IVAN GAMS – KARSTOLOGIST, Andrej Kranjc, 2013

8102019 IVAN GAMS ndash KARSTOLOGIST Andrej Kranjc 2013

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullivan-gams-karstologist-andrej-kranjc-2013 113

Act983137 geogr983137phic983137 Slovenic983137 53-1 2013 9ndash21

IVAN GAMS ndash KARSTOLOGIST

IVAN GAMS ndash KRASOSLOVEC Andrej Kranjc

Ivan Gams (first from left) was active in organising the Internationalspeleological conference

Ivan Gams (prvi z leve) je bil aktiven udeleènec 4 Mednarodnegaspeleolokega kongresa

N A [ E J A M E 8



Andrej Kr983137njc Iv983137n G983137ms ndash k983137rstologist

Ivan Gams ndash karstologist

DOI 103986AGS53101UDC 929G983137ms I5514COBISS 102

ABSTRACT Ac983137demici983137n Iv983137n G983137ms is Sloveni983137s best known rese983137rcher of k983137rst 983137nd the most prolific983137uthor of works on k983137rst During his first job 983137t the Institute of Geogr983137phy of the Sloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd Arts he st983137rted rese983137rching the k983137rst surf983137ce 983137nd underground He published sever983137l in-depthpublic983137tions on k983137rst c983137ves the most well-known being the studies of the sh983137ft Trigl983137vsko brezno in the1960s Right from the beginning he focused on issues to which he then dedic983137ted more or less his wholelife ndash 983137nd which were 983137lso widely recognized by profession983137l public both 983137t home 983137nd 983137bro983137d ndash n983137mely corrosion intensity determined by the h983137rdness of w983137ter 983137nd the disch983137rges of k983137rst rivers 983137nd springs983137nd the method of limestone t983137blets Within the geomorphology of k983137rst G983137ms w983137s mostly de983137ling withthe k983137rst polje especi983137lly its definition 983137nd evolution

KEY WORDS k983137rstology corrosion k983137rst geomorphology speleology limestone t983137blets k983137rst polje Iv983137nG983137ms

The 983137rticle w983137s submitted for public983137tion on April 25 2013

ADDRESSAndrej Kranjc Ph D academicianSloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd ArtsNovi trg 3 1000 Ljublj983137n983137E-m983137il kr983137njcas983137zusi

Contents

1 Introduction 112 Iv983137n G983137ms 983137nd k983137rstology 113 The m983137in k983137rstologic983137l

public983137tions of Iv983137n G983137ms 124 Conclusion 145 References 15

10



1 IntroductionWithout doubt professor G983137ms is one of the most well-known Sloveni983137n rese983137rchers of k983137rst both onthe n983137tion983137l 983137nd intern983137tion983137l level 983137s well 983137s our most prolific 983137uthor of scientific profession983137l 983137nd pop-ul983137r 983137rticles on k983137rst physic983137l geogr983137phy (Kom983137c 983137nd Zorn 2013) region983137l geogr983137phy (Perko 2013) 983137nd

m983137ny other geogr983137phic983137 br983137nches (Kl983137dnik 2013) As 983137 geogr983137pher he w983137s focused mostly on physic983137lgeogr983137phy but w983137s interested in other br983137nches of geogr983137phy 983137s well p983137rticul983137rly in the distinct l983137ndsc983137peof Sloveni983137 ndash k983137rst However he w983137s not or did not rem983137in only 983137 rese983137rcher of the region983137l geogr983137phy of k983137rst but inste983137d set himself to ex983137mine k983137rst from the theoretic983137l point of view 983137nd bec983137me 983137 k983137rstol-ogist in the widest sense of the word Unfortun983137tely neither his expert public983137tions nor his person983137l recordsdo not indic983137te where how 983137nd why he bec983137me interested in k983137rst ndash h983137d he been 983137ttr983137cted to k983137rst 983137lre983137dy during his school ye983137rs or did it become his profession983137l focus his expert raquonichelaquo l983137ter when he evolved983137s 983137 t983137lented young geogr983137pher

2 Ivan Gams and karstology After h983137ving gr983137du983137ted in 1951 he got his first job 983137t the Institute of Geogr983137phy of the Sloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd Arts 983137nd wrote his first 983137rticles on k983137rst ie four reviews of Yugosl983137vi983137n books de983137lingwith k983137rst During his employment 983137t the Institute of Geogr983137phy he published 983137bout 50 983137rticles on k983137rsth983137lf of them de983137ling with the k983137rst underground 983137nd the other h983137lf focused on its surf983137ce or k983137rst 983137s 983137 wholeThis rese983137rch indic983137ted the beginning of G983137mss rese983137rch of k983137rst processes on the surf983137ce 983137nd under-ground 983137nd p983137rticul983137rly its b983137sic f983137ctor ie corrosion Since ex983137min983137tions of the k983137rst underground requirecert983137in r983137ther dem983137nding technic983137l skills G983137ms decided to join the C983137ve Explor983137tion Society (DZRJ) Soonhe bec983137me 983137 skilled 983137nd experienced c983137ver proved by his rese983137rch of sh983137ft Pugljevo brezno ndash which w983137s983137t the time the deepest sh983137ft in the Sloveni983137n region of Dolenjsk983137 (1959) ndash c983137ve Dv983137tiso~983137 j983137m983137 (1960)sh983137ft Brezno pod Grudnom (1961) 983137nd the initi983137l observ983137tions of sh983137ft Trigl983137vsko brezno (1957) In 1956c983137vers from Ljublj983137n983137 reen983137bled the c983137ve l983137bor983137tory in Podpek983137 j983137m983137 where G983137ms first 983137pplied his raquot983137blettestlaquo 983137nd thus initi983137ted the Sloveni983137n rese983137rch of the erosion-corrosion rel983137tion in k983137rst 983137re983137s Over the

ye983137rs the test w983137s upgr983137ded into the raquot983137blet methodlaquo th983137t is now being used 983137ll over the world This peri-od w983137s 983137lso l983137rgely m983137rked by the first explor983137tions of k983137rst morphology especi983137lly on k983137rst poljes 983137s indic983137tedin the comprehensive study of k983137rst polje Globodol (G983137ms 1959) G983137ms bec983137me 983137 member of the DZRJscommittee 983137s e983137rly 983137s in 1951 983137nd w983137s thus the first committee member of the younger gener983137tion theonly one who h983137d not joined it before the 2nd World W983137r

