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IX How to Deal with SyntaxIX How to Deal with Syntax
How do words fit togetherto form sentences
What is the besttranslation
CC BY-SA 40
Reading AssignmentsReading Assignments
OptionalOptional
Pike Pike Linguistic ConceptsLinguistic Concepts 1-38 1-38
Berkhof Berkhof Principles of Biblical Principles of Biblical InterpretationInterpretation 82-99 82-99
GoetchiusGoetchius Language of the New Testament Language of the New Testament chap 3 pp 13-19chap 3 pp 13-19
Poythress and Grudem Poythress and Grudem Gender-Neutral Gender-Neutral Bible ControversyBible Controversy
What Is SyntaxWhat Is Syntax
Morphology = formation of Morphology = formation of individual wordsindividual words
ἐλύσαμενaugment root aorist
1st pl active
Syntax = constructions with Syntax = constructions with several wordsseveral words
αὐτὸν τὸν κύριονpredicative modifier determiner
headnoun
Whole sentences need studyWhole sentences need study
Where Are WeWhere Are We
1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text
2 Exegesis in the original setting2 Exegesis in the original setting
3 Relations with other passages3 Relations with other passages
4 Role in redemptive history4 Role in redemptive history
5 Application5 Application
Obtaining doctrine from sentences (section VIII) involves syntax
A Importance of Language TheoryA Importance of Language Theory
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Reading AssignmentsReading Assignments
OptionalOptional
Pike Pike Linguistic ConceptsLinguistic Concepts 1-38 1-38
Berkhof Berkhof Principles of Biblical Principles of Biblical InterpretationInterpretation 82-99 82-99
GoetchiusGoetchius Language of the New Testament Language of the New Testament chap 3 pp 13-19chap 3 pp 13-19
Poythress and Grudem Poythress and Grudem Gender-Neutral Gender-Neutral Bible ControversyBible Controversy
What Is SyntaxWhat Is Syntax
Morphology = formation of Morphology = formation of individual wordsindividual words
ἐλύσαμενaugment root aorist
1st pl active
Syntax = constructions with Syntax = constructions with several wordsseveral words
αὐτὸν τὸν κύριονpredicative modifier determiner
headnoun
Whole sentences need studyWhole sentences need study
Where Are WeWhere Are We
1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text
2 Exegesis in the original setting2 Exegesis in the original setting
3 Relations with other passages3 Relations with other passages
4 Role in redemptive history4 Role in redemptive history
5 Application5 Application
Obtaining doctrine from sentences (section VIII) involves syntax
A Importance of Language TheoryA Importance of Language Theory
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
What Is SyntaxWhat Is Syntax
Morphology = formation of Morphology = formation of individual wordsindividual words
ἐλύσαμενaugment root aorist
1st pl active
Syntax = constructions with Syntax = constructions with several wordsseveral words
αὐτὸν τὸν κύριονpredicative modifier determiner
headnoun
Whole sentences need studyWhole sentences need study
Where Are WeWhere Are We
1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text
2 Exegesis in the original setting2 Exegesis in the original setting
3 Relations with other passages3 Relations with other passages
4 Role in redemptive history4 Role in redemptive history
5 Application5 Application
Obtaining doctrine from sentences (section VIII) involves syntax
A Importance of Language TheoryA Importance of Language Theory
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Where Are WeWhere Are We
1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text
2 Exegesis in the original setting2 Exegesis in the original setting
3 Relations with other passages3 Relations with other passages
4 Role in redemptive history4 Role in redemptive history
5 Application5 Application
Obtaining doctrine from sentences (section VIII) involves syntax
A Importance of Language TheoryA Importance of Language Theory
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
A Importance of Language TheoryA Importance of Language Theory
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Language and the BibleLanguage and the Bible
The Bible is composed in languageThe Bible is composed in language
Its central message is clearIts central message is clear
Details come from studying Greek Hebrew Details come from studying Greek Hebrew and Aramaicand Aramaic
For details know how languages operateFor details know how languages operate
Nonnative speakers need caution and study Nonnative speakers need caution and study
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
B A Basic Framework for B A Basic Framework for Thinking about LanguageThinking about Language
