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]'A'M,:;iioAN'ARCWOLOGY ill' Eni:NOLOGy.~A.,I..:KrOeb;~::·Edi,.' .:@}~1~~t~'t~!;~,~~\~~,~~i;Jt25~~:(C~:·~~1.~:'~ch;'i~~~'/§~';i~t{ .~~,V/::;.j'i1,~';:f~~,,;Vol.,1. P;.l~, Lite and Culture ot the Hupa, by PUny Earle Goddard.j.

J It~I~~~!",.,,;r,;~~~tfl~r~fJ~f~i;~~;~,.~~:~a~~~~~:~F~~.~~:~d:-:PP.~89..S68·::;~-i~,it~~" ::;';-\:~';.;..:~::~:~' :'~~::::~:.:yol 2. '1. The Exploration ot the Potter Creek Cave, by WUllam:I,,',

.,

..' .. " . ~,' . ~ .

F;\0~;:~)l ·('t~V~l'S.,.'f;.;;-:The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by PllnyEarle;:"

l . _.-

BY

IN

April 3, 1914Vol. 10, No.6, pp. 265·288, pis. 38·41

PAGEIntroduction 265Habitat 266Neighbors _ _ _ 267History 267Culture 270Villages _ 272Summer Camps _ _ 276Local Points of Interest __._ _ _ __..•._ _.._ 278

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

While this fragmentary account of the Chilula probably couldbe considerably extended and improved if circumstances per­mitted additional visits to the neighborhood, anything like acomplete account would be impossible. Although it is only sixty­five years since they :first came in contact with white people, theyhave ceased to exist as a separate people. In 1906 the northernvillages were represented by a family consisting of an aged man,Tom Hill, a son, Dan Hill, and a daughter, Mary Willis, who,while born in Chilula territory, had lived since .1888 in HoopaValley. Besides these there were living in Hoopa Valley severalIndians whose parents were Chilula but who were themselvesborn and reared among the Hupa. South of the Bald Hillsthere were still living a very aged woman (pI. 40, fig. 1) and herhusband, Molasses. The latter was a native of Mad River.

NOTES ON THE CHILULA INDIANS OF

NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

PLINY EARLE GODDARD

-),J ---..J

266 University of California P'Ublicati~nsin Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 10.

\Near Bair's was Doctor Tom's family, which included numeroushalf-breed grandchildren. But the adults of both families hadlived for many years at Hoopa before resettling on RedwoodCreek. .

The information presented here was obtained from Tom Hilland his son and from the wife of Molasses. From these inform­ants were also obtained a number of important texts of myths,tales, and ceremonies.

If a full account of the Chilula were possible, its chief interestwould probably be the deviations from the Hupa type of culture,due to environmental differences, and certain transitionalfeatures. The Athapascans of upper Redwood Creek and MadRiver had a culture dissimilar from the Hupa in many points.It appears that in a few particulars the Chilula shared the cultureof the south rather than that of the Trinity and Klamath rivers.Mainly, however, they seem to have been one with the Hupa inlanguage, culture, and political feeling. For this reason it wasat first thought unnecessary to devote much time to the study ofthe Chilula. Since circumstances will probably prevent a fur­ther attempt to reconstruct their life, it seems best to publishthese notes, of which those on the location of the villages areconsidered of chief importance.

HABITAT

The Chilula1 formerly occupied a number of villages alongthe lower portion of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, Cali­fornia. This stream, which is just too small to be classed asa river, flows nearly straight in a northwesterly direction towithin a short distance of its mouth, where it turns westward tothe ocean. It is separated from the valley of the Trinity Riveron the east by a ridge nearly 4,000 feet high, and from Mad Riverand the coastal plain on the west by ridges from 2,000 to 3,000feet high.

The valley wall on the west side of the creek is heavilywooded. The forest for the lower third, the portion occupied by

1 This name, said by Kroeber to be from the Yurok nams for the BaldHills, tsula, was applied by Stephen Powers without proper discriminationboth to the Athapascan people treated in this paper and to their Yurok·speaking enemies living at the mouth of Redwood Creek.

