Anders FagerholtAnders.fagerholt@ericsson.com

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intelligent Transport system

CONNECTED COOPERATING AUTOMATED

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Cellular communication Ad-hoc communication

Complementing Technologies

2G (EDGE)3G (HSPA)4G (LTE)

Ad-hoc radio (ITS-G5, DSRC, etc)

5G

Flexible usage

Intersection assistant

Hazard warnings

Infotainment

Software download

Remote Diagnostics

Lane changeassistantCooperative

traffic lights

Traffic information

Remote Navigation

Collisionavoidance

(LOS)(NLOS)

Platooning

Autonomous Driving

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ITS G5 / IEEE 802.11p / WAVE› EU commission, US DoT, Car2Car Consortium› 5.9 GHz dedicated spectrum, AD HOC WLAN, 300m – 1 km range› ETSI and other standard bodies› >400 M€ and >500 B$ in research over 10 years› Standardized “ITS stations”

– Vehicle– Roadside– Personal– Central

› Standardized messages– CAM = here I am (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102600_102699/10263702/01.02.01_60/ts_10263702v010201p.pdf)– DENM = an event (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102600_102699/10263701/01.01.01_60/ts_10263701v010101p.pdf)

– SPAT/MAP = red lights and intersections

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ETSI V2X event messages

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Local dynamic map

EU C-ITS platform

Summary

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› 80+ industry experts, one Road Authority person from each MS› 14 months, monthly 2 day workshops chaired by EU DG policy officers› 11 Working groups

– WG 1 Cost Benefit Analysis– WG 2 Business case and models (halted)– WG 3 Open legal issues– WG 4 Privacy and data protection– WG 5 Security and Certification– WG 6 Technical issues– WG 7 Standardization– WG 8 Public acceptance– WG 9 Implementation issues– WG 10 International cooperation– WG 11 Road map for deployment (not started yet)

› “Final report” for phase 1published› Phase 2 will add WG´s on Automation – final report September 2017

SCOPE

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/doc/c-its-platform-final-report-january-2016.pdf

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› Consultant firm Ricardo did the job› Many many assumptions and 2 simulation tools – hard to see through!› Conclusion 3:1› But only if every possible use case is included and ITS G5 is complemented

with cellular.› Misleading – use net present value. Saved time searching for parking????

Cost Benefit Analysis

Figure 3: Net Benefits from C-ITS

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› “transmitted CAM and DENM messages are to be considered personal data”› “A paradox quickly emerged. How can a driver express a specific and informed consent for data

being freely broadcasted?”› A distinction has to be made amongst the different categories of C-ITS applications, namely,

– The "vital interest" type of applications,– The "public interest" type of applications,– Those applications not belonging to the categories above – and thus defined as the "consent category" requiring

"consent".

› In function of the category, the legal basis for processing would be different.› A consent / no consent bit must be added to the message› Driver must be able to opt out / shut off› A lot of legal work remains to be done

Privacy and data protection

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› Interference ITS G5 – DSRC road tolling is solved› Decentralized congestion control

– Will work for day 1 applications and low penetration– Will NOT WORK for safety critical applications and high penetration

› Sources: Katrin Sjöberg AB Volvo and Scania platooning› The hidden station problem: Listen before sending› IEEE 802.11p has a better MAC stack

Technical issues 1

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Hidden Station Problem

› A is hidden to K with respect to F

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Hidden Station Problem in VANET

TRB: prolonged channel busy timeHigh traffic load Congested channel

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Performance Analysis of CAM› Highway scenario

Characteristics ValueNumber of vehicles 800

Channel sensing range (r) 40~640 [m]

Mean number of vehicles in one side channel sensing range (R) 8 ~ 128 [Car]

CAM frame size (L) 200, 512 [Byte]IEEE 802.11p contention window size (CWmin) 64

› Performance metrics– CAM interference-free probability at the receiver dRX

– Mean CAM update interval time at the receiver dRX

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› A hybrid system, combining ITS G5 and Cellular is needed– The Working Group concluded that currently neither ETSI ITS-G5 nor cellular systems can

provide the full range of necessary services for C-ITS. Consequently a hybrid communication concept is needed in order to take advantage of complementary technologies.

– This is also clear in the Cost Benefit Analysis

› Commissionaire Oettinger at MWC 2016: – I would like to see how a coherent communication mix of ITS-G5, 4G-LTE and 5G will evolve.

