It's Elemental - St Cornelius Catholic School Web viewIt's Elemental. What is an Atom ... Physical Changes & Chemical Changes Atom Structures. ... All the elements have just one electron

It’s Elemental

Table of Contents It's Elemental

What is an Atom? Diagram of an Atom

Sizing Up AtomsDiscovering the Periodic Table

Periodic Table of Elements How to Read the Periodic Table

Discovering the AtomMetals & Non-Metals

Quiz: Name That Element * Molecules & Compounds

Physical Changes & Chemical Changes Atom Structures

Flash Cards: Memorize the Periodic Table Periodic Table of Elements: Blank

Certificate of Completion Answer Sheets

* Has an Answer Sheet

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What is an AtomPeople were thinking about atoms as early as 370

B.C.! A philosopher named Democritus believed that there must be an unbreakable particle that makes up all things. Not everyone agreed with him.

The word “atom” comes from the Greek word atomos, which means “indivisible.” This was the name Democritus gave to his theoretical particle.

In the 1800s scientists knew that there were certain substances, which we now call elements, that cannot be broken down into anything simpler.

Then, a scientist named John Dalton discovered that all elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms.

As it turns out, atoms can also be broken down into smaller pieces. However, if you divide an atom of hydrogen, it won’t be hydrogen any more.

This means that an atom is the smallest particle of a substance that has the same qualities of that substance.

Atoms are also made up of even smaller particles. These are known as sub-atomic particles, or protons, neutrons and electrons.

Painting of Democritus

Painting of John Dalton

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Diagram of an Atom

Protons : have a positive electrical charge. Electrons : have a negative electrical charge. Neutrons : are neutral.Nucleus : is at the center of the atom. It is where the protons and neutrons are. The electrons swirl around the nucleus. Most of the atom’s mass is in the nucleus.

Diagram of a Helium Atom

protons

neutrons

electrons

nucleus

Protons and electrons are attracted to each other, but protons repel protons and electrons repel electrons. All atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons. If an atom loses or gains an electron, then it becomes an ion. An ion is an electri- cally charged atom.

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Try This

1. Get a balloon and rub it on your hair or clothes. The electrons from your hair or clothes will attach to the balloon and give it a negative (-) charge.

2. When the balloon is near the water the electrons on the negatively charged balloon move away from it. What is left is a positive(+) area of water near the balloon.

3. The positively-charged area of water and the negatively-charged balloon attract!

(-)

(+)

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Sizing Up Atom

An atom is so small that

along the width of your hair.

If an electron weighed the same as a dime, a proton would weigh the same as a gallon of milk!

its electrons would be a foot-

electron

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Discovering the Periodic Table

By the late 1800s scientists had discoveredand named most of the elements, but they did not understand the elements or their behavior. An important discovery by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev showed that when you arrange the elements in rows and columns you can see the similarities between them. His discovery proved that the elements repeat certain characteristics at regular intervals, or periodically.

Example: look at the far left column of the table. Lithium, sodium and potassium line up vertically, and they are all very similar metals. They are soft, lowin density and solid at room temperature. They also have very similar reactions with other substances.

Photograph of Dmitri Mendeleev

+

36.941

LiLithium

1122.98977

NaSodium

1939.0983

KPotassium

Nob

le G

ase

s

Hal

ogen

sNon-Metals

Metalloids

Periodic Table of ElementsAtomic Number

Atomic Mass

Symbol

Name

11.00794

HHydrogen

36.941

LiLithium

1122.98977

NaSodium

49.012182

BeBeryllium

1224.3050

MgMagnesium

Actinides5

10.811

BBoron

1326.98154

AlAluminum

612.0107

CCarbon

1428.0855

SiSilicon

714.0067

NNitrogen

1530.97376

PPhosphorus

815.9994

OOxygen

1632.065

SSulfur

918.99840

FFlourine

1735.453

ClChlorine

24.002602

HeHelium

1020.1797

NeNeon

1839.948

ArArgon

1939.0983

KPotassium

3785.4678

RbRubidium

55

2040.078

CaCalcium

3887.62

SrStrontium

56

2144.9559

ScScandium

3988.9059

YYttrium

71

2247.867

TiTitanium

4091.224

ZrZirconium

72

2350.9415

VVanadium

4192.9064

NbNiobium

73

2451.9961

CrChromium

4295.96

MoMolybdenum

74

2554.938

MnManganese

43(97.9072)

