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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
MITIGATING THE SALT STRESS AFFECTED ON
CUCUMBER PLANT VIA AMINOLEVULINIC ACID AND
TRIACONTANOL.
Sary Hassan Mostafa Brengi
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Two pots experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Wadi El
Natrun, Beheira governorate, Egypt, during the two successive winter seasons of
2016 /2017 and 2017 /2018. The aim of these experiments was to study the effect
of foliar application of aminolevulinic acid (25 and 50 mg L-1) and triacontanol
(25 and 50 mg L-1 ) on the growth, yield and chemical properties of cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L . cv. Hesham) under four salinity levels (tap water , 2, 3, and 4
dsm-1). The obtained results of the two seasons indicated that increasing salinity
levels from 2 to 4 dsm-1 reduced significantly all studied parameters, i.e., plant
height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight , leaves area and total fruit yield,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, protein and chlorophyll contents.
While Na+ and Cl- were increased. The results ,also, revealed that the
aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol significantly increased plant growth (plant
height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and leaves the area), mineral content
(nitrogen, phosphoure, potassium, calcium and K/Na ratio), protein and
chlorophyll contents as well as reduced the contents of Na+ and Cl- , under salt
stress conditions, compare to control(distilled water only) treatment. Application
of triacontanol (25 ppm); improved growth and fruit yield under salt stress during
both seasons. Triacontanol enhanced salinity tolerance in both seasons by
increasing K/Na ratio, proline accumulation and the activation of peroxidase and
catalase enzymes. Under each salinity level combining with triacontanol (25 ppm)
was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salinity on
cucumber plants.
Keywords; Cucumber, Salt stress, aminolevulinic acid, triacontanol, proline,
peroxidase, catalase
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
INTRODUCTION
Salinity is one of the main abiotic stress and hampering factor for
vegetable crop production (Machado and Serralheiro, 2017). Salinity
reduces the growth and productivity of plants and decreases food
production (Zhang et al., 2013). Under saline soils, excessive Na+ levels;
reduce the availability of essential nutrients such as K+ and Ca2+ (Khan
et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Iqbal and Ashraf, 2013). Higher
concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in plant tissues, caused by salinity; reduce
the plant growth and yield as well as alternating the biochemical and
physiological processes within the plant (Khan et al., 2010; Wakeel et
al., 2011; Nimir et al., 2015.). Also, salinity reduces the contents of
photosynthetic pigments due to the dearth of water caused by osmotic
stress and ion imbalances (Nimir et al., 2015).
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important
vegetable crop that is grown in Egypt and all over the world. Cucumber
is defined as salt-sensitive crop (Wang, 1998; Alpaslan and Gunes,
2001; Stepien and Klobus, 2006; Zhu et al., 2008). Salinity stress
reduces the growth and yield of cucumber (Stepien and Klobus, 2006;
Zhu et al., 2008; Gurmani et al., 2018). Dorota (1997) reported that the
cucumber plants which grown with salinity level upper than 2.5 dS m-1
reduced yield by 13%.
Some studies reported that the exogenous application of
aminolevulinic acid enhanced the resistance of swiss chard (Beta
vulgaris L.) (Liu et al., 2014), cucumber (Zhen et al., 2012) and tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Zhang et al., 2015) to salt stress by
improving the tissue water status, biosynthesis of chlorophyll and
aggravates the antioxidant activity, which depresses the production of
ROS (Memon et al., 2009; Naeem et al., 2010; 2012; Zhang et al., 2012).
Triacontanol (TRI) has been classified as a plant hormone (Singh
et al., 2012). Exogenous application of triacontanol, at very low
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
concentration, to different plant species such as pigeon pea, groundnut,
maize, rice and wheat stimulated plant growth (Pujari et al., 1998;
Verma et al., 2011; Perveen et al., 2011; 2013). Triacontanol improved
the growth of soybean plants and increased the contents of chlorophyll
and proline contents as well as the uptake of calcium and potassium
under salt stress (Krishnan and Kumari, 2008).
Literature about the interactions between aminolevulinic or
triacontanol and salinity levels are scant. There is a real need for more
detailed studies on the subject. Accordingly; the aim of the current study
was to investigate the effect of foliar application of aminolevulinic and
triacontanol on growth, yield and chemical composition of cucumber
under salt stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Growth conditions and treatments
Two pots experiments were carried out during the two successive
winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 .The experiments were
performed in a private farm located at Wadi El Natrun, Beheira
governorate, Egypt, under greenhouse conditions.