HISTORY

The first mention of the Chilula is by George Gibbs, whopassed directly through their territory in 1851. His companysurprised a party of them on the ridge west of Redwood Creek,where they were probably camped to gather acorns. The men

"

the Chilula, consists largely of redwood, among which many tan'oaks stand. The rather steep slope of the eastern side is brokenin many places by the valleys of the numerous small tributarieswhich are separated from each other by short transverse ridges.The higher portions of these ridges and much of the main ridgeare devoid of timber and for this reason are called Bald Hills.The Chilula are locally known as Bald Hill Indians. South ofthese hills the stream is bordered 'by a series of flats, on whicha number of the more important Chilula villages were situated.

NEIGHBORS

The northern neighbors of the Chilula are the Yurok, whooccupy the valley of Klamath River and formerly claimed theland several miles back from the river for the purpose of hunt·ing and gathering wild vegetable products. At the mouth ofRedwood Creek and along the coast are also Yurok-speakingpeople known to the Chilula and Hupa as Teswan and theircountry as Teswanta. To the east along the Trinity are theHupa, and to the south on the upper portion of Redwood Creekand on Mad River are the Whilkut, both being Athapascan inspeech. With the Wiyot of Humboldt Bay the Chilula seem tohave had little intercourse.

With the Hupa the Chilula are very intimately connected.There is only a slight difference in dialect. Intermarriage seemsto have been frequent for a long time past. The Chilula werewelcomed at the Hupa ceremonies from which the Whilkut wereexcluded. The Yurok of Klamath River were also generally con­sidered friends. The Teswan of the coast, however, were thetraditional enemies of the Chilula and the heavily wooded regionseparating their villages was a place of danger. Toward theWhillrnt the Chilula seem to have entertained a feeling of dis­trust and condescension.

267Goddard: Chilula India'118 of Northwestern California1914]'h. and Ethn.

le, its chief interest,pa type of culture,~rtain transitional")d Creek and Mad .;,

~a in many points~~;

1 shared the culture 'nd Klamath rive~"'i

l with the Hupa in _. this reason it waS;:ime to the study of ,~bly prevent a fur~:

lms best to publish"of the villages ari! ";

neluded numerouS .•~both familie!l had ",~

. ",.\-

tling on Redwood'\,.. :.,

.~:'~~,(~.led from Tom Hill '}I'rom these inform- ' {',nt texts of myths,

~r of villages alongboldt CoUnty, Cali­~ll to be classed asesterly direction to.t turns westward to)f the Trinity River' ':and from Mad River ,;from 2,000 to 3,000

he creek is heavilyportion occupied by,

.... :::..:

Hok name for the Bald ,it proper discrimination '.)er and to their Yarolt~,Creek. ".'l':t

;~I,'-!{"

268 University of California Publications in .Am. .Arch. and Ethn.

fled from this camp, leaving the women and children behind.­They also left their permanent villages on Redwood Creek onthe approach of the party and betrayed their presence only bytheir signal smokes. Gibbs says "of then1: "These Bald HillIndians, as they are called, have a very bad reputation amongthe packers, and s~everal lives, as well as much property, havebeen lost through their -means. They appear to lead a moreroving life than those of the Klamath and Trinity rivers; withthe latter of whom they seem, however, to be connected. "2 Gibbsgives TchO-Io-lah as their Yurok name and mentions the names inthe same language of five of their villages.

From the accounts given by the Indians themselves and bythe early white settlers it appears that soon after the mines ofthe Klamath and Salmon rivers were opened in 1850 many travel­lers with packtrains carrying supplies began passing throughthe territory of the Chilula, which was crossed by the trails bothfrom Trinidad and Humboldt Bay. Trouble soon arose from thesuspicion with which each race viewed the other and the Indiansbegan waylaying the travelers and robbing the packtrains. Thewhite men in turn shot the Indians at sight.

Although there were regular troops at Fort Humboldt onHumboldt Bay and at Camp Gaston in Hoopa Valley, thesettlers organized a company of volunteers for which recognition'Vas obtained from the state. This company entered on a cam­paign of extermination and deportation, a step which the officersof the regular forces refused to take. After operating on MadRiver and the upper portion of Redwood Creek, they camped ona flat about a mile north of Thomas Bair's ranch house. Mr.Albers, a settler living a few miles down the creek, was inducedto call a council of the Chilula at his house. He did this withsome misgivings and only after being assured that the councilwas for the purpose of establishing peace. He sent out a HupaIndian who was working for him at the time to call in theChilula, many of whom, trusting to the word of Albers, assembled.The troops were thrown around them and they were taken asprisoners to Humboldt Bay.