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Language as Language as SystemSystem
Personwith ideas
Particularutterance
dog
Language systemuse English
There alreadybefore you
speak
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Archetype of LanguageArchetype of Language
Personwith ideas
God
Language systemall wisdom
Particularutterance
Let therebe light
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Language in GodLanguage in God
Plan ofthe Father
Particular utterancethrough the breath
of the Spirit
all wisdomin Christ
the Logos
Let therebe light
Eternallythere
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Language and ChessLanguage and Chess
Chess has a Chess has a systemsystem of rules of rules
player game
chess rules
Language likewiseLanguage likewisespeaker utterance
language system
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Using the SystemUsing the System
Meaning depends on relationsMeaning depends on relationsEg what is the meaning of a knight or rookEg what is the meaning of a knight or rook
Chess meaning depends on structure not past Chess meaning depends on structure not past movesmoves
Linguistic meaning depends on structure not Linguistic meaning depends on structure not etymologyetymology
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Natives not conscious of the systemNatives not conscious of the system
I spoke Englisheven before I took
an English grammarcourse in school
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Referent Points for VowelsReferent Points for Vowels
i (ee)
u (oo)
a (ah)
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
English Vowel SystemEnglish Vowel System
i (ee)
e (ay)
aelig a (ah)
o (oh)
u (oo)
ɩ (ih)
ɛ (eh)
ʋ (oo)
ʌ (uh)
ə
My tongueknew but
I didnt
ɔ (aw)
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
English Verb System BasicEnglish Verb System Basic
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
presentpastfutureparticipleinfinitive
Completive
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Adding Durative MeaningAdding Durative Meaning
weavewovewill weaveweavingto weave
has wovenhad wovenwill have wovenhaving wovento have woven
is weavingwas weavingwill be weavingbeing weaving ()to be weaving
has been weavinghad been weavingwill have been weavinghaving been weavingto have been weaving
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Adding PassiveAdding Passive
weavewove hellip
has wovenhad woven hellip
is weavingwas weaving hellip
has been weavinghad been weaving hellip
is wovenwas woven hellip
has been wovenhad been woven hellip
is being wovenwas being woven hellip
has been being wovenhad been being woven hellip
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Noun Phrase in EnglishNoun Phrase in English
ldquoldquohis father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian his father-in-lawrsquos three big spotted Dalmatian fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came fire dogs with tongues hanging out which came from the same litterrdquofrom the same litterrdquo
Not ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquoNot ldquohis three spotted big dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquoNot ldquohis big spotted three dogsrdquo
Not ldquohis the dogsrdquoNot ldquohis the dogsrdquo
We know about this structure without consciously knowing how and what we know
I knewthat tacitly
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Native and NonnativeNative and Nonnative
The native speaker knows intuitivelyThe native speaker knows intuitively
Nonnatives become Nonnatives become consciousconscious of the system of the system
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
C Word-Based SyntaxC Word-Based Syntax
(including prepositions)(including prepositions)
ldquoA slack hand causes poverty but the hand of the diligent makes richrdquo (Prov 104)
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example from Isa 5118Example from Isa 5118
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהמחזיק בידואין
Determine the meaning ofDetermine the meaning of
in Isaiah 5118in Isaiah 5118 מחזיק בידהמחזיק בידה
(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)(literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה in
Isaiah 5118 literally ldquostrengthen in her handrdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
For an idiomFor an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionnot a preposition or conjunction
מחזיק בידה verb
preposition
Try קחזימ not ב
