Industrial Water Treatment Question SummaryPrint Date 1/2/2015

Topic # Date Title Question

1 11/1/2011 Challenges What are the top challenges for industrial water treatment today?

2 11/2/2011 Boiler CyclesBoiler cycles, how high do we go? Some recommend 50. The ASME recommends 100 maximum. At the recent convention, one

chemical provider was claiming 200 cycles. Who's correct?

3 11/5/2011 Alternative Cooling Tower Makeup Sources What alternative water sources could one consider for cooling tower makeup to reduce water bills?

4 11/6/2011 Neutralizing Amine Feed Points Where is the best location to feed neutralizing amines to a boiler system?

5 11/7/2011 Automatic Blowdown ControllerAn automatic boiler blowdown controller can greatly enhance the control of "cycles of concentration" or typically

"conductivity" for a boiler. What are some tips for success?

6 11/8/2011 Condensate ValueBoiler condensate is a valuable water source that should be returned to the boiler when possible. What assets make up the

true value of condensate?

7 11/9/2011 Dechlorination What methods are there to dechlorinate water, and what are some advantages/disadvantages of each?

8 11/10/2011 Cooling Tower Water Minimization How can cooling towers be managed to use less water?

9 11/11/2011 Water AnalysisControl of water treatment requires accurate water analysis. What water analysis advice do you have? Sampling tips? Analysis

tips?

10 11/14/2011 RO Reject UsesReverse Omosis units make high quality water for process applications & boiler makeup, but typically 25% of the water is

rejected. What are possible uses for this "wastewater?"

11 11/15/2011 Deaerator Venting RequirementsDeaerators must be vented to remove dissolved gases such as oxygen from boiler feedwater, but how much should they be

vented? What are the rules of thumb and methods for determining deaerator venting requirements?

12 11/16/2011 Boiler InspectionsBoiler inspections can be the ultimate report card for a water treatment program. When you inspect a boiler, what are some

things you inspect? What tips do you have?

13 11/17/2011 DealkalizersWith more advanced systems such as Reverse Osmosis, are dealkalizers yesterday's technology or are they still relevant for

boiler makeup?

14 11/18/2011 Deaerator Oxygen TestingA properly operating deaerator will help protect boilers from oxygen pitting and reduce the consumption of oxygen

scavengers (e.g., bisulfite). How can one test the oxygen removal efficiency of a deaerator?

15 11/21/2011 Water Softener Reduced Capacity What factors could lead to a water softener producing fewer gallons of softwater (less capacity) than before?

16 11/22/2011 Water/Energy NexusReverse Omosis units make high quality water for process applications & boiler makeup, but typically 25% of the water is

rejected. What are possible uses for this "wastewater?"

17 11/25/2011 Chlorine vs. Bromine ChemistryThe dissociation curves for chlorine and bromine show that bromine chemistry should theoretically be the more effective

biocide at the more basic pH's seen in cooling towers. Does this agree with reality though?

18 11/28/2011 Industrial Water OrganizationsThere are several trade organizations that deal with industrial water. Which ones have you joined, and how have you found

them beneficial?

19 11/29/2011 Chelant Boiler Treatment What are the benefits and disadvantages of using chelant chemistry in internal boiler treatment (e.g., EDTA)?

20 11/30/2011 Acid Pump An acid pump gets stuck on and the cooling tower pH drops to 2.5. What corrective actions do you recommend?

21 12/1/2011 Chemical Feed PumpsMaintaining consistent chemical feed is vital to many water management programs. What methods or tips are there for

keeping chemical feed pumps primed and ready?

22 12/2/2011 Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration What are the advantages and disadvantages of using conductivity to calculate the cycles of concentration in a cooling tower?

23 12/5/2011 Langelier Saturation Index What are the uses and limitations of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)? What factors determine and affect it?

24 12/6/2011 Galvanic CorrosionDissimilar metals in contact in an aqueous environment can lead to galvanic corrosion (e.g., a chiller with copper tubes and

carbon steel tubesheet will see corrosion on the carbon steel tubesheet). How can one minimize galvanic corrosion?

25 12/7/2011 Skin Temperatures What are rules of thumb for estimating skin temperatures for use in scaling indices?

26 12/8/2011 Chlorine Pump SettingsYour free chlorine levels are half what they should be in your cooling tower? Should you double the setting on the bleach feed

pump? Why or why not?

27 12/10/2011 Books and Other Resources What books and other resources do you use to learn about Industrial Water Treatment?

28 12/12/2011 Deposit AnalysisWhat types of analysis can be conducted in the field on boiler/cooling deposits before considering sending the sample off to a

lab?

29 12/13/2011 Coagulants and Flocculants What are typical dosage ranges for coagulants and flocculants?

30 12/14/2011 Freezing Cooling Towers With freezing weather conditions on the way, what can cooling tower owners do to keep them from freezing?

31 12/15/2011 Determining Cooling Tower Recirculation Rate When the cooling tower recirculation rate is unknown, what are some ways it can be determined or estimated?

32 12/16/2011 Deaerator Vent PipingIn some installations, deaerator vent piping can take more convoluted routes to exit the building. Are there issues with

running deaerator vent piping horizontally?

33 12/19/2011 Cooling Tower Percent Evaporation

Within a cooling tower, cooling takes place due to both sensible heat transfer and evaporation. How does the percent cooling

due to evaporation change throughout the year? What is the average percent evaporation for different areas throughout the

year?

34 12/20/2011 Anodic Corrosion Inhibitors How does an anodic corrosion inhibitor work?

35 12/21/2011 Retrograde Solubility What is "retrograde solubility" in relation to temperature and what are some examples of salts with retrograde solubility?

36 12/22/2011 Reverse Osmosis Salt Passage

For some salts such as calcium bicarbonate, the amount that passes through an RO membrane can be 0.6%. For other salts

such as sodium nitrate, the passage can be 5%. What are some reasons behind different salts and organic molecules have

different passage rates by RO membranes?

37 12/23/2011 Bisulfite Dechlorination

When using bisulfite to dechlorinate feedwater going to a Reverse Osmosis unit, what is the best setting for a solenoid

chemical feed pump's speed and stroke? (e.g., high speed/low stroke, low speed/high stroke, medium speed/medium stroke,

etc.)

38 1/3/2012 Theme SongToday's question is a little off the wall, but if Industrial Water Treatment had a theme song, what would it be? (All genres are

open.)

39 1/4/2012 Condensate Contamination What are some tips for identifying and tracking down condensate contamination? (Examples are welcome too.)

40 1/5/2012 Filming Amine Feed PointWhat is the proper feedpoint for filming amines? Deaerator storage section, feedwater tank, feedwater piping, boiler, steam

header, or someplace else?

41 1/6/2012 Sidestream Filtration What are the benefits of sidestream filtration on a cooling tower?

42 1/9/2012 Cooling Tower Chlorine Dosage EstimationHow does one estimate the chlorine dosage required for a cooling tower? (This question assumes this is a new cooling tower

or new account for the water treatment company. Remember, chlorine dosage must meet both demand and residual needs.)

43 1/10/2012 Attemperation What water related issues must one consider with attemperation?

44 1/11/2012 Acid Feed to Cooling Tower What is the proper way to feed acid to a cooling tower?

45 1/12/2012 Certification What certifications are available for water professionals to instill end-user confidence in their abilities?

46 1/13/2012 RO Projection Software What Reverse Osmosis (RO) projection software is available to help one design and/or predict the performance of an RO?

47 1/17/2012 Carbon Footprints Are companies interested in the Carbon Footprints of their water treatment systems? Why or why not?

48 1/18/2012 Breakpoint Chlorination Why might breakpoint chlorination be important in Reverse Osmosis (RO) pretreatment?

49 1/19/2012 Nanofiltration What are the pros and cons of nanofiltration?

50 1/20/2012 Motivation What motivates you to wake up and tackle the issues of industrial water treatment each day?

51 1/23/2012 Steam Purity vs. Steam Quality What is the difference between steam purity and steam quality, and how does one test for each?

52 1/24/2012 Cooling Tower Bleed & Feed vs. MakeupWhat are the advantages/disadvantages of basing chemical feed on cooling tower blowdown (aka, bleed) versus a makeup

meter?

53 1/25/2012 Evaporative CoolingCooling towers reject heat through both evaporative and sensible cooling. What factors affect the amount of evaporative

cooling achieved, and what is the annual average percentage in your area?

54 1/26/2012 Boiler Storage When would one choose wet boiler storage over dry boiler storage and vice versa?

55 1/27/2012 Boiler Carryover What is boiler carryover and what are some possible causes?

56 1/30/2012 Common Ion Effect What is the Common Ion effect, and why can it be important to scale formation?

57 1/31/2012 Best Web Resources What are the best web-based resources on water that you use on a regular basis?

58 2/1/2012 Dechlorination before RO Membranes What is the importance of dechlorination before an RO membrane and are there any tips we can share?

59 2/2/2012 MIC What is MIC?

60 2/3/2012 Chlorine Dioxide What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Chlorine Dioxide as a disinfectant?

61 2/6/2012 Remote MonitoringWhat is your experience with remote monitoring of water systems? Were they easy to setup? Were they worth the effort?

Did they improve performance?

62 2/9/2012 Waste Heat Boilers How are Waste Heat Boilers different from regular boilers? What extra concerns do they have?

63 2/10/2012 Closed Loop Disinfection Which biocides are recommended for closed loop disinfection and which are not?

64 2/11/2012 Passing It On? Would you encourage your kid(s) to pursue a career in water? Why or why not?

65 2/13/2012 Mistakes What are some examples of your worst mistakes in water treatment that you learned the most from?

66 2/14/2012 Once-Through vs. Open Recirculation CoolingWhat are the advantages of open recirculating cooling (e.g., cooling towers) vs. once-through cooling? Are there any

disadvantages?

