 1Nr) Nrr(\llI \rs.-t) tt ,.,.: .L\ I I rn. t,. Ir. j ._ t..r.\$ . l,ri f I 1t,.t,r.1,.. \.r Ljr ..arl.. , ,..1Nilo(h.nr\ -l (1. Iloppnr, H,urr11,,,,,1 rrrrl.lri.rLr.\i ll. lJl{).vlr. ttnttt attittrt S,ltattt yfi'_.up\i ll Lll,rr.r, l-l 97o. r6?rl:: H. (;mju\. /?..1

re66. l]tl. .rrnphorrcr l. l) LJc.rzi.!. /ir/llr,iti'..11

... ll, .r.sri,. ,,.,,i,.,rl ,1,A .li. ,i. Ni., , . ,r. l,.. , ,.,,,

l'""'"rr'''l'' r'"j ",)l th.ir orh(r \ign.rmrcj.

Aliccrcr H Momnr\.,,. 1)r1 .1ti.ti.r lt97\)-loDi.,,) n,H..,r.c 1). A. Jr.lur, lirn (;tr.1 /|d,k"n.,.lrn l ,rJ.j (rr7.r.

V. TIIT A(;1] OF III]) FI(;UIIL(;. M A. l1i.hL(.r. .1 iL linl 1:i.\\|!l L/j.J (rejN)i.1.llo.rrJrrrr. .llr1,i,u/ ft.,/ /ri(,,. l'J:,ii ,r. .l,,r,ir

\r,,r.\,h..'.,r ,, | ' lr /1.. /'.\4'r,,'rl,,irr.r. ''.K . '.1..'' 'r.tJ,/l\, j

+8ft-. JDd l\\\. 76lllr D. von Ilod),rier. ii,l/ .V.r'.

l'r\.rJ (1. Ito.l,u.k, .l-l.,1 xliir, t.71ili.l. Ilorrrlnrrn.

l'\irrr H. ll. W. Silidr. ,\1r A'),(tt\ til ttu f,lor/r,r,r/d (rrr9)iG. M. A. lli.h!u,.,U./l rx\!rii, i+7fui\lv, JsTri_.(irrl rcd (;. M. A. lii.hr.r. BSI xlvi, r1rti.. rndNr1rr,/,"rii )iirl,oot,/i, Hi!triy ol ,'11't !. LrTH:r M.Frrrrsrvorth rDd H. Wircly..l/l l\ii. r.)i1l:Whitc ground to rcd figrrc Ar(l{)kid(s llrnrtt(.{n t +. |). l'}rscis, A (;r.if.rhrg.D. lxJd),j lntrl./(r !76) +r1llB. aloh.D, l//tr llil,l(iki li!'j (r978).

H. Dl()c\ch. f,,rr,., dr,J.ixi S./trrl., (re+o) shrpcsiP.N. U.c. .Sir/, d l llih.a t\, totkry lt. khitflR(r9r7) i7fi. sklthos groups. all'.1 Louyr. \r

l(rokonx Group A. ll. U,c. /H.s lx\v, ()o1ll

(iorso,,cio,i \k,vphoi ll Fr(ycr-S.hlr.rl)LLrg, /i//kxsv. rlt.:,'l.l r97r. j.tsB.: r976. rolil..., 1r( 1.. \.(;. r..1.1,,-,,1j.r",4." .\/,...r.i..rru

TrI AN \1rNrs l']ArNrriR,1Nr) Lr,,\cr()\s (;RourAntnu.rcs I',riDtcr .1. l). llcxzl.,v, /1lS rlvii,.rri-:t)tr lt)rt.'.1 llu\){.I)., ,l,rnr.,.J r\'/dio (rrti9).l-cirgro\ a;rotrp J. l). ll..rzlcv. D(r s rlil: l-. ltin,n.LiDdcr\,.V.,/.//,rr!x,r..t ISrril. iii. s1ti. rnrphorrc:l<. tJ. l,',1 .,' i1.1 ,- ri-n. . i ,,,,t.()rllfll x)'l rArNrrnsl)ri.nr Ihnr.r K. SchrucrLrurg, R,\'/ lrri. 6ortil J.tlorrdnur. Rrl re7:. 6llI.i w. Moo,r, -'1,.. (;n1 1.'1,/anl Iatu'!alhy lt L,(\) Ltltl.

lJr rNcLrsrs IINiL.r.n.\ l'i,.h)i,1.\ I)r;)r.r (i. M. llobcrtsot.,1/,1 lx!i, Ir rlu

E. Hrsp.lr. .4lll- .hs j, 6i I). C. Krttz, ltln t"utI1'hit( L(kytLri ( e7 \).

VI, T]IE LA I LS 1 BI-A(]K i:I(]UIII,11. lhrp.l!. l8l-.1,s.6.7i 1' N. Ur., Sir,r,rirl /i/i],-(nt ty trtt.ty lt. Rhit!or,r (i9r7) iefili airtrl, xjii.

Thcs.u\ l)iilter M. M. Li$nr1r.,'U.l lxxv, roo.Athcrr Prnrtcr S. Kdon,o ir) Kdn.j (Srlonikr.r97:) \ 8tl_.

l'j$ti.rs (ll.rsr h. Ktrrydi. ,'l '\I l\\vii. roiit.

VII, I'ANAT] IENAI(] V,\SES

K. P.rcrs. .Srir/r , :r r.rl\M ht:i1ii\1r lla1i\t tlnn

(,e+.r)rJ ll. Bc.,zlc!..1/l \lvii,++rril J,,(l i).r (1, s

J. lt. Ilfundt. .'1./i I,r,.. R.,,. N.rr. !ni, l]l (ll .lLouvr. vi LoDdoD ir N.w Yorl lri.A. Snr.rs.lr.. CidrL !. ii7fi_. th. iDs.ripooir\i.1. A.l)r!in,).,1//s Ix\viii, :rli-. i.)6 r(.: I) [. (i{b.rr.J//ll l\xr. i:R. Burgon rnrphoni 'vc*cl ti,r thc

.. ', V,.l .., I A A )\.H./...\'.rTltl-. tlrc rrj B. \ilc: N (;,rr.tn).r, Otu\'k Atltloi..sf.r^ (iero) rr+1I r\ f!iz.r: ll (i Kurrz rrdl.ln)x(hrrr. a;,'d i. Bi,'i.r/ (lrjl,,J (re7 r) I r r, I r 5. rtr6

,i ,,,,il lr,l llr! I'lLlcu\i\:.,lrrr&,r,,1.(o/,x. jeti: rnci{r'd:.1lll,'.1r7Hcllenrtic.

VIII. OI)I)S ANI) I]NI)S

-J. Srx. C,r--.'lr./r. r sNS. i 9rli.. :N r tf.i l. Fh\p.ls, IIJLIoaEl rnd ]\.LJr iii. rllt-i lj l'hiliptrki, 1r. .lt,i..Sr, ,,or (19.7) riH-.:.1 lt a;i..,,. .4I re7o. 17sRi

F1 Lu\.hcv, Di( Phidb t1e1r)t J. tiorrdnrrn. /1i1,.lt.t.. l'.t 1.)j. - r,.,.. r- , ,.,,'.',,.r 4,,.

1]rLlis (;roup J. l). rl.rzl.). U.S,l \li. rorT.

I t.,1.,,r, .rr, t lr I \l,rrl .lrr,,r.r. l. ,., \I( r e7o)r.1. Hr_v.r nr.j Borlllnrr) rDJ J I Iry.s, fu rd i,rojfil. r rlfi:Arrr:r.rs ()R

^ru(:^?Ilr.ruror L. KJhil. N(i(' .,1,r ( fu1,r1(., f4( Il.ihcli i,r96-r).[lcusi\ l'].rnrt.rsofEl.usisT6Trnd j97:(il,',4 Atlutsi- pl. \. r. z.

LMr(r^N1\,\\1) IMrrAroRsT.irii\ B. A. Sprrk.s.-/FtS l\x\vii. r:rlt:LLrL,ocx l. lhxrdnru. lrs,l xlvn. rod.; A. l). Urc./HS lxxx. r.)oli,.r,cll\xxii, r-lrifil, B1(lS !i, r li-. rDdxii. -r.rlt., /ls,l l\riili l). vor Borhnr.r, -V.Ir.,V/^.

Lhcus J lJorrdnrin. (;,rrlr orrr,,?r (,eNo) :6ji(lt'l Hcidclbcrg ir. t;l: I M GDk. '/7r Truil(r971) rrI A. Wriblinscr. ti,dr.oDnrg.(lli\ iDilvsis .1. Bo.rr(lDr,rr. /J.S/ l\\ili, 167i1-.

IX, SIJAPIS

l- I). Crsk.v. ( ;i!,.r'), ,r'( )".r' l:dj.J (rer-:)ial. M. A. R(.ht(,. sr,r/ r dr,/ Nn,r,l,r rlrlx,,i rr I '.rn,i(r9rj): M G Kr.o\ ski. al,!rd,r!r,r (lh\i.di()....(r9s4): M Moor. io,1q.r,:r. +ft-.i1). A. AnrIx. /J.if\\vi]. r rJ4H. r,riri$:.4//!1rr!,,1.(,,,d \ii ( r e7o) phnr

(rr7o)i FL IknTh.ru\.,, irrd Il. C. A. It(,ttl:i1,d(,.lr.rd..,x1r), xii, ril91l: strD(hr (lsrtior.ALrbrstron H. l. Arg.nrcicr. l)dr .'ll,r,,rvr,r,(rrr6).Anlpho[c H. l]lo.sch. /F/-s lx\r. reii-.: R. I-ulli.j

237

,4K vii, 85ff As 'kados' - Cab. M6d. zaj rnd lruAntiqua (Lnztrn) i\. no. t3t.Aryballos,4Kxii,pl.S.r with two handles; Il. vonBothm$, Mddid Mitt. xii, t25.llronze v,ses W. Lamb, Creek aad Ronat Btunzes(r929); E. Djehl, Die Hydri^ \rs64t BelL. Metr. Mus.196r, r 38f. - psykrer-Crrters - H. Hn*eL D€ r Cie'sener Kehhkrdkt \1s67)j 81T. - calyx craters; S. Karouzou, BCH lxxix, r q6f.

Cups - H. Bloesch, Fornetattischu Schdk \19ao)tF.Villard, RE4 xlviii, r5emDhoi - R. Lulties,,4K xiv, JonEpinetra D. M. Robnrsoq 4,4 xlix,48of.; G.Brkahkn, Ojl, xlv, Bcibl. r99trFunerrl vases D. C. Kurtz andJ. Doardmal, CreelBurial Cunons (1971).Hydria see amphorae (Blocsch); E. Dichl, DirHytuid (re64.Kanfiaros P. Courbin BCH lxxvi, 3641r.(othons L Scheibler, //I lxxix, ?2li: and ,4,4 1968,

389ii'.Kyathoi - M. M. Eisman, AJA lxxvli,7ltr.Lcbes srmikos J. Borrdman, BS,4 liii liv, r6otr.Lckyrhos E. H:spels,,4BL-Lolrtedon D. Kallipolitis-Feytmrns, Ler lorrlridattitves (1965) .