2 Henry Schoolcraft, Information respecting the History, Conditions,and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia,1854), Part ill, 134.

i:Qlli~dren;,behin

ed*60«(C;~konl'p~!se~c~:oniy by'T:'lie!!ie ~::J3ald Hillt~ ~1,i)'~¢:' ~,'•.; "Jl:"/~~ fci": .', / .1: '. " ,~'

~eputatlOn' among,:'li;,:property, have';"'~ t~"le~d, a more';lrij,tyllr~,,~~ j' With:"ui~cted."2 Gibb!3\;i6;S tb.~' ~ames ~"

",I,;

~e~'~l~esandby'fter,~the: mines ofi850 ~any travel:':I ,,-,L,f ,;,,' , . :"., _ '-,',.," ~

:passing through':byIthe trails both',oI{;rosj{jfi.o~ th~1r :~rid'the IIldi.~~?~i~ins~A'h~

,-." .'

· ,

270 University of California Publications in ..II.m. ..II.rch. and Ethn. [VaLlO

Chilula who were in waiting, as they assert, according to anarrangement with the agent at Hoopa.

With the exception of one family, the remammg Chilularemoved to Hoopa Valley, where several Chilula who had Hupaconnections had been living previously. A number of- the familiesliving at the northern end of HoopaYalley are of C:lilula origin.3

CUIJrURE

The culture of the Chilula does not seem to have differedmuch from that of the Hupa except in those particulars whichwere the direct result of environmental differences.,. The Hupavillages were located on the Trinity River, which for much ofthe year could be crossed only in canoes. Trayel and transporta­tion were largely by water. Redwood Creek is too small a streamto require canoes for crossing or to accommodate them for generaltravel.

The Hupa took vast numbers of salmon by means of weirsreaching entirely across the stream. Since these weirs requiredgreat labor to construct, they were looked upon as communityproperty where any Hupa might come to fish subject to certainconditions. The weirs employed in Redwood Creek were smalland insignificant in comparison. They were employed for catch­ing lamprey eels and trout, rather than salmon. The salmon weregenerally taken in the small branches of Redwood Creek byspears, or at the base of certain natural waterfalls, called nole,·by means of nets.

The Chilula are reputed to have surpassed the Hupa ashunters and this may have been the case. The heavy redwoodforests to the west were frequented by herds of elk and the halfopen and half timbered ridges to the east were especiallyfavorable for deer.

8 Among these is McCan, from whom material published in HupaTexts, in volume one of this series, was obtained.

(The Indian words in this paper have the open vowels unmarked andthe closed ones with a macron. Of the consonants, k is always glottallyaffected, t is glottally affected, t is strongly aspirated, x is a surd palat~lspirant, ii is in the palatal position, L is a surd lateral spirant, and L ISthe same glottally affected.

271Goddard: Chilula Indians of Northwestern California1914]

The permanent houses of the Chilula appear to have been ofthe same sort as those occupied by the Hupa. During the ~um­

mer months the Hupa were accustomed to sleep in brush sheltersnear the villages. The Chilula seem to have regularly left theirvillages in the summer and fall and to have lived in regular anddeflnitely located camps on the higher portion· of the ridges.These camps were near some spring or cold stream and in theneighborhood of some special vegetable food for the gatheringof which the camp was maintained. In summer various bulbs andthe seeds of grasses were sought. In the fall camps were madefor gathering acorns. The latter were especially abundant on thewestern ridge where the tan oaks grow among the redwoods. Forthese camps houses of the shape of the winter house, the regularHupa and Yurok type, were built. No pits were dug, however,and they were enclosed with bark instead of split lumber. Thisis the material which was used for the permanent houses by theAthapascan people to the south on Mad River.

Sweathouses of the Hupa-Yurok type seem to have been apart of each village and in them the men slept. In addition tothese, however, mention is made, in regard to two of the villages,of large circular dance houses. These are common to the south.The sweathouse seems not to have been used south of the Chilulaexcept in one village on upper Redwood Creek.

In the matter of industrial and decorative art no differencesare mentioned by either the Hupa or the Chilula. That therewere slight differences is probable. These would be, in part,due to different materials available and minor differences inoccupation and, in part, to transitions toward the related peoplesof the south.