67 2/15/2012 Closed Loop Sidestream Filtration Is sidestream filtration recommended on closed loops, and what are the advantages?

68 2/16/2012 Water vs. Air Why would a plant chose a water-based cooling system over an air-based cooling system?

69 2/17/2012 RO Microbiological Fouling How does microbiological fouling impact a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system, and how is it remediated?

70 2/21/2012 RO Data Normalization What is the purpose of Reverse Osmosis (RO) data normalization, such as Normalized Permeate Flow (NPF)?

71 2/22/2012 Water Treatment Professionals In one sentence, how would you summarize what a Water Treatment Professional does?

72 2/23/2012 Product MixingWhen mixing two different chemical products, what advice and warnings do you have? (For example, you are changing from

Inhibitor Product A to Inhibitor Product B and have a single bulk container used to feed the system.)

73 2/24/2012 Retrograde Solubility Which salts exhibit retrograde solubility in water treatment?

74 2/27/2012 Troubleshooting What are some general troubleshooting tips when tracing down water treatment problems?

75 2/28/2012 RO Cleaning Trigger PointsWhat trigger points do you use when determining when to clean a Reverse Osmosis unit (e.g., Normalized Permeate Flow

changes by x%)?

76 2/29/2012 Hydrogen Bonding What unique properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding?

77 3/1/2012 Low Boiler pH Your boiler water pH has dropped to less than 4. What do you do?

78 3/2/2012 Cooling Tower Foaming What can cause a cooling tower to foam?

79 3/12/2012 DPD Free Chlorine Test What is the optimal pH for the DPD Free Chlorine test?

80 3/13/2012 Nitrite LevelsNitrite can be a great anodic corrosion inhibitor; however, can low levels of nitrite (e.g.,<100 ppm) cause more corrosion

problems than it prevents?

81 3/14/2012 Tolyltriazole vs. Benzotriazole What are the advantages/disadvantages of Tolyltriazole versus Benzotriazole for yellow-metal corrosion inhibition?

82 3/15/2012 Unknown Phosphate Source How might "unnoticed" phosphate in city water makeup affect a boiler or cooling tower treatment program?

83 3/19/2012 NPDES Why are NPDES permits important to industrial water treatment professionals?

84 3/20/2012 Boiler pH Why is boiler pH important?

85 3/21/2012 Water Treatment Super HeroGive an example of a water treatment challenge you solved that made you the "Super Hero of the Day" for the end user?

(Brag all you want.)

86 3/22/2012 Tannins What are tannins used for and are they still relevant?

87 3/23/2012 Iron & SoftenersWater softeners can remove some dissolved iron from the water, but what is the practical upper limit where one would want

to consider an additional iron removal step?

88 3/26/2012 SulfitesWhy would one use sodium sulfite vs. sodium bisulfite vs. sodium metabisulfite for oxygen control? What are the

advantages/disadvantages of using one sulfite over the other?

89 3/27/2012 Heat Exchanger Fouling How can one track the fouling of an online heat exchanger?

90 3/28/2012 Corrosion Coupons Can corrosion coupons accurately predict how long system piping will last?

91 3/29/2012 Corrosion Coupon Order What order should copper and mild steel coupons be arranged and why?

92 3/30/2012 Flocculant MakedownWhen making down a dry flocculant, what percent solution should one target? What happens if the percent polymer is too

high?

93 4/2/2012 Cooling Tower Blowdown Location Where is the optimal location for a cooling tower blowdown takeoff within a water system?

94 4/3/2012 Selecting a Water Treatment Provider

What qualities and qualifications should a company look for when selecting a water treatment provider? (Note: We have

both end users and water services providers in this Group, so it should be interesting to hear this from both ends of the

equation.)

95 4/4/2012 Sample Cooling Why is it recommended to use sample coolers to cool boiler and condensate samples before analysis?

96 4/6/2012 Service Reports What do water treatment professionals use to prepare their Service Reports (e.g., software programs, carbon copies, etc.)?

97 4/9/2012 Training What good training programs are out there on industrial water treatment (both online and classroom)?

98 4/10/2012 Mass Balances How does one do a mass balance of "water in" to "water out" for a company? What are the benefits?

99 4/11/2012 VpCI's What are Volatile Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VpCI), and how are they used to protect offline boilers?

100 4/12/2012 100th Question of the Day (4/12/12): Does this Group have Value?

Can you believe that 100 Daily Questions have now been posted for this Industrial Water Treatment Group? We've gotten

some good, informative discussions started with experts in the industry sharing their experiences. Some have asked why I do

this? My honest answer is to learn and hopefully help others learn too. One day back in October, I asked myself, "LinkedIn is

very popular, but what can it really do?" I started making new connections and met a lot of very interesting professionals. I

filled out my personal profile as completely as I could to get that desired "100% Complete" rating. Then I asked myself if there

was anything different that I could do that is not already out there. The groups I had joined allowed the members to ask all

kinds of questions about water, but none of the groups tried to lead the discussion. That's when I wondered what would

happen if the equation was reversed...the moderator asked all the questions to see what conversation it could spark. Voila!

Industrial Water Treatment was born! It continues to be a personal hobby. My company did not task me with doing this. I

spend part of my drive time into work thinking up the next question each day. It's been fun, and I might just have another 100

questions in me, which brings me to today's real question. Does this group have value?

101 4/16/2012 Ryznar Saturation Index (RSI) What does RSI reveal and what range of numbers apply?

102 4/17/2012 Reverse Osmosis RejectWhat are some creative uses for the reject water coming from a Reverse Osmosis system, instead of sending it down the

drain?

103 4/18/2012 Cooling Tower pHBy just knowing makeup water characteristics and the desired number of cycles, how does one accurately predict what the

cooling tower pH will be?

104 4/19/2012 Softener Resin Inspection What can one tell by visually inspecting softener resin?

105 4/20/2012 Anthracite Filtration Media What is the typical lifespan of anthracite filtration media, and how does one determine when it needs to be replaced?

106 4/23/2012 Neutralized Conductivity Why are "neutralized" conductivities run on boiler waters vs. unneutralized?

107 4/24/2012 Distribution Ratio Why is Distribution Ratio important when considering neutralizing amines?

108 4/26/2012 Economizers How can an economizer save boiler fuel and money?

109 4/27/2012 Closed Loop Troubleshooting

You have a closed loop using a nitrite/azole/borate treatment. The nitrite levels keep dropping but the conductivity remains

the same and the makeup meter records zero makeup. What could be the problem? What troubleshooting steps would you

recommend?

110 4/30/2012 Cooling Tower Cycles TroubleshootingYou cannot maintain the conductivity setpoint (or cycles of concentration) in your cooling tower system. The system is always

running too low. What could be the cause of this? What troubleshooting steps would you recommend?

111 5/1/2012 Cooling Tower Phosphate

The phosphate levels and conductivity in the cooling tower have been maintained perfectly within range, but you notice the

inhibitor chemical product inventory has been going down MUCH slower than you expect. The chemical dosage pump

settings have been turned down to a minimum too. The inhibitor chemical product is phosphate based and dosage is

controlled by measuring phosphate in the cooling tower. What's happening? How would you troubleshoot this?

112 5/2/2012 High Conductivity Condensate

When reviewing boiler test logs, you notice the condensate conductivity has been 100+ microsiemens/cm during the past

week. You grab a cooled condensate sample and notice the same thing. Condensate conductivity is typically 10

microsiemens/cm. What is going one? How would you troubleshoot this?

113 5/3/2012 Reverse Osmosis Monitoring

You start your RO up in February with 100 gpm permeate flow. In July you look at your RO and are still getting 100 gpm

permeate flow. Does this mean your RO is running well? Does this mean you do not need to clean your RO? What might you

be missing and why?

114 5/4/2012 Boiler Sulfite

An industrial powerhouse operator asks why the boiler sulfite levels are high every Monday morning . You look at the boiler

test logs, and sure enough, the sulfite levels are usually high each Monday morning. No boiler tests are done over the

weekend. What could be causing this phenomenon?

115 5/7/2012 Cooling Tower Low pHYou get a frantic call from the cooling tower operator that the pH has suddenly dropped to a 2.3! Sulfuric acid is used for pH

control. What corrective course of action do you recommend?

116 5/8/2012 Corrosion Coupon Flow

The cooling tower system has a 3/4" corrosion coupon rack installed with a rotometer. The isolation valve is often found

closed and the maximum flowrate achieved is 3 gpm. Will these coupons give a representative corrosion rate of the system?

Why or why not?

117 5/9/2012 Reverse Osmosis CleaningWhen the normalized data indicates it is time to clean an RO, how does one determine the cleaning strategy and chemicals to

use?

118 5/11/2012 Sand Filtration Why size particles will a sand filter remove?

119 5/14/2012 Sidestream Filtration Sizing What rules of thumb should one use for sizing sidestream filtration on a cooling tower system?

120 5/15/2012 Cooling Tower Volume Estimation How does one estimate the volume of a cooling tower system?

121 5/16/2012 Cooling Tower LeakYou cannot maintain cycles in your cooling tower, even though the blowdown valve is completely closed. You believe you

have a leak or unauthorized water withdrawal somewhere. How can you estimate the size of and find the leak?

122 5/17/2012 Closed Loops & Oxidizers What are the advantages and disadvantages of using oxidizers as biocides in closed loops?

123 5/18/2012 Aluminum CorrosionBoth high and low pH's can corrode aluminum in a water system. What is typically considered the least corrosive pH range for

aluminum?

124 5/21/2012 HRSG How do Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) differ from the typical boiler?

125 5/24/2012 Softener Backwash vs. Temperature How does temperature affect softener backwash? Why is this important?

126 5/29/2012 Blowdown Flash Tank What is the benefit(s) of having a blowdown flash tank on a boiler?