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י דהללהד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Je 53dagger Hiph118 Pf החזיק Ju 78+ 3fsתניקהחז Je 4924+ sf החזיקה Je 821 החזקתי Ne516+3 t והחזקתי Ez 3025 etc Impf יחזיק Jb 815+2 t 1s ואחזק Is 426 יחזיקו Je 623+2 tII S 1125+2 t החזק Dn 1132 etc Imv יחזקוetc Inf cstr החזיק II K 1519 Is 646 sf החזיקיJe 3132 (הח Cod Petrop v RSJPh xvi 1888 73) Ptמחזקת Dn 116 fs מחזקה Ex 92 + 9 t sf מחזיקNe 411 pl מחזיקים Ne 410+5 t cstr מחזיקיEz 27927-- dagger1 a make strong strengthen Je 5112 b make firm the kingdom 2 K 1519 c display strength (late) 2 Ch 268 (בידו+)
BDB p 304 col 2BDB p 304 col 2 חזקחזק HiphHiph 94b
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
לך שמו עד וגויו ||) ) Dn 1132 (|| ועשוa) dagger2 make severe of battle 2 S 1125 dagger3 sq יד= support Ez 1649 sq זרועות Ez 3025 (sub י but Cords Pi as v24)dagger 4 = repair walls of Jerus Ne 3444 + 31 t Ne 3 cf (in gen) pt used substantמחזיקי בדקך Ez 27Ez 27927927 of Tyre and her of Tyre and her ships (|| ships (|| מלחיםמלחים etc) dagger etc) dagger55 prevailprevail abs Dn abs Dn 111177 sq sq עלעל Jb 18Jb 1899 prevail upon toprevail upon to בו לאכל בו לאכלהחהח IIII K 4 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize
94cBDB p 305 column 1
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
BDB p 305 column 1 (cont)2 K 42 K 488 66 esp esp take take or or keep hold keep hold of of seize seize graspgrasp a a take hold take hold of of seize catch seize catch sq sq בב Gn Gn 191944(J) 21(J) 211818(E) Ex 4(E) Ex 444(J || (J || אחזאחז ) Ju 7) Ju 72020 1 S 15 1 S 152727 2 S 12 S 11111 1K 1 1K 15050 2 22828 2K 2 2K 21212 4 42727 Is 4 Is 411 Zc 8 Zc 823232323 Pr 7 Pr 71313 26 261717 cf also Ju 19cf also Ju 1925292529 2 Ch 28 2 Ch 281515 with violence Dt with violence Dt 22222525 25 251111 1 S 17 1 S 173535 (perh pf consec freq v Dr) (perh pf consec freq v Dr) 2 S 22 S 21616 13 131111 sq sq לל aa 2 2 S 15S 1555 fig fig take hold take hold in order in order to lead one (subj to lead one (subj יי ) sq) sq בב Je 31Je 313232 c acc Is c acc Is 4141913913 cf Is 51 cf Is 511818 ( ( בבaa || || נהלנהל ) sq acc Na 3) sq acc Na 31414 take take hold of the brick-mouldhold of the brick-mould Je 6 Je 62323 = 50 = 504242 Zc 14 Zc 141313 (with violence)(with violence) ψψ 353522 Ne 4 Ne 410111011 seize the kingdom seize the kingdom Dn 11Dn 112121 in metaph Mi 4 in metaph Mi 499 ( ( החזיקך חילהחזיקך חיל ) Je 6) Je 62424 882121 49 492424 (v Gie) 50 (v Gie) 504343 of pious laying hold of of pious laying hold of יי
94c
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
sqsq בב Is 64Is 6466 cf 27 cf 2755 56 56246246 of other gods 1 K of other gods 1 K 9999 = 2 Ch 7 = 2 Ch 72222 laying hold of wisdom Pr 3 laying hold of wisdom Pr 31818 cf cf 441313 Jb 2 Jb 23939 27 2766 Je 8 Je 855 bb have have or or keep hold of keep hold of sq sq
Ju 16Ju 162626 2 S 3 2 S 32929 Je 50 Je 503333 Ne 4 Ne 41515 c c hold up hold up sq sq בב holding holding יי fig =fig = sustain support sustain support Lv 25 Lv 253535 of of בבhis servants Is 42his servants Is 4266 45 4511 cf Jb 8 cf Jb 82020 v also pt v also pt used substantively Dn 11used substantively Dn 1111 (|| (|| מעוזמעוז ) v) v66 (|| (|| מביאמביא ) of Ne holding fast to () of Ne holding fast to ( ילדילד his work Ne 5) his work Ne 51616 ( בבcf of wicked holding to his house Jb 8cf of wicked holding to his house Jb 81515 cleavecleave or or cling tocling to ( ( עלעל ) onersquos brethren Ne 10) onersquos brethren Ne 103030 hencehence d d keep retain keep retain sq sq בב Ex 9Ex 922(J) Je 7(J) Je 788 19 1944 so Ez 7so Ez 71313 Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Sm Co (MT Hithp) sq anger (acc) Mi 7Mi 71818 ee hence also hence also hold contain hold contain sq acc 2 Ch 4 sq acc 2 Ch 455
94c
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 1 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 5118
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of מחזיק בידה
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
94a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
חזק from מחזיק
take hold of seize = מחזיק ב
ldquoThere is no one to take hold of her handrdquo
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
דהלאין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים י להד מכל־בנים גהואין מחזיק ביד
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Theory of Word-Based SyntaxTheory of Word-Based Syntax
Phrases can have special meaningPhrases can have special meaning
A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with A preposition is frequently linked to a verb with jointjoint meaning meaning
מחזיק בa fixed construction with the meaning take hold of
=
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Dealing with IdiomsDealing with Idioms