The social and political organization seems to have been ofthe same sort as that prevailing at Hupa. Each village had aleader who held his position because of his personal characterand wealth. Some of these village chiefs because of their per­sonal force of character and bravery had influence and wererecognized in other villages. On the whole there appears to havebeen a surprising lack of political coherence between the variousvillages. It is difficult to determine what constituted the largerunits. That the Chilula were politically distinct from the Hupa

".::"

j

t~

1

...... '.

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published in IIupa

wels unmarked andis always glottal1yx is a surd pala~

LI spirant, and L 18

:d the Hupa asI heavy redwoodelk and the halfwere especially

~cording to an

) have differed~rticulars which~es. The Hupach for much ofand transporta­) small a stream;hem for general

td Ethn. [Vol.IO

aining Chilulawho had Hupa~ of the familiesChilula origin.s

means of weirs~ weirs required1 as communitylbject to certainreek were small)loyed for catch­The salmon werelwood Creek by11ls, called nole,4

8 Southeast corner of Section 9, Township 9 North, Range 2 East.7 Northwest quarter of Section 22, Townsbip 9 North, Range 2 East.S Near the middle of south side of Section 24, Township 9 North, Range

2 East.

Redwood Creek on a small flat south of a ridge along which theTrinidad trail used to run. A. small creek a short distance south,entering Redwood Creek from the east, wollij have furnishedexcellent salmon fishing. A depression resembling those char­acteristic of sweathouses was seen. Tom Hill's oldest brotherused to live at this village, which was deserted many years ago,probably because of its nearness to the trail. This and the fol­lowing sites are shovro. on the map in plate 38.

B. Nolediii. This former large village remained occupieduntil 1888, when the Hill family left it and moved to HoopaValley. The site is at the foot of a long glade which slopestoward the creek from which it is nearly half a mile distant.6

A spring north of the village site furnished water. In the edgeof the timber, which approaches the village site within a fewyards on the north, are two large redwood trees, hollow, withlarge openings toward the south. In these living trees familiesused to spend the winter. During our visit in 1906 a rainyafternoon was spent in one of them in which a fire was main­tained, the smoke escaping through the high opening in the side.

The village derived its name and perhaps its existence from anole, or waterfall, a short distance up the stream. The creekbed was formerly choked with huge boulders, causing a fall,which was jumped by the salmon with difficulty. The fishingfor both salmon and lamprey eels, carried on with nets belowthe fall, was excellent. Since the village has been abandonedseveral of these boulders have been displaced so that a fall ofonly three feet remains.

C. Lotcimme. A former village about a mile upstream fromthe last and seventy-five yards east of Redwood Creek stood inan opening of about an acre.7 Obscure housepit-like depressionswere seen on the north side of the glade near a stream whichfurnished drinking-water. A weir for lamprey eels used to bebuilt in Redwood Creek nearby.

D. Kiiikyolai. A large and important former village situ­ated on the eastern end of a ridge above Jonathan Lyons' ranchhouse and about a mile east of it.s There is timber nearby on

-'. and Ethn. [Vol. 10

lpa at the begin­'ed by the Hupaoeen due to exist­division between

.a is made rather

. than from any!hilula.reater differencesigious ceremonies11 characteristics.meet local needB.lrin dances beforedance must havewas essentially- a. In recent yearsHupa ceremonies

IS show no notice­lven are there theHupa myths andlOst as frequentlylUnts are equally

illages, Dan Hill,.on, was taken toAlbers place were

below are thoseafterwards veri­

I and locations of1 1907 from inde­e stream. Begin-

uld not be locatedut a mile east of

I 2 East, Humboldt

1914J Goddard: Chilula Indians of Northwestern California 273

274 University ot Calitornfu Publications in .Am'. .Arch. and Ethn. (VoL 10

the northern slope of the ridge. In the edge of the timber isa spring which furnished the village with water. Besides thesweathouse site, seventeen house pits were counted. This villagewas the home of the Socktish family, many of whom are nowliving with the Hupa. The he3~ of the family at the comingof white people was a man of influence and a noted warrior.His name was KiLtcil;' "crazy." His wife ,was a Hupa womanand perhaps for that reason the family moved to Hoopa Valley.