– I will announce the 5G Action Plan– I expect your commitment to prepare a large-scale European, cross-border deployment project. Not a physical network, we cannot

afford that. I mean the roll-out of a cross-border virtual network based on 4G-LTE, and cooperating with ITS-G5 where available, dedicated to connected and automated driving.

Technical issues 2

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› ACEA and OEM on one side, 3:d party (FIA, FIGUEFA) on the other› “We want ALL the data – independent access”› Open platform (on eCall device?)› Extended vehicle (rFMS example)› FRAND terms

Technical issues 3Access to vehicle data

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ACEA on remote diagnostics

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› C-ITS platform phase 2 is starting up – adding Automation Work Groups› Access to vehicle data handled in a separate call.› Assumption 1: US DoT will mandate “DSRC” from 2019(?)› Assumption 2: If OEM´s have to install “DSRC” for US export they will have the

same equipment (different SW) in EU and thus EU don´t have to mandate????› EU is preparing “Delegated Acts”

› All reports are public……

What will happen?

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Traffic Management

http://eco-at.info/

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Vehicular communications via cellular networks

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CONNECTED ECO system

Automotive OEM

Connected Vehicle Cloud

Network Operator

Vehicle

Media Agencies

Insurance Companies

Content ProviderService ProviderApp Developer

Fleet Company

Dealer

Repair Shop Support Center

Energy / Utilities Companies

Driver & Owner

http://www.ericsson.com/ourportfolio/transport/connected-vehicle-cloud

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Connectivity and cloud for service creation

BUSINESS LOGIC

&

DATA MANAGEMENT

PA

RTN

ER

M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

CLOUD MANAGEMENT

AP

I M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

DATA CONNECTOR

SCREEN & HEAD UNIT

MANAGEMENT

SE

CU

RIT

Y

Road Friction Information

Navigate, Park and Pay

Goods delivery to the trunk

http://www.volvocars.com/intl/us/about/our-stories/human-innovations/pilot-projects

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ITS enabled by Mobile Broadband and cloud

Connected Traffic Cloud

ROADINFRASTRUCTURE

ICTINFORMATIONCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYSERVICES

ITSINTELLIGENT TRANSPORTSERVICES

OEMFLEET

PT

Traffic ManagementSharing aggregatedanonymous data

Reaching outto vehicles and road users

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› Cooperative Cars (CoCar, 2006-2009) (Video)– Basic research on cellular car-to-car communication using UMTS and HSPA– Reference case: Road Hazard Warnings

› Cooperative Cars eXtended (CoCarX, 2009-2011)– LTE, session and lifecycle management, coexistence with 802.11p / G5 / DSRC

Car-to-car via cellular

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJf9cwbl9hg http://tinyurl.com/cocarx-deliverable3

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Car-to-car over cellular

NodeB

Core NetworkInfrastructure

Filtering/GeoMessaging

Hazard Warningaccident, emergency breaking, bad road condition, road works, slow vehicle

Traffic Information updatestraffic condition & warnings

TrafficManagementCenter

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› Overlay map with a grid› Cars are only aware of their own tile

› When a car leaves a tile– Car sends the position to the Geo Messaging

Server (GPS)– GMS updates tile information database– GMS sends new tile to the car

› Service content is tagged with distribution area

› Geomessaging server distributes to vehicles in distribution area and marked for the service type

GeomessagingTraffic

Management Control GeoMessaging

See also ETSI TR 102 962 V1.1.1 (2012-02). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Framework for Public Mobile Networks in Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)

https://www.dropbox.com/s/yv8qd7z1liwqwl8/1401_GeoLocMessaging_explained.wmv

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Cellular car-to-car delayU

MTS

2009

HSPA 2011

LTE 2011

AS

WAN

Core

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Objective› Develop Converge Car2X System

Network– Safe and secure– Privacy protection via pseudonymization– Open to variety of participants and

services– Operator agnostic– Builds on international standards

› http://www.converge-online.de/

COmmunication NetworkVEhicle Road Global Extension

(2012-2015)

Source: Converge presentations http://www.converge-online.de/

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Public Institutions Science Public Authority

Cellular SolutionsSuppliersVehicle ManufacturersPartners

Project figures:Start in Aug. 2012, 3 years, volume: 18 Mio EUR 

CONVERGE – A nEW C2X Approach

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Architecture principlesBackend /Backbone level