127 5/30/2012 Condensate Polishing In what ways could condensate be "polished" for reuse in the boiler system?

128 5/31/2012 Carbon Dioxide for pH Control What are the advantages, disadvantages, and tips for using CO2 to pH control in cooling towers?

129 6/1/2012 Blowdown Valve What is the rule of thumb for sizing cooling tower blowdown valves?

130 6/4/2012 Plant ArrivalAs you are driving up to an industrial plant, what are some possible things you can determine about the water systems from

this distant observation?

131 6/5/2012 Microbiological Activity What problems can microbiological activity cause in a cooling tower system?

132 6/6/2012 Steam DensityAt atmospheric pressure, one pound (or kilogram) of liquid water will expand by how approximately how many times when

converted to steam?

133 6/7/2012 Softener RegenerationWhy does a typical, cocurrent water softener use a diluted brine solution during regeneration (e.g., 30 salometer degrees)

instead of a 100% saturated brine solution?

134 6/8/2012 Local Water Initiatives What local water initiatives are in your area? Are you involved with them? Feel free to provide websites if you have them.

135 6/11/2012 Troubleshooting pH ReadingsYour pH meter gives you an unexpectedly high or low pH reading. What chemical reagents might the typical Water Treatment

Professional or industrial water lab have on hand to confirm whether these pH readings are in the "ballpark" of being correct?

136 6/12/2012 Extra ToolsAside from the standard pinks & blues field equipment, what "extra" equipment have you found handy to have in the field

(e.g., magnet, magnifying glass, etc.)?

137 6/13/2012 RO Cleaning pH Approach When the foulant to an RO is unknown, is it better to clean fist with at low pH or high pH cleaning solution?

138 6/15/2012 Humidification What are neutralizing amine guidelines when steam is used for humidification?

139 6/18/2012 Microbiological MonitoringWhat methods are available to monitor microbiological activity in cooling towers? What are their advantages and

disadvantages?

140 6/19/2012 Alum What is the optimal pH range for applying alum in clarification?

141 6/20/2012 Suspended Solids What methods are available for removing suspended solids from water?

142 6/21/2012 Catalyzed or Uncatalyzed Dechlorination Should catalyzed or uncatalyzed sulfite products be used for Reverse Osmosis dechlorination?

143 6/22/2012 Calcium Carbonate Scale Potential What are ways to decrease the likelihood of calcium carbonate scale in a cooling tower system?

144 6/25/2012 Solid Chemical BlendsWhat are the advantages/disadvantages of solid chemical blended products for cooling towers (e.g., corrosion and scale

inhibition) and boilers (e.g., scale inhibition and oxygen scavenging)?

145 6/26/2012 Spectrophotometer/Colorimeter Glassware Why is it important to keep spectrophotometer and colorimeter glassware clean and scratch free?

146 6/27/2012 Smell How can you use your sense of smell in water treatment?

147 6/28/2012 Dealkalizer Caustic Regeneration What is the benefit to adding caustic to a dealkalizer regeneration sequence in addition to the brine?

148 6/29/2012 Boiler EfficiencyIn respect to the water side of the equation, how can boiler efficiency be improved? Think chemistry, equipment, operation,

etc.

149 7/9/2012 Ferric Chloride vs. Ferric Sulfate What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ferric chloride vs. ferric sulfate?

150 7/10/2012 What are Yours?

This is the 150th question asked of this group. While I still have many more questions to ask, some group members do submit

questions that I sometimes turn into official "Questions of the Day." There are many other groups that allow you to submit

your own questions; however, if you have a question, go ahead and submit it. If it fits the format of the group, I may turn it

into a "Question of the Day." So today's question is, "What questions would you ask of the Group?" (Please don't be

offended if I don't use your question and feel free to take advantage of the other groups to ask your question too.)

151 7/11/2012 White Rust What is white rust and how is it prevented?

152 7/13/2012 Cooling Towers Costs What variables influence the cost of running an industrial cooling tower? How do these variables interrelate?

153 7/16/2012 Oxygen Pitting What is oxygen pitting and what does it look like?

154 7/18/2012 Gaseous Chlorine What are the advantages and disadvantages of using gaseous chlorine for microbiological control?

155 7/19/2012 Industrial Wastewater Types What are the types of industrial wastewater one might experience?

156 7/20/2012 Oily Wastewater What are ways to treat oily wastewater?

157 7/23/2012 Biocide Selection Which parameters help determine which biocide to use in a cooling system?

158 7/24/2012 Tolyltriazole Testing What are some challenges and tips when testing for tolyltriazole (TT or TTA) in a cooling system?

159 7/26/2012 Cooling Towers & Ammonia What affect will ammonia contamination have on a cooling tower system?

160 7/27/2012 Cooling Tower Conductivity What effect, if any, do cooling tower chemical products have on system conductivity?

161 7/30/2012 Boiler Cycles Determination How do you determine the true cycles of concentration for a boiler using high-purity makeup?

162 7/31/2012 High Purity pH Measurement What are some tips for measuring the pH of high purity water?

163 8/1/2012 Alternative Oxidizing BiocidesAside from well-known oxidizing biocides such as chlorine gas and bleach, what other "cutting edge" oxidizing biocides are out

there? (Exception Granted: Members are allowed to share information on their own products for this question.)

164 8/2/2012 Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment What are pretreatment options to consider before a reverse osmosis unit?

165 8/3/2012 Dry Flocculants What is the proper makedown procedure for dry flocculant polymers?

166 8/6/2012 Corrosion Coupons - Copper Vs. Mild SteelWhat is the problem with placing a copper corrosion coupon upstream of a mild steel corrosion coupon in a cooling tower

system?

167 8/7/2012 Tannins vs. Sulfites How do tannins compare to sulfites when used for oxygen corrosion control in boilers?

168 8/8/2012 Developing Water Skills How do you enhance your industrial water treatment skills?

169 8/9/2012 Hearing In what ways can the sense of hearing be used in industrial water treatment?

170 8/16/2012 Macrofouling How is macrofouling controlled (e.g., zebra mussels, bryozoans, etc.)?

171 8/17/2012 Silica Solubility What factors influence the solubility of silica?

172 8/20/2012 Controlling Cooling Tower pH When controlling cooling tower pH, how do you chose how low to drop the pH setpoint?

173 8/21/2012 Activated Carbon vs. Sulfite Pretreatment What are the advantages/disadvantages of using activated carbon vs. sulfite chemistry as Reverse Osmosis pretreatment?

174 8/22/2012 Boiler Oxygenated TreatmentWhat are the advantages/disadvantages of operating boilers in oxidizing environments? For example, All Volatile Treatment-

Oxidizing (AVT-O) and Oxygenated Treatment (OT).

175 8/23/2012 Softener & Dealkalizer Why should a Chloride Anion Dealkalizer be preceded by a water softener?

176 8/24/2012 Citric Acid CleaningWhat are some tips for using citric acid for cleaning water-related equipment? (For example: Which foulants is it effective

against? How should pH be controlled? What concentrations?)

177 8/27/2012 Predicting pH With only the makeup water quality known, how do you predict the pH of the cycled up cooling tower water?

178 8/28/2012 Cooling Tower Treatment Chemistry What factors do you consider when picking the right chemical products for cooling tower systems?

179 8/29/2012 Holding Time IndexWithin a cooling tower system, how is water chemistry and product selection affected by the Holding Time Index (i.e., half life,

residence time)?

180 8/30/2012 Neutralizing Amine Selection What factors affect the choice of neutralizing amine in a boiler system?

181 8/31/2012 Permit-Required Confined SpacesWhat types of permit-required confined spaces are there with water-related equipment? Why is it important to follow the

confined space entry guidelines?

182 9/6/2012 Sulfite-Based DechlorinationWhen dechlorinating with a sulfite-based product, do you also have to take into account the oxygen demand when calculating

product dosage? Why or why not?

183 9/7/2012 Cooling Tower Inspection What are some items to observe while inspecting a cooling tower?

184 9/10/2012 Reverse Osmosis Rejection What types of contaminants do RO membranes reject better than others?

185 9/11/2012 Closed Loop Makeup Which is a better water for closed loop makeup: hard water, soft water, or high purity water? Why or why not?

186 9/12/2012 Heat Exchanger Performance EvaluationIf you wanted to do a Performance Evaluation on several heat exchangers at an industrial plant to determine performance,

utilization, fouling, and proper sizing, etc., what would you do? Is there software available to help?

187 9/14/2012 Glutaraldehyde biocide What are advantages and disadvantages of using glutaraldehyde?

188 9/17/2012 Phosphate for Corrosion Control Can phosphate be used for corrosion control in a cooling tower system with soft water makeup?

189 9/18/2012 Hydrofracking What technologies are available to deal with the wastewater from Hydrofracking?

190 9/24/2012 Calcium Carbonate Scale What will increase the likelihood of forming calcium carbonate scale in a water system?

191 9/24/2012 Association of Water Technologies For those members who just attended the Association of Water Technologies 2012 Convention, what new did you learn?

192 9/25/2012 One Book If you could recommend one book for someone starting off in Industrial Water Treatment, what would that book be?

193 9/26/2012 Intermittent Cooling Tower OperationDuring the fall and spring when cooling towers may be running intermittently depending upon the temperature, how do you

control corrosion while the system has no flow?

194 9/27/2012 Morpholine What is the lowest recommended boiler pressure for using morpholine as a condensate neutralizing amine?

195 9/28/2012 RO Permeate pH What would cause the pH in Reverse Osmosis permeate to be higher than the pH of the feedwater?

196 10/1/2012 Grades of Salt What grade of salt should be used in water softeners?

197 10/2/2012 RO Rate of Salt Passage Does the "rate of salt passage" depend upon pressure in a Reverse Osmosis system?

198 10/11/2012 RO Data Tracking What Reverse Osmosis (RO) data should one record and how often?