TcTechnetium

75

2655.845

FeIron

44101.07

RuRuthenium

76

2758.9332

CoCobalt

45102.9055

RhScandium

77

2858.6934

NiNickel

46106.42

PdPalladium

78

2963.546

CuCopper

47107.8682

AgSilver

79

3065.38

ZnZinc

48112.411

CdCadmium

80

3169.723

GaGallium

49114.818

InIndium

81

3272.64

GeGermanium

50118.710

SnTin

82

3374.9216

AsArsenic

51121.760

SbAntimony

83

3478.96

SeSelenium

52127.60

TeTellurium

84

3579.904

BrBromine

53126.9045

IIodine

85

3683.798

KKrypton

54131.293

XeXenon

86132.9055 137.327 174.9668 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.9666 200.59 204.3833 207.2 209.9804 (208.982) (209.987) 222.0176

CsCaesium

87(223)

Fr

BaBarium

88(226)

Ra

LuLutetium

103(262)

Lr

HfHafnium

104(261)

Rf

TaTantalum

105(262)

Db

WTungsten

106(266)

Sg

ReRhenium

107(264)

Bh

OsOsmium

108(277)

Hs

IrIridium

109(268)

Mt

PtPlatinum

110(271)

Ds

AuGold

111(272)

Rg

HgMercury

112(285)

Cp

TlThallium

113(284)

Uut

PbLead114

(289)

Fl

BiBismuth

115(288)

Uup

PoPolonium

AtAstatine

RnRadon

Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicum Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium

57138.9055

La58

140.116

Ce59

140.9077

Pr60

144.242

Nd61

(145)

Pm62

150.36

Sm63

151.964

Eu64

157.25

Gd65

158.9254

Tb66

162.5

Dy67

164.9303

Ho68

167.259

Er69

168.9342

Tm70

173.054

YbLanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102(227) 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259)

AcActinium

ThThorium

PaProtactinium

UUranium

NpNeptunium

PuPlutonium

AmAmericium

CmCurium

BkBerkelium

CfCalifornium

EsEinsteinium

FmFermium

MdMendelevium

NoNobelium

11.00794

HHydrogen A

lkal

i Met

als

Alk

alin

e E

arth

M

etal

s

Transition Metals

Lanthanides

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How to Read the Periodic Table

The periodic table is a graphic representation of all the known elements. It is designed to give as much important information as possible in as little space as possible and to show the relationships between the elements.

How to Read the Hydrogen Atom

1 Atomic NumberThe number of protons

Atomic Mass 1.00794 in the nucleus The average mass of

the atoms in the

Helement SymbolThe one or two letterabbreviation for the

Name Hydrogen element

Usually derived from aGreek or Latin root

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Discovering the Atom

In the 1920s a Danish scientist named Niels Bohr expanded our understanding of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. He believed that there was one reason why elements had distinctive properties and could combine with other elements in distinct ways – the number of electrons in an atom of the element.

Scientists already knew that the atoms of each element have a certain number of electrons. They assigned each element a

electrons and protons in that element’s atom.

Bohr took that idea one step further. He said that the electrons arranged themselves in “shells,” or energy levels around the nucleus. He also believed these shells had a pattern.

Mendeleev’s idea of what Lithium looked like

Bohr’s idea of what Lithium looked like

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Discovering the Atom

We can see an example of Bohr’s pattern by looking at atoms of lithium, sodium and potassium, which line up vertically on the periodic table.

3Element 3 Lithiumshell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 1 electron

Element 11 Sodiumshell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 8 electronsshell 3: 1 electron

Element 19 Potassium 11shell 1: 2 electronsshell 2: 8 electronsshell 3: 8 electronsshell 4: 1 electron

What do you notice about this pattern?

All the elements have just one electron in their outermost shell. All the elements have two electrons in their inner most shells.

19Bohr thought that the electrons in theoutermost shell were the ones that deter- mined the properties of the atom.

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Metals & Non-Metals

The periodic table of the elements is separated into two basic categories: metals and non-metals. The majority of the elements are metals, and they all share many common characteristics.

Take a look at the non-metal elements in the periodic table. Do they have anything in common? Some are gasses, and some are not. Think about how metals differ from non-metals. Write out as many unique properties of metal as you can.