(See pl. 39, fig. 1.)E. KinyUkkyomUiia. This site was not visited. It is said

to be on the north side of Coyote Creek below a large rock.9

There are said to be house pits there, Tom Hill said this wasthe village where the people who lived at Kiiikyolai spent thecolder months of the winter. It is unlikely that two permanentvillages were maintained by the same families. Perhaps the siteof Kifikyolai is the more recent and was formerly only a sum­

mer camping place.F. Yisinniii<aikUt. The site of a former village a half mile

east of Redwood, Creek and about five hundred feet higher thanthe creek.10 It is south of the main ridge south of Coyote Creek,at the western edge of a glade near a dry gulch. One pit wasfound. Tom Hill's father iB said to have lived at this village,which was also said to have been unoccupied at the coming of

white people.G. Tsinsilladifi. A former village not far from Redwood

Creek on a small fiat where the ground shows signs of havingslid.ll Little Henry's family are said to have lived at this

village.H. Tondinnfmdifi. A village site on the sloping hillside about

seven hundred yards east of Redwood Creek and four hundredyards north of North Fork Creek.12 Seven house pits werefound here. The guide, Dan Hill, did not know of these pits,

9 Southeast corner of Section 26, Township 9 North, Range 2 East.10 Near the southeast corner of Section 1, Township 8 North, Range 3

East.II Southeast quarter Section 18, Township 8 North, Range 3 East.12 Southwest corner of Section 20, Township 8 North, Range 3 East.

I.\',

I;·.,

275Goddard: Chilula Indians of Northwestern California1914]

but located a village of this name considerably nearer RedwoodCreek. The Albers place, probably the first settlement in thisregion, is just south of this village, on a flat between RedwoodCreek and North Fork Creek.

1. Yinukanomittsediii. A former large and important vil­lage, often mentioned in myths and tales by both the Hupa andthe Chilula.13 Pits were found on a flat near the creek aboutone-eighth of a mile southwest of the Hower ranch buildings.Other pits were said to have been obliterated near the middle ofthis flat. i

J. XonteLme. A former village situated on large flat on theeast side of the Redwood Creek. I{ The village is said to havestood where the farm buildings formerly belonging to Beaver arelocated. On account of long cultivation of this flat no pits wereseen.

K. Lotceke. A village which stood midway a flat on theeast side of Redwood Creek near the stream. House pits wereseen on the west side of the wagon road.

L. Littcuwinnauwdiii. The site of a former village situatedon a long flat on the west side of the creek. 1s It is surroundedby timber, but receives the sun from the south. Little Henrywas living on the east side of the creek at the time, and said itwas the home of his father.

M. Kailuwta'difi. Said to have been a large village on asmall flat about one-quarter of a mile south of the last mentionedvillage.16 There were three or four indications of house pits.A round dance-house, probably of the upper Redwood and MadRiver type, was said by Molasses's wife to have been in thisvillage.

N. KailuwtceiieLdiii. A former village which stood at thenorthern end of a long flatY Two plain house pits, one of themcontaining stone implements, were seen.

13 Near southeast corner of Section 31, Township S North, Range 3East.

14 Southern part of Section 5, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.15 Northeast corner of Section 17, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.16 Middle of east side of Section 17, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.11 Northwest corner of Section 21, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.

e a half milet higher thanCoyote Creek,

One pit wast this maRe,;he comin~ of

~thn. [VoL 10

he timber isBesides theThis village

lom are now; the comingIted warrior.Iupa woman:oopa Valley.

~Om Redwoodpls of havinglived at this

It is saidlarge rock.9

laid this waslai spent the70 permanent~haps the siteonly a sum-

.hillside aboutfour hundreduse pits wereof these pits,

ange 2 East.North, Range 3

nge 3 East.., Range 3 East.

I

276 University of California I'ublications in .Am. .Arch. and Ethn. [VoL 10

O. SikkintcwUfunitta'din. A village at present occupied.18

It was the home at the time of our visit of Tom, a famous blindmedicine-man.

P. Kinnaxonta' din, "Yurok house place." An importantformer village on a flat bordering Redwood Creek on the east,about one-fourth of a mile north of Tom Bair's ranch house.19

Four shallow house pits were found. A fight with the volunteersoldiers occurred at this village, in which one Indian was killed.

_ DasftntcakUt. This was given as the name of a villageon a slight elevation at the southern border of the same flat. Itappears to have been a part of the village of Kinnaxonta' dindistinguished by a separate name, as is customary in this region.