199 10/12/2012 Metal Plating Water Savings How can metal plating operations reduce water usage?

200 10/15/2012 Cascading Boiler Blowdown What is cascading boiler blowdown and how is it implemented?

201 10/19/2012 Books to be Written What books still need to be written in Industrial Water Treatment?

202 10/22/2012 Boiler Treatment Chemistry (Low to Medium Pressure) What factors do you consider when picking the right chemical products for low to medium pressure boiler systems?

203 10/23/2012 Low Pressure Boiler Amine Choice When dealing with a 15 psig (or lower) boiler pressure, does this affect the neutralizing amine choice?

204 10/24/2012 Percent Evaporative CoolingOn average in the midwestern United States, approximately 75% of the annual cooling that takes place in a cooling tower is

due to evaporative cooling. The rest is sensible cooling. What is the percentage used in other parts of the country and world?

205 10/25/2012 LSI & Temperature Which temperature should be used when calculating the Langelier Saturation Index? (Bulk water, skin, or other?)

206 10/26/2012 Iron & Softener Resin Why can iron be bad for softener resin?

207 10/29/2012 Magnetic Iron Are all forms of iron magnetic?

208 10/30/2012 Boiler ControlOn a 150 psig (10.3 bar) boiler, you find the conductivity, sulfite, and phosphate readings are all 50% higher than setpoint.

Knowing only this information, what should be the corrective action?

209 10/31/2012 Safety What industrial water safety tips do you have to share to help us all come home to our families at night?

210 11/1/2012 Resin Life What are some typical life spans of various ion exchange resins?

211 11/2/2012 Sacrificial Anodes What advice do you have about the placement of sacrificial anodes in chiller end caps?

212 11/6/2012 Alkalinity What is alkalinity?

213 11/7/2012 Deposit Monitoring What online systems are available for deposit monitoring in cooling towers?

214 11/9/2012 Sulfate vs. LSR/RSIDoes the presence of a high level of sulfate (e.g., >500 ppm) have any impact on the interpretation of the LSI or RSI calculated

value?

215 11/12/2012 Boiler Condensate Microbiological Activity? Is it possible to have microbiological activity in boiler condensate?

216 11/13/2012 DBNPA How does the biocide DBNPA control microbiological activity in a cooling tower system?

217 11/14/2012 Softener vs. RO - Before or After What are the advantages or disadvantages of placing the water softener upstream or downstream of a Reverse Osmosis unit?

218 11/15/2012 Flocculant Molecular Weights What is a molecular weight range for typical flocculants?

219 11/16/2012 Hydrogen Peroxide What are the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen peroxide in a cooling tower system?

220 11/19/2012 Breaking Emulsified Oil How do you demulsify or break emulsified oil in wastewater?

221 11/20/2012 Cooling Tower Iron How much iron (mg/L) can reasonably be maintained in a cooling tower system with current polymer dispersant technology?

222 11/26/2012 Wood Rot What is wood rot in cooling towers and how can it be controlled?

223 11/27/2012 DAF vs. IAF What is the difference between Dissolved Air Filtration (DAF) and Induced Air Filtration (IAF)?

224 11/28/2012 Air Bubbles What causes the release of small air bubbles in secondary clarifiers after activated sludge systems? Can it be controlled?

225 11/29/2012 LSI after Chemical AdditionCan you calculate the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of a water after chemical addition? (A group member suggested this

interesting question.)

226 11/30/2012 Flocculant Application What is the proper way to apply flocculant in a wastewater application?

227 12/3/2012 Expressed as CaCO3 What is the advantage of expressing analytical results as CaCO3 (e.g., hardness, alkalinity)?

228 12/4/2012 RO Bisulfite & Microbiological FoulingCan sulfite-based products fed before a reverse osmosis system for dechlorination make microbiological fouling worse? Do

you have examples where you've seen this?

229 12/6/2012 Chlorides & Stainless Steel What is the recommended chloride limit for a cooling tower system that has stainless steel components?

230 12/10/2012 Open Cooling vs. Evaporative CondenserHow do water treatment considerations differ when dealing with an Open Cooling Tower vs. an Evaporative Condenser (or

closed circuit) tower?

231 12/11/2012 Online Chlorine Analyzers What online chlorine analyzers are available, and what has been your experience with them?

232 12/12/2012 Activated Sludge How do you know when you have healthy activated sludge in your biological wastewater treatment system?

233 12/13/2012 Antifoams How do antifoams work, where are they used, and what types are available?

234 12/14/2012 Do Industrial Water Treaters Retire?In a field that seems to appreciate experience and knowledge as much as industrial water treatment does, do water treatment

professionals ever really "retire" or do they just keep contributing until they slowly dissolve away?

235 12/17/2012 Cleaning Biofouled Cooling Tower What advice do you have about cleaning a biofouled cooling tower?

236 12/18/2012 Boiler Precleaning Why should a new boiler system be precleaned prior to putting it online?

237 12/19/2012 Emulsion Polymer What is an emulsion polymer (in relation to wastewater treatment)?

12/19/2012 Happy Holidays

I will be on vacation starting December 20 and returning January 7. Depending upon what I find myself up to, you may or may

not find daily questions posted during this time period. Regardless, I would like to wish you all a Merry Christmas, Happy New

Year, and Joyous whatever other holiday you may celebrate during this time of year.

1/1/2013 Happy New YearHappy New Year to all our members! Here's to a profitable, prosperous new year for all! The daily questions will start back up

on Monday, January 7, 2013.

238 1/7/2013 Wastewater Polymer SelectionThis is a big question, but what guidance do you have in regards to proper wastewater polymer selection? Cationic vs.

anionic? Low, medium, or high molecular weight or charge?

239 1/9/2013 RO Energy Recovery What type of energy recovery schemes are available for Reverse Osmosis?

240 1/10/2013 Your Story How did you end up in industrial water treatment?

241 1/11/2013 Phosphonate Testing Phosphonate testing can be a challenge at times. What tips and cautions do you have?

242 1/14/2013 Time Sensitive TestsSome analytical tests are very time sensitive due to changes in the sample as it sits and should be run almost immediately.

What are some examples of such time sensitive analytical tests?

243 1/15/2013 Touch In what ways can one use the sense of touch in industrial water treatment?

244 1/16/2013 PVC What are some concerns with using PVC piping in industrial water treatment?

245 1/17/2013 Ultrafiltration Cleaning How does one perform a Clean-in-Place of an ultrafiltration system?

246 1/18/2013 Overcycled Cooling Tower What are the risks of cycling a cooling tower's water too high (i.e., allowing the water to become too concentrated)?

247 1/21/2013 Boiler Steam Separation Devices How do steam separation devices work in boilers?

248 1/22/2013 Taste In what ways can one use the sense of taste in industrial water treatment?

249 1/23/2013 Reverse Osmosis PrefilterRO's typically have a train of pretreatment equipment upstream (e.g., multimedia filters, softeners). What is the purpose of

having an RO prefilter immediately upstream of the unit?

250 1/24/2013 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen (ppb) What methods are available for measuring dissolved oxygen in the parts-per-billion range for boiler applications?

251 1/25/2013 Increasing Condensate ReturnWhat are the effects of increasing condensate return on a boiler system? (For example, going from 50% condensate return to

90%.)

252 1/28/2013 Nominal vs. Absolute What is the difference between nominal and absolute filter ratings?

253 1/29/2013 Beneficial Microorganisms? Are there any beneficial microorganisms in a cooling system?

254 1/30/2013 Big Picture Advice What big-picture advice do you have for people new to the field of industrial water treatment?

255 1/31/2013 Recovery Technology (Peer Submitted)

Is there a system to recover 0.6% Mono Ethylene Glycol from the cooling water in a PET/Polyester fiber manufacturing plant

which uses Terephthalic Acid and MEG in a polycondensation reaction? If so, who are the technology suppliers? Who

manufactures it, and how do I get in touch with them? (Question submitted by Ahmed Soorma)

256 2/1/2013 Cooling Tower Chemical Tracing What options are available for the tracing of chemical products in cooling tower systems (e.g., 3D TRASAR, BlueTrak)?

257 2/4/2013 Glycol Feed Systems (Peer Submitted) What is the importance of glycol feed systems, and what issues have you seen?

258 2/5/2013 RO vs. Temperature What effect will temperature have on Reverse Osmosis membrane performance?

259 2/6/2013 Stabilized Bromine What is "stabilized bromine," and what are advantages/disadvantages of using it?

260 2/15/2013 Water & Energy When calculating the "true value" of water, what energy costs should be considered?

261 2/19/2013 Slime vs. Biofilm Is there a difference between "slime" and "biofilm?" (Question submitted by Scott Lamb)

262 2/20/2013 Cooling Tower Lifespan What are typical lifespans of cooling towers?

263 2/21/2013 Dissolved Metals What methods are available to remove dissolved heavy metals from a wastewater?

264 2/22/2013 Galvanized Metals What special considerations does using galvanized metals pose in water treatment?

265 2/25/2013 Demineralization Train Order Why do cation resin units come before anion resin units in demineralizer trains?

266 2/26/2013 Activated Carbon Aside from free chlorine removal, what other benefits can activated carbon provide in industrial water treatment?

267 2/27/2013 RO Costs (Peer Submitted)

What are the average additional costs to produce RO water from municipal water with a low SDI (including equipment cost

and operational cost)? (The member who submitted this question has estimated the additional costs to be $2.50-$3.75/1,000

US gallons and wants to see if others agree.)

268 2/28/2013 ATP Testing What are the pros and cons of using ATP testing to monitor microbiological activity in a water system?

269 3/1/2013 Wastewater Polymer Overfeed What can happen if you overfeed polymer in a wastewater application?

270 3/4/2013 Microbiological Immunity Can microbes become immune to certain biocides?