The cucumber uniform seedlings cv. ‘Hesham’ (four weeks old)
was transplanted in plastic pots (30 cm diameter and 35 cm height), filled
with 8 kg of sandy soil, and placed in a greenhouse conditions. Before
sowing, the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil (Table 1) were
determined according to the methods described by Jackson (1967) in
both seasons of cultivation . The experiment design was split plots in a
randomized complete block design, whereas the salinity levels arranged
in the main plots and the foliar spraying treatments were randomly
placed in the sub-plots. Each treatment was composed of six replicated
pots with one plant for each pot. The experiment included 20 treatments
representing the combinations of four salinity levels (0, 2, 3 and 4 ds m-
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
1) and five treatments of foliar applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid as
25 and 50 mg L-1 and triacontanol (25 and 50 mg L-1), in addition
distilled water as a control treatment. The spraying were applied twice;
the first one was carried out after 7 days from transplanting and the
second were applied one week later. All sprays were conducted in the
morning with the spraying solution using a hand pressure sprayer. All
treatments received identical doses of N, P and K fertilization. Other
agricultural practices were adopted whenever it was necessary and as
commonly recommended in the commercial production of cucumber.
Table (1): Chemical and physical properties of the experimental soil
during both seasons of experimentation during both seasons of 2016 /2017
and 2017 /2018.
Chemical properties
Season pH EC
( dSm-1)
Organic
matter
(%)
N (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm)
2016 7.80 0.46 0.08 17.34 12.61 26.27
2017 7.83 0.45 0.08 16.67 12.58 31.34
Physical properties
Season Sand
(%)
Silt
(%)
Clay
(%) Texture
Bulk
density
(g cm-3)
CaCO3
(%)
2016 87.73 9.03 3.24 Sandy 1.52 2.43
2017 88.23 8.10 3.67 Sandy 1.53 2.48
Plant measurements
After, 80 days from transplanting, six cucumber plants were
selected randomly and tagged from each treatment for measuring the
following: plant height (cm), plant fresh and dry weight (g), leaves
number, branch number and leaves area (cm2) using the formula of leaf
area-leaf weight relationship as described by Bremner et al. (1966).
Fresh plant samples were oven dried for at 70°C until a constant weighty
was obtain plant dry weigh (g) and the dried tissues were ground for
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
further analysis. Total leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD index) was
measured using a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter devise (Konica Minolta,
Kearney, NE, USA) according to Yadava (1986). The total N in the dry
plant tissues was determined by Kjeldahl method as described by Jones
(1991). The contents of K, P, Ca, Na and Cl were determined according
to Cottenie et al. (1982). Free proline content was determined according
to Bates et al. (1973). The activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase
(CAT) were determined according to methods described by Pundir et al.
(1999) and Aebi (1984), respectively.
Statistical analysis
All the obtained data were statistically analyzed using CoStat
program (Version 6.4, Co Hort, USA, 1998–2008). Least significant
difference test at 0.05 level of probability was used to compare the
differences among the means of the various treatment combinations .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Vegetative growth
Results presented in Tables (2 and 3) showed that all studied
growth parameters (plant height, plant fresh, plant dry weight, number
of branches, number of leaves and leaves area) decreased significantly
as salinity levels increased in both seasons. The reduced rate of growth
varied depending on the level of imposing salinity stress. The highest
values of growth parameters were obtained from tap water, while that of
4 dam-1 gave the lowest ones. At salinity level at 4 dsm-1, the estimated
percentages of reductions for plant height by 37.15% and 38.74%, plant
fresh weight by 60.23% and 60.59%, plant dry weight by 34.15% and
34.76%, number of branches by 38.7% and 39.43%, number of leaves
by 39.27% and 39.76% and leaves area by 54.60% and 55.06% in the
first and second seasons, respectively, relative to the tap water control.
The obtained results were in accordance with those found by (Stepien
and Klobus, 2006; Zhu et al., 2008; Gurmani et al., 2018; Xiong et al.,
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
2018 ;Wu et al., 2018) who reported that the high concentrations of
NaCl; decreased the growth of cucumber plants and other vegetable
crops such as B. napus.
Concerning the foliar application of aminolevulinic (ALA) and
triacontanol on the various vegetative growth parameters the recorded
results (Tables 2 and 3) clarified that spraying cucumber plants with any
of the tested of aminolevulinic and triacontanol levels, significantly
(P<0.05), stimulated plant height, plant fresh, plant dry weight, number
of branches, number of leaves and leaf area compared to control
treatment during both seasons. Moreover, the treatment with 25 mgL-
1 ALA exhibited the highest mean values for the previously mentioned
growth parameters followed by TRI at 50 mg L-1. At 25 mg L-1 ALA the
estimated percentage of increases for plant height by 10.36% and
11.31%, number of branches by 22.84% and 22.11 , number of leaves
by 16.51% and 16.62% in the first and second season, respectively.
While, the spray of 50 mg L-1 TRI enhanced the plant fresh weight by
29.51% and 27.95%, plant dry weight by 24.38% and 22.42 and leaves
area by 19.52% and 17.69% over the control treatment during both
seasons, respectively. Recently, Xiong et al. (2018) showed that the
application of ALA increased the growth (fresh and dry weights) of
Brassica napus L. Seedlings under NaCl stress. In addition, Aziz et al.
(2013) reported that the foliar application of TRI on sunflower plants
improved root and shoot fresh weights as well as lengths under both
saline and normal conditions. Moreover, the enhancement of growth by
TRI was also shown in salt-stressed wheat plants (Perveen et al., 2011).