Network level

Mobility level

Mobilityprofiles

Lane-changedetection

Traffic-sign detection

OEM#1OEM#2

BackboneConnectivity

Relationshipmanagement

Road- Authority

Operations Dashboard

System-Services

SP#1

SP#2

Route recommendation

MDM

ITS G53GPPIPv6

Internet mechanisms

Mobile Node - CONVERGE extension

Mobile Network - CONVERGE extension

Backend - CONVERGE extension

MNO#1

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› Communication technologies for vehicles– Mobile networks (LTE)– ITS G5 (DSRC)

› Communication can be via either of ITS G5 or LTE, or via both

› Coordinated Hybrid Communication– Clustering: connect clusters to communication infrastructure via LTE and distribute

messages within cluster via ITS G5– Methods for clusterhead selection developed– Performance benefits of clustering has been demonstrated

Hybrid Communication

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ConnectedVehicles

CommunicationNetworksCommunication Channel Providers

Distributed BackendStructureITS Service Provider

GovernanceLegal bodies and entities

Governance

(Car2X Initialization Body)C2XIB

(Root Certification Authority)Root CA

(Contract Supervision

Authority)CSA

(Service Test and Certification

Institute)STC-I

(Enrolment Authority)

EA

Backend

(Geo Messaging Proxy)GEOM-P

(Service Directory)

SD(Exception

Posting Board)EPB

(Misbehavior Posting Board)

MPB

(Authorisation Authority)

AA

Communication Networks

ITS Mobile Stations

(ITS Vehicle Station / ITS Personal Station)IVS

Mobile Network Operator

(Bridge/Geo Messaging Server)GEOM-S

IRS Communication Network

(Bridge/Geo Messaging Server)GEOM-S

(Service Provider)SP

GI3

B5

GB4GB3

G6G5

GI2

GI1

BC2

GI4

B9

G4

G1 G2 G3

B6

BI1

GB2GB1

BC3

BC1

BI3

I2I1

CI3 CI1

BC1

B4

BC3

B1

B7

B3

BC2 BC2

B1B1

B1

BI2

IT Heavy & Cloud ready• Service providers• Service management• Security components• GeoMessaging injection structure

Network aware• Cellular radio: LTE• WLAN: ETSI ITS G5• GeoMessaging within certain com. network• Roadside Unit (ITS Roadside Station: IRS)

End devices• Vehicle (ITS Vehicle Station: IVS + Cellular)• Mobile device (ITS Personal Station: IPS)

Non technical• Definition of major rules and regulations• Inspection and enforcement rules• Top level security entities

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› Extension of CoCarX geomessaging solution› Geomessaging proxy

– Operator- and network-agnostic– Enables transmission over multiple networks– Works for multi-country operation

› Geomessaging server– Included into communication networks– Can be different type of networks, e.g.

› Mobile network› ITS-G5 based ITS road-side stations

– Enables geomessaging within the network› E.g. unicast or broadcast

Layered Geomessaging

GEOMProxy

GEOMServerMNO GEOM

ServerIRS

SPOEM

SPRoad Auth

Area A Area BSource: Converge presentations http://www.converge-online.de/

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LTE-V2X conceptScenarios and Connectivity

V2I over cellular LTE• Wide area coverage • Reuse of existing infrastructure• Roaming possibilities with 2/3G• Flexible QoS• MBMS support

V2I for RSU• RSU implementations:

• LTE pico-nodes (LAA/D2D)• Simple device (D2D)

• Full integration with cellular LTE• Phased incremental deployment/investment

V2V/V2P over cellular LTE• ITS services enabled for legacy smartphones• High energy efficiency for handheld devices • Smart bearer routing

Cloud-based services for all devices• Rely on wide-area LTE coverage

V2V/V2P over LTE-D2D• Centralized radio resource optimization• Differentiation of QoS based on service requirements• Radio-aware integration with cellular LTE• Secure connection protecting data integrity

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Network-controlled direct communication

Device-basedRelaying

Direct communication

Unicast

UnicastBroadcast / Groupcast

Network-controlled direct communication

› “Sidelink” is part of LTE Release 12 part of NR

Device-to-device communication

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› LTE enables direct communication between devices since Rel-12(proximity services, ProSe)

› Main use cases– Public safety (NSPS)

› Push to talk in out of coverage scenarios– Commercial

› Discovery services building on UEs in close proximity

LTE Device-to-Device (D2D)

D2Dsidelink(PC5)

Uplink /downlink

(Uu)

ReferencesD2D in 3GPP TS 36.300, TS 23.303, TR 36.843.