Q. Misme. A former village situated near ,the creek on theeast side.20 Many Indians were killed here hy the white people.For that reason perhaps this village was not mentioned by some

of the informants.R. KaxfIsta'din. A former village of importance on a flat

of about two acres, near the creek level on the east side.21 Fourhouse pits were found on the north side of the flat and fourothers in a row about midway of the flat. Two other pits, oneof them near the creek, were probably sweathouses. The flat iscalled "Sweathouse Flat" by white people. This village is con­sidered by the Hupa the last of the villages of the XoilkUtyidexoi,or Chilula. It was the last toward the south from which Indianswere allowed to witness the Hupa dances. The Chilula also seemto accept this as their boundary.

SUMMER CAMPS

The Chilula seem to have visited certain localities annuallyand to have established temporary camps there. Not many ofthese summer camps were visited and the number given below is

probably far from complete.

18 Northwest quarter of Section 21, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.19 Southeast corner of Section 21, Township 7 North, Range 3 East.20 Northeast quarter of Section 4, Township 6 North, Range 3 East.21 Center Section 3, Township 6 North, Range 3 East.

22 Probably in the northern part of Section 16, Township 9 North,Range 3 East.

23 Section 22, Township 9 North, Range 3 East.2i Probably in the western part of Section 10, Township 9 North,

Range 2 East.2~ Probably in the northwest quarter of Section 31, Township 10

North, Range 3 East.26 Probably in the southeast quarter of Section 24, Township 9 North,

Range 2 East.21 Northwest corner of Section 32, Township 9 North, Range 3 East.28 In the northwest corner of Section 30, Township 8 North, Range 3

East.

1. TesaikUt. A camp ground frequented in the fall of theyear for gathering tan oak. acorns and hunting deer by theIndians living at N6ledifi. and Kifi.ky6lai. It is on the northeastslope of the ridge west of Tuby Creek.22

2. KitdiLwissakUt. A camp used in the fall for gatheringacorns and hunting. Situated near the corner of the Hoopareservation on a glade sloping toward the south near a spring.23

3. YitsinneakUttcifi.. West of N6ledifi., about half way upthe ridge west of Redwood Creek. The Indians from N6ledifi.used to camp there to gather the acorns of the tan oak, whichare plentiful among the redwood trees.,

4. L6tsx6tdawillindifi.. A summer camp about a mile anda half east of N6ledifi. and a half mile west of the crest of theridge.2i A hollow redwood tree used to be used as a campingplace.

5. Tcitdeelyediii. A glade on a ridge running toward theeast near a branch of Roach Creek, a tributary of the Klamath.This camp was pointed out from a distance and its exact locationis therefore uncertain. 2~ The Indians used to go there fromN6ledifi. in the summer to gather seeds and in the fall for acorns.

6. Senalmatsdifi.. A summer camp for gathering seeds. Aglade on the south side of the main ridge east of Kiiiky6lai.26

7. Niiwi1s6lmiye. A summer camping ground near a coldspring at the head of one of the branches of Coyote Creek.21

The Indians used to come here from N6ledifi..8. MifikUtdekeyimantcintciii. A summer camp among the

redwood trees across the creek from Albers' place, opposite themouth of North Fork Creek.28

9. Kittciinamediii. A summer camp on the west side of themain ridge, about two hundred feet below the junction with it

· and Ethn. [Vol. 10

esent occupied.18

1, a famous blind

.An importantreek on the east,"s ranch house.1v

rith the volunteer:ndian was killed..ame of.J villagethe same flat. ItE Kinnax6nta'diiiLry in this region.the creek on thethe white people.lentioned by some

,ortance on a flateast side.n Fourthe flat and four:\"0 other pits, oneJuses. The flat is'his village is con­tle X6i1.kUtyidexoi,'om which Indians .Chilula also seem

Localities annuallyreo Not many of.ber given below is

lrth, Range 3 East.~th, Range 3 East.~th, Range 3 East.ast.

1914] Goddard: Chilula Indians of Northwestern California 277

the starting place. If the girl was able to run around once with­out taking a breath she would be a good basket-maker.

About two hundred yards north is a boulder six feet by four,and about two feet high. It is split into two parts and has a .depression near the top. This stone is called Yimantiiwifiyaixotse, Yimantiiwifiyai's stone. The culture hero is said to havehidden behind this stone when in passing he observed somemaidens digging bulbs on the ridge south. The depression isthe mark of Yimantiiwifiyai's hand and the crack is an openingwhich allowed the passage of his member to the distant girls,who were soon surprised to find themselves pregnant. Yiman­tiiwifiyai said that young girls who did not wish children hadbetter keep away from this stone in the future, but that a womanwho desired children should sit on it and fondle it. A similarstone near the forks of the Trinity is believed to cure barrenness.