Loutrophoros E. WalterJ<arydi, ,4M ixxviii, goliMJsro. H. Palnc. N.,ra, tnthia ttt: l(X PJ t.r -ABV 26,2i-Ocno.hoe K. l'}eten,Jdl lxxxvi, ro:{LPclikc D. von Bothmcr,JHS lxxi, 4o1T.Phiale H. Luschcy, Die Phial, 1t93 .

Phornriskos O. Touchefeu-Meynier, RA 1s72,93tr.Plate - D. Kallipolitis-Feytmus. Les plats attiqaes ij! rcs oires 11e75).PIaques, disc D. Krllipolitis-Feytmans, ACH lxxix,467tr.PLqrrcs. Iirnera, y - J. Boardmru. 8S,4 l. s,6.Plaqucs, vorive 11. Cmef and E. Langlotz, Di?d rihet Vaset wn det Aktupalis z't Ath?n Gsz5) nos.2+%tr-Psykter J- D. BeAzley, Crcek Vascs in Balto ii,61.and iii, 92; K. Schaumburg, J/I lxxx, 76i A.Greifenhagen, Jb. Bttliner Muft?, iii, r23f.; S.

Drougor. Der dllir.r. Psyktet \r975).Sramnos - B. Philippaki, The Artic Srdn as \1967).Staidlet - Athenian Agord x;i. 1'79f.Stards - L. Talcott, Hejl v. J9frImpoltanr publicatiorls of large collections (Dot inCIl,4) represcnting all shapes rDd styles fe:E- Langlotz, Cti?ehisehe Vasen il1 Wiirzbutg (t932).C. Alb;zatt;,, Vasi antitli dipinti del Vatnn o\t92519).P. Mingazzini, Vasi della Collezione Cdstelk li (t93olh Villa Giulia Museunl. Rone).T. CarFcnter, Srmmary Cuide to CVA \rs84 6str.nldicrres Cr'/,{s wilh coD€entratioDs of particulrr

48

X, I)ATES

E. L glor/. Z t Zt,tb?ltinmut,g tet 'tretqt'tligutqa,Vasetotalta und der 2kil,:?r,rgcx l'/urri& (roro) o r.

(bhck figure), r7f. (carly red 6gureand rhc SiphuiaDTreasry), a3li: (kalos namer.E,rly brrck 6gurc ,nd Corinrl, I'aync. Nrrrororin-,ji, (raJ r) jaaff. E. Br,rn, Ath?aian Ago'a viii.1. z'.Srnyma -J. M. Cook. 8S,4 liii liv, 29.MrrrGorr - t HJspelr. 4BL or l. t3qt.: AAA iv.coff ( P'Jraean.' runulu-: rlre rdenLi6crlion is

questiorll]ble).Athens - Athenian,4gora xii, jstF. summary of

Acropolis - w. D. Dinsnoor, ,4J,4 xxxviii, aoslT.Rcvisionism ADswered :J. Boardman, ,4,4 1988,

+23tr.

XI. GENERAL DECORATION

CoNvENTtoNsH. Himmcimarln, Erza M:< tud Fktit in der archaivthen Kunst (r967)t J. Boardman, R,4 1972, J7f.political symbolisnrJHs xcv, re; R,4 t97a,227tr;,4J,4 lxxxii, lf., Ane. Crcek and rclated Pottery(Ansterdam r98j) 239f4Cestures H. Kemer, ,vcirc, mtl Laeher in dugtiechischea K',,$t (1960); C. NeunanD, Crrt, l,,rdCcbilrd \1ebi.Rcd-faccd Athcna ,48trl rii, 38 and 4r; Herakles,ABV 23\ to \Pdru rcq.Red-black greaves Cr,4 Munich vii, J8, pls. 3i I 2.Mistakes and mixed rcenes K. Schauenburg, JdIIxxxv. 28fl.IGeehrg-runnirg E. Schn:,idt in Mirchntr archaalo-

I,rr/r s,rdic, (rgoe); L. Gtiilf,del, Dic Daddl S des

LauJens h du sriechischat K,,,r/ (re34).Pcrspcctivc G. M. A. R;.c\tet, P?\peetire i Crcekand Ronan At (ts7o).

P. Kretschmcr, Die gricchischen Vaseni'\ehtiften(r8ea);L. H.Jetrery. 'lrc Loedl Seript' oJ Archaic Creeee(re6r).Krlos names - D. M. Robinson :nd E. J. Fluck, ,4Stutdy olhe Creeh Low NanrJ (r937). Lstsh,4BlandPara. K. Schauenblrrg, Cymnsium lxxvi. 49f. godsand heroes (addnrg Lero, C/,4 Ncw York iii, pl. 3z).Cmmti R. Hrckl iD Milrhner drchaoLog\ehe Studkn... A. FrnwangLet lrsasJ;A.W.Johnston, TruderldrAsa Cfttk Vases GsTs).Inscriprion in a scparatc rcBisrcr, Ctl,4 Louvre vi, pl.69.4.Ituiin lctrcrs Jctrcry, op. cit.,297; 'Srl],ian' - Metr.Mus. Bull. 1969. +121.

E. Homrnn-Wcdckhg. Archdivhe Vase\o anentik(1938) 37li: H. R. W. Smith. The Hea$t Hydtia(reaa): t'. Ircobslhal, or ankrtc lriechbcher Vase(Lsz7), D. C. K$rz. Athellio Whnc Lekythoi \rs7i),

Corintlrian preccdcnts H- Paync, Neercwifihia(,93 r) ch. ro.

ANIMALS AND MoNS'rrinsCri{'r, S. Vos. S, yllri,n ,1r.r, rr jf. andA,imr5p\Hippalektryon G Can)po-eale. ALh. Cla,., xix.248trSphhxes - H. W ter, Antile rurd Abendland ix,qff.Lion figlrts J. Boardman. Athan Geek Gen' 12ttr.Frontal ch:rriots - G. Halier, Viugtlpan e nt Vordo-a,ri./rr (I9.18).

XII, SCINIS OF IIEALITY

Sec bibliosraphics ir ,4rc. Geeh At n d leano{aphy(ed. w. MooD re83).Dress pattems A. Kloss, Mrt. /er tuil. v.8ofi:Drcss pins P. Jacobsth.tl, C/cl]& P,'nr (rej6) ro6f.Fountain houses B. Dunkley, BS,4 xxxvi, r4zf.; R.GiIoLi! B alanau ti k( (t s62).Slaves N. Hi:urelmann, Atrhaologsch?s zunProblen der sricchischcn Sktueti (197 t).Sdlts F. Brommer, ,4K xi, JofllNegroes F- M. SDowden. Bhcks ii Antiqsity ltg7o).Horscmcn and horscs, fronral K. Schauc,lburg. ,4,4lxiii.423fi:Women sh:rhg a cloak M. Guarducci, ,4M liii,j3ri; K. Schauenburg, R Mlxxi,68f.| AA te't6,zLStr.

FIGHTINGA. M. Snodgmss, Atnls dntl Affiaw of the Creeks(te67).l'eltists J. G. P. Best, Thrueia pebnlts (r96q.Scythiarls - S. vos, Scythiall Arehe$ in Atchdic AtticVas? Painhg Os6i.Slriclds G. Lippold itr Mii thtd otchtiolognthtstrdicr (reoe).warrior's cleparture w. wrede, /M xli, 22rftArmed dancers J. C-Ponf t, BCH xcii,55of.'w'tNti, woMljN, aoYS AND soNGKomasts A. Greifenhagen, Eiac dttiyhc

'ehwntzj-rutire Vasenratt"ng lr gzt)) , E. B|oschor , Satyfinzc w.f/nhe! Dtana (reaj); A. Seeberg, Cotinthia kotna'w!e' lreTr).Munmers A. Pickard-Cambridge, The DrtmdticFesttual! of Ath? s (1988); M. Bieber, Hktory aJ theCftek and RonLan Theatre As61); F. Brcmmer, ,4.4r94?,6jftl dolphtu ridcrsiJ. BoardmaD, BICS v. 6f.

Symposia l. M. DcDtzcr. RA 1971.21Str. cf. G. M.A. Richtcr. The Fureitutc oJ the Crcaks, Etrurars a

Romdtls (t966)t B. Felxr, Otientalische "td

priechischeCeld[e (rs7 r) .

Music- M. Wegner, Mxsihges&i&te in Bilden 11964.Da! Melikleber der Ciecl'e ($a9).Love-makhg - G. Vorberg, Clolsatiun Erotic n(1965). Honosexunlity - J. D. Beazley, Some ,4rlnValesikthe CWLts M setln.6fir K. Schxllcnburg, .4,4

196j, 8Joe; K.J. Dover, Creek Hohto:cxudli|)' \1978).Slippering -J. Boardmai, AA ts76,2a6ff.

SloRrE. N. Garctiner, ,4rrlzri.s oJtht A eiut World (ts3o)lH. A. H.trrit, (jftek Athktcs lrsTsJ.

CoMMERcE AND INDUsTRYPottins G. M. A. Richter, The Craft oJ AthotianPotety (1923)t AA \969. \41€.Ships -J. S. M. Morrison and R. T. williars, GreepOared Ships \1968); L. Cassoi, Ships and Seand ship(r97r) rndJHS lxxviii. r4ff. pirates?: K. SchaueD-burg, ,4( Beihcft 7, 3a.

REtlcIoNA. B. Cook, Zcrr (rer4-4o) prssin, for cult md mythsccncs; L. Deubner, ,4lrn.re Fcsk (r932); w. Durkert,C/ccl Rel,j,ol, (re8i).Masks - V. lVrcde, ,4M liii, 66frMarriase J. Boaidman, BS,4 xlvii, 34f. and liiiJiv,rJ 8lT.Burial W. ZschieEnann. AM 1iii, r7lT.;J. Board-mrn. ,Sl l. jrtri D. C. Kurtz and J. Boardman,Crcek Bffial Atsb : \ts7l).

XIII, SCENES OF MYTHSee bibliogrrphies h ,{,?c. Crcek An dnd teo osnphy(ed. w. Moon re83).The nyrhological tudcxes to,4BIland Pdru are basicsourccs for sceircs o:r attriblrtcd vascs.F. Brommer, VdseDlkte'1 zlh gtieehisehen Heltensage(r97J) lists also unattributed vases rnd gives a briefbibliography for each scene.Oths uscful sources are W. H. Roscher, .4rrr,irl-liches Lexico dct rtieehisehe utd ftjnk.len M),thologil(1884-1937) now scriolrsly outdated; E"ci.lop€di,dell'Ate anna (r9j8 1966); Lexnon der olten WeLt(Artenis Verhg, re6j) - ror rcccnt rcfcrcnccs; E.KU]1ze, Archaisdrc Sdtildbrrlc ( r gJo) ror Pcloponne-sian scenes rnd general discussion; E. Haspcls, ,4Bl.iLutitot Ineoflographial'll Mytholoriae CL$shae (r98r )

for full illustr.ted accomlts offigures rnd myths.ln thc followirlgDotes Ireferco usefulmonognphs orcollcctions of pictures,refetence should also bc

GTNERALK. Schefold, Myth dnd Leretd itr Larly Ctcck Art(re66) mainly earlier; Cdtter nnd Hcldutsd( dtrCr.(re78).H. von Steuben, Fiitu Sage da$tclh qc ilt Koti tlt

'\d Att \Nt N) wrrh vrlrr.rt'lc corrl,.rrrriv.