271 3/5/2013 Stabilized vs. Unstabilized Bromine What are the differences between stabilized and unstabilized bromine-based biocides?

272 3/6/2013 Fire Suppression Systems What water treatment challenges do fire suppression systems pose?

273 3/7/2013 Phosphonate Chlorine Tolerance Which phosphonates are more chlorine tolerant than others?

274 3/8/2013 Ion Exchange and Pressure Is there any relationship between ion exchange performance and vessel pressure? (Peer submitted)

275 3/11/2013 Jar Testing What is "jar testing?"

276 3/13/2013 Aging What is "aging" in regards to the preparation of wastewater polymers?

277 3/14/2013 Chemical Volume in Horizontal Cylinder Tank (in honor of Pi Day 3/14)Calculating the remaining chemical volume in a vertical cylinder tank is easy, but what if the cylinder tank is laying

horizontally? Knowing the depth of liquid in the horizontal tank, how does one calculate chemical volume?

278 3/15/2013 Reducing Calcium Carbonate Scale What methods are available to reduce calcium carbonate scale in industrial water applications?

279 3/18/2013 Detackification How does wastewater detackification work?

280 3/19/2013 Nonchemical AlternativesWhat are "nonchemical devices" (NCD) in water treatment, and how do they work? (Please read the introductory statements

by the moderator for ground rules on this topic.)

Nonchemical devices is a topic ripe with emotion on both sides of the issue, and a topic I have not approached before now. As

the moderator, I am asking and will be vigilant about each side sticking to the facts, avoiding emotional attacks, and no

advertising. This can be a very good discussion if we all play fair and professionally. I will do my best to be fair to both sides,

but I will delete comments without further discussion as I see fit to maintain the decorum of this venue. You are allowed to

include hyperlinks to your website for case studies and pertinent facts, but please avoid brand names.

If you do not agree with what someone has said, please state it matter of factly and why, without insulting the individual or

company. I am personally convinced that, almost universally, we all want what's best for our customers. Some of us have

taken alternative routes in hope they pay off.

Personally, there are many nonchemical devices I have varying levels of confidence including filters, electrostatic precipitation,

and even a case could be made for softeners and reverse osmosis being "relatively" nonchemical. Other technologies have yet

to gain my confidence with properly vetted testing and case studies.

281 3/20/2013 Monovalent vs. Divalent Membrane Selectivity? Are there membranes that offer monovalent vs. divalent selectivity in a water-based environment?

282 3/21/2013 Water Treatment Degrees Are there any colleges/universities that offer degrees in water treatment?

283 3/21/2013 Industrial Water Treatment Magazine

For those who don't know, there is also a trade magazine called INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT published by Tall Oaks

Publishing Inc., the same folks who publish the ULTRAPURE WATER journal. There is no connection between this LinkedIn

Group and the magazine aside from the fact that they happen to share the same name. The magazine is aware of this

LinkedIn group and asked if they could publish one of our conversation threads. I said, "Why not!" since we have stated in the

Group Rules that "This is an open group, which means it will be indexed by search engines (e.g., Google). As a result, it is

hoped that member involvement will enhance their own online credibility." We chose the Tannin vs. Boiler Sulfite discussion,

and it was published in the January/February issue of the online magazine here:

http://digital.ultrapurewater.com/DigitalAnywhere/viewer.aspx?id=58&pageId=26&refid=392894&s=upws

284 3/22/2013 Reverse Osmosis and Iron What are the upper reverse osmosis feedwater limits for iron? Why is iron a problem, and how can it be controlled?

285 4/1/2013 Ammonia Removal What methods are there for removing ammonia from water?

286 4/2/2013 Sludge Thickeners What are sludge thickeners, and why are they important?

287 4/3/2013 Liquid Smoke (Peer Submitted) How would one treat the wastewater effects of a poultry plant starting to use "liquid smoke?" (See more in comment below.)

288 4/4/2013 UV What are the advantages/disadvantages of using ultraviolet light for disinfection in a water system?

289 4/5/2013 Zinc How does zinc inhibit corrosion in water systems?

290 4/8/2013 Nitrite What is the mechanism for nitrite corrosion inhibition?

291 4/9/2013 Coagulation vs. Flocculation What is the difference between coagulation and flocculation?

292 4/10/2013 True Cost of Water What is the "true" cost of water? What should be considered beyond the basic water bill?

293 4/11/2013 Entering a Boiler What suggested precautions should one take before entering a boiler for inspection?

294 4/12/2013 Pilot Research Boiler (Peer Submitted) How would one develop a small scale boiler for testing various boiler chemistries?

295 4/15/2013 Filter Aid What is "filter aid" chemistry?

296 4/16/2013 CA vs. PA Membranes What are the advantages/disadvantages of using cellulose acetate (CA) versus polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis membranes?

297 4/17/2013 Nitrite vs. Microbiological Activity How does microbiological activity affect the use of nitrites in closed loops?

298 4/18/2013 Chlorine vs. PA MembranesWhy is chlorine incompatible with polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis membranes? What can worsen or reduce the effects of

chlorine on PA membranes?

299 4/19/2013 Microfloc What properties must one look for in microfloc (pin floc) to know it is time to add flocculant? (Peer Submitted)

300 4/22/2013 Years of Experience How many years of industrial water treatment experience do you have?

301 4/23/2013 Softener Conductivity Why is the conductivity of a softener's effluent water a little different than the influent water? Is it typically higher or lower?

302 4/24/2013 Heat Exchanger Approach Temperature How does one calculate the approach temperature of a heat exchanger?

303 4/25/2013 Iron Deposits & Dispersants (Peer Submitted) What levels of iron can be carried in a water application, and what dispersants can be used to minimize deposits?

304 4/29/2013 Filming Amine Over Feed What could happen if a filming amine is overfed in a steam system?

305 4/30/2013 Dirt Loading What is meant by "dirt loading" in regards to filtration?

306 5/1/2013 Economizer Issues What issues might an economizer have if water chemistry is not managed properly?

307 5/2/2013 Multimedia Filter pH Change (Peer Submitted) What would cause the pH to change across a multimedia filter?

308 5/3/2013 Walking InWhat is your routine as you walk into a powerhouse or water plant? What do you notice? What do you read? To whom do

you talk?

309 5/6/2013 Ceramic Membranes What are the advantages/disadvantages of using ceramic membranes?

310 5/7/2013 Legends In your opinion, who are the "legends" of the industrial water treatment industry?

5/8/2013 Inc. Article on this Group

Check out the article by Jeff Haden on our Industrial Water Treatment group. http://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/7-ways-to-

create-awesome-linkedin-group.html I had commented on one of his other articles which lead to a discussion of this group.

He asked if he could write an article about it, and I said, "Sure!" Thank you guys for making this such a great group!

311 5/9/2013 Using LinkedIn How do you use LinkedIn to make connections, grow business, and learn about industrial water treatment?

312 5/10/2013 Training "Back in the Day" What was the training like "back in the day" at the big water treatment companies (e.g., Six Pack companies)?

313 5/13/2013 Steam Traps How do steam traps separate liquid condensate from steam?

314 5/14/2013 Analog vs. Digital Conductivity Meter Are analog conductivity meters accurate enough for industrial water treatment or should digital meters be used instead?

315 5/15/2013 Storing pH Probe Should deionized water be used for pH probe storage?

316 5/16/2013 Categories of People Employed Aside from engineers and chemists, what other categories of people are employed in industrial water treatment?

317 5/17/2013 Test KitsFor those who carry portable test kits, do you prefer drop tests, burettes, digital titrators, or other type of kit? What's the

basis of your preference?

318 5/20/2013 AcronymsWhat are some examples of acronyms used in industrial water treatment that can mean more than one thing (e.g., PAC, SDI)

or even two different acronyms that mean the same thing?

319 5/21/2013 Book?

What are the pros and cons of this group developing a book? What are the complications? What are the liabilities? What

would the group gain as a whole? How could it be kept fair? Should this group even consider such a project? Is it

appropriate?

320 5/22/2013 CO2 vs. Condensate How does carbon dioxide affect a condensate system?

321 5/23/2013 DBNPA vs. RO How should DBNPA be applied to a reverse osmosis system? (Feed frequency, dosage, etc.)

322 5/24/2013 Titles (Peer Submitted) What do water treatment professionals call ourselves? What are the ranges of job titles we use?

323 5/28/2013 Oxygen vs. Condensate How does oxygen get into a condensate system?

324 5/29/2013 Pump Seal Failure What are water-related causes for a pump seal to fail?

325 5/30/2013 Knowledge Management How is industrial water knowledge managed within your company?

326 5/31/2013 Estimating Conductivity Knowing the specific ions in the water from a water analysis, how can the conductivity be estimated?

327 6/3/2013 Lime Softening Sludge What are possible uses for sludge generated by the lime softening process?

328 6/4/2013 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria How can you determine if you have sulfate reducing bacteria in your system causing corrosion?

329 6/5/2013 Water Experiments for Kids What are some cool water experiments to show or do with children?

330 6/6/2013 Deaeration vs. Antifoams Can antifoams improve the oxygen removal efficiency of deaerators?

331 6/7/2013 Phosphate Reversion RatesComplex inorganic or organic phosphates can break down and revert to orthophosphate in a cooling system. What reversion

rates (or percentages) do you assume and how do you determine this?

332 6/11/2013 Boiler Scale and Deposits What are typical scales and deposits seen in low pressure boilers (<600 psig or 40 bar)?

333 6/12/2013 Mixed Bed Demineralizer Exhaustion What is the first ion to typically leak through a mixed bed demineralizer as it nears exhaustion?

334 6/13/2013 Warm Caustic (Peer Submitted) What is the advantage of using warm caustic for regenerating strong base anion resin?

335 6/14/2013 Molybdate How does molybdate function as a corrosion inhibitor?