For a fixed construction look under a major For a fixed construction look under a major vocabulary itemvocabulary item
idiom
special fixedconstruction
pick vocabulary item
go to lexicon
look for the construction
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין in Isaiah 528
(literally ldquoeye in eyerdquo)
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
אין־מנהל לה מכל־בנים ילדה ואין מחזיק בידה מכל־בנים גדלה
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Look for Major Look for Major Vocabulary ItemVocabulary Item
If you think there may be an idiomIf you think there may be an idiom
Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or Look for a key noun a verb an adjective or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or perhaps an adverb not a preposition or conjunctionconjunction
עין בעין noun
preposition
Try עין not ב
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
עין
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
eye hellip mdasheye 1 lit as physical hellip עיןorgan hellip
2 a eyes as shewing mental qualities hellip
3 Fig of mental and spiritual faculties acts and states hellip
4 Transferred mngs a visible surface of earth hellip
BDB p 744BDB p 744 עיןעין 95b
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
BDB p 745 column 1BDB p 745 column 1
5 Other phrases are ע תחת ע Ex 2124 (E) = Lv
2420(H) = ע בע Dt 1921 all = an eye
for an eye ע בע = eye to eye Nu 1414(P) Is 528
(fig) cf וע את־ע תראינה Je 324 343 esp לעיניin the presence of in full view of Gn 4224(E) 4719(J) Ex 430(J) Nu 195(P)+oft of business transaction Je 321212 Gn 231118 (P) so נגד עJo 116 לנגד ע Jb 416 and even 1 S 2114 Ezr 312
נגרזתי מנגד ע ψ 3123 בין ע =on the forehead Ex 13916 (JE) Dt 68 1118 141 Dn 8521
95c
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
s tExample 2 for Word-Related SyntaxIsaiah 528
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of עין בעין
Step 1 Search what major vocabulary item if any is the syntactical problem related to
Step 2 Evaluate under the major vocabulary item or elsewhere does BDB provide an account of the syntax What
Step 3 Decide give one of two translations in your own words to make sure that you understand the clause
95a
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו
כי עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון
עין
בעע = eye to eye
For eye to eye they will see hellip For face to face they will see
קול צפיך נשאו קול יחדו ירננו עין בעין יראו בשוב יהוה ציון כי
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Steps for Word-Based SyntaxSteps for Word-Based Syntax
Look for a main wordLook for a main word
Look for a distinct Look for a distinct constructionconstruction
Identify the meaning of Identify the meaning of the the wholewhole construction construction
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch Find Find Major VocabularyMajor Vocabulary
Step 2 Step 2 EvaluateEvaluate idiom idiom
Step 3 Step 3 DecideDecide on on meaningmeaning
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
D Dealing with Clause SyntaxD Dealing with Clause Syntax
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
a Warning from Bad Examplesa Warning from Bad Examples
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
A Bad Example HendriksenA Bad Example Hendriksen
1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to 1 Thess 24 ldquoJust as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present be entrusted with the gospel so we speak [present tense in Greek]rdquotense in Greek]rdquo
Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Hendriksen p 63 ldquoNow it was in strict accordance with Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always Godrsquos directive that these missionaries were always telling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquotelling (note present continuative) the good newsrdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to 8 ldquoThe Present Indicative is used to express customary actions and general truthsrdquoexpress customary actions and general truthsrdquo (The same function belongs to English present tense (The same function belongs to English present tense no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)no need for ldquoalwaysrdquo)
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
A Bad Example MorrisA Bad Example Morris
Rev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquoRev 319 ldquoSo be zealous and repent [aorist tense]rdquo
Leon Morris ldquo(Leon Morris ldquo(repentrepent is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo is aorist of once-for-all action)rdquo
