IV. Nationalism and IV. Nationalism and the Unification of the Unification of

Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy

Mr. CargileMission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA

A. Language and A. Language and National Identity National Identity

Before 1871Before 1871

1. Language

a. Language was usually the crucial element in creating a feeling of national unity, but language and citizenship rarely coincided.

b. The idea of redrawing the boundaries of states to accommodate linguistic, religious, and cultural differences led to the forging of larger states from the many German and Italian principalities, but it threatened to break large multiethnic empires like Austria-Hungary into smaller states.

2. National Identity

a. Until the 1860s:-nationalism was associated with liberalism, as in the Italian

liberal nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini.

b. After 1848:- Conservative political leaders learned how to preserve the social status quo by using public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests to build a sense of national identity that national identity that focused loyalty on the state.focused loyalty on the state.

The Unification

Of Italy, 1860-1870

The Unification

Of Italy, 1860-1870

B. The Unification of Italy, B. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1860-18901890

1. By the mid 19th century, popular sentiment favored Italian unification. Unification was opposed by Pope Pius IX & Austria.2. Count Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, used the rivalry btw Fr. & Austria to gain the help of Fr. In pushing the Austrians out of northern Italy.

3. In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolutionary army in 1860 that defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

B. The Unification of Italy, B. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1860-18901890

The revolutionary Italian firebrand Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) set sail for Sicily in May 1860, with but a thousand poorly armed, red-shirted followers, to help the island overthrow its Bourbon ruler. This painting shows Garibaldi leading his "Red Shirts" to victory over the Neapolitan Army. Garibaldi's successful conquests in the south and Count Camillo di Cavour's in the north opened the way

for Italian unification.

Garibaldi leading "Red Shirts"

4. A new Kingdom of Italy, headed by Victor Emmanuel (the former king of Piedmont-Sardinia) was formed in 1860.In time [were added to Italy]:

Venetia (1866)The Papal States (1870)

B. The Unification of Italy, B. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1860-18901890

For centuries many Italians had dreamed of national unity, but the reality was not achieved until 1861. This painting/fresco by Cesare Maccari (1840-1919) depicts the historic meeting between the successful military leader of the unification drive, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel, at the Bridge of Teano in the fall of 1860. This meeting sealed the unification of northern and

southern Italy.

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

B. The Unification of Italy, B. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1860-18901890

Traditionally a

region of powerful and independent nation-states, the 19th century saw the eventual, if painful, unification of Italy.

C. The Unification of C. The Unification of Germany, Germany,

1866-18711866-1871

Between 1865 and 1871, industrial might and a growing sense of German nationalism led to Prussia's annexation of surrounding territories and marked the beginnings of a powerful unified German state.

C. German Unification

1. Until the 1860s: > German-speaking people were divided among Prussia, the western half of the Austrian Empire, and numerous smaller states.> Prussia took the lead in the lead in the movement for German unity because it had a strong industrial base in the Rhineland & army that was equipped w/ the latest military, transportation, & communications technology.

C. German Unification

2. During the reign of Wilhelm I (r. 1861-1888): Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck achieved the

unification of Germany through a combination of diplomacy and the Franco-Prussian War.

Victory over France in the FPW completed the unification of Germany, but it also resulted in German control over the French

provinces of Alsace and Lorraine & thus in the long-term enmity btw France & Germany.

The ultimate blow to French pride and the culmination of the German nationalist movement was the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on January 18, 1871. This painting by the German painter Anton von Werner (1843-1915) depicts William I presiding over the creation of the Second Reich, while Otto von Bismarck, the nation builder, and the military theoretician Helmuth von Moltke stand at his feet.

Wilhelm proclaimed Emperor

This map deserves careful study. Note how Prussian expansion, Austrian expulsion from the old German Confederation, and the creation of a new German empire went hand in hand. Austria lost no territory, but Prussia's neighbors in the north suffered grievously or simply disappeared. The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine turned France into a lasting enemy of Germany before 1914.

The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871

D. Nationalism after D. Nationalism after 18711871

D. Nationalism after 1871

1. After the FPW: All politicians tried to manipulate public opinion All politicians tried to manipulate public opinion

in order to bolster their gov’ts. by using the in order to bolster their gov’ts. by using the press & public education in order to foster press & public education in order to foster nationalistic loyalties.nationalistic loyalties.

In many countries the dominant group used In many countries the dominant group used nationalism to justify the imposition of nationalism to justify the imposition of language, religion, or customslanguage, religion, or customs on minority on minority populations, as in the attempt of Russia to populations, as in the attempt of Russia to “Russify”“Russify” its diverse ethnic populations. its diverse ethnic populations.

D. Nationalism after 1871

2. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) & others:2. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) & others: Took up Darwin’s ideas of “natural Took up Darwin’s ideas of “natural

selection” & “survival of the fittest” selection” & “survival of the fittest” applied them to human societies in such a applied them to human societies in such a

way as to justify European conquest of way as to justify European conquest of foreign nations & the foreign nations & the social & gendersocial & gender hierarchies of Western society.hierarchies of Western society.