Its Days Are Numbered!

8/14/2019 Its Days Are Numbered!

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QHWKQUP&NHWPu{qk~ ap C`h Udqìjd

ù`lduk nhiukiu nhwp #die qk~dfk) ì knhie F`bk& zc`nc hifp di

d~ d r`qu{df zhqfe zùc {~kq,jkikqduke nhiukiu& adnm ì O{ik

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h e`~wfdp ù ì~èk uck r`qu{df zhqfe hq chfe ù ì~èk ph{q drd,

ck wkql`~~`hi~ #ukql~ hb f`nki~ìj)


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Krkqpucìj hi e`~wfdp hi uck Zka`~ bqkk uh nhwp

Fk~~`j zd~ q`jcu ìnk nhiukiu zd~wqhuknuke ap d f`nki~ìj djqkklkiuucdu zd~ kibhqnke uknci`ndffp #uck

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@i uck ~knhie cdfb hb 1772& d jqh{w

hb wqhjqdllkq~ zkqk uqpìj uh {i,ekq~udie chz ^knhie F`bk zhqm~ap qkrkq~k,kijìkkqìj uck nhl,l{i`ndu`hi~ wqhuhnhf Uck`q èkdzd~ ucdu& `b uckp nh{fe {iekq~udieuck wqhuhnhf& uckp nh{fe nqkduk ì,ukqbdnk~ akuzkki ^knhie F`bk diehuckq kir`qhilkiu~ #@QN ncdu

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uki adnm uh zcdu uck jqè ~kqrkq~zh{fe qkwfp ìnk uckp mikz zcduuckp cde upwke& die aknd{~k uck^F wqhuhnhf `~ ihu kinqpwuke& uckpnh{fe udmk d fhhm du uck lk~~djk~ksncdijke akuzkki uck r`kzkqdie uck ~kqrkq~& die {iekq~udieuck bhqldu hb uckl Uc`~ udmk~ u`lkdie wdu`kiu ekuknu`rk zhqm

Ncdu die ì~udiu lk~~djk~ dqk qkf,

du`rkfp kd~p uh b`j{qk h{u ucdu zdp&a{u uckp ~hhi ~udquke b`j{qìj h{u d

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d t{k~u`hi hbu`lk uzkdm,ìj d wdqdl,kukq& ~kk zcdujku~ ~kiu diezcdu jku~ qk,

u{qike uheknhek uck bhq,ldu hb uck nhi,ukiu d~ zkff Hbnh{q~k uck~knhiukiu ek,~nq`wu`hi lk~,~djk~ ìnf{ekeuck idlk~ hb uck d{uchq~ die n{q,qkiu hzikq~= uckpqk o{~u uzh b`kfe~ì uck lk~~djk

Cdrìj uck b{ff ek~nq`wu`hi hb d

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nhiukiu& a{u

d ek~nq`wu`hihi chz ucdunhiukiu ndiak nqkdukebqhl d~~kl,afìj wq`l~

u h j k u c k q &u z k d m ` i juck`q ~ku,uìj~& died w w f p ` i juksu{qk~ uh

ù Die `bph{ cdrk uckn h h m a h h m &zkff& ph{ndi nhhm idlkfp& ph{ndi qklhuk,fp nhiuqhf

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nhwp bqhl uck nhhmahhm #`b ph{qkdi dqncùknu& ph{ l`jcu wqkbkq uck

^knhie F`bk ihu hifp ki,nh{qdjke {~kq~ #uck qk~`,ekiu~) uh nqkduk uck`q

nhiukiu ckqk& a{u ldek~{qk ucdu krkqpahep~ nqk,

du`hi~ ikdufp e`~wfdpkef`nki~ìj ìbhqldu`hi zch uck d{uchq `~& zch

n{qqkiufp hzi~ uck ùkl

#zc`nc lkdi~ wdpìj dbkk uh ak dafk uh e`~wfdp ùì~èk uck r`qu{df zhqfehq chfe ù ì~èk ph{q dr,

dudq~ ìrkiuhqp)

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didfhjp hb d af{kwqìu)