Burton Burton SyntaxSyntax 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action 16 ldquo[the aorist] represents the action denoted by it indefinitely denoted by it indefinitely ieie simply as an event simply as an event neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on neither on the one hand picturing it in progress nor on the other affirming the existence of its resultrdquothe other affirming the existence of its resultrdquo
Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb Hence ldquodordquo in Rev 25 is aorist Even ldquosufferrdquo in Heb 926 is aorist926 is aorist
Easy to overinterpret a tenseEasy to overinterpret a tense
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
b The Right Wayb The Right WayA Starting ExampleA Starting Example
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntax
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὃλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96a
Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι in Mark 1455
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 for Step 1 for εἰς τὸεἰς τὸ + infinitive + infinitive
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
articular infinitive Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects ldquoInfinitiverdquo ldquoInfinitiverdquo
Burton Syntax covers it
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Burton Syntax p 190 column 1 96b
Infinitive origin and stages of de-velopment 361 classification of uses 362 363 negatives used with it 480-484 Constructions without the arti-cle with imperative force 364 365 expressing purposes 366 hellip
hellip
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Burton Syntax p 190 column 2 96b Constructions with the article general effect of prefixing the article 392 as subject 393 as object 394 in apposition 395 with τῷ expressing cause 396 with τοῦ expressing purposes 397 with τοῦ expressing result 398 with τοῦ after adjectives 399 with τοῦ after nouns 400 with τοῦ after verbs that take the geni-tive 401-403 with τοῦ as subject or object 404 405 governed by prepositions 406 various prepositions used with it and their force 407-416 force of tense 104-109
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Burton Syntax p 160 (left side) 96c
406 The infinitive with the Article governed by Prepositions The Infinitive with the article τό τοῦ τῷ is governed by prepositions HA 959 G 1546 The prepositions so used in the New Testament are with the accusative διά εἰς μετά πρός with the genitive hellip
407 These prepositions vary greatly in frequency in the New Testament Εἰς occurs with the Infinitive 63 times
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Burton Syntax p 161 (right side) 96c
hellip
408 Διά governing the Infinitive with τό denotes cause and is nearly equivalent to ὅτι or διότι with the Indicative hellip
409 Εἰς with the Infinitive with τό most commonly expresses purpose It is employed with special frequency by Paul but occurs also in Heb 1 Pet and Jas
Rom 829
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαιStep 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 1 with Clause SyntaxExample 1 with Clause Syntaxοἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον
96aMark 1455
sectsect406-9
sect409
No
Purpose ldquoin order to put him to deathrdquo
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
c Theory of Clause Syntaxc Theory of Clause Syntax
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Sentence DiagrammingSentence Diagramming
Bill mowed the lawnsubject predicate object
Bill mowed lawn
the
Clauses have a regular structureClauses have a regular structure
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
man enjoys
theoldacross street
the
watching gamesbaseball
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
GoverningGoverning
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
Verbs govern their subjects and objects
man enjoyswatching games
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
More GoverningMore Governing
A ldquogoverningrdquo word controls words around it
man
theoldacross street
the
Nouns govern their modifiers
Prepositions govern their objects
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Governing in Contents of Governing in Contents of Geseniusrsquo GrammarGeseniusrsquo Grammar
Chapter I The Parts of SpeechChapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the VerbI Syntax of the Verb
A A Use of the Tenses and MoodsUse of the Tenses and Moods
B B The Infinitive and ParticipleThe Infinitive and Participle
C C The Government of the VerbThe Government of the Verb
II Syntax of the NounII Syntax of the Noun
III Syntax of the PronounIII Syntax of the Pronoun
Chapter II The SentenceChapter II The Sentence
relationsbetweenclauses
relations of verbto what it governs