336 6/17/2013 Silica How does silica function as a corrosion inhibitor?

337 6/18/2013 Mixed-Bed Anion vs. Cation Resin Exhaustion (Peer Submitted) In a mixed-bed demineralizer, should cation or anion resin be designed to exhaust first? Why?

338 6/19/2013 Brine Saturation Time How long does it take for brine in a brine tank to reach saturation between refills?

339 6/20/2013 Calculating Evaporation How do you calculate cooling tower evaporation?

340 6/24/2013 Emulsion Polymer Mixing How frequently should a container of emulsion polymer be mixed to maintain the emulsion?

341 6/25/2013 What If You're Doing a Bad Job?For industrial water treatment providers, how and when should the end user (e.g., client) let you know they are unsatisfied

with your service?

342 6/27/2013 Maximum Cooling Tower Cycles of Concentration How do you determine the maximum cycles of concentration to run a cooling tower?

343 7/2/2013 Blowdown Valves What should one consider when selecting the type of blowdown valve to use?

344 7/8/2013 Windshield Time What are some productive things you can do (safely) as you are driving to and from a water treatment account?

345 7/9/2013 High Pressure Boiler Phosphate Selection How do you chose which phosphate to use for high-pressure-boiler coordinated phosphate programs?

346 7/10/2013 RO High Pressure Drop What problems can a high pressure drop across a Reverse Osmosis unit cause?

347 7/11/2013 Chromate What were the advantages/disadvantages of using chromate in cooling systems? Is it still used anywhere?

348 7/15/2013 Cooling Tower Blowdown Reuse Can cooling tower blowdown be reused or recycled in any way (e.g., agricultural irrigation)?

349 7/16/2013 Oil Detection How can oil be detected in a water sample onsite?

350 7/17/2013 DEHA What are the advantages/disadvantages of using DEHA? Where and how is it used? What does it do?

351 7/18/2013 Softener Brine Reuse/RecoveryWhat salt savings can be realized by reusing/recycling brine during softener regeneration? Does reusing/recycling softener

brine really work?

352 7/19/2013 Bleach Injection Point Clogging How can you keep a bleach injection point from clogging when feeding to a cooling tower side stream?

353 7/22/2013 Boiler Blowdown Reuse Can boiler blowdown be reused or recycled?

354 7/23/2013 First Things First What is the first information you need to know when choosing a chemical/physical solution for a water system?

355 7/30/2013 Removing Phosphate What methods are available for removing phosphate from wastewater?

356 7/31/2013 Cooling Tower Acid Trough Why would one use an "acid trough" to feed acid to a cooling tower, and how should it be designed?

357 8/1/2013 Dissolved Organics in Produced Water (Peer Submitted) What are options to remove dissolved organics in produced water during the oil refinery process?

358 8/5/2013 Copper Erosion Corrosion What does copper erosion corrosion look like?

359 8/6/2013 Units of MeasureWhat units of measure do you use for pressure, flow rate, volume, concentration, conductivity, flow velocity, etc? (Please

identify your country too.)

360 8/7/2013 FOG Test Will the Fats, Oil, and Grease (FOG) test include any other contaminants besides just fats, oils, and greases?

361 8/8/2013 Polyampholyte What is a polyampholyte?

362 8/13/2013 Sweep Floc What is "sweep floc?"

363 8/14/2013 H2O2 & Air WasherDoes anyone have any experience to share on feeding hydrogen peroxide in an air washer system (e.g., levels to maintain,

control schemes, etc.)?

364 8/16/2013 Water Analysis vs. Elevated ChlorineHow may elevated levels of chlorine (or other oxidants) affect the behavior of typical water analysis (e.g., total alkalinity, total

hardness, etc.)? How could you compensate for the effect?

365 8/19/2013 Description from Others How do your spouses, children, and friends describe what you do for a living to others?

366 8/20/2013 Cooling Tower Controllers What is your favorite brand and model of cooling tower controllers? Why?

367 8/21/2013 ORP What is ORP and how is it useful in water treatment?

368 8/22/2013 Cavitation What is cavitation and why is it bad for a pump?

369 8/26/2013 Equalization In wastewater treatment, what is the purpose of the Equalization Tank (EQ Tank)?

370 8/27/2013 Inclined-Plate Clarifiers What are some advantages of using inclined-plate clarifiers (e.g., Lamella)?

371 8/28/2013 Flocculant Mixing What is the proper way to mix a flocculant into a wastewater stream (e.g., fast, slow, short time, long time)?

372 8/29/2013 Turbidity Measurement How is turbidity measured?

373 8/30/2013 Removing Acetone and Acetaldehyde (Peer Submitted) How do you remove acetone and/or acetaldehyde from process water?

374 9/4/2013 Calcium Testing How does one test for calcium, and what test interferences are there?

375 9/5/2013 RO Normalization Software (Peer Submitted) What reverse osmosis data normalization software is available?

376 9/6/2013 Benchmarking Reports What benchmarking reports are available about the industrial water treatment industry?

377 9/11/2013 Mixed-Bed vs. Single-Bed Demineralization (Peer Submitted) For boiler pretreatment, what are the benefits and costs associated with mixed-bed vs. single-bed demineralization?

378 9/12/2013 NON-Water Treatment-Professional ResourcesWhat resources (e.g., books, websites) are available for the NON-water-treatment professional (e.g., plant engineer, end user,

operator) to understand their systems and needs?

379 9/13/2013 Types of Corrosion What are the general types of corrosion found in industrial water treatment systems?

380 9/16/2013 Chemical Product Concentration How do you determine whether your chemical product has been blended to the correct concentration?

381 9/17/2013 Chlorides vs. Corrosion How do chlorides affect corrosion?

382 9/18/2013 Proper Chemical Delivery (Peer Submitted) What do end users do to ensure the proper chemicals are delivered to the correct storage containers/tanks?

383 9/19/2013 Watertube Steam Purity Problems What can cause problems with steam purity on <600 psig (<40 bar) watertube boilers?

384 9/20/2013 Cooling Tower Wood When a cooling tower has wooden components, what do you need to know and do?

385 9/24/2013 What Are You Doing Today? What water-related activity are you doing today?

386 9/25/2013 Metals Precipitation What chemistries are available to precipitate metals out of water in wastewater treatment?

387 9/27/2013 Green Chemistry What is Green Chemistry and how is does it apply to industrial water treatment?

388 9/30/2013 Globally Harmonized System (GHS) What is the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), and why is it important to industrial water treatment?

389 10/1/2013 Data Centers What water challenges and needs are faced by data centers?

390 10/2/2013 Parts of the Cooling Tower System What are the parts of the cooling tower system that an industrial water management professional needs to consider?

391 10/3/2013 Silt Density Index (SDI) What is the Silt Density Index (SDI)? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this test?

392 10/4/2013 Boiler Polymer Feed PointWhere is the optimal location for feeding polymer to a low/medium pressure boiler system and why? What are alternative

feed locations?

393 10/7/2013 Sodium Hydroxide vs. AmmoniaWhat are the advantages/disadvantages of using sodium hydroxide vs. ammonia for pH control? How would usage rates

compare?

394 10/9/2013 Tomorrow (Peer Submitted)What are you doing for tomorrow? What are you doing to improve industrial water technologies, service, techniques,

conservation, water/wastewater quality, etc?

395 10/10/2013 Boiler Fireside Why would a water management professional be interested in the fireside of a boiler system (both low and high pressure)?

396 10/11/2013 Fluoride Removal What methods are there for removing fluoride from water?

397 10/15/2013 Selenium Removal What methods are there for removing selenium from water?

398 10/16/2013 Molybdate Replacement What are possible replacements for using molybdate as a tracer in a water treatment chemical product?

399 10/17/2013 Selenium Form (Peer Submitted) How does the form of selenium affect the treatment processes considered?

400 10/18/2013 400th Question of the Day: Education What type and level of education does one need to be an industrial water treatment professional?

401 10/21/2013 DAF When should a Dissolved Air Filtration (DAF) be used vs. other clarification technologies where solids sink instead of float?

402 10/22/2013 Polyacrylamide (PAM) (Peer Submitted) How do you determine the active content of polyacrylamide (PAM)?

403 10/23/2013 Scale & Corrosion Inhibitor Feedpoints What are the various methods of feeding scale and corrosion inhibitor to a cooling tower system?

404 10/29/2013 Ion Exchange vs. Reverse Osmosis (Peer Submitted) Should ion exchange or reverse osmosis be used? What factors go into deciding between these two technologies?

405 11/4/2013 Silica Removal with Magnesium Oxide (Peer Submitted) What advantages can Magnesium Oxide (MgO) offer over traditional Lime & Dolomite dosing for silica removal?

406 11/6/2013 Softener vs. Antiscalant before Reverse Osmosis Which is your preferred method and why: softener or antiscalant as pretreatment for an RO?

407 11/8/2013 Cleaning a Cooling Tower What are tips and advice for a typical maintenance cleaning of a cooling tower?

408 11/12/2013 Silica in Boilers Why are silica levels controlled in boilers?

409 11/14/2013 Top USA Water Treatment ServicesWho are the top suppliers of outsourced water treatment services for industrial facilities in the United States? Which of these

suppliers offers operation and maintenance services (i.e., without equipment rental)?

410 11/15/2013 Valuable Waste What are some industrial water examples where waste was turned into value (e.g., wastewater sludge, waste streams)?

411 11/19/2013 Professional Licenses What professional licenses are available and help in industrial water treatment?

412 11/20/2013 Condensate Corrosion What does condensate line corrosion typically look like?

413 11/22/2013 Comparing Industrial Water Service Providers (Peer Submitted)How should an end-user (e.g., company) compare industrial water service providers when going out for bid? What questions

should they ask? How should they manage references?