For the stories in literarure scc rny Chssicrl crrcyclo-pacdiai H. J. Rosc, Hd'rll,ool ol ()\\'k Mytlll'lily(r960); Apollodorus (Locb Libr!ry trlllrsl LnnrwithJ.

THE GoDsE. Simon. Dis Cotrl da Crid \ (te6t)).

ZEusA. B. Cook, ,r.rr i iii (rer4 re4o).ThNdcrbolts 1,. Jicobsthal, D.r Blir: (r906).Bjrrh of Adlenir A. B. Cook, Ze ! i;i, 656tr; F.Lirommer. Jb.R6m. Crrn,. 7cnfllln,u,r,,,,,. \r,.66ff.Birth of DionysovHephaistos - H. Fuhrnrmn. JdIlxv lxvi, rrr.Europa de la Cosre Messeliirc, Au Musie de Delphe!(Ie36) Ii31I.; goddess o,r bull - w. Techrlu,J,/l lii,76tr.

Niobids R. M. Cook, Niobe n d hd Childrclt (re64lH. Hoffmann,,,l,4 r960,77: K. Schauenburg, K,srr nr

Tityos - A. Creifenhascn, Jh. Berliflet Muscc ;. 5tr.Pytho-L. Kahil, Mlld,g.' Mnhdbulki lts66) a8t tr.

HBRMESP. Za*er, Wandel det Herncs*nah h der auischanVasnnakrei \r965).As child N. Gialouris, AErs53l4,)i. t62tr.Arsos H. Hoffmann,-/b. Ha rb"ryet Kunnsdr1nlt1l1-j./ xii, Iof.w;rscd K. Schaucnburg, C),&,ari,,r lxx, , r4f.Whgcd boots N. Girlouris, BC-H lxxvii, 293tr

DroNYsosRcturn ofHephrstos F. Brommcl,JlUlii, r98ftHEpHArsrosScc Dionysos.P. Bruncau, tsCH ixxxvii. jo9f.; J. Wiesrcr, ,4,4r969, trrff

U. Hcinl,crg, Ddr Bild r/u Poscidon h de( *tieellnehenVasennglerei (1968) .

See Zeus.Attributes A. B. Cook. Zeus iii, 747f.1 M. H.Groothand, 8,{acrr/r xliii, 3 jli:Wnrgcd J. lloardnlan, Archdn Crcek Cefls rcof.

H URA

Attackcd by satyrs Hrspek, .48L 20.

\Vith Eros i. D. Bcazley,,lHS xlix.26zf

Scc Apollo.Mistrcss of Animals C. Christou, Potnid Thetun(1968); E. Spartz, Da! Wappobild ds Hum nntl det

Aktaion P. Jacobsrh:r1, Matbnserlb. !. \tr.TRTPToLEMosC. Dug , Mllanrsr lxii, 7f.ASSEMBLY oF CoDsN. Hinlmclman., MLlPr r96(r,4rffi H. Kn.ll, DieD stell sr id Cij eludsdnnrl t,q (1965).

240

F. vlan, Ld Crctrc des Cld,ii (r95r); [. l)6ris md O.Gl?on, Dtt KtnlpJ der Ciittet u d Titd e (ts6t).FIERAKT,Es

F. Drommer, Hrrrll?r (r9j3) on thc Lrbours; HeratlAII ( rqsa) orhcr rydls.F. Bromnler, Denk^nletlistd zu yieehiyhet HeLdenrdj? i, Heraklcs (r97r) bibliogrrphy aDd lisrs ofscencsl1o,on vascs. Lucc's earlyarricles Gecbclow) arestill useful but his lnts arc incomplete.v. Lion S. B. Lucc,,4J,4 xx,46off; benr swordCaneLla i, p11. 6j.1i gutting - Mllnich j63; K.Schauenburs,J/Ilxxx, e7nv. Hydra F. Bromnler, MWP| tt)+9, 3ff,:, P.Amandry, Bull. Fat. des Letne!, Snasbotur< x\x,293f.,K. Schauenburg, ,4,4 r97r, r62fi-.v. Birds E. Haspcis,,4Ba 27.v. Btl]1 U. Hatlsmam, HellsniJrir.re Rdjefljethet(r,,(v) uvrr.v. Ceryon P. A- Clement. Hf? xxiv. rf.; C. M.Robertson, Clasica/ Qrdrerli, xjx, 2o7n:; B.Neutsch, Ca"y,,ed (r9a9) 29frHcspcrides and Atlas - F. Bronher,JdJ lvii, rojlT.Helios G. J.copi, Boll. d'Atte xxx,3etr.v. Amazons D. von Borhmer. Anazon! itt Cft& AttOe57).v. Nereus, Triton -I.,llnschot. Menfi er(g+\)..G. Ahlberg, H. drl rre S.a-noxrd (r9s4): R. clynn.AJA 8s, 121ff.v. Cc,,.Jurs, Ph.,lo. P.V.C. Urur, C,,r,drrr n,Ancient Ai (rstz\ K. Schaucnburs. ,4M Ixxxvi,4Jnc. Ceras F. Brommcr, ,4A 1952.6atr.v. Alkyoncus B. Andreae,Jdl lxxvii, r3of.v. Iturkopcs P. Zancani-Montuoro, Henio allaFo.s del Sele ii, rSJf.v. Kykros F. Vian, RE 4 xlvii, Jff.; hoverins boltAtft late Pdinting! in NcL2 E fland 48f., Canella i pl.87.r 3.v. Acheloos -H. P. lsler,,4rkloos (rqzo); S. B. Lucc,,4J,4 xxvii. azjfl.;1. N. Loraro, Kledrlror viii, 13rff.v. Ncssos - P. Courbin, aCH lxxxvi, 3478:Hcsione F. Bromm.r. MWPI rqJJ,4tr; E. Diez,OJlr xlv, Beibl. r7off.; A. Lcsky. Anz. Ostett. Akad.

v. Apollo J. Boardman, RA t9?8, zzttLPrometheus S. K^ronzon, Aggek tou Andglromtos(re63).Introduction to Olynr pu s - P . Mi119tzzi1i, Mtn. Attidei Li eei 1925 6,4r,]R'.;J. Boardman, RA rsj2,6oE.Kithara playnrg - C. Dugas, REC 1vii,6rff.; K.Schauenbu€, JdI lxxvii, s8f.; bcsidc altat CVATarquinia i, pl. r2.3.with Arhena -J. D. Beazley,,4Kiv, 5511'.; G. Bcckel,Ciitterbcital)d in det BiLd bfliaft [ priecllncllet Hel-tL sarer Ae6t).Eurytos G. M, A. Richrcr, ,4.1.4 xx, r3oli; K.Fittschen, Ci,n,dJnlfl 1*vii, r6zewith Saryrs F. Brommer. Sd4,,ryielc (r9J9) 7rtrsacrifichg l. D. Bcazlcy, BoJro, I/"s.J iii, 8tr

THrsrusE. Kunze. Atthats.hc Schildbd del r27tr.i C. Dngas NdR. Flaceliare. Thlsie, Imdpe! ?t Rhits (tssg).,]nd Hclcn L. Ghali-Kahil. Les L.nllmots et le rctottrd'Hllinc \1e5i 3o5tr.and Antiopc D. von Bothmer, ,4nazans i CreekA/t 11957) r241tr.

in trec M.J. Milne. B,ll. Mett. M|| y,255tr.

K. Schiuenburg, 2.8.,s (1960).a[d Gorgons R. Hampe, ,4M lx/lxi, :85fti; F].Bcsig, Gorgo und Corro&ion (r9t7); T. G. Kara-Aio$ha. Catreie Kephdle (re7o); V. PoulseD. Meddr-/ebel . . . Nt CarturcrJ xxv, rJtr

BriLLriRoPHoN AND CHTMAERAT. J. Durbabin, Studies Rohi sot ii, 11641T.; F.Brommcr, M l,I/P/ r952li4, if.; K. Schauenburg,Jdllxxi, 591T. and,4,4 r9J8,2rli; D. Ohly,,4M lxxvi,rlT. (early type); M. L. Schmitt, ,4J.4 lxx, l4rtr; S.Hlller, Belkrcpho (\97o).

K. Schancnburg,,4,4 r97r. r 62ff.

K. Schruenburg, Cynnasint \xiv, z.totr.

CALYDoNTAN BoAR r{uNrdc la Costc MesseLare, Au Musie de Dclphe' (r%6)r2off; D. vor Bothnc., B ll. Mus. Fin Att\, Bostottxlvi, 42tr; It. Blattcr, .4L v, 4jlii K- Scluucnburg,AA 1962,765tr. C. D^ltrop. Die Ka\,doniyhe Jdgd(re66).

THEBAN SPHINxR. Lullies. Fertirlrf s.i,weitzu (resi, 4atr.U. Hausr]1ann,Jb. S/dar. K,ttstsdnnl- Batl?n Wiinen-I'crr ix,7tr.

r Hr I ROIAN LYCILK. F.Johmsen, The tliad h Eatly Crcek At (1967).Weddnlg of t clcns and Thetis M. Heidmreich,Mitt. ies. Inn. !. r34ff.Aclillcs raken ro ChiroD K. F. Jolunsen, D/a.(naNiL!,r (19.19) r8,nJudBcmcnt of l,atis - C. Clxir oni, D0' Pa],l!ftt?il nld0 a"tike K,ltst lt95t).Troilos M. Heictenrcich, Mnt- det l st.iv, ro3tr.K.

Shrucnburg, J./l lxxxv, 461T.Hector's Body tr. T- Vonlculc, ts,//. Mrr. /;nx, .4 ij.Borro, lxiii, 34fa; K. P. St:ihlcr. Crd, xrl PIl,./,c ./.IPattuklas ( ry67) .

Sleep and Deatlr C-Pi.ard. Cannc 1?? tlu Atdt!. LDs.

r953, roltrAchillcs arning D. von Bothmer, r,/1. M,r. Ftue,4rtr, BoJror xlvii, 8J6.R,n,or, .l Hecro, - J D. Ucrz[1. B,4B"r,/r x\ix.r2li.Psyclrostasia J. D. Berzley, Bojld, Vases ili, 44tr.Achilles v. Mennrotr -J. D. Belztcy, Bosta Vases;;,

Menelaus regatus HelcD L. GhaLi-Kahil, l-€r eflltrr-nents et le retoal d' H(Lt'i. (r95j); P- Clcmcnr, HeiIxxvii,471T.Death ofPrian M. l. Y/icrckc, ,4J,4 lviii, 28jf.Ajax rrd K:rsudra -J. Davrcux, Ld Ltrude de La

proph&asse Cassa re (rgaz); J. l). lleazlcy, Borrofl,/ds.r iii, 64li; K- Schauenburg. RM lxxi, 63fiArrr.r. ,rrnr. An.hi\. K. sch:ucnburg. t-larra-Jnfl lxvii, r76ff.: Ixxvi. 4zlf.Achilles and Ajax playins - K. Schefold, J,/I lii, 68lL;J. D. Bcazley, Borrofl l/drer iii, 2tri E. Diehl, aclh,.rM,r..x xii. l)ff: s. wooJford.JH\,'ii. r,,lT.