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D2D Services

D2D

Cellularaccess

D2D

Cellularaccess

D2D

In coverage

Partial coverage

Out of coverage

D2D Communication

From Rel-12

D2D Discovery

From Rel-12

From Rel-13

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› D2D can be operated overlaid to cellular spectrum or on dedicated bands

› For FDD spectrum, D2D operated on UL carrier– Some additional receiver implementation required

› For TDD spectrum, D2D operated on UL subframes

› Rel-12/13 focus on licensed spectrum› D2D UE are considered half-duplex (Rel-12/13)

D2D Spectrum

D2Dsidelink(PC5)

Uplink /downlink

(Uu)

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› Large buildout and high performance of LTE networks and interest by automotive industry in connected cars

› Strong interest in China for LTE-based V2X– First feasibility studies and spectrum considerations by CCSA

LTE based V2X communication(Rel-13)

D2D V2V

CCSA - China Communications Standards Association

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› SA1 Study on LTE support for V2X services [SP-150051]– Approved in SA#67 (March 2015)– The study use cases and identify requirements for

V2V, V2I, V2P and V2N based on LTE› For safety and non-safety services

– LTE-D2D and LTE-unicast/multicast/broadcast to be considered

› SA2 Study in prepraration

LTE based V2X communicationV2V

V2I

V2P

V2N

CCSA - China Communications Standards Association

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China goes for V2V over LTE-V!

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5G Wireless access:What is it?

Ultra-reliable communication Inter-vehicular / vehicular-to-road

communicationMachine

communication

EntertainmentNovel services

Business cloud

Multiple Integrated Wireless/Access Solutions enabling the long-term Networked Society

300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz

Multi-hopcommunication

Ultra-dense deployments

Virtual/augmented reality

Device-to-devicecommunication

Licensed

Controlled sharing

Unlicensed

Spectrum toolbox

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One Network – Multiple Industries

From dedicated physical networks and resources for different applications…

NWn

fn

NW1

f1

NW2

f2

S1 S2 Sn

…to a “network factory” where new networks and architectures are “manufactured by SW”

Physical Resources(Access, Connectivity, Computing, Storage, ..)

Service n

HealthHealthRobotic communicationRobotic communication

MediaMediaMBB BasicMBB Basic

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5G Radio Access ~2020

“NR”No compatibility constraints

“Existing” spectrum

Below 6 GHz

Tight interworking

“New” spectrum

Above 6 GHzNew spectrum below 6 GHz

LTE Evolution

1 GHz 3 GHz 10 GHz 30 GHz 100 GHz 1 GHz 3 GHz 10 GHz 30 GHz 100 GHz

Gradual migration

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Rel-14

5G timeplan

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

ITU Requirements WS Proposals Specs

Rel-13 Rel-15 Rel-16

Initial 5G WI

5G tech. SI 5G evo

5G req. SI

WRC-15 WRC-19

Final requirements TR Stage 2 Stage 3

Inital requirements

Toda

y

5 G in the networked societywill enable every person andevery industry / organization

to reach its full potential

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The TELCO Industry knewGSM – best digital radio for speech3 G – best mobile broadbandLTE – Best mobile broadband for the networked society

The telco industry needs to know:5 G – your industries Future use cases

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ITRL

Automated Platooning

Automated Bus Services Intelligent Urban Distribution

Automated MiningFellow Trucks

Connected Mobility

ArenaStockholm

Start Q1 2015

Start ≈Q3 2015

Integrated Transport Research Lab

Connected Mobility Arena Stockholm

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› Press release available› http://www.ericsson.com/news/1924016

Pilot for Industrial Mobile communication in Mining (PIMM)

WOLFIT

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Drive Sweden CLOUDsupporting Automation and

Mobility Services

Gothenburg National Stockholm/Kista

Aut FleetManagement

City TrafficManagement

City TrafficManagement

NationalTraffic

Management

City TrafficManagement

MaaSsupport

Analytics

Externalpartners

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› Toughest identified requirements for emergingvehicular services:

– Latency› 10ms with 10-5 reliability

(automated overtake, high density platooning)– Positioning accuracy

› 10 cm (vulnerable road user discovery) or 20 cm (high density platooning, automated overtake, cooperative collision avoidance)

– Date rates› 50 Mb/s with 50 ms latency (bird's eye view)

or 10 Mb/s with 50 ms (“see trough” vision)– Only indicative. Be prepared for the future.

Future V2X services requirements

Reference: 5G-PPP, “5G Automotive Vision,” https://5g-ppp.eu/white-papers

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