414 11/25/2013 Cleaning Scaled Boilers How do you clean scaled boilers?

415 11/28/2013 Thanksgiving

Today is the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. I am thankful for many things; one of which is this Industrial Water

Group. What a wonderful, global community we have formed! Thank you for all the experiences, information, and good will

that you have shared. Even if you are not from the United States, what are you thankful for today?

416 12/2/2013 Decommissioning RO Plant (Peer Submitted) What are some guidelines and recommendations for decommissioning a Reverse Osmosis plant for long-term preservation?

417 12/3/2013 Essential Tools (Peer Submitted) What is a list of essential tools for an industrial water treatment professional (e.g., jar test kit, SDI kit, etc.)?

418 12/4/2013 Softeners vs. Chloride Discharge Limitations Are chloride discharge limitations restricting the use of water softeners in your area?

419 12/5/2013 Metal Hydroxide Precipitation What are some tips for using metal hydroxide precipitation in wastewater treatment?

420 12/9/2013 Arsenic Removal What methods are available for removing arsenic from a wastewater?

421 12/10/2013 Filter Selection How do you properly select and size a filter?

422 12/11/2013 Cooling Tower Cycles DeterminationAside from using conductivity and chlorides, what are other methods of determining the cycles of concentration in a cooling

tower?

423 12/12/2013 Cooling Tower Fill How does the type of cooling tower fill affect the choice of water treatment, if at all?

424 12/13/2013 Snake Oil Salesmen Are industrial water treatment companies just snake oil salesmen?

425 12/16/2013 Nitrate Treatment (Peer Submitted) How do you treat for high nitrate levels in drinking water?

426 12/17/2013 Boiler Explosion What can lead to a boiler explosion?

427 12/18/2013 Ultrasonic Disinfection in Water Tanks (Peer Submitted) What is your experience with using ultrasonic treatment for disinfection in water tanks?

428 12/19/2013 Iron TestingWhat recommendations do you have for iron testing (e.g., sample run time, material of construction of sample point, test

method, etc.)?

429 12/20/2013 Boiler Carryover Problems What problems can boiler carryover cause in low, medium, and high pressure boiler systems?

430 12/23/2013 Evaporative CreditsWhen water utilities charge customers based upon incoming water, how does one avoid paying sewage fees on water

evaporated by cooling towers or other consumptive processes?

431 12/30/2013 RO Concentrate TreatmentAre there wastewater treatment issues with antiscalant and biocide in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate? If so, how do you

handle the issues?

432 12/31/2013 High Pressure Boiler Problem (Peer Submitted)

A high pressure boiler with demineralized makeup has a whitish film. Deposit analysis shows high iron, phosphate, and

hardness. There appears to be no condenser tube leaks and the feedwater quality is within requirements. Boiler water

analysis showed chlorides and hardness. Phosphate was near zero even though TSP was being dosed at higher rates.

Hardness and chloride levels are slowly dropping. What advice do you have to help track down probably causes and solve the

problem?

433 1/7/2014 JobsI'm feeling generous, so let's start off this new year with a different kind of post: Jobs. Are you looking for a job? Are you

hiring? For this once-a-year opportunity to reach over 3,064 members, please post either here.

434 1/8/2014 Leaking Steam Traps Why are leaking steam traps a problem?

435 1/9/2014 Water Testing ResourcesWhat are good resources for understanding the background chemistry, interferences, etc. of chemical water tests (e.g.,

Hardness, Calcium, Phosphate, etc.)?

436 1/10/2014 RO Probing How and why do you probe an RO?

437 1/13/2014 Testing Supplies Labels (Peer Submitted) Private-label or trusted third party name? What do you prefer on your testing supplies and why?

438 1/14/2014 Data Collection What do water treatment professionals and companies use to collect and store their water-related data?

439 1/16/2014 Observing a PlantWhen standing above an industrial plant looking out over the various processes, what might you see that would tell you about

the state of the water operations?

440 1/17/2014 Deaerator Steam vs. Accountant How do you convince the company accountant that the steam venting off the deaerator is not a waste of money?

441 1/21/2014 Reverse Osmosis Prefilter Rating What filter rating should be used on a reverse-osmosis prefilter (e.g., 1 micron, 5 micron, 10 micron, etc.)?

442 1/24/2014 What to do with Data? You've recorded LOTS of data, now what do you do with it?

443 1/28/2014 Fuel Type & Water Treatment How does the type of fuel used in a boiler affect the water treatment program?

444 2/3/2014 RO Cleaning Endpoint During a Clean-in-Place (CIP), how do you know when you have cleaned an RO enough and can place the unit back online?

445 2/4/2014 Technical Department How does your Technical Department offer support to the water management professionals in the field?

446 2/6/2014 Demineralizers, Silica and ConductivityWhy does the conductivity of demineralizer effluent often decrease at the end of a service run when silica breakthrough

occurs?

447 2/7/2014 Condensate Sampling What is the proper way to sample condensate?

448 2/10/2014 Carbonic Acid & Amine How much amine is required to neutralize carbonic acid in condensate systems?

449 2/11/2014 Iron Filtration Test What does an iron filtration test on condensate tell you (e.g., Babcock & Wilcox method)? How is it useful?

450 2/13/2014 Bottom Blowdown How does one determine the recommended frequency and duration of the bottom blowdown on a boiler?

451 2/14/2014 Air Scrubbing Cooling TowersWhat contaminants get scrubbed from the air by cooling towers? Are they seasonal? What impact can they have on the

system?

452 2/17/2014 Non-Oxidizing Biocide vs. Iron-Depositing Bacteria (Peer Submitted) What non-oxidizing biocides are effective against iron-depositing bacteria in cooling water and at what dosages?

453 2/18/2014 Sludge Thickening with Polymers How can polymers enhance the sludge thickening processes?

454 2/19/2014 Potable H2S Removal What is the recommend way to remove H2S from potable drinking water?

455 2/20/2014 DBNPA: Oxidizing or Nonoxidizing Is DBNPA an oxidizing or nonoxidizing biocide?

456 2/21/2014 KOI What is a KOI, and how do you use it?

457 2/25/2014 KPI What is a KPI, and how do you use it?

458 2/28/2014 Silica & Cooling Towers (Peer Submitted) What types of silica scales form in cooling tower systems and where?

459 3/3/2014 Heterotrophic Plate Counts What do heterotrophic plate counts of planktonic microorganisms tell about an industrial water system?

460 3/4/2014 Condensate Contamination Sources What are some sources of boiler condensate contamination? Please give examples.

461 3/5/2014 CO2 vs. Other Acids for pH Control Why would carbon dioxide be used instead of other acids (e.g., HCl, H2SO4) for pH control?

462 3/6/2014 Biodispersants What are biodispersants and how can they improve microbiological control?

463 3/7/2014 Cooling Towers on Soft Water What is the best treatment for cooling towers on soft water?

464 3/10/2014 Aluminum Corrosion Rates What are industry accepted corrosion rates for aluminum (e.g., mpy)?

465 3/11/2014 Webinars Are there any upcoming webinars about industrial water treatment that the general public is invited to attend?

466 3/12/2014 Apps What smartphone/tablet apps do you use that make your job easier as a water management professional?

467 3/14/2014 What End User Should Know What do water management professionals wish the end user knew?

468 3/17/2014 Boroscopes/Video Scopes What boroscopes/video scopes do you recommend for industrial water systems inspection?

469 3/20/2014 ZLD Is zero liquid discharge (ZLD) really possible?

470 3/21/2014 Oxygen Scavenger Feed Points What are the recommended oxygen scavenger feed points to a boiler system?

471 3/25/2014 Condensate Return How do you calculate percent condensate return for a boiler system?

3/31/2014 On Vacation Last WeekFYI, I was on vacation last week and am behind on approving some comments, granting membership, and reading most of the

posts from last week. I will catch up soon though.

472 4/1/2014 Universal Solvent Why is water called the "universal solvent?"

473 4/2/2014 FAC What is FAC?

474 4/3/2014 Convincing Unbelievers (Peer submitted) How do you convince someone who doesn't believe in cooling tower chemical treatment?

475 4/4/2014 Receiving Negative News How do you handle disappointing news (e.g., lost bid, lost customer, missed promotion, etc.) in your business and career?

476 4/7/2014 Isothiazolin vs. Sulfides (Peer submitted) Is isothiazolin deactivated by sulfides, and, if so, what is the ppm/ppm ratio?

477 4/8/2014 Algae and Moss on Louvers (Peer submitted) What can be done to minimize algae and moss growing on cooling tower louvers?

478 4/10/2014 Mild Steel Pitting Corrosion What can cause pitting corrosion in mild steel?

479 4/11/2014 Jokes Know any good water jokes? (I'm not talking about your competitors.) (Chemistry jokes will work too.)

480 4/14/2014 RO Membrane Lifespan What is a typical lifespan for reverse osmosis membranes?

481 4/15/2014 Water Testing Interferences What are some of the most common test interferences when analyzing boiler and cooling tower water chemistry?

482 4/16/2014 Cold Lime vs. Hot Lime Softening What are the pros and cons of cold lime softening versus hot lime softening? When would one be chosen over the other?

483 4/17/2014 Sludge Bed Control How do you control the sludge bed in a clarifier?

484 4/21/2014 Changes pH but not Alkalinity (Peer submitted) Can one decrease the pH without decreasing the total alkalinity of an open-circuit cooling tower?

485 4/22/2014 Ideal RO CIP FrequencyWhat is the "ideal" clean-in-place (CIP) frequency for a reverse osmosis unit (e.g., 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months,

etc.)?

486 4/24/2014 Cooling Tower Particle Size What are typical particle sizes (in microns) found in cooling tower water?

487 4/28/2014 RO StagesWhy are reverse osmosis systems designed in stages (e.g., 6:2 array) instead of just one stage (e.g., all the membranes in the

first stage)?