THE ODYssrYO. ToucheGu-Meynier, Tltincs odysluB tian\ I'dtdntiqrc 0e68).Polyphemos 11. Fellnann, Dir aarifrcu Darsttll rutde s Po ly! h e n ab c tt dM \ t e7 2).Sirens B. Candidr, Srrdi Clasl. ? Or. xix/xx, 2r2tr

Amazons D. von Bothmcl, Anldzo t iu Crcek Ai(,si7).Arisuios B. F. Cook. Btll. Met. M s. xxi,3tf.Nikc. t-n ,rd wirgcd wollr(n C lrlcr-KereI)r.Nrtr (re6e).Centaurs I'. V. C. Bau. Centatts h Aneient At(rer,).IkiDc'us K. Schaucnburg, AA 1962,745ff.saryh F. Brumm(r. .sd,/roi ( rl7): S. K ,ro,r?ou i,,Kc,ror (Salmika, re7,) J8rt (armed); J. Doardnar,Arhan Crcck CMs 11968) J7r. (csr.SilcDos F. Bronncr,,4A 1941,37tr-Pan F. Brommer. MdrrwrerJb.Jin K,m'twtsse sehal

T

LIST

Frorrirp ir,.. Vrtican Museums 344,lrom Vulci. ABV t45, 13. r4Photo - Hirncr. See also

llool. 15

OF ILL U STRAT IO N S

Phoh - Mllscunr. 29

LoDdoD, Mrs RusscU.,4tsr9, r7. After ,4Bl pl. r.l.ItulI.lo, Albrighr KDox Art toCi.llcry G 600. Atsr t2.22-

Athcrs. Nationil Muscumr 6 t j4, f(nn V.ri. Prf r r, 2.

Athens, V1.sto CollcctioD.lroDr Sprtr..4Blrr, 2. Pho-io (;.nDan lnstiturc.

Elcusis Mlserm 7(,7, frorrElcu\is.,4Br 2r. L Photo(iennrn hrstitutc, AthcnsTaranro Muscun ro.$8J,froDr TfcDttun,4lirl trt, 2.

Anrstcrdrnr, All.rd l']icrsonMuseunt r94r. ,481l 4i, 23.

Arhcns, Nation.l MLr\eun)

Jll. ,'18l 6tl, 2 Photo

London, lltitish Muscunr ul8(], liorn Sirni.,4Br 5i,9r.l'hoto Muscnnr.London, British Muscum 1l

-182, lron Nola. lBr ji. j.

Wiirzburg, M.rrtnl vonW.gDcr Museum 4iI, lroDr(loriDdr. ,4Atl J7. r I4.

l']iris, Louvrc CA 616, frontThcbcs.,4B, jtl, r22 Phon)

l']aris, Louvrc A 478, froD)Cfi llitlls.,4Br'66, 54. t'hon,

Wnrzblfg, Mrrtin votWagncr Muscnm 4iz. fionrVulci. ,4AIl 61. 6. Photo

I,rris, Lorvrc CA j76. fronrBocorja.,431.'61, 3. Phot)

New York, MeftopolitrrMuscum r2.214.3, ltog.rsFund, from ncar NrplcsABV 69, 3. l'l1oto Mu-

llolognr Mls.unr PU ro4,fr(nn Errurir. ABV 7a. 7-

Hanovcr, Kcstncr Muscunir9j4.,lr. Pdr.28, rbis. Photu

London, Bruish Musurt Br 81, fronr Mclos. ,4tsr7I, I.

Florcn.e Muscurn,l2o9,from Chiuri. ABV 76. t;I'dr, 29. I']hoto Hirnlct,rrd aticr FortwnDgler-lacichliold, Cr,tlisrlr I/a-srarralrrri pls.3. t t-t z.

Adrcns, Acropolis 6()6. ,431l8r, r. Aft$, Cracf,,4!r. /d-

BcrliD, Stxrtlichc Musccnitrv. 482r, fronr Liosl:r.,4Br8r,4. Photo - Muscurn.ArllcDs, Acropolis 61r. ,44/82, r.l'hoto HirDcr.Ncw York, McropolianMuscun) ra).49. froDr Aft;(r-ABV a3. 4. l)hoo - Mu

Ncw York, MetropolicrnMLrscNr J6.17r.28. FletchcrFund, tron C:rmirus.,4Al'84, 4. t'hoto Muscunr.llrscl, Blocb Collcctur.Pdra 3r. to. Photo Bisel

llostoD, MuserlD of FincArrs 2r.2r. ,48Il 84, t.London, British Muscum ll76. from Crnirus. ,48Il 85,

r. I']hoto MusculD.London, lltitnh Muscum97.7 )1.2. ABV 86. 8. Phot<i

llostob. Muscum of FineArts 98.9r6. fron Vulci.ABV 98, 46. Photo Mu-

London. British Muscunr97.7 ,.7.2.. ARV 97,21. Af-tcrJHS xviii. pl. rs.Ignrzburg, Martirr vorWrgncr Museum r68, iroDlVulci (?). ,4BIl Iol, ,Ia.

P:rr;s, Lolvrc l. u64. ABV97, ll. Irhoto Mnscur11.HaDrburg. MuscirD fiirKuDst und (ic$,ctbc r96(). r.Pdld 40. Photo Mnscum.

Munich, Antikcnsurmlun-g.n t432- AIJV 102.98.

Berlin, Sttlatlichc Musccnr7o4. fronr Cacrc. ,4Br 96.r4. Photo Muscutli.Bcrlin, Staatliche Mrseeninv. 484r, fron Orvicro.IEIl 97, 22. Phoro Musc-unr, rDd rficrJ/Iviii. pl.

'.AthcDs, Acropols 607. ,4Arrlr7. r. Aftcr, (lr:rcl ,4!r.I/dr.'r i, pls. 13, rJ.Ncw York, MclropolitrnM0scDr11 3I. r r.rr. ,4BIlr08, j. Photo - MuNrm.Lordon, Bflti$ Mlrscum 1l

r48.,48Il ro9, 29. Photo

Bcrlih. St.atlichc Musccnr a,8 s, from Vulci. .4BIl r(]9,

24. After Gcrhard. E/r. ,kanp. t/asothiLru pl. z.t.

Bcrlin, St.xdichc Muscenr7t2, fro1n Vulci. IAIl 11o,

37. Photo Muscum.Mlrnich, Antikc,rsammlull-gcn inv.li76(). Para 46.I)hoto

Oxford, Ashnlolex Muscum 1966.768. fion Imly.,{a/ rr-1, 80. l')hoto Mu-

Arhens, Vlusto CollcctioD,from Spxta. AtsV tl3. a+.

After Runpf. sd/rd,irdrpl I4.Tocra MNcuDr Io27. Pdld

47. Photo Au$or.V.ticln Museums JC,9, liornC1cre.,4tsr I2r. 7. l'hoto

Prrr, Louvrc E 8q- AllVr20, r. Photo Muscunr.Oxtord, Ashmolcan Musc-u[r rqo, from Gch. ,4l]/r 14, 16- Plloto - Musctrnr.Munich, Arrtikcnsamnrlun-gcn r169, fron Vtrlci.,4AIlr26. J,]. Photo Musc!nr.Ncw York, MctropolitxnMuseum 56.r r.r, gift ofW. C. B.ker. Prrd 66.l']hoto

New York, MctropolihnMuscurn :r.rr.ro. Fletchcr

Fun.l. tlonr Viri /1lltl ria,.s7 Pho() Mus(t1r).Arh.Ds, Agora Muscunr P

r2a)2il.,4BIl r Ji, 64. l)horo

Londor, British Museum B+zr, from Vulci.,48l t st,I2. Photo Mlrserm.P.ris, Louvrc F 75, fromVulci.,4drl rJ6,8 L Photo

BostoD, MuseulD of FincArts ro.6Jr. ABY 1t7. 86.

Kings Pont, Schimmcl Col-lcction, lrom Vulci- Para 67.

Oxford, Ashmoicau Muse-trnr I9l9-1rli. i4Bll IJ7,89.

Paris, Cabinet des M6drillcr221, fron vt],i. ABV ts2,25. Photo - Hirnrer.

F.l(.L,sis Mnrunr. 1'ronr Elcu-sis. H(;rPpls. rr, rl. l'hoto

Hirnrcr.Munich. Antikcns:trnrtthn-gcD inv. 8764. Mi iJl,.Lltt hildtndu Krnsr xri, tto.

Formcrlr Ilcrlin. SteetlichcMusccn A:+, fron Acgnu.,4ar r, r. Aticr CI,7 i,pl :3.Adlcns. Ker.or.ikos Musc-uur lJor, lrom Athcns.,4lllzr. z. Phoro (icrllrr lnstF

AthcDs NxuoDal Murcunrrooz. from ArhcDs. r'drn:, (,-

I)hoto l lirmcr, xDd aftcrA 1. Dt kn.ilu i, pl- ,,7.

Athens, NrtioDai Muscunlr6-18+, fronr Vari. P,t., l. r3.Photo Muscum, rncl rftcrKarruzou. ,4,qlci t tor ,4ra

Adrc,)s, Kcranciko\ Musc-um 1j4, liorrr Ather\. Irdra

1.9. Photo - GernrxD Insri

llcrln), Sri.tlicllc Musccn1961.7. Jdhtl tth ttt llulnwMrJr., iv, r$.I'jhoro Mu-

Athcns, Nirtionrl Musctrnr1jl, fioDr Pirxcus. ,lAIl r.Ali.r,4I r897, pl.6.Nc$, York. McropolitanMrsclm JE.r r. ro, FlctchcrFuDd, fion) Cree.e. l8ll r,4. Photu - Mnscunr.P.lris, Louvrc E 87+. ,{31/ 8,

r. Photo Hirmcr.l']aris, Lolvrc E 8r7. lBll9,7. Photo Muscum.MnDich, AnrikcnsrnrnrluD-gcn inv. 87j7. l1rd 7, tl5-

Paris. Louvrc (:A 821, fronlBocoti..,'181, r2, 2.t Photo

Arher)s, N.rional Muscunlr628J, ffonr Vari.,,ltsll r9,

l. Photo Mr:jcun.Lonclon, llntish Mu\cu r

r964.+ rJ. r.-/H.S x.ii. pls.8,r r.. Phoro Mnscun.Athcns, Natirnrl Mnscrrr29(J. fronr VoLlrva. ,4tsr 24,

7. Photo - (;cflnaD Lrstitutc,

llhodcs Muselln) joo8.fio r lrly$s. ,{Br 24, LNcw York. MctropolitanMnscLrDi 2:.r39.:r. RogcrsI'rnd. fronl T.r.ntnn .4Br:7, 1. Photo MuselD.Pr:tgue U iversri,v L2lto,firr Grcccc. ABV 3t, 3.

AthcDS. Nrtion.l Muscunlrrog- /Bf lr, 7. Photo

Lon.lon. lltiti$ Mtsclulrt97t.tt t.'- I./d r9, r6bis.aMQ xxxvi, pls. 14 J7.

Adrens, Acropolis r87. ,,ltltl19, rs. A[tet Cr]el ,4[r.rdlo i, pl. :6.Arhcns, Nrtional MuscnrrI J499. lron l'hrtsxlos. ,4tslJ9. r6- Photo E.1il.A&cns, NrrioDiri Muscu99r, arom Vorrrv.. ,4Brl rllr. Photo (lcnnrn IDstitutc.