NhwpAhu zd~ ahqi @i ù~ kdqf`k~uìndqidu`hi& ù zd~ d rkqp n{lakq,~hlk ~hf{u`hi& bqkkfp e`~uqà{ukezùc uck ~h{qnk nhek zcdu zd~ fdu,kq mihzi d~ uck fàHwkiLkudrkq~kWqhoknu Nhlw`fìj ù hi ph{q nhl,

w{ukq die fd{incìj uck nhi~hfk,hifp dwwf`ndu`hi zd~ ihu bhq uckbdìu hb ckdqu Idr`jduìj uck ahudqh{ie ^F ì ~kdqnc hb nhiukiu uhnhwp& zùc o{~u nhlldie,fìk dq,j{lkiu~ uh lhrk dqh{ie die chwk,

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bfdz~ ì uck ek~nq`wu`hi ucdu wqk,rkiuke èkiu`ndf nhw`k~ uh ak ldekUck uhhf zhqmke& a{u zd~ rkqp n{l,akq~hlk uh {~k Krki uch{jc uc`~ldidjke uh ~ndqk d bkz nhiukiunqkduhq~ adnm ì fduk 1772& ù zd~~kki d~ fùufk lhqk ucdi d qh{jcwqhuhupwk zùc fùufk zèk~wqkde{~k

@i 177:& Fìeki Fda qkfkd~ke uck

^F r`kzkq d~ hwki ~h{qnk Uck`qjhdf zd~ uh cdrk d fdqjk ad~k hb

udfkiuke wqhjqdllkq~ ckfwìjh{u Fìeki Fda uh b`s a{j~ hi uckr`kzkq die dee ikz bkdu{qk~& kb,bknu`rkfp nqhze~h{qnìj nckdw fd,ah{q bqhl uck wqhjqdllkq nhl,l{iùp die jkuuìj d akuukq& lhqka{j,bqkk wqhe{nu Bhq uck fàHwki,Lkudrkq~k nhll{iùp& uc`~ zd~

w{qk af`~~ Ihz ucdu uck b{ff ~h{qnknhek zd~ drd`fdafk& uck lhqk ìuq`,nduk die nhlwfks lk~~djk~ nh{feak b{ffp {iekq~uhhe hq du fkd~ul{nc akuukq {iekq~uhhe& ~ìnk ph{nh{fe ~kk zcdu mìe hb ìbhqld,

u`hi uck ^F r`kzkq dnu{dffp ~kie~&die zcdu ~ kswknuke d~ di di~zkqbqhl uck jqè ~kqrkq~ Wqhjqk~~zd~ ~z`bu die bd~u? ~h bd~u& ì bdnu&ucdu ù fd{incke d ~kq`k~ hb ikzwqhoknu~ #lh~u ihudafp Hwki^`l{,

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#pk~& krki ekrkfhwkq~ hb Fìeki Fdazkqk wdqu hb ù$) Uc`~ lkdi~ ucdu

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Zcki qk~èkiu~ udfm dah{uNhapAhu& uckp ~u`ff cdrkuc`~ qhldiu`n ihu`hi hb ph{ij ek,

fìt{kiu de{fu~ ì uck`q ad~klkiu~&ad~mìj ì uck ikhi jfhz hb uck`qNQU~& upwìj dzdp i bqhiu hb uck`quksuhifp nhi~hfk~ die jqìiìjì ~du`~bdnu`hi hb uck`q uknci`ndfwqhzk~~ Uck~k zkqk qdqk ìe`rè,

{df~ zch zh{feiu krki nhwp nhi,ukiu aknd{~k uckp zdiuke uh ldmklhikp h{u hb ù& a{u o{~u aknd{~kuckp zh{fe fhrk uh jfhdu dah{u ù@i,zhqfe& uck`q dnu`rù`k~ zh{fe akt{`nmfp ~whuuke? uckp zh{fe cdrkuzh dfu~& hik chrkqìj akcìe uckhuckq Uck b`q~u zh{fe ak uck ahu&wqkuup l{nc ~udu`ndffp ~udpìj ìuck ~dlk ~whu #d~ ù qkuq`krk~ nhi,ukiu bqhl uck jqè)& die uck huckq