The application of TRI on salt-stressed plants may improve salinity
tolerance by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities,
photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity (Muthuchelian et al., 2003;
Perveen et al., 2011).
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
Table (2): Plant height (PH), plant fresh weight (FW) and plant dry weight (DW)
of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of both
aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016/2017 and
2017/2018.
Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018
Salinity
dsm-1 ALA and TRI
PH
(cm) FW (g) DW (g)
PH
(cm) FW (g)
DW
(g)
Tap water 255.03 652.5 74.82 258 657.91 75.47
2 219.41 381.76 65.67 219.49 388.57 66.9
3 184.08 291.95 55.12 183.56 293.52 55.41
4 160.29 259.53 49.27 158.05 259.25 49.24
LSD 0.05 6.85 11.45 3.39 4.22 17.37 5.62
*control 190.26 333.26 52.67 189.02 336.13 53.2
**ALA 25 209.98 401 64.73 210.39 404.74 65.49
***ALA 50 205.25 395.02 58.29 206.43 398.22 58.84
****TRI25 207.21 421.3 64.88 209.74 429.89 66.11
*****TRI50 210.81 431.61 65.51 208.3 430.08 65.13
LSD at 0.05 3.76 19.74 2.97 3.48 27.96 4.69
Tap water
control 249 585.86 70.28 248.67 588.98 70.66
ALA 25 259.5 685.62 78.5 261 685.95 78.55
ALA 50 255.5 622.52 72.75 260.67 623.71 72.91
TRI 25 251.5 669.29 76.55 259.67 686.32 78.57
TR I50 259.67 699.19 76 260 704.58 76.64
2
control 198.83 297.63 53.94 200.5 307.39 55.74
ALA 25 226.63 338.66 70.65 228.63 351.82 73.33
ALA 50 216 401.58 65.48 217.7 402.75 65.64
TRI 25 227.87 433.41 69.87 227.63 445 71.65
TRI50 227.7 437.53 68.4 223 435.89 68.16
3
control 168.71 237.23 45.75 165.38 243.59 46.95
ALA 25 188.63 308.88 58.08 189.45 308.76 58.07
ALA 50 186 297.23 49.67 186 302.01 50.56
TRI 25 189 305.54 59.85 188.5 305.6 59.91
TRI50 188.04 310.89 62.25 188.47 307.65 61.56
4
control 144.5 212.33 40.72 141.56 204.55 39.44
ALA 25 165.16 270.84 51.69 162.47 272.44 52.02
ALA 50 163.48 258.73 45.28 161.33 264.41 46.27
TRI 25 160.47 276.95 53.27 163.18 282.63 54.33
TRI50 167.84 278.8 55.4 161.72 272.2 54.15
LSD0.05 7.52 39.47 5.93 9.27 74.53 12.51
*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg
L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol), and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1
triacontanol).
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
The interaction effects between salinity levels and foliar
applications of either aminolevulinic or triacontanol on the plant growth
parameters of cucumber are presented in Tables (2 and 3). The combined
treatment of tap water and aminolevulinic acid at 25 mg L-1 recorded
the highest mean values of plant height, plant fresh weight, plant dry
weight, number of branches, number of leaves, and leaves area of
cucumber in both seasons.
Yield
In the current study, the results in Table (4) demonstrated that the
number of fruits per plant, average weight of fruit and total yield per
plant were decreased with increasing salinity levels . The peak reduction
was in parallel with a salinity level at 4 dsm-1 which reduced the number
of fruits per plant by 58.03% and 60.85%, average weight of fruit by
15.73% and 11.54%, and total yield per plant 64.66 % and 64.70 % in
the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to the tap water
control. The results of Table (4) showed that the foliar application of
ALA and TRI enhanced the number of fruits plant-1, average weight of
fruit and total yield plant-1, compared with the control plants. The
highest increment percentages was found with TRI at a concentration
of 50 mg L-1 which increased the number of fruits plant -1 by 42.98%
and 13.11%, average weight of fruit by 3.68 % and 31.24 %, and total
yield plant-1 48.01% and 44.58% in the first and second seasons,
respectively, compared to the control treatment. Several studies reported
that TRI increased the yield of different plant species such as pea,
tomato, green gram, water chestnut, tomato, soybean and hyacinth bean,
(Ivanov and Angelov 1997; Borowski et al. 2000 ; Kumaravelu et al.
2000; Chaudhary et al. 2006; Sharma et al. 2006; Nogalska et al. 2008
and Naeem et al. 2009).
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
Table (3): Number of branches (NOB), number of leaves (NOL) and leaves area
(LA) of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of
aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017/2018.
Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018
Salinity
dsm-1 ALA and TRI NOB NOL LA NB NOL LA
Tap water 5.53 48.61 6030.76 5.58 49.00 6086.16
2ds m-1 4.88 46.02 4429.51 4.97 46.92 4514.46
3 ds m-1 4.46 36.9 3688.21 4.48 37.12 3710.1
4 ds m-1 3.39 29.52 2737.96 3.38 29.52 2735.2
LSD0.05 0.55 1.37 395.54 0.833 1.45 439.24
*Control 4.03 36.53 3748.09 4.07 36.95 3792.45
**ALA 25 4.91 42.56 4341.34 4.97 43.09 4388.54
***ALA 50 4.34 39.85 4137.94 4.38 40.22 4172.83
****TRI25 4.75 41.07 4400.78 4.84 41.85 4490.28
*****TRI50 4.8 41.31 4479.9 4.77 41.10 4463.28
LSD0.05 0.35 1.53 357.65 0.514 2.73 397.55
Tap
wat
er control 5.44 46.62 5151.98 5.47 46.87 5180.22
ALA 25 6 51.11 6452.5 6.00 51.14 6453.94
ALA 50 5 47.94 5950.6 5.01 48.03 5961.92
TRI 25 5.44 49.52 6251.34 5.58 50.74 6435.27
TRI50 5.78 47.86 6347.36 5.82 48.25 6399.44
2 d
s m
-1
control 4.11 41.29 4161.71 4.25 42.66 4300.47
ALA 25 5.27 48.55 4632.96 5.49 50.46 4808.73
ALA 50 5.11 45.54 4426.8 5.12 45.66 4439.52
TRI 25 5.1 47.04 4403.81 5.22 48.28 4516.37
TRI50 4.8 47.69 4522.26 4.78 47.55 4507.2
3d
sm-1
control 3.58 33.43 3262.88 3.68 34.3 3355.28
ALA 25 4.78 38.84 3582.61 4.77 38.82 3579.44
ALA 50 4 36.43 3481.05 4.08 37.06 3539.9
TRI 25 5 37.63 4118.5 5.00 37.66 4121.28
TRI50 4.94 38.15 3996.02 4.88 37.76 3954.61
4d
sm-1
control 3 24.78 2415.77 2.9 23.96 2333.82
ALA 25 3.57 31.74 2697.29 3.6 31.93 2712.07
ALA 50 3.24 29.48 2693.31 3.29 30.13 2749.99
TRI 25 3.46 30.11 2829.47 3.53 30.72 2888.22
TRI50 3.67 31.52 3053.95 3.58 30.86 2991.87
LSD0.05 0.71 3.07 715.31 1.37 7.28 795.10
*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50
(50 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI
50 (50 mg L-1 triacontanol).
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
Table (4): Number of fruits per plant (NOF), average weight of fruits (AWF) and total
yield plant-1 (TY) of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of
aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during the seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.
Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018
Salinity
dsm-1
ALA and
TRI NOF AWF TY NOP AWF TY
Tap water
43.53 92.83 4040.35 43.93 94.8 4076.88
2ds m-1
33.4 93.33 3117.48 35 90.97 3176.41
3 ds m-1
26.22 86.61 2272.6 24.33 97.79 2284.56
4 ds m-1
18.27 78.23 1427.95 17.2 83.86 1439.3
LSD0.05
1.32 2.50 125.02 3.58 Ns 194.44
*control 23.22 85.78 2026.59 26.08 81.03 2069.15
**ALA 25 31.48 88.71 2831.63 31 91.9 2866.42
***ALA 50 30.75 87.88 2754.16 31 89.37 2775.15
***TRI25 33.11 87.43 2960.99 33 90.64 3019.06
*****TRI50 33.2 88.94 2999.6 29.5 106.34 2991.65
LSD0.05 1.05 Ns 80.23 5.93 23.95 154.05
Tap
wat
er control 26.67 92.97 2478.8 33.33 80.58 2492.07
ALA 25 46 92.58 4258.13 45 94.87 4261.15
ALA 50 44.67 92.87 4148.2 47 88.87 4156.62
TRI 25 50 93.28 4663.8 51.67 92.7 4783.91
TRI50 50.33 92.44 4652.8 42.67 116.97 4690.65
2 d
s m
-1
control 27.67 92.5 2559.3 31.33 84.93 2642.99
ALA 25 34.33 93.38 3204.3 36 93.37 3332.71
ALA 50 34 93.91 3192.9 34.67 92.49 3201.99
TRI 25 35.67 92.98 3314.7 37 91.89 3397.59
TRI50 35.33 93.86 3316.2 36 92.17 3306.78
3d
sm-1
control 21.43 85.23 1828.25 22.67 84.18 1879.55
ALA 25 26.11 86.86 2267 24.33 93.35 2265.86
ALA 50 25.89 86.54 2239.5 25.33 89.78 2274.51
TRI 25 28.33 86.57 2452 26 94.43 2452.72
TRI50 29.33 87.83 2576.25 23.33 127.22 2550.16
4d
sm-1
control 17.13 72.42 1239.99 17 74.42 1261.98
ALA 25 19.47 82.02 1597.07 18.67 86.03 1605.97
ALA 50 18.47 78.21 1436.03 17 86.32 1467.47
TRI 25 18.47 76.89 1413.48 17.33 83.51 1442.04
TRI50 17.8 81.61 1453.17 16 89 1419.03
LSD0.05 2.09 4.69 160.46 15.80 Ns 410.663
*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50
(50 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and*****
TRI 50 (50 mg L-1 triacontanol).