On the south crest of a higher part of the main ridge are arow of stones making a fairly straight line about one hundredand ten yards long. The direction is roughly east and west.The individual stones are about two feet high and eight or nineinches in thickness and width. They appear to be of purelynatural origin, being of the thickness of the outcropping strata.Yimantiiwifiyai is said to have placed them here to attract theattention of the maidens mentioned above. They were babies atfirst, or so they appeared to the maidens to be. Yimantiiwifiyaisaid those who cared for him should set up any of the stoneswhich mioht fall and that the person who gave them this care

'"would become wealthy in consequence. Similar revered stonesare found near Tsewenaldifi village in Hoopa Valley.33

On the headwaters of Coyote Creek, not far from a cold springand a favorite summer camping ground, is a stone called Coyote'scradle. Coyote hollowed this stone out to receive his child, andsaid that if anyone put his child in this depression for only ashort time the child would grow fast.

On the crest of the ridge, west of the wagon road, the lowerpart of a redwood tree rests in the crotch of a large redwood(pI. 41, fig. 1). This is said to be the cane of Yimantiiwifiyai,

33 It was related that a white man had taken some of these stones fora chimney, but that he died before the house was completed.

. and Ethn.

• Creek.29 Therey itself.: the main ridge·Lt.

ory a number ofrticular localities.Lce, near the reg­reek, a battlefieldlp and they were! here many years

upper Redwoodle apart for two1 party acted as;icks by means ofl:1 should be paidtioned that someros to have been

, a mile northeast'1' those who were~anged to includea fire was built,:fig. 2). Similars purpose.associated objects. depression about.y a pond in wet,indicates. Theo run around thisnorth side marks

l 8 North, Range 3

ship 8 North, Range

lhip 9 North, Range

'orth, Range 3 East.

1914] Goddard: Chilula India1l8 of Northwestern California 279

I

280 University of California Publicati01l8 in ..1m...1rch. and Ethn. [Vol. 10

who left it here as he was passing. Since redwood decays veryslowly, the tree may have been in this position for a century,ample time for the myth to originate.

A celeb,rated Douglas spruce stands on the south side of theridge which approaches Redwood Creek from the east, on thesouth side of Coyote Creek. It is known as neskin iW[ll.n niLtcwin,"Douglas spruce sweet it smells." The tree is about six feetthrough and is unusually fragrant. The Chilula and Hupa usedits branches to smoke their bodies. It gave good luck for salmon,deer, and wealth. There were the remains of a fire at the baseof the tree where some passing Indian had smoked himself,although none live within ten miles of the tree. Some twigscarried to Hoopa Valley were eagerly received by an Indianwho immediately recognized their source.

A resting place called mUkkaikildildunyisxfmdifi, "June ber.ries stand there," is on the ridge south of the Orcutt farmbuildings. It is a customary resting place, but no offerings aremade there. No penalty is said to be attached if one passeswithout resting, although this is said not often to have happened.

Some miles south there is a tree which no one was expectedto pass without stopping to shoot an arrow into it. It is saidthat Yimantiiwifiyai, coming along here, met some men to whomhe proposed that they have some fun. When the men did notunderstand what was meant, Yimantiiwifiyai shot an arrow intothe tree, using it as a mark.

Another resting place, kifiwandiLdifi, "going through thetimber place," is on an eminence just south of a low gap in themain ridge. There were formerly two piles of brush at this placerepresenting the accumulated offerings of those passing by. Asone put down a piece of brush he addressed the genius of theplace, calling him mann6nakiyauw, "give him half," and askedfor luck in whatever present need he stood. It was also custo­mary to shoot arrows at this place to see to what distance theycould be sent. It is said that Yimantiiwifiyai when passingfound some people here, with whom he engaged in a shootingmatch to see who could shoot the farthest toward an open gladeto the north. He was also the first to put down an offering of

brush.