488 4/29/2014 RO Cleaning Effect on Membrane What effect does cleaning have on reverse osmosis membranes?

489 4/30/2014 RO Membrane Cleaning Damage Does cleaning damage an RO membrane?

490 5/1/2014 Hazardous AtmospheresAtmospheric testing is required for confined space entry. What kinds of hazards atmospheres might an industrial water

treatment professional be concerned about?

491 5/6/2014 Nanofiltration vs. Reverse Osmosis What is the difference between Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis?

492 5/8/2014 Cooling Tower Drift What is the estimated drift rate from modern cooling towers?

493 5/9/2014 Aluminum Boilers What are water treatment recommendations for aluminum boilers?

494 5/12/2014 Boiler Program Selection In dealing with lower-pressure boilers (<450 psi or 3.1 MPa), how does one choose a chemical treatment program?

495 5/13/2014 Common Drain What could happen if a dealkalizer, water softener, and boiler blowdown all share the same drain?

496 5/14/2014 RO & Biocides (Peer submitted) What biocides can be used with polyamide reverse osmosis membranes?

497 5/15/2014 Cooling Tower Automatic Monitoring What cooling tower parameters can be monitored automatically with sensors and controllers?

498 5/16/2014 Chlorine Dioxide & Cooling Towers Is chlorine dioxide an effective biocide to use in cooling towers? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

499 5/19/2014 Scaling Indices What are the various scaling indices available to predict the tendency of scale formation?

500 5/20/2014 Softener Resin Iron Fouling Cleaning How is softener resin cleaned from iron fouling?

501 5/21/2014 Scaling Rate (Peer Submitted)There are industry-accepted corrosion rates, but are there industry-accepted scaling rates in open, recirculating cooling

systems? If so, how can it be monitored?

502 5/22/2014 Pockets What do you routinely carry in your pockets as you manage industrial water treatment systems?

503 5/23/2014 Deaerator Inspection What are some checklist items to observe and note during a deaerator inspection?

504 5/30/2014 Stainless Steel Erosion Corrosion What would erosion corrosion look like on stainless steel?

505 6/2/2014 Legionella Laws in United StatesWhat are the current laws on the books in the United States that regulate the control of Legionella in water systems? (This

does not include guidelines from trade organizations.)

506 6/3/2014 Food & Beverage Trade ShowsWhat food & beverage trade shows are beneficial for industrial water companies to attend and exhibit (i.e., not too retail

focused, but production focused)?

507 6/4/2014 Other LinkedIn Groups What other LinkedIn groups do you find beneficial?

508 6/5/2014 Treating Spent Brine from SAC Softening (Peer submitted)In what ways can spent brine from the regeneration of a strong-acid-cation softener be treated for reuse elsewhere in the

plant?

509 6/6/2014 Passion How do you keep your passion or reignite your passion in industrial water treatment?

510 6/9/2014 Cleaning Calcium Sulfate Scale What are recommended methods to clean calcium sulfate scale?

511 6/12/2014 Chlorides Test How accurate is the chlorides test? What test methods are available? Can they be made more accurate?

512 6/13/2014 Sodium Sulfate Removal (Peer submitted) What technologies and methods are available to remove sodium sulfate from wastewater?

513 6/16/2014 New & Future Technologies (Peer submitted) Where do you go to find information on new or future technologies in industrial water treatment?

514 6/17/2014 Member-Written Blogs, etc. Do any of our members write regular blogs, e-articles, etc. that would interest this group?

515 6/18/2014 Microbiological Activity in High Purity Water Can microbes grow in high purity water?

516 6/19/2014 Power Trade Shows What power trade shows are beneficial for industrial water companies to attend and exhibit?

517 6/20/2014 Temporary EquipmentWhen industrial water equipment fails, what temporary solutions are available for pretreatment, cooling, boiler, and/or

wastewater operations? (Commercials allowed.)

518 6/23/2014 RO Cleaning & Air Scouring Can air scouring be used in cleaning reverse osmosis membranes? Why? Why not? What are the results?

519 6/24/2014 Why Hire You? Why should a potential client hire you?

520 6/25/2014 App Development If you could design a dream app for industrial water treatment, what would it do?

521 6/26/2014 Ionic Balance Why do the cations and anions have to balance out in a water analysis?

522 6/27/2014 Co-ops/Interns Do you hire co-ops or interns? Why or why not?

523 6/30/2014 Combustion Feed Air Temperature (Peer Submitted) Can reducing the temperature of combustion feed air to a boiler improve its combustion efficiency?

524 7/3/2014 Reducing BOD/COD How do you reduce BOD and COD?

525 7/7/2014 UF - Inside Out vs. Outside In For hollowfiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, which is the preferred direction of flow and why? Inside out or outside in?

526 7/8/2014 UV Beyond Biocide Aside from microbiological control, what are other uses for UV in industrial water treatment?

527 7/14/2014 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) What types of personal protective equipment (PPE) may be required in industrial water treatment?

528 7/30/2014 Landfill Leachate What are the unique challenges of treating landfill leachate?

529 8/6/2014 Freeboard Space What is the purpose of the freeboard space above the resin in a typical, co-current flow water softener.

530 8/13/2014 Fenton's Reagent What is Fenton's Reagent and how is it used?

531 8/14/2014 RO Antiscalants What are typical components of Reverse Osmosis antiscalants?

532 9/19/2014 RO Data AnalysisWhat information do you capture from a Reverse Osmosis unit, and what program(s) do you use to trend and analyze the

data?

533 9/27/2014 Precleaning & Passivation Why should new water equipment and piping be precleaned and passivated?

534 9/29/2014 Cooling Tower Startup Iron Solids

What do you call the iron solids that show up when a cooling tower system is restarted after being offline for a season when it

wasn't properly stored? This includes the suspended and chipped piece of iron from piping that plugs up spray nozzles,

strainers, etc.

535 10/1/2014 RO Silica What are maximum silica levels that can be controlled with antiscalants in reverse osmosis systems?

536 10/2/2014 Galvanized Cooling TowersWhat are the recommended water quality parameters for treating a galvanized cooling tower? What types of water

treatment chemistry should be used?

537 10/3/2014 Average Age What do you think is the average age of today's Industrial Water Treatment professional?

538 10/7/2014 Removing Cooling Tower Makeup Alkalinity Does it make sense to remove makeup alkalinity with a dealkalizing resin for a cooling tower system?

539 10/8/2014 Women in Industrial Water Treatment What are unique challenges and benefits that may be faced by women in the industrial water treatment profession?

540 10/9/2014 Association of Water Technologies Who is going to the Association of Water Technologies (AWT) convention this year?

541 10/10/2014 RO Permeate Storage TankFor a low-to-medium pressure boiler reverse-osmosis makeup system, how do you properly size the RO permeate storage

tank?

542 10/13/2014 Softener Capacity SetpointOnce you calculate the softening capacity of a SAC water softener, what is your volumetric setpoint to trigger regeneration? Is

it 100% of capacity? 95%? 90%? 85%? Why?

543 10/14/2014 CO2 EquilibriumCan someone explain the equilibrium between carbon dioxide in the air and in cooling water? Will alkalinity cycle up like

everything else or will this equilibrium affect this?

544 10/15/2014 Biofilm Penetration How do you penetrate biofilm for effective microbiological control?

545 10/20/2014 Hydrogen Sulfide How is hydrogen sulfide formation controlled?

546 10/23/2014 Cobalt How is cobalt used in water treatment?

547 10/30/2014 Background Fluorescence What causes background fluorescence in water?

548 11/5/2014 Single vs. Multiple Biocide ProgramsWhat are the advantages/disadvantages of a single-biocide program versus a multiple-biocide program for a cooling tower

system?

549 11/10/2014 Ammonia Sources What are potential sources of ammonia contamination in industrial water systems?

550 11/13/2014 White Rust Inhibitors Are there any corrosion inhibitors that effectively control and prevent white rust in cooling towers?

551 11/17/2014 Exothermic Reactions What water treatment chemical combinations will result in a potentially dangerous exothermic reaction?

552 11/20/2014 Boiler Glycol Contamination (Peer Submitted)

An industrial watertube boiler (temperature <180 C) has monoethylene in the feedwater (condensate tank). The makeup

water is free of this component. The situation currently makes it impossible to eliminate this contamination. What would the

effect be on corrosion rate, conductivity, and heat transfer?

553 12/3/2014 World Class Industrial Water Treatment Professional What are the qualities of a "World Class Industrial Water Treatment Professional?"

554 12/5/2014 Young Water Treatment Professionals How did younger water treatment professions (<30 years old) get into water treatment?

555 12/10/2014 Seasonal Effects on Boiler System How do seasonal changes in water affect overall boiler system operation?

556 12/11/2014 Chlorine vs. Bromine Chemistry at Higher pHIs there really a significant difference between the performance of chlorine and bromine chemistries at higher pH? Does

theoretical effectiveness match up with practical application?

557 12/12/2014 Stuck in a RutHow easy is it to get "stuck in a rut" when servicing industrial water systems and doing your "pinks and blues" each day? How

do you recognize it and get out?

558 12/15/2014 Sodium Bromide & Sodium HypochloriteWhat is the recommended ratio and method for using sodium bromide and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) in a cooling system

biocide program?

559 12/17/2014 DPD Free Chlorine Test Positive Interference What can lead a user to believe they have a free chlorine residual using the DPD free chlorine test, when none actually exists?

560 12/19/2014 Produced Water What is "Produced Water?"

561 12/31/2014 New Year Water ResolutionsWhat can you do in the next year to make yourself more valuable to your industrial water treatment clients that you haven't

done before?

562 1/2/2015 RO Cleaning vs. SizeIs there a size where it generally makes more economic sense to just replace the reverse osmosis membranes versus cleaning

them?