Athcns. Nrtio l Museu r

995, frorn Vo(r?r. IBIl J9,r r. Photo Ccnnin lDst;

Boston, Muscun of Fnre

Arrs or.8027, fron Orvicn).ABV t52, 27. Photo Mu-

Berh). Sraalliche Musccninv. :;:ro, frorr Vulci.,43lrJr,2r. Phoio Museu,r.Wiirzburg, Martin vonWagDcr MLrs.-LnD 26J, fromVulci (?). ,4Bz rir, 22.

Brscl, Anrikcnmuso,ut Ki.42o. Pdrd 65. l)hoto Mu-

Creat Britrir. Privxtc. Pira6J. Photo Widnrcr.Munich, ADtikcns.rnnrlun-gcn ntv. 8763. I']arr 65. Pho-

MLniich, Artikcnsanrmllrn-ger 1468, fron Vulci.,4Brlr15, 3 eitnrter of (] Dr

brldgeaT).Photo Muscum.tsulm, Stearlichc Muscenr698, trom Vulci- ,48I/116,54- Phoro Mnscunr.Oxlokl, Aslnnolexn Mus.-UD I96J.]3J, ABV T37,511.

London, British Muscun) tl16l, fron Vulci. ,4BIl r 11,

2iJ. Photo - Muscum.traris, Louvre F jr. ll1)nr

t7

til

2i

]I

l3

34

3J

l8

39

4t

+6

jr

5i

56

57

6l

64

65

6,

7t

75

76

8,]

84

87

t!u

89

9I

59

I3 43 7u

96

213

98

r ril

121

r3l

rt1

r36

r3il

r+1

r45

' 4lJ

r5r

Li4

ri7

L,\

r7i

177

rTll

t19

rs7

rsti

r8,

r9l

r9i

Vulci. ,4lllr rr6, .re l'li,)r,i

B.rlnr. Snrtli.l)( M!na rl

r7ro, iorrr Vul.i. /l1ll 1r,r. l)hoto Museu,,,.Lordor, Ilriush Musc'r,r llrIo, tiom Vul.i. lBt'ra4,7. Photo Hi,ucr.Londou, tsritish Mrr!or Bro9. ,{a I,' r,r4, 8. I'hok) -

VaLi.aD Muscunrs 144, fioDlVulci. ,4ts1,'r4j, r3. I']hotoHirDr.r.lloulorDe Mrsernr j jti.IBIl r4i, r li.llonrc. Vilh Gluli:t Muscunrioj99, flonr ('.acrc. AtsV146, 2lr. l'hoto Mus.un1.Athers. Aqoti M!1seunr.tom rlr. A.rcpol,s NordrSlopc. lBr r 4i, r9. PhotoAmcr;.rn School ol (lhs\F

Munich, AntikcnsrmmlLurgcn ro41, fiorn Vulci.,liiilr4.i, trr. Phoro Hirmft.llcrlin, Staatiichc Musecnr8r r, r8r4, fto,r) Athcns.AtsV t4(, ).2.l'}horo Llir

I{rrlsruhc, l}rclischcs t-an-enr)useuir) 6j.4J, fiorr V!1-.i ( ?). ldrd 6I.Sbis.l']horo

LoDdon, Bflrish MusLlrnr1l r64. [to,D l]or)rrzo.,{BIlr4N. tr. l'hot,) MuseLrr).Ilcrhr, Suadichc Musrorrnv. 1604, fronr (;ordion,,18I,' 78, r3. I'horo MLr

Munich, ArtikcnsrmnrlLurgcr Sl- 462, fror! Txrcntrrn.lBl r8o, 4,1. Phob M!

I-ondor, llritish MrlcurlB 4:r, frorr Vul.i.,4BIlr8r. r. l'hoto MulcnD1.Iioston, Muscrr) ol_ Fir)eArrs ,8-92o, I_rom Vulci.ABl. 179. t. Photu Mu-

LoD.lon, 1]rirsh MusLrnrB +zt, lroD V!lci..,1ijl./r84. l'hoto Mus.um.

ll,)Jr(ir, M,,{\,,r of FiD.A,t\ e\. r7, llorr (;11x. /,,1fr1)+. Phi)n) Mus.um.()\l;tu1, Ash rolcrr M!sc-Nrr rr r, tionr BolscDx. -l8r'ra\, i. Photo MuscuDi.Mu,rich, ArtiLcrsirrnrlungcn 2r6i, tlonr Vu].;.,lIt'r7r, r. Pl)on, Mumlr.Munich, Anrik.nsanlmloo-s(n 2r41, t-ronr V!1.i. -43rr6l, r. l)hon) Muscnn.Vrticrn MllscuDr\ lto. ll:ll,'I ltr, r. l'jhoto Musdrr.Ncw Yoi k. MctropolitrDMulcunr r7.2ro.j. tioDlVulci. l']dra 7E, r. Phoftr

lloston, Muscunr of FincArts 69. ro52. Urrlir(rdr Md-.(d:rx,5epr. r97o. Figr. r,9j.

IlostoD, Muscurr oa Fnr.Arts 6r. r()7r. 7lr? 69. l)hon)

(bpcDhrg.n, Netrnrsl Mu-scun in! rt966 Pd,d 4rl.

llcrln,, Studichc MusccnI717, fronr Vulci. il,?r 7j.

LoDdoD, British M!scuD1 B4:,r. fio,r Vnlci.,48r ra)9,

l. Photo Mus.uDr.Wiirzburg, Martil vonWrgncr Mus.um ],rr. ,4ts1lr49,5. Photo Mus.um.Ncw York, Mctropolitr,)Muse!D .17. r r.j, fioDA.r.grs. ,4Br r7,1, r. l']horo

Ncw York, MctropolnarMns.um 116.rc)2r

' 6', Ro-

gcrs Fund, frorr (l.rpux.ABl, r<r, 1,. l']horo Mu

Txrrrto Mus.unr 44t4,froD Tir.lnrD.,481,' IrJo,:. Phoro MLrs.unr.Wiiizburg. Mrrt;r voWrgn$ Mrsernr 4|.Wiirzbtrrg, Mrrtni vonWrgncr Muscunr 45o.Oxtuk1. Ashn,olcrD Mus.-

Wiirzburg. Mftnr loD

W.gncr Muscunr +.,6, froDrVul.i. lAri66, r. l']hoto

aliDberri, UnivcrsityIlous.. Pdr, 9lr. 47. l)hom -A. l). Tr crclull.l).ilrccror Univcrsityi:9.rtlo. lllll i67. pl)onl

VrricrD Muscu,r)s -ijo. |ro r

Vllci.,.lBl' r4(), r. l)hoio

B.rlil, Srxrd;.he Mrsc.nr6s6, froD Vulci. .4rll 296,

4. Phoro Muscunr.l-oDdon. llritidr MuscumW.l9, l.rom Vulci,4/ltl,97,16. Photo MuscuDr.Bcrh1. St.rtlich. Musccnr697, fiom (}crc (?). ,lal297, r7. l)hon) Muscrnrr.l'ilccton Uni!crstr! MuscuDr r6l, fion Noltr. ,44trlr99, rr. Photo Mus.um.Mlrich, ADtik$srDrnrlurgcn |7i1, fronr Vulci. ,4Brl:r99, r7. l)hoto Muscu r.

Lonckr,. llritish Muscunru rr2, from Vu1.,.,'lilLl297, r. Photo MuscuD.Mur)i.l). Artik.nsin)Dr1uDscD r4r r, t-rom Vulci..4arrrr. -:. Phoh MusclD.Eotton, MusLrnr of FincArrs 9t!.9rtr. ABV 3.6. 11.

(li..inn.ti, Art Muscur))r9j9.r. I)rfu r 14. zltcr. Pho-

Chr;st Cburch (Nc!v Zcr-land), Un;vcrsity ol (1.,)tcr-bnr) 4r /i7. Pdrd rla,3rbis

London. Ilrltish MrscuntLl r44, fionr Vulci. lAr3o7. Je. l'horo Muscn|r.Brusscls, Mus6er 1lo) ruxA r 3o.,4BIl 1o8,82.l)hoto

()xford. Ash,roicx,) Mrscun) r946.rS:. ABV |sb. 1-

London, Brltish MuscurrB jS6...,lijl- r9j, r-t.l)hoto

London, llntish MusctrDr

B :97, tiorii Cr.rc. -4r1.'rrs. r6. Phoro Muscurr.l'rris, L.o!!r( I roo, ll'onrarcr( (?).,18I.'.r6, 2. l)ho-

ti.rlir, Stxrdi.h. Musccnr80s, fioDr Vnl.i. lrL" rr3.6J. Phoro Mus.!!).llorrrc Vilh (ltulir MuunrjoT tr. ,4lJl'216, j. Phon)

Florerr.c Musc!nr 7693 r,lionr Orvicro.,l8l,' rrr.

Ilou\to., .lc M6ril (lollcc-tion. I IolliIrnn, /?, (i1rir-rii thdt lnl\'l th ,ftnDo r7i. Irhorc .ourrcs) of

O\tbrd, AshDrolcrr Mrs.unr 5or. ,'lill -:rr, i. Photo

Lordorr, llrin5h MuiconrLl r 5(). lBI,'24r). 84. l)hon)

O\li,d, Ash,,)ol.an Mule-n,n r965. rra). lill,'r4r, 1.1.

Norrhin)p()r), (1.\rlc A\h-b), [oDr Enu,'i. l.8l'218,

I)xr1s. l)riv.rr.. P,rd r !r.

P.rlcrnro Mus.uDr V 6io.frorr (lhnrsi. A13l );6..t-l'}ho() Muscorir, ind r tlc,

Jrl/iv, pl. a.Mu,rich, ADtikcrnm hrg.D rlor,I'roD) Vul.i. lri"r5 j. 4. 1']hoft) Hirnrcr.Paris, Louvrc Ii ro4. ftorrVul.i. ,4llL':i.t, 1. lJhoro

Moscos, Hi\toricrl Muscum 7o. lionr Trrquirir./l/j I,' rjj, $. l']hom Mu-

IJostoD. Muscunr oi FnrcArts 99 jlll. ,,liil.' .1ii, a.

Muli.h, Antilcnsrr!,,rlun-gcn rJ7J, fioD Vul.i lB I,'

-:56, r6. Photo Muscum.l-oDdor, liitish Mns(nrrB 4er. froD VLrl.i. lBI,'256, r9. l'horo Mus{nr.

Wiirb!rg, Mrrtin vonWrgncr Muscur -i9r, froilVul.i.,{Bl'26r, 4r. Pl)ot(l

Muri.h, Anukc,)srrrr)luD-{c,r zlo:. iioDr Vul.r. lBl,'-r94,:rt. l)hoto HincrLoDdoD, Eritish M!scunr1l i9o. /lArtr9,l, rr. Phok)

l.cn'rgnll, HclrDitrg. MuscuDr. l8f 2r4, r2 Photo

Wiir2burg, Mirtii vonWrgncr M!r.nDr 4r6, lroinVulci.,lEllr94. r 6. l)h()t()

Athdrs. A.roNlis rj$7.l),, i6lr Altcr Cincl, ,41,.

l{ichnrord, Virgmir62.r.r r. I)dri r.)9. ]'hoto

()xtbrd, Ash,,,olcrr Musc-uri r166.9i4. /1x? li6, 8bis.

Nc\\' York, Mctr4rrliurMus.uDr 06.ro97, l\ogcNlu\,1- ABI' t99, 2,]\rit tt)7

Houston, clc Mlnil Lirllccrion. IIoliirIrn. li, Crlrir

'it! thdt

'10|ol ttu llt\t

Do. r7(). Phoo courr.s) oi.