On the east side of Redwood Creek about two miles aboveNoledin the ruin of a fortification was examined. It was quitehidden in the redwood timber which borders the glade south ofLotcimme. A house had been built of large redwood logs puttogether horizontally in the form of a square, like a log cabin.There were fOill" logs still in place one above the other. Thebottom logs, which were the larger, were about one and a half feetin diameter. Loop holes were made between the logs. Dan Hillsaid the roof, supported by a post in the center, was of splitredwood planks. The door in the middle of the western wallwas of tan oak planks four inches thick. The flOOf, was aboutthree feet below the surface of the ground outside. A small log­house formerly stood south of the blockhouse and a house hadstood near the creek. Among others, Tom Hill lived here forsome time in anticipation of an attack by white people. Thefortification, which was made during the trouble with whitepeople, was never used. It is probable that this structure wascopied from similar ones built by the white people of the region,for the Indians of northwestern California seem not to have usedfortifications of any kind.

In 1907 Molasses and his wife were visited and several dayswere spent in obtaining texts. At the time of our arrival Molasseswas away hunting, but he returned during the day. He broughtin a large deer with the head still on, the horns being in velvet.The eyes of the deer had been dug out and a withe of Douglasspruce was firmly twisted around its muzzle (pI. 40, fig. 2). Theinterpreter, 0 'Haniel Bailey, explained that the withe was tokeep the dead deer from smelling. The Hupa customarily punc­ture the eyes of a deer as soon as possible after its death. Thehead is usually removed before the deer is brought home, but inthis case the head was to be prepared for sale.

h. and Ethn. [VoL 10

.wood decays veryon for a cen~,

south side of thel the east, on thein iLxUn niLtcwin,is about six feet

1a and Hupa usedd luck for salmon,a fire at the base

l smoked himself,tree. Some twigsred by an Indian

undin, "June ber-the Orcutt farm

It no offerings arehed if one passesto have happened.one was expected

nto it. It is saidome men to whoml the men did notIhot an arrow into

'oing through thef a low gap in thebrush at this placeIe passing by. .Asthe genius of the

. half," and askedIt was also custo­vhat distance theyyai when passingged in a shootingard an open gladewn an offering of

1914] Goddard: Chilula Indians of Northwestern California 281

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 38

CHILULA VILLAGES

A. Xowfinnakfit.B. Nolediii, ,. waterfall place."C. Lotcimme, "small glade in."D. Kiiikyolai, "' big timber point."E. Kiiiyfikkyomfiiia, "big timber near."F. Yisinniii<aikfit, "down hill ridge runs on."G. Tsinsilladiii, "bones lie place."H. Tondinfindiii, "water facing place."1. Yinfikanomittsediii, "south door place."J. XonteLme, "flat in."K. Lotceke.L. Littciiwinnauwdiii, "dust flies place."M. Kail iiwta' diii, "willows among place."N. KailiiwtceiieLdiii, "willows project place."O. Sikkifitcwiifimitta'diii.P. Kinnaxonta'difi, "Yurok village place."Q. Misme, "slide in."R. KaXl1sta'difi, "Philadelphus among place."

TEMPORARY CA.MPS

1. Tesaikut, "projects to water."2. KitdiLwissakfit, "fire drill on."3. Yitsinneakfittciii, "down hill on."4. Lotsxotdawillindiii, "prairie water flows down place."5. Tcitdeelyedifi, "dancing place."6. Senalmatsdiii, "stone round place."7. "Niiwilsolmiye, "ground in billows under."8. Mifikfitdekeyimantcintcifi, "lake opposite side."9. Kittciinamedifi, "its ear swimming place."

10. TcwUiixaladifi, "dung stands up place."

[282]

,up OF CHflXL.\ TERRITORY

! ;! :. ,,! i

[GODDARD] PLATE 38

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UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETH~1. VOL. 10

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9

On the left, village

UNIV, CALIF, PUBL. AM. ARCH. & E.THN, VOL, 10

Fig, 1

Fig. :!

IX THE LAXD OF THE CHILULA

[GODDARD] PLATE 39

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40

Fig. l.-Mrs. Molasses,. Chilula woman.Fig. 2.-Deer's head, treated ceremonially to avoid ill luck in future

hunting.

[286]

id ill luck in future

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH, & ETHN. VOL, 10

Fig. 1

[GODDARD] PLATE 40

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UNIV, CALIF, PUBL, AM, ARCH, & ETHN, VOL, 10

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SCEXES OF CHiLuLA ~rYTHOLOGY

[GODDARD] PLATE 41

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