One of the biogr983137phic983137l 983137ccounts on Iv983137n G983137ms (Anon 1998) st983137tes briefly hellip bec983137use he w983137s eng983137gedin the studies of k983137rst 983137s well he st983137rted working 983137t the K983137rst Rese983137rch Institute of the Sloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd Arts in Postojn983137 in 1962 983137nd rem983137ined there until 1966 His enthusi983137sm 983137nd growing exper-tise in speleology c983137n be seen from the f983137ct th983137t in 1962 he bec983137me the president of the revived c983137vingorg983137nis983137tion the C983137ve Explor983137tion Society of Sloveni983137 which w983137s of feder983137l n983137ture (983137nd w983137s l983137ter ren983137med

to Speleologic983137l Associ983137tion of Sloveni983137) 983137nd focused his efforts on reorg983137nising 983137nd strengthening thesociety Th983137t period w983137s definitely his most 983137ctive 983137s f983137r 983137s his involvement in speleology is concernedboth from the org983137nis983137tion983137l 983137nd rese983137rch point of view His import983137nt contribution to the successfulorg983137nis983137tion of the 4th Intern983137tion983137l Congress of Speleology should be mentioned here 983137s well He w983137s983137 member of the org983137nising committee 983137 member of the secret983137ri983137t 983137nd the ch983137irm983137n of the progr983137m-ming committee In f983137ct it w983137s on G983137mss initi983137tive th983137t the Intern983137tion983137l Union of Speleology w983137s foundedduring this congress In 983137ddition he bec983137me 983137 member (983137nd from 1977 the ch983137irm983137n) of the Unions com-mittee on k983137rst denud983137tion On 983137 more person983137l note ndash it w983137s during my membership in this committeeunder G983137mss ch983137irm983137nship th983137t my own profession983137l c983137reer st983137rted developing tow983137rds speleology 983137ndk983137rstology On of G983137mss biggest speleologic983137l 983137chievements w983137s the expedition to sh983137ft Trigl983137vsko breznoin 1962 the so-c983137lled raquoAction Bottomlaquo which w983137s the biggest c983137ving 983137ction so f983137r in Sloveni983137 983137s f983137r 983137s the

number of p983137rticip983137nts the 983137mount of equipment 983137nd the extent of r983137dio 983137nd newsp983137per cover983137ge 983137reconcerned During his five-ye983137r position 983137t the K983137rst Rese983137rch Institute in Postojn983137 G983137ms published 983137bout40 subst983137nti983137l 983137rticles 983137ssessments 983137nd reports ndash discussions excluded ndash including 18 origin983137l scientific983137rticles Although these 983137rticles were published in profession983137l journ983137ls m983137ny of them were thorough 983137nd

Act983137 geogr983137phic983137 Slovenic983137 53-1 2013

11




12

comprehensive enough to be l983137belled 983137s monogr983137phs N983137mely five of them h983137ve more th983137n 50 p983137ges where-983137s the 983137rticles on c983137ve Log983137r~ek 983137nd corrosion f983137ctors h983137ve 983137s m983137ny 983137s 77 983137nd 57 p983137ges respectively ndash bothwere published in Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 the journ983137l of the Postojn983137 institute At th983137t time k983137rst rese983137rch h983137d beengr983137du983137lly sep983137r983137ted into sever983137l m983137in directions th983137t G983137ms w983137s focused on his long c983137reer k983137rst geomor-phology 983137nd hydrology k983137rstific983137tion processes (especi983137lly corrosion) c983137ve explor983137tion 983137nd k983137rst terminology

In 1966 G983137ms bec983137me 983137n 983137ssoci983137te of the university Institute for Geogr983137phy 983137nd l983137ter in the s983137me ye983137r he w983137s 983137ppointed 983137ssoci983137te professor of physic983137l geogr983137phy 983137t the Dep983137rtment of Geogr983137phy of theF983137culty of Arts University of Ljublj983137n983137 Alre983137dy during his first ye983137r of te983137ching he dedic983137ted 983137 l983137rge p983137rtof his geomorphologic983137l lectures to k983137rst where983137s l983137ter on he est983137blished 983137 sep983137r983137te new course n983137medK983137rst geogr983137phy During his ye983137rs 983137t the university 983137nd 983137fterw983137rds when he retired his bibliogr983137phy con-sisted of 983137pproxim983137tely 170 public983137tions focusing on k983137rst Why raquo983137pproxim983137telylaquo Bec983137use G983137ms w983137s983137 distinctly raquocomplexlaquo geogr983137pher ndash to use 983137c983137demici983137n Ilei~s term ndash who 983137dopted 983137 bro983137d 983137ppro983137chtow983137rds ex983137mining the l983137ndsc983137pe 983137nd its processes it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether 983137 cer-t983137in public983137tion is de983137ling with k983137rst or some other topic One of such ex983137mples is cert983137inly his region983137lof physic983137l-geogr983137phic983137l description of Bel983137 kr983137jin983137 (G983137ms 1961) His definition of more in-depth top-ics is simil983137r corrosion 983137nd flowstone deposition 983137re opposite but nevertheless mutu983137lly connectedphenomen983137 ndash rock dissolution 983137bove the c983137ve 983137nd deposition of flowstone in the c983137ve Grooves 983137re sur-f983137ce (micro) forms c983137used by corrosion This is just to illustr983137te G983137mss bro983137d view of geogr983137phy physic983137lgeogr983137phy 983137nd k983137rstology His l983137st 983137rticle on the development of subcut983137neous k983137rst in the region of Bel983137kr983137jin983137 w983137s published in 2011 in Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 the s983137me journ983137l th983137t ndash ye983137rs e983137rlier ndash published oneof his first subst983137nti983137l 983137rticles on k983137rst the study of k983137rst spring Mito~ic983137 (G983137ms 1955)

3 The main karstological publications of Ivan GamsG983137mss interest in k983137rst 983137nd the results of his rese983137rch 983137re cle983137rly evident from his public983137tions which Itried to divide into sever983137l groups 983137s indic983137ted below Most of his p983137pers (50) were focused on the geo-

Figure 1 The raquofrom smallest to largestlaquo principle applies to the studies of corrosive forms as well ndash this is how Gams initiated the measurementsof grooves (Zve~ava Herzegovina)

