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Ivan-Pavlov-
1849E1936"
John-Watson-
1878E1958"
Karl-Lashley-
1890E1958"
Edward-Tolman-
1886E1959"
B.F.-Skinner-(1904H1990)-
“Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten”"
Edward-Chace-Tolman-
1886"E"1959"
Comportamentalismo-cogniNvo-(intencional)"
EHOHR-
es_muloEorganismoEresposta"
• ""mapa"cogni5vo"• ""expecta5va""• ""aprendizado"latente"
Tolman""(1932).""Purposive"behavior"in"animals"and"men."
Expecta5va"de"recompensa"
mingau"de"aveia"""""""""""""""vs.""semente"de"girassol"
Tolman,"E.C.,"&"Honzik,"C.H."(1930)."Introduc5on"and"removal"of"reward"and"maze"performance"in"rats."University"of"California"Publica5ons"in"Psychology,"4,"257E275."
Aprendizado"latente"E"Mapa"cogni5vo"
Group"1"–"rewarded"for"all"22"trials"of"the"study"
Group"2"–"not"rewarded"at"all"
Group"3"–"not"rewarded"for"trials"1E10,"but"rewarded"on"trials"11E22"
Group"4"–"rewarded"on"trials"1E10,"but"not"rewarded"on"trials"11E22"
poder-moNvador-da-recompensa-
Konrad"Lorenz"
1903E1989"
Compar5lhou"o"Prêmio"Nobel"de"Medicina"e"Fisiologia"em"1973"”"por"descobertas"dos"padrões"de"comportamento"individual"e"social"de"animais”"
ImprinNng-ocorre"num"período"crí5co"(janela)"e"jamais"é"esquecido"
padrões"de"ação"fixa"adormecidos,"gene5camente"determinados"
O"caso"de"E.P."(1993)"
OcasoHM1926-2008
ARTICLEReceived 13 Oct 2013 | Accepted 16 Dec 2013 | Published 28 Jan 2014
Postmortem examination of patient H.M.’s brainbased on histological sectioning and digital 3DreconstructionJacopo Annese1,2, Natalie M. Schenker-Ahmed1,2, Hauke Bartsch1,2, Paul Maechler1,2, Colleen Sheh1,2,
Natasha Thomas1,*, Junya Kayano1,*, Alexander Ghatan1,*, Noah Bresler1, Matthew P. Frosch3,
Ruth Klaming1,2 & Suzanne Corkin4
Modern scientific knowledge of how memory functions are organized in the human brain
originated from the case of Henry G. Molaison (H.M.), an epileptic patient whose amnesia
ensued unexpectedly following a bilateral surgical ablation of medial temporal lobe
structures, including the hippocampus. The neuroanatomical extent of the 1953 operation
could not be assessed definitively during H.M.’s life. Here we describe the results of a
procedure designed to reconstruct a microscopic anatomical model of the whole brain and
conduct detailed 3D measurements in the medial temporal lobe region. This approach,
combined with cellular-level imaging of stained histological slices, demonstrates a significant
amount of residual hippocampal tissue with distinctive cytoarchitecture. Our study also
reveals diffuse pathology in the deep white matter and a small, circumscribed lesion in the left
orbitofrontal cortex. The findings constitute new evidence that may help elucidate the con-
sequences of H.M.’s operation in the context of the brain’s overall pathology.
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122 OPEN
1 The Brain Observatory, San Diego, California 92101, USA. 2 Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA.3 C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02114, USA. 4 Department of Brainand Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts 02139, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.A. (email: [email protected]).
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 5:3122 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1
& 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
SchemaScmodelshowinghowmemoryisconsolidatedintheprefrontalcortexandhowcircuitrythroughtheamygdalashi\sashippocampalengramcellsbecomesilentandcorScalengramsbecomeacSve.
Humanprefrontalcortex(PFC)inred.
KitamuraT,OgawaSK,RoyDS,OkuyamaT,MorrisseyMD,SmithLM,RedondoRL,TonegawaS(2017).EngramsandcircuitscrucialforsystemsconsolidaMonofamemory.Science.doi:10.1126/science.aam6808
April7,2017
16cartões,8paresfixos,apenas1corretoporpar
95%deacertoapós36dias
AShockingWay(Really)toBreakBadHabitsByJenniferJollyMay2,2016
h;p://pavlok.com