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
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The interaction effects on the yield parameters of cucumber plants are
presented in Table (4). The statistical analysis revealed that the highest
mean values of a number of fruits, average weight of fruits and total
yield plant-1 were achived of the combined treatment of triacontanol with
tap water treatment, but, the lowest mean values of those parameters
were observed in the control and 4 dsm-1 treatment.
Chemical Composition
The results of chemical composition showed that the contents of
N, P, K+, Ca2+, protein and chlorophyll as well as K/Na ratio were
decreased significantly as NaCl concentration increased (Tables 5, 6 and
7 ). The highest percentages reduction was observed under the level of
salinity (4 dsm-1) which decreased the contents of nitrogen by 45.20%
and 45.71%, phosphoure by 62.12 and 61.54%, potassium by 48.48%
and 46.39%, calcium by 45.75% and 47.58%, K/Na ratio by 96.12% and
95.8%, protein by 45.27% and 45.70% and chlorophyll by 18.96% and
19.81% in the first and second season, respectively, compared to the tap
water control plants. On the other hand, Na+ and Cl- contents increased
significantly as NaCl concentration increased. The highest mean value
of Na+ and Cl- ware observed under the highest level of salinity (4 dsm-
1) which increased the Na content by 1261.54 % and 1157.14 % and Cl
by 440.48 % and 413.64 % compared to tap water treatment.
Many studies reported that the excessive level of Na+ in the soil
can induce an increase of osmotic stress and ion imbalances which are
reducing the uptake of essential elements such as K+, Ca 2+, and NO3- in
plants (Khan et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Iqbal and Ashraf, 2013).
In the current study, using foliar applications of ALA and TRI increased
the K+, Ca2+ contents progressively which enhances the nutritional status
of cucumber and in the same time reducing the negative impacts of both
Na+ and Cl-. The foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA was more effective
in increasing the contents of nitrogen by 14.41% and 16.23%,
phosphoure by 29.41 % and 29.40%, potassium by 12.26 % and 13.11
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
%,calcium by 21.71% and 21.20%, K/Na ratio by 10.00% and 9.74%,
protein by 14.41% and 15.98% and chlorophyll by 6.81% and 7.19% ,
in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to the control
plants. In addition, the highest level reductions of Na and Cl in
cucumber tissues were observed with 25 mg L-1 ALA treatment;
reduced the contents of Na by 18.20 % and 18 % in the first and second
seasons, respectively, relative to control plants. However, the foliar
application of 50 mg L-1 TRI achieved the highest reduction of Cl
content, by 17.48% and 19.86 %, compared to distillate water sprayed
plants, in first and second seasons, respectively.
The results of this study are in parallel, more or less, with the
findings of Naeem et al (2009) who reported that the application of TRI
increased N, P, K, and Ca contents in hyacinth bean leaves. Also,
Krishnan and Kumari (2008) reported that chlorophyll pigments and
soluble proteins of soybean plants, under salt stress, were increased due
to using TRI. Moreover, application of ALA to Brassica napus, Brassica
campestris and lettuce improved the chlorophyll contents under salinity
stress (Wang et al., 2005; Naeem et al., 2010; Fuli et al., 2012; Zhang et
al., 2015; Tang et al., 2017). Anjum et al (2016) reported that the
application of ALA at 50 and 100 mg L-1 on Leymus chinensis plants
were the appropriate concentrations under both normal and saline
conditions.
The interaction effects on the nitrogen, protein, phosphor, potassium
, sodium , potassium / sodium ratio, calcium , chloride and chlorophyll
index in leaves of cucumber plants are presented in Tables (5, 6, and 7).
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Table (5): Percentages of nitrogen (N), protein, and phosphor (P) in leaves of
cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic acid
and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018 .
Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018
Salinity
dsm-1
ALA and
TRI N% Protein% P% N% Protein% P%
Tap water 3.23 20.17 0.66 3.26 20.35 0.65
2ds m-1 2.72 17.01 0.40 2.72 16.98 0.39
3 ds m-1 2.43 15.22 0.34 2.47 15.44 0.34
4 ds m-1 1.77 11.04 0.25 1.77 11.05 0.25
LSD0.05 0.077 0.48 0.0 0.0 0.295 0.02
*control 2.29 14.31 0.34 2.28 14.27 0.34
**ALA 25 2.62 16.38 0.44 2.65 16.55 0.44
***ALA50 2.57 16.03 0.43 2.59 16.17 0.41
****TRI2 2.62 16.36 0.43 2.63 16.42 0.43
*****TRI5 2.59 16.21 0.43 2.62 16.39 0.42
LSD0.05 0.069 0.43 0.01 0.0 0.301 0.02
Tap
wat
er
control 3.16 19.75 0.65 3.20 19.98 0.62
ALA 25 3.24 20.25 0.67 3.25 20.29 0.67
ALA 50 3.23 20.21 0.67 3.29 20.54 0.65
TRI 25 3.24 20.25 0.66 3.28 20.50 0.65
TRI50 3.26 20.40 0.66 3.27 20.46 0.65
2 d
s m
-1
control 2.54 15.90 0.31 2.49 15.56 0.30
ALA 25 2.82 17.65 0.43 2.79 17.44 0.42
ALA 50 2.73 17.06 0.40 2.74 17.13 0.39
TRI 25 2.78 17.38 0.40 2.78 17.40 0.39
TRI50 2.73 17.08 0.44 2.78 17.40 0.42
3d
sm-1
control 1.79 11.17 0.23 1.81 11.29 0.22
ALA 25 2.64 16.52 0.37 2.66 16.65 0.37
ALA 50 2.63 16.44 0.37 2.65 16.56 0.36
TRI 25 2.60 16.23 0.38 2.67 16.67 0.39
TRI50 2.52 15.73 0.37 2.56 16.02 0.36
4d
sm-1
control 1.67 10.42 0.18 1.64 10.23 0.19
ALA 25 1.78 11.10 0.28 1.81 11.31 0.28
ALA 50 1.67 10.42 0.27 1.67 10.44 0.25
TRI 25 1.86 11.60 0.28 1.86 11.63 0.27
TRI50 1.86 11.65 0.27 1.87 11.67 0.25
LSD0.05 0.18 1.1 0.128 0.04
*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg
L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1
triacontanol).