A N D R E J K R A N J C



morphology of k983137rst including the prev983137iling topic of corrosion (limestone dissolution) 983137nd the studiesof k983137rst poljes K983137rst is not only on the surf983137ce but includes the underground 983137s well 983137nd G983137ms w983137s deter-mined to give the underground its equ983137lly f983137ir sh983137re of 983137ttention Among 983137lmost 40 of his p983137pers withspeleologic983137l content most were de983137ling with st983137l983137ctitesst983137l983137gmites 983137nd flowstone ie their depositionforms 983137ge 983137nd preserv983137tion Other 983137rticles focus on more specific speleologic983137l topics such 983137s descrip-tions 983137nd gener983137l studies of c983137ves ndash their size form 983137nd origin A signific983137nt sh983137re of public983137tions coversc983137ve clim983137temicroclim983137te With reg983137rds to the 983137mount of published content G983137mss rese983137rch into thehydrology of k983137rst should be mentioned 983137s well However the mere number of public983137tions is not 983137lw983137ys983137 proper criterion in order to prep983137re the 50-p983137ge rese983137rch p983137per on the hydrology of the territory betweenPostojn983137 Polje Pl983137nin983137 Polje 983137nd Cerknic983137 Polje (G983137ms 1966) 983137 consider983137bly higher number of obser-v983137tions 983137nd me983137surements were required 983137nd more extensive liter983137ture 983137nd referenti983137l se983137rches h983137d to

be m983137de th983137n for the description of eg c983137ve Dv983137tiso~983137 j983137m983137 reg983137rdless of its thoroughness 983137nd impor-t983137nce He wrote only four public983137tions on k983137rst terminology but nevertheless his contributions to this983137re983137 983137re f983137r from insignific983137nt 983137s I will soon expl983137in As 983137 geogr983137pher G983137ms w983137nted to include people inhis rese983137rch of k983137rst 983137s well He wrote 983137s m983137ny 983137s 17 983137rticles on the connection between the m983137n 983137nd k983137rsttheir mutu983137l influence 983137nd the consequences of hum983137n 983137ctivities on the k983137rst environment

Although it requires some skill to identify G983137mss published works on k983137rst it is even more difficultto ev983137lu983137te them ie ev983137lu983137te their import983137nce in both the n983137tion983137l 983137nd the intern983137tion983137l scientific com-munity 983137mong k983137rstologists 983137nd geogr983137phers Most of G983137mss works on k983137rst were published 983137t the timewhen bibliometrics w983137s not in use yet 983137nd most of the 983137uthors citing G983137mss public983137tions 983137re from th983137tperiod 983137s well According to SICRIS the Sloveni983137n Current Rese983137rch Inform983137tion System G983137mss worksreceived 52 cit983137tions between 1998 983137nd 2013 This of course does s983137y something but it s983137ys more 983137bout

the f983137ct th983137t the currently most prolific rese983137rchers do not cite older public983137tions eg G983137mss works fromthe 1960s or 1970s very often In 983137ddition it shows th983137t G983137mss works were cited in books p983137pers 983137nd journ983137ls not covered by bibliometrics which even now983137d983137ys rem983137ins the downside of this p983137rticul983137r setof methods ndash 983137s f983137r 983137s k983137rstology is concerned The first edition of K983137rst Geomorphology 983137nd Hydrology


13

Figure 2 Gams measured the hardness of karst waters ndash oversaturation causes tuff deposits on the surface (waterfall Kravica on river Trebi atHerzegovina)





by Ford 983137nd Willi983137ms ndash known 983137s the raquobible of k983137rstologylaquo ndash published in 1989 cont983137ined 11 cit983137tionsof G983137mss works where983137s the l983137test edition published in 2007 cont983137ins 15 cit983137tions Thus not only doesthe fund983137ment983137l work on k983137rstology cont983137in the highest number of G983137mss works 983137mong of 983137ll Sloveni983137n983137nd Yugosl983137vi983137n k983137rstologists it 983137lso cites only 983137 few 983137uthors 983137s frequently 983137s it does G983137ms G983137ms is there-fore one of the most frequently cited 983137uthors on the subject of k983137rst worldwide

4 Conclusion

According to my own c983137su983137l knowledge inform983137tion sh983137red by lecturers on profession983137l meetings 983137nd983137n unsystem983137tic review of G983137mss cit983137tions in v983137rious types of liter983137ture his most import983137nt 983137chievements

reg983137rding k983137rstology c983137n be defined 983137s followsbull determin983137tion of corrosion intensity b983137sed the me983137surements of w983137ter h983137rdness 983137nd the disch983137rges of k983137rst springs 983137nd k983137rst rivers The me983137surements 983137nd studies th983137t G983137ms performed were 983137 novelty bothin Sloveni983137 983137nd 983137bro983137d This method w983137s implemented by the French k983137rstologist J Corbel It is pos-sible th983137t G983137ms got to know it better through one of Corbels students the distinguished Polish k983137rstologistM Puline who 983137lso visited G983137ms in Sloveni983137 983137nd st983137yed here for 983137 longer period of time in order to dosome studying 983137nd rese983137rch G983137mss work in this 983137re983137 w983137s distinguished 983137nd met with 983137 wide responseincluding 983137 propos983137l put forw983137rd 983137t one of the profession983137l meetings s983137ying th983137t 983137 project should bel983137unched with the s983137me go983137l using the raquoG983137ms 983137ppro983137chlaquo or the raquoG983137ms methodlaquo (S983137rin et 983137l 1997)

bull Identific983137tion 983137nd comp983137rison of intensity by me983137ns of limestone t983137blets 983137 method which G983137ms h983137d983137pplied to initi983137te his first me983137surements in c983137ve Podpek983137 j983137m983137 983137lre983137dy in 1959 (G983137ms 1959983137) This

method proved p983137rticul983137rly suit983137ble for the comp983137rison of k983137rstific983137tion processes in v983137rious p983137rts of the world 983137nd in v983137rious clim983137te zones which stimul983137ted k983137rstologists from 983137lmost 983137ll over the worldto st983137rt using this method 983137nd it h983137s rem983137ined in use until tod983137y (G983137ms 1985 Iv983137nov et 983137l 1983Jennings 1977)