hik whìuìj h{u bkdu{qk~ uh nhwpUc`~ zd~ wqkuup l{nc chz uck

b`q~u,jkikqdu`hi NhwpAhu zhqmke&die ù cd~ akki ekkwfp ìjqdìkeì h{q lìe~

Chzkrkq& har`h{~fp& d bdq akuukqzdp uh nhwp nhiukiu `~ ihu zùc dahu& a{u ~`lwfp {~ìj d lhe`b`ke

rkq~`hi hb uck F R`kzkq Dbukq dff&uck ^F R`kzkq `~ dafk uh qkuq`krkdff nhiukiu ìbhqldu`hi bqhl uck

jqè bfdzfk~~fp& ~ìnk ù~ uck hifpzdp uh e`~wfdp ù$ Deeìj di dee`,u`hidf b{inu`hi uh ~drk ucdu nhiukiud~ ù `~ e`~wfdpke `~ ihu ksnkkeìj,fp e`bb`n{fu #{wfhdeìj uck nhhm,ahhm uh qk,nqkduk nhw`ke nhiukiu `~

d aù cdqekq& a{u ihu qhnmku ~n`kinkkùckq)& die uck~k edp~& dflh~u dffihi,Fìeki Fda r`kzkq~ cdrk db{inu`hi f`mk ucdu Ldip o{~u ldmkadnm{w~ dffhzìj ph{q hzinhiukiu& kùckq uck hik ph{ nqkdukehq n{qqkiufp hzi zùc uck nhqqknu~ku hb wkql`~~`hi~& uh ak ~drke uhe`~m& ì nd~k uck jqè c`nn{w~ dieph{ fh~k ù @i ~hlk nd~k~& zcdu `~d adnm{w die zcdu `~ wfdìfp o{~u

nhwpìj ~hlkhik kf~k~ nhiukiu `~ihu nfkdq

Uck Uqdjkep hb uck#Nqkdu`rk) Nhllhi~

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lhqk ~uqdijk,fp& chz ù ~{n,nkkeke d~ de`jùdf jhhe~ldqmkuwfdnkksdnufp ak,

nd{~k hb ucdu

Akbhqk Nhwp,Ahu zd~ krkid qklhuk wh~~`,a`fùp& ^knhie

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u`hi hb ìukffknu{df wqhwkqup uh dwcp~`ndf& duhl,ad~ke haoknu [if`mk

zcdu d fhu hb wkhwfk ucìm& nhwp,q`jcu ehk~iu dwwfp uh èkd~ hq nhi,nkwu~& a{u hifp hi uck wcp~`ndf `l,

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wqhe{nu

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lhiwfdnk dienckdw kih{jcucdu dip,hik bqhl ucklèefk nfd~~nh{fe dbbhqe

uh a{p uckl&uckqk zd~t{ùk d fhu hb` ir k ~ ul k iuuh ak ldek?bqhl wqìuìjwqk~~k~& uh wd,

wkq,ldi{bdnu{qìj wfdiu~& uh ~ku,uìj {w nh{iuqpzèk e`~uqà{u`hilhekf~ ucdu zh{fe aqìj ahhm~uh qklhuk wfdnk~ uh ak ~hfe rkqp

nckdwfp Uh ldmk ~{qk ucdu uck ì,rk~ulkiu zh{fe cdrk d qku{qi& ù

Zcki qk~èkiu~ udfm

dah{u NhapAhu& uckp ~u`ffcdrk uc`~ qhldiu`n ih,u`hi hb ph{ij ekfìt{kiu

de{fu~ ì uck`q ad~klkiu~&ad~mìj ì uck ikhi jfhz

hb uck`q NQU~& upwìj

dzdp ì bqhiu hb uck`q uks,uhifp nhi~hfk~ die jqì,iìj ì ~du`~bdnu`hi hb

uck`q uknci`ndf wqhzk~~Uck~k zkqk qdqk ìe`rè{,

df~ zch zh{feiu krkinhwp nhiukiu aknd{~k uckpzdiuke uh ldmk lhikph{u hb ù& a{u o{~u aknd{~kuckp zh{fe fhrk uh jfhdu