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Table (6): Percentages of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and potassium/sodium ratio
(K/Na) in leaves of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of
aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018.
Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018
Salinity dsm-1 ALA and TRI K% Na% K/Na K% Na% K/Na
Tap water 3.30 0.13 25.02 3.19 0.14 23.44
2ds m-1 2.26 0.51 4.51 2.20 0.52 4.29
3 ds m-1 1.91 1.11 1.73 1.89 1.12 1.70
4 ds m-1 1.70 1.77 0.97 1.71 1.76 0.98
LSD0.05 0.124 0.056 3.06 0.20 0.061 3.380
*control 2.12 0.99 7.80 2.06 1.00 7.29
**ALA 25 2.38 0.81 8.58 2.33 0.82 7.87
***ALA 50 2.29 0.88 8.35 2.24 0.88 7.88
****TRI25 2.34 0.88 7.40 2.29 0.89 6.97
*****TRI50 2.33 0.85 8.16 2.31 0.84 8.00
LSD0.05 0.073 0.072 Ns 0.110 0.070 Ns
Tap
wat
er
Control 3.18 0.13 25.42 3.08 0.13 23.83
ALA 25 3.35 0.14 25.58 3.19 0.14 23.07
ALA 50 3.28 0.13 26.02 3.19 0.13 24.56
TRI 25 3.37 0.15 22.50 3.23 0.16 20.83
TRI50 3.31 0.13 25.60 3.27 0.13 24.89
2 d
s m
-1
Control 2.18 0.58 3.74 2.05 0.62 3.31
ALA 25 2.34 0.41 5.73 2.28 0.42 5.45
ALA 50 2.28 0.48 4.73 2.17 0.51 4.32
TRI 25 2.23 0.52 4.28 2.22 0.53 4.22
TRI50 2.25 0.55 4.06 2.27 0.55 4.15
3d
sm-1
Control 1.65 1.28 1.30 1.63 1.30 1.26
ALA 25 1.99 1.04 1.91 1.96 1.06 1.86
ALA 50 1.89 1.11 1.70 1.88 1.12 1.67
TRI 25 2.00 1.09 1.84 2.01 1.08 1.86
TRI50 2.00 1.04 1.93 1.97 1.06 1.87
4d
sm-1
Control 1.46 1.98 0.74 1.48 1.96 0.76
ALA 25 1.82 1.67 1.09 1.82 1.67 1.09
ALA 50 1.72 1.78 0.97 1.79 1.70 1.05
TRI 25 1.74 1.75 1.00 1.71 1.78 0.96
TRI50 1.76 1.66 1.06 1.80 1.63 1.11
LSD0.05 0.196 0.190 5.30 0.294 0.187 4.311
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*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg
L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1
triacontanol).
The statistical analysis revealed that the highest mean values of
nitrogen, protein, phosphor, potassium, potassium/sodium ratio, calcium
and chlorophyll index in leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by
the combined treatment of triacontanol with tap water treatment;
however, the lowest mean values of those parameters were observed in
the control plants and 4 dsm-1 treatment. On the one hand, the highest
mean values of sodium and chloride in leaves of cucumber plants were
observed in the control plants and 4 dsm-1 treatment. But, the lowest
mean values of those minerals were achieved by the combined treatment
of triacontanol with tap water treatment.
Results presented in Table (8) showed a direct proportion
relationship between the salinity levels and the dependent variable, I.e.
as salinity levels increased the contents of proline, CAT and POD
increased in both seasons. At the highest level of salinity 4 dsm-1 the
estimated increase of proline, CAT and POD as (156.73 and 147.91%),
(51.60 and 46.27%) and (47.48 and 42.24%) in the first and second
seasons , respectively, compared to the tap water control plants. Such
results were supported by the findings of Tang et al (2017) and Gurmani
et al. (2018) who reported that the defensive mechanisms were activated
under salt stress conditions to decrease oxidative injury by peroxidase
(POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in the leaves of woad (Isatis
tinctoria L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
The statistical analysis in Table (7), also, demonstrated that
spraying of ALA and TRI levels superior the contents of proline, CAT
and POD compared to the control treatment, in both seasons. For
instance, foliar application of TRI at 50 mg L-1 recorded the highest
average values of proline, however, the peak average values of CAT
were achieved when plants sprayed with TRI at 50 mg L-1.