relations of nounto what it governs
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Clues from GoverningClues from Governing
If you want to know about a governing If you want to know about a governing relation look in Gesenius under the section relation look in Gesenius under the section about the about the governinggoverning word word
In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the In Blass-Debrunner look mostly under the section about the section about the governedgoverned word word
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Blass-Debrunner Contents p vi 98chellip
127-496 Part III SYNTAX
127-130 1 Subject and Predicate 70127-128 (1) Omission of the Verb εἶναι 70129-130 (2) Omission of the Subject 72
131-137 2 Agreement 72131-132 (1) Agreement in Gender 72 133 (2) Agreement in Number 73 134 (3) Constructio ad Sensum 74
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Governing in Blass-Governing in Blass-Debrunnerrsquos GrammarDebrunnerrsquos Grammar
Part III SyntaxPart III Syntax1 Subject and Predicate1 Subject and Predicate2 Agreement2 Agreement3 Use of Gender and Number3 Use of Gender and Number4 Syntax of Cases4 Syntax of Cases5 Syntax of Prepositions5 Syntax of Prepositions6 Syntax of Adjectives6 Syntax of Adjectives7 Syntax of Numerals7 Syntax of Numerals8 The Article8 The Article9 Syntax of Pronouns9 Syntax of Pronouns10 Syntax of the Verb10 Syntax of the Verb
noun as governed
prepositionas governing
adjective as governed
article as governed
verb relationsto other clauses
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
d Practice with Clause Syntaxd Practice with Clause Syntax
Isaiah 5117Isaiah 5117
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxירושלםהתעוררי התעוררי קומי
תו אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמי־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
99a
Isaiah 5117
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו in Isaiah
5117
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
Clue
no
Go to
construct relation Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects Construct Construct
No entryInstead find under
ldquoGenitive expression ofrdquo
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clue
no
Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
sect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect122 Indication of the Gender of the Nounsect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means sect123 The Representation of Plural Ideas by means
of Collective and by the Repetition of Wordsof Collective and by the Repetition of Wordssect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect124 The Various Uses of the Plural-Formsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect125 Determination of Nouns in general hellipsect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect126 Determination by means of the Articlesect127 The Noun determined by a following sect127 The Noun determined by a following
Determinate GenitiveDeterminate Genitivesect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by sect128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by
means of the Construct Statemeans of the Construct State
Gesenius p xv (right side) 98a
sect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect129 Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocutionsect130 Wider Use of the Construct Statesect130 Wider Use of the Construct State
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 for Step 1 for כוס חמתו
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Clue
no
in (noun) כוסconstruct state
Table of Contents Syntax of noun
Go to
construct relation Index of Subjects Construct
yes of nouns Table of ContentsTable of Contents Syntax of noun Syntax of noun
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntaxהתעוררי התעוררי קומי ירושלם
אשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמתו את־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מצית
99aIsaiah 5117
sect128
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
414 The Parts of Speech [sect128 a-c
sect 128 The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
1 The genitive relation is regularly expressed (see sect89) by the close connexion of the nomen regens (in the construct state) with the nomen rectum (in the genitive) hellip
Rem As the fundamental rules stated above are the necessary consequences not merely of logical but more especially of
(a) Genitives after the absolute state eg Is 281 hellip
a
c
b
logical subdivisions
Gesenius p 414 (left side) 99bpage number
section title
section numberlarger topic
reference markers for paragraphs
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