Oatirrd, AshDrol.iD Mu\.onr r97.1. -1,14. ,4,1 r976,]li rtl Photo Muscum.Brlti,rorc, W.ltcN Art Cil-lcry 4E.4:. l3t' roi, l

T.rxrto Mus.unr jrr jj.(- 1.7 iii, pl.:.t.l,hoto Mu

Lon.to,r. lJrrish Mus.u"rlJ ,fr6. J.115- lxxrrli, pl. 5

Prris, (lxbir.t dcs Ma.lrillcs143. l',ir1r 9l. r. Photo Mu-

Hcidclberg Unrvcrsii! Muscum r77, tlorr Ath(n\.11r"93, r. Pl)ot() Muscf D.'1onnrto, lLolil ()rLrrroMuscuDr 211. l),n, sl, r7.

WiirTl),,rir. M,rr, r \,,,'Wrgr.i Mun,,,,, t ,\ /1,, ,

roo. r. ljl,or() M,,n,,,,iItcr lir, Srr.rtlr, ltc ML rtrrr9iN.7. /'],r1, r{)l,.tb,\. l'lr(JI()

Lordor), lJrrush Mus.urnB r-:a), t_roDr Vul.i. .,llJl.'r7.1. r r6. l'hot1r MLL\.!n).llru$cls. Mu\a.s llo\ x!\l\ :9r.,.181' -:70, .i-r. l'}hoto

Arlcshcinr. Sclirvclzcr Col-lccrior.,4l,I' 169. 4r. Phok)

(liF.sthoDc I I.rll, liontslc)-l)ivcr)port (loll(ctior).

(lop.nhrg(n, Thor wrlclsertM!!cu,r j.1. ABt' zq, .a-

WiiPbnrg, Mrrtnr voDWigDc, Muscunr r99. ,'lBI,'2S7. i. l)hoto Moscunr.London, Ilritish MuscurrrB r6r, &o,,, Vul.i. -tBI':79, 47. I'hoto Muscur).O\ti)rd, Ashnrcl$n Mun'urr j r r. lB I,':8:, :o. l'jhot,)

Munich, ArtilcrsrnrrrlLrrr-ScD r,ro7, trotrr Vrl.i. l/ll:ro. Phob Mus.urr.London, llritish Muscu,,,ll trrj. fi!,r V!I.r. ,4/11'-rli6, r.l'jhoro Mrs.n,INc$,Yo.k. MeropolitrDMus.uDr +r.Ni. IBIl rllr,r-l.l'jhoto Muscnnr.Vati.rD Mus.Lrnrs .] 8rl. ,81'rsj. 9. Photo M!!c!D.MuDi.h, Anrikcnsinrnrlungcn I491. UoI Vul(i. .tBI,'-l r6. 7. l)hoft) Mos.unr-MuDi.h, AnrikcDsrnrnrluDgcD r+I7, Eonr Vulci. ll]I,'167, Il6. l)hotir Muscrm.MuDi.h, Anrikcnsrnrnrlun-gcr r4r4, tlonr Vtrlri. l/il,'-167. N7. l)hoto Mus.urr.Munich, Anrikcnsrurnrlungcn r7oo, fronr V(lci. lli l'16.r, r7. l)hoto M!sc!n).t'rris, Crbinct dcs Midrillcsrji. lioD Vnl.r. lrl'Jr,r.r 8. Ph()ro Munrnr.

tl)7

r9s

24+

r.19

rlil

:4i

:1]

211)

i:lr

232

rl4

:tJ

216

2.1ll

r.l,

-r+8

rJ2

rjN

:6-l

27E

r84

r8j

r86

289

29ll

tsoston, Mnseurr ()i lrir.Arts ar3.,17t. /),x? r64, rrl,,s.

Lo.dor), Ilritish MuvL,,B l2l, fronr Vulci. ,llll36r. ll. Phoo Mus.nrr.London, Brnish MLtscrrrll lr4, fronr Vul.i. l3l'l6cl, i:. l'hoto Musetrm.Vaticrn MuseuDs 4ir2, fronrVul(i. la / r6-1,4j. Phok)

Paris, Crbnrct dcs M6cLillcs26rl, from (laDii.!rs.,4Bt'I7lJ,2j3. Photo Muscrnr.llerhr, Stratlichc MusccD18J I, fioDr Vulci. ,4Br 18.t,

3. t'hoto Muscunl.Tolcdo, Musctrrr ol Artr9j8.69. G;tt of Bdwird 1).Libbcy. i1r. r6N, .rbis. Pho-

N.$, York. Mctropo[mnMuscur) 49.r1.1, RogcrsFu,rd.,4Atl 184. I9. l'horo

London, Brttish Musc!nrW 4(). ,48I, r84, ro. Photo

VrticrD Muscunls 4 r.1. Alb;ztlti, Va \i Mtihi dll l/ dtitr.ro. 4r l. Plloto Muscnnr.Karlsr!,he, Brdischcs LxrFesnruscuDr 6i.r4. /)flr I7I,8. Photo Mus.um.A!chen, L!ds,ig Cdlrcrion.Pdn t1o, D4 l'hoto Niggli.Ri.hnlond, Virsnria Musc-um ofArr 6r.r.i. I)rrd Ijo,l. Photo Wi.trro.Bcrltu, S rr[chc Mns..ni,rv.48iio. Pdrd r 5(J, +. Photo

BrusL'ls, Musac\ RoyruxA 7rtr. ,lB I/ j2o, -1. t)hoto

Muni.h. Artik.nsrllrrlur-gc r49o, frollr V!lci. IBIlt-2r i Pit, I4r. Phoro Mu-

Oxrord, Ashuolcrr MuscuD 196j.97. ABV 1t,3, 6.

l'iris, Cibllct Ll$ Mndriilc\ljl, frou Vul.i. llJL'r+a),

N. l'jh(no Mus.um.l'.,ris, (:.,btct drs Mattrillestr\r Philrtp.kr, l/,i..Srxx,,.J rell l'horo MuscuDr.l-onrlor, llritish Muscurt Broo, lionr Vul.i. lBr t2+,t9. Photo Muscu,rr.Vrtic. Muscums4r8, fronrVulci. ,4Br 319, r. l'hot(,

Londor, British Mlrru r BJ29, fronr Vulci. ,4?lr r14,lt l)ara t47- l,hoto Mu-

O\rord, Ashnrcl.iD Muscunr 2r2, iror, (licrc.,4al.'-13 r, i. I)hoio Mlscum.Oxtord, Ashnolcrn Musc-nn r965 rrll. /aLl lli, r.

Toledo. Mnsctrrn of Art6t.16. (lilt ol Edwxrd l).Libbcy. turd L19. r tbis.

'1.r.}ri.ir Muscunr 1l(l6E47, fron) Trrquili.. lB l,'l3 il, L I)hom Mus.nDr.Oxtord, A\hnrolcrr) Musc-!nr r63, t;oD llhodcs.,43r196,2L lrhob Muscunr.Ncw York, Mcropolit.rMrleum 46.r r.7, Pulit,crBcqucst, turm Vulci. .431u

43,1. l. Photo MrscuD.T.rrDto Mu\cuDr 9tzi,froD rrrcrttrnr. ,4BI- ie7.7. Atier Touchcfcu McyDicr. Trl,x,r O/yJr(xJ pl.rl.r,2.Boston. MuscumolFinc A, tsq.783. AI3I. t97, t5. Aft$ToucllcfcLr-Me,vnicr,pl. 17l.Bctlirl, S rrli.hc M!sccninv. 3:r6r. ,4tsL r98,2. lJhoto

Agrigcnto Muscum. fronrO.la. ,4t /- troj, :. Photo

AthcDs, Nrti(nrxl MuscumJ,lr. IBI- 208, 49. Aftcr lIll-Pl.21.1.Vicnni. K!rsthisroris.hcsMuscunr 84. .{fl/- 2rr, IJ8.Ati.r ,4 Bi- pl.26.r(}rrrbridgc. F,tzrvillian,

Mllscu ) (lll 61957- AIJLtro:, tr+. l)horo Muscl,m.London, Eritish Mtrs.um1926-+ t7-t. ABV 47t, tt7.

oxlo . Adrrolcin Muscumrjo.IBLrr6.2. Photo

New Hxvcn, Yrlc Univer-srry Mfscnnr rtt ARL 1z1.r. Aftcr,4!Jorii vii. pl. r.

Edmblrrgh, l\o\?l S.ottishMlscunr L224.u79.,4I1l-2r7, r9. Photo M!{uD.Oxrord, Ashmolc.n Musc-um i:,16. /nL 217.20. l'ho-

Lonctiu, Brltish MuscutnW'f :ro. lBl- 2 rq, 6i. l)ho-

lloston. Muscum of FmcAts 76.4r. ,4BIl .r78. i.

Tolcdo, Museum ol Artr)-1.27. Cift of Edw cl l).Libbcv. /rdrd 257. l']l)oto

Londou, Britislt Muscumr90:.r: rlr.l. ABL 219. 9.

Atlrcns, A.ropolir I:8r.ABL 4a, a9. Afi.r (;r.ct,Akt Vt\t i, p|.74.Pxris, Louvrc F 34::.,"lBI-ri], 70. A[t$ Touchcteu-Mcyniu, pl. s.r.l,rrls, Pctit PrhN lll. IBIIjr9. 6. Photo Bullrz.OxiiTd, Ash,role.D Musc-um r47 ,4AL 2jJ, 19. Photo

B.rhr. Stldichc MusccniDv. i:j-r. IBI- rJj, tr8.

Adrcns, Nrtio]1il MuklrDrrr.l:. ,{BL 156, ro. AltcrARt, p|. +7.3.Bosto,r. Muscum of F!).Arts 98.924. ABL 26a, t2.)a

ABV t24, t. Photo - Mu-

Bcrlnr, StIdich. Muscc.r913. ,4tsI- 26(), r 2l. Photo

Lon.LoD, Llritish Mus.!!lIl 5o2.,4B1- 16(r, 126. Phon)

Athcns, Natiorrl Mus.nnrroI, ftom Mrmrhon. ,4i]/-:trr, r. Aft.r ,'lBl. pl. ro.r.Srn.usc MnscuDr t4jar.frollr Gcii. ,1lrl 2r2, L Af-rcr /81- pi. ro.r.Athcns, Nationxl Mrs.!Dl.r89. ,181/ joo, lr. Phok)

Crpc Town, SoLrth A t-ricr

Muscu r 6. I1tu -:16. Phoro

Ncw York, Mcrrotolit.rDMusc!trD 4 r.16r.::9, fio,IAtticr. lBl- r2aJ, ar.

London, llfltish Mlscumt] 619. .4iil- trr7, rll. l)horo

Adldrs, Nrtionrl Mus.!nrij2. ,,lB/-::7, r7. Al-tcr,4ill-t,l I5 l.Adrcns. Nrtorral Muscunr2r34.,48L 2rl, il. AfterlBL pl. 34).Adrcnr. Nrtiorrl Mlsctrnr4jo.,llJl- r29, 59. Phok)

Paris, Louvrc MNlJ roJ,4Bi- ::r!, Jtl. Photo Mu-

Lrusrnnc. (;il1et Collcction.Pdr, r47. Ktrrrz rnd Ilorrd-nrrir, L-ft,l B0n, C,Jrr,,r1)ls. -l7, rl.ArhcDs. Vhsto (bllc.txm.Orford, Ashnrolcrn Mun'!nr I9r9.lj lIlI- 2.t7, t'r.