dah{u ù

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zd~ `lwhqudiu bhq uck w{af`~cìjupnhhi~ uh j{dqdiukk ucdu ihahepzh{fe ~`lwfp nhwp di d{uchq~

zhqm die nhlwkuk zùc uckl zùcuck ~dlk nhiukiu Nhwpq`jcu fdz~zh{fe j{dqdiukk ucdu uck d{uchq~zhqm zh{fe ak hifp e`~uqà{ukeucqh{jc uck w{af`~cìj ch{~k ucdu

cde di ksnf{~`rk f`nki~k uh ucdunhiukiu& die uck d{uchq zh{fe& ì d~ki~k& ~cdqk uck nh~u~ die uck q`~m~ap jkuuìj d uìp bqdnu`hi hb uckwqhbù~? qhpdfu`k~ zh{fe ak wdè bhqkdnc ~dfk

Huckq wqhe{nu~& f`mk wqk~~ìj rìpfe`~m~& bhffhzke uck ~dlk lhekf& dieuc`~ t{`nmfp ~wqkde uh lh~u dqkd~hb nhwpq`jcuke ldukq`df ìnf{e,ìj ~c`wwìj NE~ zùc ~hbuzdqk

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bqhl huckq~ uh ~ku {w nhlwkuù`hi&krki uch{jc uck ekud`f~ dqk t{ùk

e`bbkqkiu& hb nh{q~k

@i uck 40uc nkiu{qp& d{uchq~ zh{fe

cdrk ih nch`nk a{u uh jh ucqh{jcdi k~udaf`~cke w{af`~ckq uh jkuuck`q zhqe~ i wqìu #hq& fdukq i uck17uc nkiu{qp& uck`q l{~`n hi d r`,ipf e`~m) ^kfb,w{af`~cìj zd~ uhh

kswki~`rk die f`lùke uh rkqp f`l,ùke die qk~uq`nuke keù`hi~= ù zd~drd`fdafk uh uck rkqp q`nc bhq ~kfb,jqdu`b`ndu`hi #lp idlk hi d ahhmnhrkq) a{u qdqkfp ldidjke uh ~kffldip nhw`k~ h{u~èk hik~ hzi n`q,

nfk hb bq`kie~ die uck nd~{df a{pkq

Kiukq uck 14~u nkiu{qp Lh~u nhi,ukiu uck~k edp~ ~udqu ì e`jùdfbhql& zùc wh~~àfp uck ksnkwu`hihb ~n{fwu{qk~ #die krki ~h& uckp

{~{dffp ~udqu zùc d ~mkunc) Dqu `~ehik hi Wchuh~chw= l{~`n ~udqu~ uhak nhlwh~ke hi ~hbuzdqk& hq du fkd~uwfdpke(~{ij ap d jqh{w(~ìjkq zchz`ff ldmk uck`q b`q~u qknhqeìj hid NE #hq ~`l`fdq e`jùdf bhqldu)

Ahhm~ dqk upwke hi zhqe wqhnk~,~hq~ die ~kiu ap k,ld`f ^hbuzdqk&hb nh{q~k& `~ b{ffp nqkduke ì w{qke`jùdf bhqldu A{u hink ù~ e`jùdfph{ ndi ldmk d~ ldip nhw`k~ d~

ph{ z`~c& zùch{u dip ldi{bdn,u{qìj nh~u~& bqhl uck nhlbhqu hb

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ph{q wkq~hidf ek~muhw Krki akuukqucdi ucdu& ucdim~ uh uck @iukqiku&du d nf`nm hb d a{uuhi ph{ ndi ldmk

ph{q nhiukiu kd~`fp drd`fdafk bhq dwhukiu`df d{e`kink hb > a`ff`hi c{,ldi akìj~ zhqfe,zèk du kqhnh~u~ #hq d~ nfh~k uh kqh d~ ph{ ndi`ldjìk) Uck zchfk ihu`hi ucdu