(b) Genitives after a noun with a suffix hellip
hellip
(c) The interposition of a word is assumed between hellip
hellip
2 The dependence of the nomen rectum on the nomen regens by no means represents merely what is properly speaking the genitive relation (see the examples under g-i) Very frequently the nomen
d
e
Gesenius p 415 (right side) 99b
f
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
rectum only adds a nearer definition of the nomen regens whether by giving the name the genus or species the measure the material or finally an attribute of it (genit epexegeticus or appositionis1 see the examples under k-q)Examples The nomen rectum represents-- (a) A subjective genitive specifying the possessor author ampc eg בית־המלך the kingrsquos house ההודבר י the word of the Lord (b) An objective genitive eg Ob10 חמס אחיך מfor the violence done to thy brother2 (but in Ez חמס 1219 (is followed by a subjective genitive מPr 202 אימת מלך the terror of the king Gn 1820
g
h
Gesenius p 416 (left side) 99c
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
(c) A partitive genitive this includes especially the cases in which an adjective in the construct state is followed by a general term eg
רותיה חכמות ש wisest of her ladies Ju 529 cf helliphellip (d) Of the name eg נהר פרת the river Euphrates ארץ כנען the land of Canaan hellip (e) Of the genus eg Pr 1520 (2120) כסיל אדם a fool of a man = a foolish man) cf hellip
i
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont) 99c
l
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
(f) Of the species eg אחות קבר a possession of a burying-place ie hereditary sepulchre Gn 234 hellip (g) Of the measure weight extent number eg people of number ie few in numberhellip מתי מספרGn 3430 Dt 265 cf also Ez 473-5 hellip (h) Of the material3 of which something consists eg כלי חרש vessel of earthenware Nu 517 helliphellip
m
99c
n
o
Gesenius p 416 (left side) (cont)
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
(i) Of the attribute of a person or thing eg Gn 178 an everlasting possession Pr 178 a precious stone cf Nu 286 Is 138 284 ψ 232 313 Pr 519 hellip In a wider sense this use of the genitive also includes statements of the purpose for which something is intended eg צאן טבחה sheep for the slaughter ψ 4423 מוסר שלומנו the chastisement designed for our peace Is 535 cf 5117 (the cup which causes staggering) ψ 11613 finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg hellip
p
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
q
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
finally also the description of the material with which something is laden or filled eg I S 1620 an ass laden with bread and a חמר לחם ונאד ייןbottle of wine (but probably עשרה is to be read for cf Gn 2114 Pr 720 ampc ( חמר
Gesenius p 417 (right side) 99c
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of כוס חמתו Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 2 with Clause SyntaxExample 2 with Clause Syntax 99aIsaiah 5117
sectsect128 130
Purpose cup bringing his wrath
Look at sect128r-y sect130
sect128q
תואשר שתית מיד יהוה את־כוס חמ י־קבעת כוס התרעלה שתית מאת תצ
Or content cup containing his wrath
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example with Isaiah 5123Example with Isaiah 5123
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax99d
Isaiah 5123
Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the advanced grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) of the relevant section apply to your passage
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה in Isaiah 5123
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 Step 1 SearchSearch for Information for Information in Grammar or Lexiconin Grammar or Lexicon
LexiconLexicon
Index of SubjectsIndex of Subjects
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSyntax of affixesSyntax of affixes
Syntax of governingSyntax of governing
Table of ContentsTable of Contentsunder Sentenceunder Sentence
Index of PassagesIndex of Passages
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
GoverningGoverning
Sentence as wholeSentence as whole
No clueNo clue
Clue Go to
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Step 1 for Step 1 for ונעברהונעברה
ConjunctionConjunction
Technical termTechnical term
ParsingParsing
Clueno
Go to
no
cohortative Table of Contents Table of Contents Syntax of verbSyntax of verb
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Gesenius Contents p xiv (left side) 98ahellip
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I The Parts of Speech
I Syntax of the Verb
A Use of the Tenses and Moods
sect 106 Use of the Perfect sect 107 Use of the Imperfect sect 108 Use of the Cohortative