Nelv York, M.tropolitrnMus.unr oo ro7o, l\ogcrsFund. /8/- trli, 7r. l)hokr

Prris, Louvr. CIA i9s.,4BI--r1r, r9. Aftd 1']c$or-(lhipi.z, ts/ir'()n1,r, 1'.1rr x, 6li9No$ York, M.tropolitrrMrscunr s6. rz r.::, FlcrchcrFirnd. ,4ni. ::y. rru. l'hoto

Pirtis. allL)in.t d.s Ma'dr;llc\2re. IBI-:18. rro. Phorc

Syre.us. Muscl,n) r.ro8i.,18/- r.tr, S. Phoro Mu-

()xiin(1. An[,ol..r! Musc!ri r4o. .lBl, -r.1i, rr. Pho()

()f( To$ D. Sourh AtricrMuscrnr. /ltri 186 Photo

Lordon. llritish MrscunIt 3j6.,,lBL r45, 8tt. !hok)

Arhcns. Nrtionrl Musurmr r29. froD Erctria. l8l-166, r. Aftcr,43i. pl!.4r, io.Ath.rs. Nationxl Muscumj99. ,4iJL tr68, i6. Al-ter l8l-p1.53.j.London, British Mus.nnrB 658. ,481.269, 67. t)hoto

Adrcns, KcrirDeikos Mus.tti\. ABL 266.6. A.(tat ABL

Crpe TowD, Solrth AfricrMuscunr. Pdrd rlr2. llorrd-nun rnd lbpc. Cl('l l,'dJ.J

h Cap. ld,l pl.2-Ncw York, M.oopolitrnMuseum alR s29. .48rl6.)2,r8. Phon) Muscrm.LoD.lon. British Mus(LInI] 2iJo, fron Vul.i. l8tlJ89, r. Photo MuscuDl.Lordo., Brirish MlscunlB +qq, from Vulci. lAr42-:. li. Phonr Muscun).London, British MrscunrIJ jo7, lion Vulci. ,44Il426. 9. I'hoto Mnsclnr.SnickholDr, Thronc-HolstCollcctior. l')r,r 18r. 2rbls.Pbob Mcdelh.vsrlluscct.BostoD, Muscnm of fincAris 99.j:7. l8f 4to. :r.

Toronro, llo)ul OrtarioMuscnm l2(). .48Il 442, Cl4:|r/d r92. l)hoto M!1scum.Lordon, Hruilton-SnrithCol1cctio,r. Pnra Ili j, 23s.(lhic.go Univcrsir), froDrVuld. ,48f 6rr, r. Phon)

Oxtard, Ashrnolc.! Musc.nr 217. from (l.ulrl$.,{fir 641, rjo. i'hoto - Mu-

Adrcns, llrttish School,

fio,r ( )l) rrl)!s .l/ll .rs.rj. l)hok) Mr!1,,rLoncl(,i, llril rslr M1 "1,,iIJ rr8.Copcnhrgcrr. Nx(k),,.,1 M1r

s.unr iiiv. rl76i. /'rr lr)e.

H.ll. UDivcrsitv i,, v i6lr.ABV t1a.London, British MrscurrB r30, fro,)r AthcDs. lBr89, r. Phoro Musclnr'.London, British MuscunrIl r34. fionr Vulcr.,4alll,r. r. I'horo Mnscurn.Munich, Antikcnsanmlungcn r4J.], fronl Vulci. /firlzr, 4- l'jhoro Muscunr.Terinto MuscuD i1)v. 9E87,fionr T.re tLrm. IBI/ ra)9.r rl. Phoro MuscuDr.Ncw York. McropolrtrrMuscunr 07.2i16.8o.,48f.169, r r4.

2<)t

.67

lol Lcidcn, RijkiDuscnnrxv.i.79. t-rom Vnlci.,4tsll,1o4. 9. Phoro MuscoDr.

3o: Bcrlm, Staxdichc MusccDr8.]2, lionr N01.. ,481.'4.:)il.

4. Photo MlscuDr30t BologDr Muscunr r L ,4ilr

4o9, r Altcr CL,4 ii, p|.3.to{.r Lor1.lon, Dritish MuscuDr

B 6os, f.oDi Truch.ira.,lBr,1rr.4. Phorc Hirmcr.

3C,4.2 Londo11, British Muscurlr9c,t.2 r7. r, frcrn Bcn-gl)rzl ,4ilr4rr, r. Phok)

3oi London, Bnrish MuscumB 6()7, fronr Crcre. lBl,'4r 5, 4. Photo Mus.unl.

lc,6 l']aris, Louvrc MN 7o4. fron)llcnghrzi. ,{llr arJ, r2.Phob Muscnn.

t07 MuDich, Antikcrsrnrmlun-ge,r nr\,.7767, filnr Adr.Ds.ABV +17,2. I'hom Mu

lolJ U$lin. Sraxrli.hc Musccn49Jo. GrciftnhrgcD,,4rtilr

Pxris. Louvrc F )14. AIJVr26. I)hob MuscuDrKonigsbcrg Univcrsitl inv.F r 98.

246247

I

urI Wars:w. Nationil MDsclfr(excoluchow 3,)..4812,8,56. Aftet CVA pl. t6.1.

312 CapesthorDe Hall, Brom-ley-Davenport Collection.ABV 672. JHS lxxyiii,pl. ro b, c,

3r3 Rhodes Museum. Aftercfua Rhodos iv. Pt. 3.

j14 Vimna, KunsthisrorischesMuseum r923.

3rJ Oxford, Arhmolean Muse-

um r93o.r68. ,48trl 6Jj.

LoDdon, British Museum94.7-18.4, from Eretria-ABV 662. 23. Photo - Mr-

Breuron Museum. Nr,/eA sstubuqen \AK Beihelt i,1963) pl.6.t.Athenq Narional Museum,ex Empedocles Collection.Cape ToM, Sourh Africa

Museum rJ. Pard r59, rr.32o Boston, Muscun of Fine

Ar.s 6r.1256, fromGreece (?). ,4Bz 616, rr;

l2r London, Brirish MuseumB 378. Phoro Museum.

Fro,t .o/e/ Neck amphora, Anti-mflean. M2sk of Dionysos.Taquinia Museum RC1804. ABV 275, 5. Photo -Hirmer.

3r7

3r8

:t r9

jr6

Heights ofsome vases,s showD are giver in cenrimerres

Th€ author and pubhhers arc grateful ro fie many ofiicial bodies, insrituEioDs and individuatsmen.ioned above for rheir assistance in supplying originat ilustration material

248 249

INDEX OF ARTISTS AND GROIIPS

Principal page rcferenc€s are bold. Figure numben are itulni'ed

Acheloor P. rIr; 2o8-rlA€hiles P. rrl, 169Affecrer 65, 186,2o9i 1t5-zAltenburg Cless r5o; 284

Amasis P. rr-2, J3, J2,54-{, J7,60, 62, 66, 106, 1o8, r8J, r9o,197-8, 206, 2t2-3, 2r8, 226i

77-91Anagyrus P. 19, r89;Jo

Andokides P. I2, i9, Io3-4, ro5,

Antidoros 6r; r2zAnrimenes P. roFro! I rr-2;iELg,

Archikles rr,59, 60, 225; Ir6Atho. P. rr3-4, t47, t18, 149,t82i 250-5

BeldAm P. r4F5o, tgoi 277-80Bellerophon Class 6iBellerophon P. 16

B€rlin P. I13, 169; Jo2-JBleckneck CUss 63-4i ,48BMNP, 64_5; IJzBorkin Class 60Bowdoin P. Ii3-4, 148

Bucci P. rro; r9EBulas Group I79;3tdBurgon Grcup 36, 168, 212;

296

CP. 32-3, 59,62,2271 35-8Cr.t]usP- tr4i, r3jCamel P. I83Camtar P. 35 6; J2-JCassel Cups 62i 1J,Castellani P. 37; Jq, 60

Centaur P. 60; r 17

CeBmeicus P. 17; rZChalcidising Cups Io7 8; ,26CHC Group Isr, r94i 292Chimaera P. see Nessos P.

ChiusiP. lrr;2rJCivico P. 33 i 44Class of Athens J8r r.18, r5o,

r94t r54- C.M.2[B trti 214

- Skyphoi Ar and A2 ro8

- Toronto 315 28iY.tic^n G4? r soi z8z

Cock Group IrJ; z.rE

Cypro-Jugs r87

DaybrerLP. tr+; zlr-zDiosphos P. 148-9, rJo, I78,

19o,2t7i 268 72Dolphin Group r8iDot Band Cless I5o; 24tDroop Cups 6r-2,64. 126-8

Edinburgh P. I47, r48, rJo, r89;23y44

Elbows Out 65-{, 186, 2ro;158-9

Epitimos P. Jg-{r; r2rErgoteles 60

Ergotimos r1,34, 60, I89Eucharides P. rr3, 168]. ,29Eucheiros 60EuphiletosP. ttz, 167,169. 222,

297-8Exekias II,52, i4, 5H' ro5-7,

r68, r85, 187, r9r, rg8, ,ox,2\4,2r8, 23o-t t 97-106, Frontispie&

Eye-Siren Group Iro; t95

FP decoration Io7-8Franeois Vase see Kleitias

Gel^P. 1t4, r47t 234-6claukytes . Ir,60, 225i ,16GokytP. 3'?;56Gorgon P. rZ I8-2o, r83, I87,

t89, tg4-5, 226; 1 1-6Grimn Bird P. .rJ; 45Group E 56r, 168, r98; $-6Group of Courting Cups rosi

1E3

- the Oxford Lid Jzo- Rhodes 12264 6r; 126

- Torotrto 3oJ lro; 196-2Walters 48.€ ro8-ri r78

Guglielmi Group 37; 6,Guide Line Class 289

Haimor P. 62, r48, r49, rJo-r,r78, tgt, tg4; ,D-6

Heidelberg P. 33, 54 st 39-4rHermogenes 59-6a, 6zt 113-4,

131Hobbl€ Group 169; JozHorse Heed amphorae r7-8; rEHyblaea Class I83Hypobibazon Clas r rr-2;

215-6

Kealres r90Keysid€ Class rJo; 28J-6Kleitias ,r, 3r, 33-4, 35, 187-9,

197-8, 2oo! 2o8, 21\-3. 2t8-9,227 fii 46,1o8

Kleophrades P. ,\, t68, 22'71

301Klitomenes 62; r,Kolchos 12, 6r; 6,Komast Group r8,20, 31 2, t8l,t87-9, ,95, 2o9t 19-23

Krokotos Group ro8, r47;181-,

Kuban Group 169; Jo4Kuhn Class 28dKylenios P. 37; 62

Leafless Group rio-I, I94;

Leagros Group ttt)-t, tr2, t4'7,L68t 199-213, z99,3oo

Lion P. 16: ioLitde Lion Class t49, r9s; 261-2Lydos 12, 3r, 33, 3s, 52-4" 56-7,64, r68, r88, r9o-I, 194, I98,21+, 22o, 22Si 64-20, 295

Lysippide! P. se€ Andokides P.