14

Figure 3 Karst poljes were Gamss favourite karst surface shapes (Dabarsko polje Herzegovina)




bull The third ndash 983137lthough not by import983137nce ndash is G983137mss contribution to the geomorphology of k983137rst espe-ci983137lly his rese983137rch of k983137rst poljes Though it w983137s not widely 983137ccepted his definition of 983137 k983137rst polje w983137sdefinitely known 983137ll over the world (G983137ms 1978) His other studies 983137nd public983137tions de983137ling with k983137rstpoljes 983137re no less signific983137nt 983137nd recognized However it surprises me th983137t his thesis on the two-ph983137sedevelopment of k983137rst poljes (G983137ms 1973) subst983137nti983137lly supported by field rese983137rch on our k983137rst pol-

jes did not receive 983137 wider recognition 983137nd is not being considered in other studies of this p983137rticul983137rtopic Especi983137lly since it is not only 983137bout Sloveni983137n k983137rst poljes but ndash 983137nd I c983137n s983137y this from my ownexperience ndash bec983137use such development is even more distinctly evident on k983137rst poljes in Din983137ric k983137rstoutside of Sloveni983137 Perh983137ps this is bec983137use this 983137rticle w983137s published quite 983137 while 983137go (1973) when lit-er983137ture 983137nd references still h983137d to be retrieved raquom983137nu983137llylaquo or perh983137ps it is bec983137use it w983137s published inGerm983137n (983137t the time English w983137s not 983137s domin983137nt 983137s it is now983137d983137ys) or bec983137use the journ983137l it w983137s pub-

lished in (Erkundliches Wissen) w983137s not so well-known by rese983137rchers of the Din983137ric k983137rstHowever G983137mss contribution to the Sloveni983137n k983137rst terminology should definitely not be overlookedHis work in this 983137re983137 obviously c983137nnot be 983137s intern983137tion983137lly recognized 983137s other topics he de983137lt with (983137lthoughit is used 983137s 983137 reference by foreign terminologies eg the most comprehensive terminology compiled by P983137no) (P983137no 2001) but on the n983137tion983137l level his Slovene K983137rst terminology (G983137ms 1973983137) rem983137ins theb983137sic ndash 983137nd more or less the only ndash reference of this kind

In Serbi983137 the collected works of Jov983137n Cviji were published in 14 volumes Cro983137ti983137n celebr983137ted the 100th

983137nnivers983137ry of Roglis birth by publishing his selected works including 983137 speci983137l edition of his work focusedon k983137rst hellip will we ever publish the collected works of our gre983137test intern983137tion983137lly 983137ccl983137imed k983137rstolo-gist in Sloveni983137 983137s well

5 ReferencesAnonim 1998 Iv983137n G983137ms Slovensk983137 983137k983137demi j983137 zn983137nosti in umetnosti ob estdesetletnici Ljublj983137n983137 Ljublj983137n983137Ford D C Willi983137ms P 2007 K983137rst Geomorphology 983137nd Hydrology Chicester


15

Figure 4 Gams contributed to the Slovenian terminology of tropical karst as well cone tower (Yangshuo Guangxi China)





G983137ms I 1951 Morfoloki problemi j983137me in potok983137 Mito~ice Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 1 Ljublj983137n983137G983137ms I 1959 H geomorfologi ji kr983137keg983137 polj983137 Globodol983137 in okolice Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 2 Ljublj983137n983137G983137ms I 1959983137 Poskus s plo~ic983137mi v Podpeki j983137mi N983137e j983137me 1-2 Ljublj983137n983137G983137ms I 1966 K hidrologi ji ozemlj983137 med Postojnskim Pl983137ninskim in Cerknikim poljem Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 4

Ljublj983137n983137

G983137ms I 1961 H geomorfologi ji Bele kr983137 jine Act983137 geogr983137phic983137 6 Ljublj983137n983137G983137ms I 1973 Die zweiph983137sige qu983137rtaumlrzeitliche Flaumlchenbildung in den Poljen und Blindtaumllern des nord-westlichen Din983137rischen K983137rstes Neue Ergebnisse der K983137rstforschung in den Tropen und im Mittelmeerr983137umVortraumlge des Fr983137nkfurter K983137rstsymposiums 1971 Erkundliches Wissen 32 Wiesb983137den

G983137ms I 1973983137 Slovensk983137 kr983137k983137 terminologi j983137 Ljublj983137n983137G983137ms I 1978 The polje the problem of definition Zeitschrift fuumlr geomorphologie 22-2 Stuttg983137rtG983137ms I 1985 Medn983137rodne primer j983137lne meritve povrinske korozi je s pomo~ jo st983137nd983137rdnih 983137pnenikih

t983137blet Zbornik Iv983137n983137 R983137kovc983137 26 Ljublj983137n983137Iv983137nov V N Sev983137st j983137nov E M [utov J I M983137m983137tkilov M M Cikin R A 1983 Pervie rezult983137ti ekspe-

riment983137lnogo issledov983137ni983137 k983137rstovoi denud983137cii v SSSR Geologi~eskij ùrn983137l 3-43 MoscowJennings J 1977 Limestone T983137blets Experiments 983137t Coolem983137n Pl983137ins New South W983137les Austr983137li983137 983137nd

their implic983137tions A bh983137ndlungen Zur K983137rst-und Hohlenkunde Reihe A ndash Spel983137ologie 15 MuumlnchenKl983137dnik D 2013 Iv983137n G983137ms ndash terminologist encyclopedist biogr983137pher 983137nd more Act983137 geogr983137phic983137 Slove-

nic983137 53-2 Ljublj983137n983137 DOI 103986AGS53200Nov983137k D 1988 Gr983137divo z983137 slovensko speleoloko biogr983137fi jo z bibliogr983137fi jo N983137e j983137me 30 Ljublj983137n983137P983137no V 2001 K983137rsologick983137 983137 speleologick983137 terminologie ilin983137Perko D 2013 Contribution of Iv983137n G983137ms to Sloveni983137s region983137l geogr983137phy 983137nd region983137liz983137tion Act983137 geo-

gr983137phic983137 Slovenic983137 53-2 Ljublj983137n983137 DOI 103986AGS53201S983137rin A Kr983137njc A K983137pelj S Kogovek J Bulj983137n R 1997 On the signific983137nce of dissolved c983137rbon983137tes

in k983137rst processes (G983137ms 983137ppro983137ch) ndash 983137 c983137ll for rese983137rch cooper983137tion Theoretic983137l 983137nd 983137pplied k983137r-stology 10 Bucureşti

Zorn M Kom983137c B 2013 Contribution of Iv983137n G983137ms to Sloveni983137n physic983137l geogr983137phy 983137nd geogr983137phy of n983137tur983137l h983137z983137rds Act983137 geogr983137phic983137 Slovenic983137 53-1 Ljublj983137n983137 DOI 103986AGS53102

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Andrej Kr983137njc Iv983137n G983137ms ndash kr983137soslovec