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
(a) Does a conjunction provide the clue hellip(b) What if any is the technical philological term hellip(c) What is the parsing (morphology) of the word hellip(d) Does the syntactical construction arise from ldquogoverningrdquo (e) Is the syntactical construction related to overall structure hellip(f) If you have no idea what the syntax might be hellip
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
hellipsect108 Use of the Cohortative
The cohortative ie according to sect48c the 1st pers sing or plur of the imperfect lengthened by the ending ndashהndash represents in general an endeavour directed expressly towards a definite object While the corresponding forms of the indicative rather express the mere announcement that an action will be undertaken the cohortative lays stress on the determination underlying the action and the personal interest in it Its uses may be divided intomdash
a
99fGesenius p 319 (right side)
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Its uses may be divided intomdash
1 The cohortative standing alone or co-ordinated with another cohortative and frequently strengthened by the addition of the particle נא (a) To express self-encouragement eg Ex 33 אסרה־נא וג I will turn aside now and see hellip So especially as the result of inward deliberation (in soliloquies) eg Gn 1821 3221 (rarely so used after Gn 2116 let me not look hellip Jer 1818) and אל־
b
99fGesenius p 319 (right side) (cont)
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
hellip
(b) To express a wish or a request for hellip
2 The cohortative in dependence on other moods as well as in conditional sentences (a) In dependence (with waw copulative ψ 915 after on an imperative or jussive to express an ( למען intention or intended consequence eg Gn 274 bring it to me ואכלה that I may eat prop then will I eat Gn 195 234 2456 2725 2921 3025f 4234 491 Dt 321 Ho 61 ψ 28 3914 Jb 1020 Qerecirc hellip
c
99gGesenius p 320 (left side)
d
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
hellip (b) In conditional sentences (with or without אם ) to express a contingent intention eg Jb 166 should I determine to speak my grief is אם־אדברהnot assuaged ואחדלה and should I forbear what am I eased without אם Jb 1918 3026 (where however ואיחלה is probably intended) hellip (c) Likewise in the apodosis of conditional sentences eg Jb 317f if my step hath turned out of the way hellip אזרעה then let me sow cf 164f I also could speak as ye do if hellip So even when the condition must be supplied from the context eg hellip
e
99gGesenius p 320 (left side) (cont)
f
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Assignment DETERMINE the meaning of ונעברה Step 1 Search Try to find the relevant section in the grammar
Step 2 Evaluate Determine what subheading(s) apply
Step 2a Are there several subheadings hellip
Step 3 Decide Make a final decision as to the type and function of your grammatical construction after you have weighed alternatives
Example 3 with Clause SyntaxExample 3 with Clause Syntax 99dIsaiah 5123
sect108
Intention ldquoin order that we may pass overrdquo
Nonesect108d
ושמתיה ביד־מוגיך רהב אשר־אמרו לנפשך שחי ונע
יםרוך וכחוץ לעבגותשימי כארץ
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
29 Introduction to the Conjugations 30 Suffix (Perfective) Conjugation 31 Prefix (Non-Perfective) Conjugation 32 Waw + Suffix Conjugation 33 Waw + Prefix Conjugation 34 Jussive Imperative Cohortative 35 Infinitive Absolute 36 Infinitive Construct 37 Participles 38 Subordination 39 Coordination and Clausal Adverbs
99hWaltke-OrsquoConnor Contents
Under ldquoVerbal Conjugations and ClausesrdquoUnder ldquoVerbal Conjugations and Clausesrdquo
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
hellipJussive and Cohortative after Imperative After an imperative a verbal form not preceded by its subject or a negative particle is normally either a jussive (1-2) or a cohortative (3-5 cf 3452b)31 Where a non-perfective is not morphologically marked in such a context it may be taken as having jussive (6) or cohortative (7) force (341d n 3) The second volitional form signifies purpose or result in contrast to the sequence imperative + imperative (cf 3 10)32 A chain of jussives or cohortatives can follow an imperative When the verb after an imperative
99iWaltke-OrsquoConnor p 577
346
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
Homework with Clause SyntaxHomework with Clause Syntax
In John 812 determine why In John 812 determine why περιπατήσῃ is is subjunctive and how it contributes to the subjunctive and how it contributes to the rest of the sentencerest of the sentence