Ma&idP. Ltz 3; r2jMa.athon P. 148, t94:. ,56-7Mastos P. IoJ; rdzMedea Group rtz; zt8

NeaDdros 60; r20Nearchos ru, 35, f,o, r89, r9o,22o,229i 491 50

Nessos P. r5-{, 173, 226 7,232i 5-8

NikomachosSeries JoJ-6Nikosthenes rr-2, J3, 6r, 64-5,

rl

106, roU. '78. rNr), l8N i), L')r,

198:, !49 51, 17.1,;1D9

Nikoxcnos l'. 'rlOrkcshott P. 60; I td 9OLL Group 37

PiiDtcr N 65i r.tq-Jr, rJ.IP. ofAcr.606 jsi{z I

Aficns 5j3 i2iJ4Iterli0 A34 rJ; _r, IBerlin 1686 6t: r-rJ 7Boston CA :t3; 42thc l)rcsdcn Lckxnis I9i J2

- Eleus;s 767 19: JrLondon 876 36,229t 51 5

- Lordon 8620 2_ro

Louvre F6 j4i 75 6

Mnnich r4Io 63 i ,4rthc Ni(osir Olp. Lo8i r7J

- Trrquiuia l{C6847 r13: 228

rN6, rr I r06, t15. r95 lo8

l),r\(rs rot, 106i r72l'crizorDr (;roup rt2,,111| 219

l,hrDyllir (;r)up I rir ?J7l'h.n)s l'. 6tI /.17l)hr_vDor l). j9. r)o: r:r-./

l)istixs Chs\ r.i r I 29,/Polor l'. 19, 2.ri-rJPrilm P. r12 3:22? J

llcd Linc I. rio: ?8r-2Il_Ycrott P.

' tlt 216 7

s.konid.s J9. 60r , rjS.Dd.l t'. .t -l i ./.,

Skythes r2, 106

Sokles P- 59, 60; r22Sondros 59So )ilos I2, r8-9, ro, .t4, 16,

r89 9r, r9i, r17, roI, rrr, 2Il,

Slvru Uroup r79, rlt8. r9ri rrJS!'nrg 1,. 63, r6lJ. r88, 106;

t1r 6

A.heloos rr4ird,tAchillcs ::r 3t; 2o, Ja, 16-2,

16-5- 49, 51, 55, 86 7. 9it. )oo,,o1, roJ.201, ,t 7. ,27. 211. 26'

Aductos 17i 2lo

tj^x 23a 1t 16.,. ioa-1, rr7Aktrion :r9i.?JE

AlkyoDcus r:l I 2dJADxrohs 2r3, rrr 2i J6, Jlr.

116, 171, ro1, 163. r9,

Antiopc 2::i j 20,Aphroditc 2 r9. tr:9i 61.2Apollo :r7, )19, )24. )z7t t40,r9J, -:loi rnd Hcnklcs r88,1 9 1 , 2 t .t , 2 2 1 , .1

2 o

Arrcmis rI7. rr9,::r-r, rr4. rlr;

AthcDr rr6, rI8 rr, rr\-6, )9,r3r r: birth 62, trJ-1. 175

Bcllcrophon ::61 /, J9llirds, SrvnrphrlixD .rrri gJ

Borr, alalvdonirD r:r7i 16.J,

DioDrcd.s (hosc, 222', t7o.t.

Didr\$s rr7 8, rro. rlr; sli;p- tot. ,47. b;th l?) ,2,

Drcskouroi i:roxriJpn..

Eilythyirri 2r7i scc Adlcnr. birthErkclados ::o; r.u rEos rlo, rlri t.)1,,07( ?),,71

Eris r-l rEror rr9,212

Eurysthcus .r-::

(ligxDtonrachy !t.), 22a: 6$ )j4,

(;orgons, gorgoncia -:16i J, ?J,69, Eo,269

Hrrpi.s 2r::

Hc.ror :r9, )3ot 51, 2al, ,11Hclcn 2rr, rl I i 67, oo

Hephristos rr7:o, rtl I 16./,65

I l.ri r' 7 2.), 2r9l{gxklcs rr6, -rr9 :rii lnrod!.-tiof/Olvnlpus i 21.2, t5t-,vicror r.lq: s,ith Athcnr - r6r.,,J, ,.76, JE4: kithrx t65lchrriot ,68, 12t. 28,/r bo$l olSun z.i:; unstcr z,i_l; mcri-li.cs r6r. .16rr rud scc undcrrdvcrsrrics, lhcrc :tlso witlt

Hcrnr$ :17, -::o, -rr,l, -r19 3o,1l1t 107. 11o. 115.1. t5j. t:7,r6-r, 2d8, 218, 26r, ?.\2 (crrrlc)

l_lcsitr). 14r,79Hcsp$i.ics 2:rti 2rJ

ll_vd, tr -z.ri ri 270

Kassardn ::3o I 9,l(crbcros :tz,:::r t6: I(etkopcs tr:r i 2 r.tI{_vknos rr8, 2r+j 68, 22J

LioD, N.nrcrD 11t 1: 9,1, 97,t89

Mcdusr 216i scc (iorgonrMcnrnoD rr9 toi i-Jt, 2o7 (?),

Mcnchos .rtt; 62, ooMinofuu, rrj: 66, , r6.:

Ncrcu\ rr8, rro, rr,]i ,6, ?o2N$v)s :trr, tr:liJ, Z.lNikc r3rr ?16

odYss.us rr\, rlo li iJl,2tE,

Irxn 2ll i zErPrrir r r8-9, I8-9t J8l'xtroklos, ganr.s ,.29 jot 26,

46.JPegrsos 216 7; scc Bcllcrophonl']clcns rrg, 223, r.r6-it: lvcctding

2., J, 46.J i nghts'lh.tis ?9r,

I'}cDdlcsilc. rlo: 98, ,04P$scphone 2r9, :rr, rt ll)crflrs zr9, 226t 2j. to, 17o-2,,6s

INDEX OF MYTHOLOGICAL SU BJECTS

lndex to tcxt ofChapter Thirteen only: ,nd sclecr ngurc numbers irdlLiJ.,i

Priapos r9r Trleides P. 60-r, trIri r2jPrinccton I). 6l i rjd ,o 'fersirs I ri.l

l)sirx ro,1, 106, r rl, r7lJ. rgoi Thcscu\ P. r47, I.19, rjr. r90i)68 71 45 e

Proon P. 35, ro3: J r Thrax rz

Vrtic.n 3o9 J4i Zl 4

tl1c Vrtican Mourner131

6z 3: Sappho P. 148-9, r51, r7ll, I8t-

Three LLrc (i!up Irrr 2rlTimiadcs Ir. .l7i J6 7

TlcsoD l'. 6oi rd9 ?r

Top urDd Class r jo'1_op 1l.nd SteDl.sscs rogr ,E+Tyrrhcnirn rnrphonc 16r, ro4,

Wr.irh l). 6I, to8: r7,1

x.noklcs 6lr: rr2Pxmphaios r2,64-5, 1.16, r

' I

l'anarhcn.ric vrscs Il. rr3, ch.7,

91. ]oa. 2t4t 260 6, 31iSegDcDt Class ro9: r EJ

Siketos r2. 169

19'

Ilul1, (lrchr rrriBLrll, Marrthonirnllusiris ::,1: r4J

C.nrifnrs :trt,2.1:ri t17. t22. t97(lhinrxcre ,6 7t 7. j9, 1:2(lhiron 2:8.:.1-1i.id(l;!.c .1r i, :t r ; :rJl

1)c$, KcrInitirD trI:2091)clinir.r :r4r scc N.sios

2JO251

Polyphcmos 2rJ, z.tri /, ?,I,!.255

Polyxena .r29, z3tt j?, 262PoseidoD 2r8-2o;,40, 2JdPr;an 23o.,67, 21tProcrustcs 2:6;2rJ-rPrometheus 12r, 224i 6Psychostasia z3o; -z6rPytho 2r7

Sarpedon 229i 2jr

Acropolis jl, r94, 2zoArtists' starus r2 3, 2ot

Beazley 7, rotsiiingu:Js r03, r05 6,1rr, rr3-4Boeotia r28, r il3, r89BrauroD r82

Chaicidian 64, ro7-8Chinrl r79, r89

Colour 16, 32 3,37, 55, 1o3 4,147. t78 9. r97 A

Coral red 57, ro6Corinrhjrn 9, 12. t4 5, rj. t.),31-:1,36, J4,64, r Jo, r78, r86-90,19+-6. za4, 2o9, 2r5

E.st Greek 3r-2, j8, 6r, 178-9,rt!5,2o4,2rJ

Srtyrs 2r9, 22j,232 3Silcnos 233;219SiDis 226Srrens 23 r i Ez, 286Sisyphos 233; r98Skiron zz6Sleep :.23. zzs, zjz; z5 tSphnrx ,27-8; z7J

Thebes (seven) 2,7Thcseus 2r5 6.2r5 6,232:16-4,

G EN ERAL IN DEX

Egyptien 54, r94Elaeus r8lEleusis r9, r82Etruscan 9, r2 3, 36, 64, rrr,

146, r78. 189, 197Euboc.n r83Eyes ro7 8, rro

Incision 9, 16, ro3-4

Konl.sts r8, 16, r98, ?o9

LacoDian 58, 6r-2, r9J

Manncrism 6j-6

Outline drawing r9, 34, 5J, ro3,t r$ r49

66. t16.r, roo, r4gTh€ris 223, 126, 228 3c.. 2321,o,5j,86,87, i95, r93

Ti.tyos 217:,59Triptolemos 2r9a,46'ft)ton 24i 21J'froilos 22l]; 46.5, 55, ,olTroy 228 3rTyphon z3z

ZcDs 216, 2za, 23o: tj8, 1 55, 222

Panrthcnaia 167. 169 70. tg4,

Peisistratos ro9, 114 2a6, 2t6i

Red Figlrc 65, ro3-7, rro-r.r r3-4, r48, r68-9, r99

ReJicfLinc ro3-4

Sign:mres r r-2, J8, 64Six Technique 64, r78, r88Solon 12

Trade r7,20,33, 16,64, rrr, r46Trick vase J.l

Vari rj, 19, r82

\ghue Ground 35, roj 6, rro,114, r47-jo, r9o

252

WORLD OF'ART

Athenian Black Figure Vases

John Boardman. 3li3 illustrations

Athenian black 6grrc vases bear the work of consun.u'nate

artists, like Exekias, who depicted on therD scenes ofmythand everyday life which deepen our knowledge and

understanding of Greek antiquity. In this har.rdbook Jol.rnBoardman enables the reader to study the many aspects ofthe vases, and to grasp the essential style ofa painter orgroup ofpainters, without having to consult a number ofexpensive, and not always easily accessible, publicatior.rs.

A final section is devoted to the nlythological scenes and

other decorative features of the vases. 'l )emonstrates a

broad and penetratin€J grasp of Greek art and archaeology

... comprehensive and concise yet never offers less than

adequate discussion in crisp, lucid prose' (The Tir.r.res

Literary Supplernent) 'Will undoubtedly become astandard work ofreference for nrany classical sttrdents

and teachers' (fournal ofHellenic Studies)

Thanes and Hudson

ISBNg+oi c,-

0-500-aEl,l8-a

llil llllt ilt ]ililililt ilt ltil9 r780500u20138196,0q

r