Ivan Gams ndash krasoslo vec

DOI 103986AGS53101UDK 929G983137ms I5514COBISS 102

IZVLEÊK Ak983137demik Iv983137n G983137ms je n983137jbolj zn983137n slovenski r983137ziskov983137lec kr983137s983137 in n983137jbolj plodovit 983137vtordel o kr983137su Njegov983137 prv983137 z983137poslitev je bil983137 n983137 Intitutu z983137 geogr983137fi jo SAZU in t983137kr983137t se je pri~el ukv983137r-

j983137ti s strokovnim r983137ziskov983137njem kr983137keg983137 povr j983137 in podzemlj983137 Obj983137vil je ve~ iz~rpnih prispevkov o kr983137kih j983137m983137h n983137jbolj odmevne p983137 so bile r983137zisk983137ve Trigl983137vskeg983137 brezn983137 v estdesetih letih prejnjeg983137 stolet j983137 en983137 z983137~etku se je usmeril v r983137zreev983137nje vpr983137983137nj s k983137terimi se je ukv983137r j983137l bolj 983137li m983137nj vse ìvljenje in sobil983137 t983137ko v dom983137~i kot svetovni j983137vnosti tudi n983137jbolj odmevn983137 Prvo je intenzivnost korozi je k983137r je ugo-t983137vlj983137l s pomo~ jo trdote vode pretokov kr983137kih rek in izvirov ter z metodo 983137pnen~evih t983137blet V okvirugeomorfologi je kr983137s983137 p983137 je n983137jve~ pozornosti n983137menil r983137zisk983137v983137m kr983137kih polj e posebej njihovi defini-ci ji in r983137zvo ju

KLJU^NE BESEDE kr983137soslov je korozi j983137 geomorfologi j983137 kr983137s983137 speleologi j983137 983137pnen~eve t983137blete kr983137kopolje Iv983137n G983137ms

AVTOR akad dr Andrej KranjcSAZU Novi trg 3 1000 Ljublj983137n983137kr983137njcas983137zusi

Vsebina

1 Uvod 19

2 Iv983137n G983137ms in kr983137soslov je 193 Pogl983137vitne kr983137soslovne obj983137ve Iv983137n983137 G983137ms983137 204 Sklep 215 Liter983137tur983137 21

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1 UvodAk983137demik G983137ms t983137ko dom983137 kot v svetu gotovo n983137jbolj zn983137ni slovenski r983137ziskov983137lec kr983137s983137 je tudi n983137 n983137j-bolj plodovit 983137vtor zn983137nstvenih strokovnih in poljudnih prispevkov o kr983137su fizi~ni geogr983137fi ji (Kom983137c inZorn 2013) region983137lni geogr983137fi ji (Perko 2013) in tevilnih drugih vej983137h geogr983137fi je (Kl983137dnik 2013) Kot

geogr983137f se je usmeril v fizi~no geogr983137fi jo ~epr983137v so g983137 z983137nim983137le in privl983137~ile tudi druge p983137noge geogr983137fi- je Posebej 983137 g983137 je z983137nim983137l kr983137s kot pomembn983137 slovensk983137 pokr983137 jinsk983137 zn983137~ilnost Ni p983137 bil 983137li ost983137l r983137ziskov983137lecregion983137lne geogr983137fi je kr983137s983137 983137mp983137k se je kr983137s983137 lotil tudi s teoreti~ne pl983137ti in post983137l kr983137soslovec v n983137jir-em pomenu besede 983137l niti iz njegovih strokovnih obj983137v niti iz bolj osebnih z983137pisov ni mogo~eugotoviti kd983137j k983137ko in z983137k983137j se je z983137~el z983137nim983137ti z983137 kr983137s 983137li g983137 je kr983137s privl983137~ev983137l è kot ol983137r j983137 983137li je post983137lnjegov983137 usmeritev kot strokovn983137 raquoni983137laquo ml983137deg983137 geogr983137f983137

2 Ivan Gams in krasoslov jeT983137koj po diplomi let983137 1951 se je z983137poslil n983137 Intitutu z983137 geogr983137fi jo SAZU T983137kr983137t so n983137st983137li G983137msovi prvi

prispevki s podro~ j983137 kr983137s983137 tiri poro~il983137 o novih jugoslov983137nskih knjig983137h o kr983137su V letih n983137 Geogr983137fskemintitutu je obj983137vil okrog 50 prispevkov o kr983137su pribli`no polovico o kr983137kem podzemlju in polovico o kr983137-kem povr ju ozirom kr983137su kot celoti T983137kr983137tne r983137zisk983137ve so z983137~etek G983137msove usmeritve v r983137ziskov983137nje kr983137kihprocesov n983137 povr ju in v podzemlju e posebej korozi je kot temeljneg983137 dej983137vnik983137 kr983137keg983137 preoblikov983137-nj983137 Ker je delo v kr983137kem podzemlju tehni~no z983137htevno se je G983137ms km983137lu priklju~il j983137m983137r jem ozirom983137Drutvu z983137 r983137ziskov983137nje j983137m (DZRJ) Hitro je post983137l dober in izkuen j983137m983137r o ~emer pri~983137 jo r983137zisk983137vePugljeveg983137 brezn983137 t983137kr983137t n983137jglobljeg983137 brezn983137 n983137 Dolenjskem (1959) Dv983137tiso~e j983137me (1960) Brezn983137 podGrudnom (1961) ter z983137~etn983137 op983137zov983137nj983137 Trigl983137vskeg983137 brezn983137 (1957) Let983137 1956 so ljublj983137nski j983137m983137r ji spetusposobili podzemski l983137bor983137torij v Podpeki j983137mi kjer je G983137ms v delovni progr983137m vklju~il raquoposkus s plo-~ic983137milaquo k983137r je bil prvi kor983137k pri n983137s k ugot983137vlj983137nju odnos983137 med erozi jo in korozi jo n983137 kr983137su Iz teg983137 jez leti n983137st983137l983137 raquometod983137 t983137bletlaquo ki jo upor983137blj983137 jo po vsem svetu V t983137 ~983137s sp983137d983137 jo tudi z983137~etki ukv983137r j983137nj983137z morfologi jo kr983137s983137 e posebej kr983137kih polj kot pri~983137 obse`n983137 r983137zpr983137v983137 o kr983137kem polju Globodolu(G983137ms 1959) e let983137 1951 je post983137l ~l983137n odbor983137 DZRJ Bil je prvi odbornik ml983137jeg983137 rodu edini ki ni bil~l983137n è pred drugo svetovno vojno