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Table (7): Calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) in leaves of
cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic
acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.
Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018
Salinity dsm-1 ALA and TRI Ca % Cl % SPAD Ca % Cl % SPAD
Tap water 0.42 0.42 43.20 10.34 0.44 43.56
2ds m-1 0.96 0.96 38.58 7.95 0.99 39.34
3 ds m-1 1.42 1.42 36.43 6.51 1.43 36.67
4 ds m-1 2.27 2.27 35.01 5.42 2.26 34.93
LSD0.05 0.12 0.12 2.42 0.458 0.145 2.82
*control 1.43 1.43 36.98 6.65 1.46 37.27
**ALA 25 1.20 1.20 39.50 8.06 1.22 39.95
***ALA 50 1.27 1.27 37.53 7.49 1.28 37.90
****TRI25 1.26 1.26 38.82 7.96 1.28 39.53
*****TRI5 1.18 1.18 38.70 7.60 1.17 38.47
LSD0.05 0.086 0.086 Ns 0.366 0.096 Ns
Tap
wat
er
Control 0.33 0.33 40.89 10.13 0.34 41.11
ALA 25 0.43 0.43 45.48 10.57 0.45 45.52
ALA 50 0.44 0.44 42.55 10.30 0.45 42.64
TRI 25 0.48 0.48 44.44 10.53 0.50 45.56
TRI50 0.44 0.44 42.64 10.15 0.45 42.98
2 d
s m
-1
Control 1.23 1.23 37.66 7.21 1.31 38.88
ALA 25 0.91 0.91 39.70 8.32 0.94 41.26
ALA 50 0.92 0.92 36.22 8.23 0.96 36.32
TRI 25 0.91 0.91 38.69 8.17 0.92 39.67
TRI50 0.84 0.84 40.66 7.83 0.83 40.55
3d
sm-1
Control 1.75 1.75 36.68 5.10 1.78 37.66
ALA 25 1.34 1.34 37.01 7.20 1.36 36.99
ALA 50 1.42 1.42 35.80 6.45 1.43 36.38
TRI 25 1.36 1.36 36.70 6.96 1.35 36.72
TRI50 1.23 1.23 35.97 6.82 1.26 35.62
4d
sm-1
Control 2.43 2.43 32.68 4.15 2.40 31.42
ALA 25 2.13 2.13 35.82 6.17 2.14 36.03
ALA 50 2.30 2.30 35.55 4.97 2.30 36.28
TRI 25 2.28 2.28 35.44 6.19 2.33 36.17
TRI50 2.20 2.20 35.55 5.60 2.15 34.75
LSD0.05 0.735 0.23 4.29 0.976 0.257 8.411
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*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg
L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1
triacontanol).
In addition, POD reached maximum with ALA at 50 mg L-1 ,
compared to the other treatments. According to some prior studies, 5-
aminolevulinic acid increased the antioxidant activity in spinach and
cucumber leaves under salinity stress and normal condition (Nishihara
et al., 2003; Li et al., 2011). Likewise, Triacontanol; increased
accumulation of free proline in leaves of soybean (Krishnan and Kumari,
2008) and cucumber (Borowski et al., 2000) and increased CAT and
POD activities in leaves of sunflower under saline and non-saline water
condition (Aziz and Shahbaz, 2015).
The first order interaction effects on proline, catalase and
peroxidase enzymes in leaves of cucumber plants are presented in Table
(8). The highest mean values of proline in leaves of cucumber plants
were achieved by the combined treatment of aminolevulinic acid at 50
ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment. The highest mean values of catalase in
leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by the combined treatment of
Triacontanol at 50 ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment, but the highest mean
values of catalase in leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by the
combined treatment of triacontanol at 25 ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment ,
where the lowest mean values of those parameters were observed in the
previous treatments and tap water treatment plants.
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Table (8): Proline, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes in leaves of cucumber
plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol
during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.
Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018
Salinity dsm-
1 ALA and TRI
Proline (µg
g−1 f wt)
CAT unit
mg-1)
POD (unit
mg-1)
Proline (µg g−1 f
wt)
CAT (unit
mg-1)
POD (unit
mg-1)
Tap water 2.08 9.07 8.72 2.15 9.38 9.02
2ds m-1 2.79 11.35 9.90 2.86 11.65 10.17
3 ds m-1 3.59 12.37 11.33 3.63 12.49 11.44
4 ds m-1 5.34 13.75 12.86 5.33 13.72 12.83
LSD0.05 0.160 0.145 0.175 0.158 0.502 0.515
*control 3.08 11.17 10.09 3.13 11.41 10.30
**ALA 25 3.45 11.82 10.79 3.52 12.07 11.03
***ALA 50 3.59 11.51 10.86 3.65 11.75 11.08
****TRI25 3.49 11.85 10.85 3.54 12.02 11.02
*****TRI50 3.65 11.82 10.91 3.64 11.81 10.90
LSD0.05 0.162 0.294 0.177 0.217 0.430 0.377
Tap
wat
er
Control 2.09 9.02 7.39 2.16 7.64 7.64
ALA 25 2.08 9.11 8.81 2.19 9.30 9.30
ALA 50 2.04 9.03 9.10 2.10 9.35 9.35
TRI 25 2.08 9.13 9.03 2.16 9.41 9.41
TRI50 2.13 9.05 9.28 2.16 9.40 9.40
2 d
s m
-1
Control 2.54 10.46 9.54 2.70 10.15 10.15
ALA 25 2.82 11.69 10.08 2.89 10.34 10.34
ALA 50 2.79 11.41 10.01 2.93 10.53 10.53
TRI 25 2.88 11.65 9.91 2.90 9.98 9.98
TRI50 2.93 11.55 9.94 2.90 9.83 9.83
3d
sm-1
Control 3.21 11.62 11.03 3.26 11.19 11.19
ALA 25 3.63 12.57 11.36 3.68 11.53 11.53
ALA 50 3.63 12.22 11.41 3.66 11.49 11.49
TRI 25 3.75 12.73 11.43 3.72 11.36 11.36
TRI50 3.74 12.72 11.42 3.81 11.63 11.63
4d
sm-1
Control 4.48 13.58 12.40 4.42 12.23 12.23
ALA 25 5.29 13.92 12.92 5.30 12.94 12.94
ALA 50 5.89 13.40 12.93 5.90 12.95 12.95
TRI 25 5.27 13.87 13.04 5.38 13.32 13.32
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TRI50 5.79 13.98 12.99 5.68 13.70 12.72
LSD0.05 0.430 0.784 0.472 0.579 1.147 1.006
*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg
L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1
triacontanol).
CONCLUSIONS
It could be concluded that salt stress not only significantly affected
cucumber plant growth, but also affected the yield to great extent. Also,
foliar applications of aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol enhanced the
salt stress in cucumber. Applying of triacontanol at 25 mgL-1 gave the
highest cucumber plant growth and fruit yield. It is therefore, preferable
to use triacontanol for an economic crop of cucumber especially under
saline condition.
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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24
Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464
على نبات الخيار عن طريق حمض أمينوليفولينيك يالتخفيف من حدة الإجهاد الملح
وترياكونتانول
ساري حسن مصطفي برنجي
مصر -جامعة دمنهور –كلية الزراعة –قسم البساتين
الملخص
محافظة –اصص في صوبة زراعية في منطقة وادي النطرون الدراسة فياجريت
لدراسة تأثير 2017/2018 – 2016/2017لعامي مصر خلال الموسم الشتوي –البحيرة
جزء في المليون 50و، 25, 0 اتاسيد أو الترايكونتانول بتركيزأمينوليفولينيك بالرش الورقي
بماء مالح نباتات الخيار رويتم . هشام علي نبات الخيار صنفلتخفيف ضرر الاجهاد الملحي
تحت ظروف من كلوريد الصوديوم ملليموز/سم 4و 3, 2مضاف اليه ماء الصنبور ات بتركيز
النبات , الوزن الطازج , الوزن الجاف , المساحة ارتفاعالتربة الرملية. اوضحت النتائج ان
كما انخفض محتوي الاوراق من ،تركيز الاملاح زيادة الورقية للنبات قد انخفضت مع
النتروجين , البروتين, الفوسفور, البوتاسيوم , الكالسيوم ونسبة البوتاسيوم/الصوديوم مع زيادة
محتوي الاوراق من الصوديوم ,الكلور , محتوي دزا . ومن ناحية اخري فقدتركيز الاملاح
يز والكتاليز مع زيادة تركيز الاملاح. أدي الاوراق من البرولين ونشاط انزيمي البيروكسيد
إلي تخفيف الاثار الضارة للاملاح علي ترياكونتانولاسيد أو أمينوليفولينيك بالرش الورقي
الي ت المعاملات المحصول حيث اد كميةو ة تحت الدراسةالكيماويالمكونات النمو الخضري و
كما خفض .ش ماء مقطر(ر) لكنترولزيادة معنوية في الصفات المذكورة مقارنة بمعاملة ا
محتوي الاوراق من الصوديوم والكلور معنويا وكانت افضل المعاملات في هذا الصدد هي
في المليون حيث زاد من تحمل النبات للملوحة خلال ءجز 25معاملة التراي كونتانول بتركيز
تاسيوم للصوديوم , تراكم البرولين وزيادة نشاط انزيمات ونسبة الب تموسمي التجربة وزاد
تركيز ب ترياكونتانولنباتات الخيار بمركب المعاملة أن النتائج أوضحتالبيروكسيديز والكتاليز.
.المرتفعةمستويات الملوحة مل تحقد حسن قدرتها علي جزء في المليون 25