Some metals, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), are pure elements; others, such as steel and brass, are composed of a combination of elemental metals. These are called alloys.

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Metals &Non-MetalsAnswers:The Properties of Metals

Most metals are solid at room temperature.

Metals are ductile. This means that they can be stretched—that’s how we can make wires!

Metals are conductive.- This means that electricity and heat can travel through them very easily Some metals are better conductors than others.

Metals are shiny and often reflective.

Metals are malleable. This means that they can be bent and molded into different shapes.

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Quiz:Name That Element

Use the periodic table of the elements to name each element below.

#23:

#14:

#83:

Mn:

H:

Ne:

How many protons doesaluminum have?

Which element has 47 protons?

Some of the element abbreviations are based on the Latin names of the element. For example, Fe is short for ferrum, Cu is short for cuprum, Ag is short for argentum

elements.

Ferrum :

Cuprum:

Argentum:

Aurum:

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Molecules & Compound

Atoms are the tiny building blocks that make up all matter. Individually, they aren’t much good. When atoms join together, they are called molecules.

For example, the oxygen we breathe is not single atoms of oxygen; they’re actu- ally combined molecules of two oxygen atoms.

Add one more oxygen atom to the O2

molecule, and you have ozone, or O3 .

When molecules of different elements join together, they are called compounds. One compound that you may already know is H2O, the chemical compound for water.

Breathable Oxygen Molecule

O O

Ozone Molecule

O O O

Water Molecule

H

O O


Molecules & Compounds

Name any other chemical compounds that you know, and draw their diagrams below.To draw a diagram use circles with the elements symbols in them and use lines to show where the elements attach to become a molecule.

Carbon Dioxide Molecule CO2

C

O O


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Physical Changes

Chemical ChangesAll matter changes. All substances can undergo a physical change, meaning that

the appearance changes, but the chemical makeup of the substance remains the same. All substances can also undergo a chemical change, meaning that the atoms and molecules of the substance is being changed. Though all the originalatoms are still there, the molecules will have changed into something different. Think of different examples of each and write them in their column.

ice melting saw a piece of wood in half

burning a piece of wood metal rusting

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Atom Structures

The number of neutrons in an element is not listed anywhere on the periodic table.

The atomic mass of an element is the average of all naturally occurring isotopes. Since electrons weigh almost nothing compared to protons and neutrons (which weigh the same) the atomic mass can be assumed to be the weight of all the protons and neutrons in an atom. The weight of a proton and neutron in all elements is one.

From this all we have to do is round the atomic mass of each element to the nearest whole number and subtract the atomic number (the number of protons in the ele-

For example: Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1, its atomic weight is 1.00794, which we round down to 1. 1-1=0. Hydrogen has no neutrons.

Use your math skills to answer the questions on the following page.

11.00794

HHydrogen

1 (rounded atomic mass) -1(atomic number) = 0 neutrons

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Atom Structures

Problems Sheet

How many neutrons are in carbon?

Name the element that has 8 neutrons.

How many neutrons does gold have?

If an elements atomic mass is 70 and it has 39 neutrons, how many protons does it have? What element is this?

How many neutrons does radon have?

Name three elements that have the same amount of neutrons and protons.

36.941

LiLithium

49.012182

BeBeryllium

510.811

BBoron

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FlashCards

memorize the periodic table

11.00794

HHydrogen

24.002602

HeHelium

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612.0107

CCarbon

714.0067

NNitrogen

815.9994

OOxygen

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918.99840

FFlourine

1020.1797

NeNeon

1122.98977

NaSodium

1224.3050

MgMagnesium

1326.98154

AlAluminum


1428.0855

SiSilicon

1530.97376

PPhosphorus

1632.065

SSulfur

1735.453

ClChlorine

2858.6934

NiNickel

1839.948

ArArgon

1939.0983

KPotassium

2040.078

CaCalcium

2247.867

TiTitanium

2655.845

FeIron


2758.9332

CoCobalt

2963.546

CuCopper

3065.38

ZnZinc


Periodic Table of ElementsUse light-colored markers to color in the different sections of the periodic table and then write in the element symbol

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It's Elemental - St Cornelius Catholic School Web viewIt's Elemental. What is an Atom ... Physical Changes & Chemical Changes Atom Structures. ... All the elements have just one electron