V enem od biogr983137fskih z983137pisov o Iv983137nu G983137msu (Anonim 1998) l983137koni~no pie raquohellip ker se je ukvar jal tudi s krasom je l 1962 presto pil v Intitut za raziskovanje krasa SAZU v Postojnihelliplaquo kjer je ost983137l do let983137 1966O njegovi z983137vzetosti z983137 delo v j983137m983137rskih krogih in o strokovnosti v speleologi ji pri~983137 tudi dejstvo d983137 jelet983137 1962 z983137 dve leti post983137l predsednik prenovljene j983137m983137rske org983137niz983137ci je to je Drutv983137 z983137 r983137ziskov983137nje

j983137m Sloveni je (DZRJS) pozneje J983137m983137rske zveze Sloveni je Ob tem se je lotil reorg983137niz983137ci je in utrditve dru-tv983137 zvezneg983137 zn983137~983137 j983137 To obdob je t983137ko z org983137niz983137cijskeg983137 kot r983137ziskov983137lneg983137 vidik983137 velj983137 z983137 ~983137s njegoveg983137n983137jbolj dej983137vneg983137 sodelov983137nj983137 v j983137m983137rskih krogih N983137j omenim le njegov bistveni prispevek k uspeni izved-bi IV medn983137rodneg983137 speleolokeg983137 kongres983137 Bil je ~l983137n org983137niz983137cijskeg983137 odbor983137 ~l983137n sekret983137ri983137t983137 in vod j983137komisi je z983137 progr983137m N983137 njegovo pobudo je bil983137 n983137 tem kongresu ust983137novljen983137 Medn983137rodn983137 speleolo-

k983137 zvez983137 Post983137l je njen ~l983137n od let983137 1977 p983137 vod j983137 njene Komisi je z983137 preu~ev983137nje kr983137ke denud983137ci je In~e sem m983137lo oseben pod G983137msovim predstojnitvom sem bil ~l983137n te komisi je in moj983137 poklicn983137 pot se jeusmeril983137 v speleologi jo in kr983137soslov je

Od speleolokih uspehov bi omenil le odpr983137vo let983137 1962 v Trigl983137vsko brezno imenov983137no raquoAkci j983137 Dnolaquodo t983137kr983137t in n983137jbr` do d983137nes t983137ko po tevilu udeleèncev kot po koli~ini opreme ter odmevnosti v dnev-nem ~983137sopis ju in n983137 r983137diu n983137jbolj zn983137nem j983137m983137rskem podvigu pri n983137s V petih letih del983137 n983137 intitutuv Postojni je obj983137vil okrog 40 tehtnejih prispevkov ocen in poro~il polemik pri tem ne te jem od teg98313718 izvirnih zn983137nstvenih ~l983137nkov Ker so obj983137vljeni v revi j983137h gre z983137 ~l983137nke 983137 po obse`nosti bi m983137rsik983137te-remu l983137hko rekli monogr983137fi j983137 K983137r pet izmed njih preseg983137 50 str983137ni prispevek o j983137mi Log983137r~ek je n98313777 str983137neh o f983137ktor jih korozi je p983137 n983137 57 str983137neh ob983137 st983137 izl983137 v poro~ilih postojnskeg983137 intitut983137 Act983137 c983137r-sologic983137 V tem ~983137su so se izoblikov983137le pogl983137vitne r983137ziskov983137lne smeri r983137ziskov983137nj983137 kr983137s983137 ki se jih je G983137ms

posve~983137l v svo ji dolgi k983137rieri geomorfologi j983137 in hidrologi j983137 kr983137s983137 procesi z983137kr983137sev983137nj983137 s poud983137rkom n983137korozi ji preu~ev983137nje j983137m in kr983137k983137 terminologi j983137Let983137 1966 je G983137ms post983137l sodel983137vec univerzitetneg983137 Intitut983137 z983137 geogr983137fi jo e isteg983137 let983137 p983137 je bil izvo-

ljen z983137 izredneg983137 profesor j983137 fizi~ne geogr983137fi je n983137 Oddelku z983137 geogr983137fi jo Filozofske f983137kultete Univerze


19




v Ljublj983137ni e prvo leto je v pred983137v983137nj983137 o geomorfologi ji vklju~il obseèn sezn983137m del posve~en kr983137supozne je p983137 je kr983137s kot Geogr983137fi j983137 kr983137s983137 post983137l s983137mosto jen predmet V letih n983137 univerzi in pozne je kot upo-ko jenec je 983137k983137demik G983137ms obj983137vil okrog 170 prispevkov s kr983137ko vsebino Z983137k983137j raquookroglaquo Ker je G983137msizr983137zito raquokompleksnilaquo geogr983137f ~e upor983137bim izr983137z 983137k983137demik983137 Ilei~983137 ki ne n983137 pokr983137 jino ne n983137 procese indog983137 j983137nj983137 v njej ni gled983137l ozko 983137mp983137k celovito je v~983137sih te`ko re~i 983137li gre pri k983137ki obj983137vi z983137 kr983137ko 983137li

k983137ko drugo vsebino Zn983137~ilen primer je region983137lni ozirom983137 fizi~nogeogr983137fski opis Bele kr983137 jine (G983137ms 1961)Podobno je z opredelitvi jo o`je tem983137tike korozi j983137 in odl983137g983137nje sige st983137 sicer n983137sprotn983137 983137 tesno povez983137-n983137 poj983137v983137 ndash r983137zt983137plj983137nje k983137mine n983137d j983137mo in odl983137g983137nje sige v njej lebi~i so povrinsk983137 mikroreliefn983137oblik983137 983137 so posledic983137 korozi je (slik983137 1) To omenj983137m le v toliko d983137 je mogo~e videti k983137ko irok je bil G983137m-sov pogled n983137 geogr983137fi jo fizi~no geogr983137fi jo in kr983137soslov je In njegov983137 z983137dnj983137 obj983137v983137 o r983137zvo ju subkut983137neg983137kr983137s983137 v Beli kr983137 jini je izl983137 let983137 2011 v revi ji Act983137 c983137rsologic983137 v isti kjer je bil983137 obj983137vljen983137 en983137 od njegovihprvih tehtnejih r983137zpr983137v o kr983137su tudi j983137 o kr983137kem izviru Mito~ice (G983137ms 1955)

Slika 1 Tudi za preu~evanje korozijskih oblik velja na~elo raquood najmanjega k najve~jemulaquo ndash tako je Gams pri~el z meritvami lebi~ev (Zve-~ava Hercegovina)

Glej 983137ngleki del prispevk983137

3 Pogla vitne krasoslovne obja ve Ivana Gamsa

G983137msovo z983137nim983137nje z983137 kr983137s in izsledke njegovih r983137zisk983137v k983137è jo njegove obj983137ve ki jih sku983137m strniti v ne-k983137j skupin N983137jve~ njegovih r983137zpr983137v (50) je posve~enih geomorfologi ji kr983137s983137 Prevl983137du je jo del983137 o korozi ji(r983137zt983137plj983137nju 983137pnenc983137) pomemben dele` z983137vzem983137 jo tudi tudi je o kr983137kih poljih Kr983137s ni le povr je jetudi podzemlje in temu je G983137ms n983137menil en983137ko pozornost kot povr ju Med okrog 40 ob j983137v983137mi s spe-leoloko vsebino jih je n983137jve~ posve~enih k983137pnikom in sigi procesom njeneg983137 odl983137g983137nj983137 oblik983137m st983137rostiin ohr983137nj983137nju (slik983137 2)

Ost983137lo so del983137 z o jo speleoloko tem983137tiko kot so opisi in splone tudi je o j983137m983137h njihovi velikosti

oblik983137h in n983137st983137nku Pomemben dele` im983137 jo tudi del983137 o j983137mski klimi ozirom983137 mikroklimi Glede n983137 te-vilo obj983137vljenih del je n983137 tret jem mestu G983137msovo ukv983137r j983137nje s hidrologi jo kr983137s983137 Pri tem mor983137mspomniti d983137 golo tevilo obj983137v ni vedno ustrezno merilo z983137 pripr983137vo 50 str983137ni dolge r983137zpr983137ve o hidro-logi ji ozemlj983137 med Postojnskim Pl983137ninskim in Cerknikim poljem (G983137ms 1966) je bilo potrebnih velikove~ op983137zov983137nj meritev zbir983137nj983137 liter983137ture in preu~ev983137nj983137 kot p983137 n983137 primer z983137 opis ~epr983137v temeljit in teh-ten Dv983137tiso~e j983137me Terminologi ji kr983137s983137 so sicer n983137menjen983137 le tiri del983137 983137 z983137to G983137msovo delo n983137 tem podro~ juni nepomembno kot bo videti iz n983137d983137ljnjeg983137 besedil983137 Kot geogr983137f G983137ms tudi pri preu~ev983137nju kr983137s983137 nimogel mimo ~lovek983137 Obj983137v o povez983137nosti ~lovek983137 s kr983137som njunem medsebojnem vplivu kot tudi posle-dic983137h ~lovekoveg983137 delov983137nj983137 n983137 kr983137ko okolje je k983137r 17

Slika 2 Gams je meril trdoto krakih voda ndash iz prenasi~enih se na povrju odlaga lehnjak (slap Kravica na reki Trebiàt Hercegovina)

Glej 983137ngleki del prispevk983137[e teè kot opredeliti G983137msov983137 obj983137vljen983137 del983137 o kr983137su jih je ovrednotiti to je opredeliti njihov pomen

v okviru dom983137~e in medn983137rodne r983137ziskov983137lne srenje predvsem v krogih kr983137soslovcev in geogr983137fov Ve~i-n983137 G983137msovih del o kr983137su je izl983137 v ~983137su ko bibliometri~nih meril e ni bilo in tudi 983137vtor ji ki so ozirom983137ki citir983137 jo G983137msov983137 del983137 so v ve~ ji meri iz teg983137 obdob j983137 V SICRIS-u je n983137 primer pod983137tek d983137 so bil983137 G983137m-sov983137 del983137 med letom983137 1998 in 2013 citir983137n983137 52 kr983137t T983137 pod983137tek pove ve~ le o tem d983137 r983137ziskov983137lci ki d983137nesn983137jve~ pie jo ne citir983137 jo ve~ toliko st983137rejih obj983137v n983137 primer G983137msovih del iz estdesetih 983137li sedemdese-tih let prejnjeg983137 stolet j983137 povsem p983137 je prezrto dejstvo d983137 so G983137msov983137 del983137 citir983137n983137 v delih in revi j983137h ki

jih bibliometri j983137 ne upotev983137 k983137r je njen983137 sl983137b983137 str983137n z983137 kr983137soslov je e d983137nd983137nes V raquokr983137soslovni bibli jilaquoto je v Kr983137ki geomorfologi ji in hidrologi ji 983137vtor jev Ford983137 in Willi983137ms983137 je v prvi izd983137 ji (1989) citir983137nih

en983137jst G983137msovih del v z983137dnji (Ford in Willi983137ms 2007) p983137 petn983137jst To pomeni d983137 v tem temeljnem kr983137-soslovnem delu ni s983137mo n983137jve~ G983137msovih del izmed vseh slovenskih 983137li jugoslov983137nskih kr983137soslovcev 983137mp983137k je med stotin983137mi cit983137tov le nek983137j 983137vtor jev citir983137nih tolikokr983137t kot G983137ms To p983137 je dok983137z d983137 je v svetov-nem merilu G983137ms med n983137jbolj citir983137nimi 983137vtor ji o kr983137su

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4 SklepKot l983137hko sodim po bolj povrnem l983137stnem pozn983137v983137nju n983137vedb983137h pred983137v983137teljev n983137 strokovnih sre~983137njihin nesistem983137ti~nem pregledu G983137msovih cit983137tov v liter983137turi so n983137jpomembneji G983137msovi dose`ki v kr983137-soslov ju s treh podro~ij

bull Ugot983137vlj983137nje intenzivnosti korozi je n983137 podl983137gi meritve trdote in pretokov kr983137kih izvirov ter kr983137kih rekKo se je G983137ms lotil teh meritev in r983137zisk983137v je bil983137 to novost ne le pri n983137s 983137mp983137k v svetu n983137sploh Vpe-lj983137l jo je fr983137ncoski kr983137soslovec J Corbel G983137ms p983137 mord983137 podrobne je spozn983137l tudi s pomo~ jo Corbeloveg983137u~enc983137 zn983137neg983137 poljskeg983137 kr983137soslovc983137 M Puline ki je bil pri G983137msu d983137lj ~983137s983137 n983137 tudijskem obisku v Slo-veni ji G983137msovo delo n983137 tem podro~ ju je bilo t983137ko odmevno in cenjeno d983137 je bil n983137 nekem strokovnemsre~983137nju celo predl983137g983137n pro jekt s tem ciljem ki n983137j bi upor983137blj983137l raquoG983137msov pristoplaquo ozirom983137 raquoG983137mso-vo metodolaquo (S983137rin s sodel983137vci 1997)

bull Ugot983137vlj983137nje in primer j983137nje intenzivnosti z983137kr983137sev983137nj983137 s pomo~ jo 983137pnen~evih t983137blet metod983137 n983137 pod-l983137gi k983137tere je G983137ms z983137~el s prvimi meritv983137mi v Podpeki j983137mi è let983137 1959 (G983137ms 1959983137) T983137 metod983137 se

je kot posebej ustrezn983137 izk983137z983137l983137 z983137 primer j983137vo procesov z983137kr983137sev983137nj983137 v r983137zli~nih delih svet983137 in v r983137zli~-nih podnebnih p983137sovih k983137r je t983137ko reko~ po vsem svetu vzpodbudilo r983137ziskov983137lce kr983137s983137 d983137 so jo z983137~eliupor983137blj983137ti in jo m983137rsik je upor983137blj983137 jo e d983137nes (G983137ms 1985 Iv983137nov s sodel983137vci 1983 Jennings 1977)

bull Tret ji k983137r ne pomeni d983137 tret ji po pomenu je G983137msov prispevek h kr983137ki geomorfologi ji e posebej k preu-~ev983137nju kr983137kih polj (slik983137 3) e e ne v celoti spre jet983137 je p983137 gotovo medn983137rodno n983137jbolj odmevn983137 njegov983137definici j983137 kr983137keg983137 polj983137 (G983137ms 1978) Pomembne in odmevne so tudi druge njegove r983137zisk983137ve in obj983137-ve o kr983137kih poljih Presene~983137 p983137 me d983137 njegov983137 tez983137 o dvof983137znem r983137zvo ju kr983137kih polj (G983137ms 1973)tehtno podprt983137 s terenskimi r983137zisk983137v983137mi n983137 n983137ih kr983137kih poljih ni doìvel983137 ve~ jeg983137 odmev983137 in upo-tev983137nj983137 pri preu~ev983137nju kr983137kih polj Posebej ker ne gre le z983137 kr983137k983137 polj983137 v Sloveni ji 983137mp983137k kot l983137hkore~em iz l983137stnih izkuenj ker t983137k r983137zvoj e r983137zlo~ne je k983137è jo kr983137k983137 polj983137 n983137 din983137rskem kr983137su zun983137j Slo-veni je Mord983137 je r983137zlog okoli~in983137 d983137 je ~l983137nek izel r983137zmerom983137 zgod983137j ko je bilo treb983137 obj983137ve isk983137ti eraquoro~nolaquo mord983137 je temu t983137ko ker je izel v nem~ini (983137mp983137k t983137kr983137t 983137ngle~in983137 e ni t983137ko prevl983137dov983137l983137kot d983137nes) mord983137 p983137 z983137to ker revi j983137 (Erdkundliches Wissen ) ni med r983137ziskov983137lci din983137rskeg983137 kr983137s983137 bil983137pretir983137no r983137zir jen983137

Slika 3 Med povrinskimi krakimi oblikami so Gamsa najbolj privla~ila kraka polja (Dabarsko polje Hercegovina)


Nik983137kor p983137 ne moremo mimo G983137msoveg983137 prispevk983137 k slovenski kr983137ki terminologi ji (slik983137 4) To njego-vo delo sicer ni ozirom983137 niti ne more biti t983137ko medn983137rodno odmevno (upotev983137 jo p983137 g983137 tuje terminologi jen983137 primer n983137jpopolnej983137 P983137noev983137) (P983137no 2001) z983137to p983137 je z983137 n983137s njegov983137 Slovensk983137 kr983137k983137 terminolo-gi j983137 (G983137ms 1973983137) temeljni in bolj 983137li m983137nj edini vir te vrste

Slika 4 Svoj dele` je Gams prispeval tudi k slovenski terminologiji tropskega krasa stoèc mogota stog stolp (Yangshuo Guangxi Kitajska)


V Srbi ji so zbr983137n983137 del983137 Jov983137n983137 Cvi ji983137 izd983137li v 14 knjig983137h ob stoletnici rojstv983137 Josip983137 Rogli983137 so Hrv983137tjemed njegovimi izbr983137nimi deli izd983137li posebno knjigo njegovih prispevkov o kr983137su ndash bomo zbr983137n983137 del983137 n983137eg983137n983137jve~ jeg983137 svetovno prizn983137neg983137 kr983137soslovc983137 dobili tudi Slovenci

5 LiteraturaGlej 983137ngleki del prispevk983137


21




Ivan Gams ndash karstologist

DOI 103986AGS53101UDC 929G983137ms I5514COBISS 102

ABSTRACT Ac983137demici983137n Iv983137n G983137ms is Sloveni983137s best known rese983137rcher of k983137rst 983137nd the most prolific983137uthor of works on k983137rst During his first job 983137t the Institute of Geogr983137phy of the Sloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd Arts he st983137rted rese983137rching the k983137rst surf983137ce 983137nd underground He published sever983137l in-depthpublic983137tions on k983137rst c983137ves the most well-known being the studies of the sh983137ft Trigl983137vsko brezno in the1960s Right from the beginning he focused on issues to which he then dedic983137ted more or less his wholelife ndash 983137nd which were 983137lso widely recognized by profession983137l public both 983137t home 983137nd 983137bro983137d ndash n983137mely corrosion intensity determined by the h983137rdness of w983137ter 983137nd the disch983137rges of k983137rst rivers 983137nd springs983137nd the method of limestone t983137blets Within the geomorphology of k983137rst G983137ms w983137s mostly de983137ling withthe k983137rst polje especi983137lly its definition 983137nd evolution

KEY WORDS k983137rstology corrosion k983137rst geomorphology speleology limestone t983137blets k983137rst polje Iv983137nG983137ms

The 983137rticle w983137s submitted for public983137tion on April 25 2013

ADDRESSAndrej Kranjc Ph D academicianSloveni983137n Ac983137demy of Sciences 983137nd ArtsNovi trg 3 1000 Ljublj983137n983137E-m983137il kr983137njcas983137zusi

Contents

1 Introduction 112 Iv983137n G983137ms 983137nd k983137rstology 113 The m983137in k983137rstologic983137l

public983137tions of Iv983137n G983137ms 124 Conclusion 145 References 15

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Documents

IVAN GAMS – KARSTOLOGIST, Andrej Kranjc, 2013