jkuuìj ph{q dquzhqm~ wcp~`ndf`lwfklkiudu`hi ìuh uck cdie~ hbuck kie {~kq ~ d nh~ufp wqhnk~~& diehifp drd`fdafk uh c{jk nhlwdi`k~zùc d ahuuhlfk~~ ìrk~ulkiu& cd~{uukqfp nhffdw~ke @u l`jcu ak uq{k

bhq d fkjdnp ìe{~uqp #zk ~u`ff a{pahhm~ i ~chw~$)& a{u u ~ ihu di {i`,rkq~df uq{uc dip lhqk D{uchq~ ndi~{qr`rk i uck e`jùdf ldqmkuwfdnkzùch{u uck ikke hb c{jk nhqwhqd,u`hi~ uh w{~c uck`q nhiukiu bqhl

uck e`jùdf bhqldu ìuh d wcp~`ndf&duhl,ad~ke bhqldu uh ak ekf`rkqkeuh uck kie {~kq Uck uq`nm ~ ucdu d{,uchq~ cdrk uh ucìm dah{u uck`q nqk,du`rk wqhnk~~k~ d~ d ~kqr`nk uckpwqhrèk

Uc{~& d{uchq~ f`mk ~nq`wuzqùkq~ndi ak c`qke uh nqkduk d ~nq`wu bhqd lhr`k& die uckpff jku uck lhikpì derdink& zkff akbhqk uck lhr`k

`~ qkfkd~ke ì uckduqk~ dqh{ie uckzhqfe L{~`n`di~ ndi ak c`qke uh

nqkduk ~h{ieuqdnm~ Jqdwc`n dqu,`~u~ ~kff uck`q Zka ek~`ji~ bhq d bkk&a{u ucki fku uck a{pkq hb uck`q dqu

uh eh zcdukrkq uckp z`~c zùc uckzka~ùk Uck ihu`hi hb nqkdu`rk nhi,ukiu d~ d ~kqr`nk aknhlk~ lhqk dielhqk zèk~wqkde& die krki fùkq,dqp d{uchq~ z`ff kdqi l{nc lhqk

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hrkq uck ekndek~

Chzkrkq& uc`~ df~h lkdi~ ucdu e`j,ùdffp e`~uqà{uke nhiukiu z`ff akrkqp& rkqp kd~p uh nhwp= udjjìjuck wq`nk uh uck wqhe{nu #uck `lwfk,

lkiudu`hi hb uck nqkdu`rk èkd ì d~wkn`b`n lke`{l) ~ uc{~ di h{uedu,ke nhinkwu Uc`~ `~ uck qkd~hi zcpuck w{af`~cìj lkjdnhqw~ ohì hq,jdi`du`hi~ f`mk uck Q@DD ì uck[^ uh ldmk ~{qk ucdu uck hfe fdz~

dqk ~u`ff eqd~u`ndffp kibhqnke ap dffjhrkqilkiu~ zhqfe,zèk& a{u zkdff mihz ucdu uckpqk fh~ìj uckaduufk& die uck lhqk hwki lìekew{af`~ckq~ dqk ncdijìj uck`q qkr,

ki{k lhekf~& uhh @b ph{ ehzifhde~hlkucìj bqhl Ldjidu{ik #hq

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krki Ù{ik~)& uck èkd `~ ucdu ph{wdp bhq uck ~kqr`nk hb jkuuìj dikd~`fp,dnnk~~àfk zka~ùk zckqk

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zdp ucdi qkfpìj {whi uqdeù`hi,df e`~uqà{u`hi lhekf~ Aknd{~k ìuck kie zcdu lduukq~ `~ ihu chzldip wkhwfk wdp bhq ph{q l{~`n&a{u chz ldip f`~uki uh ù #ih ldu,ukq zcdu uck ~h{qnk$)& die chz ph{

jku wdè bhq ù Ldjidu{ik& Ù{ik~&die ~`l`fdq ~kqr`nk~ dnu{dffp wdplhqk uh d{uchq~& dfuch{jc ù~ uq{kucdu uckqk dqk bdq lhqk wkhwfk f`~,ukiìj uh l{~`n ehzifhdeke bqhl

uck~k ~ùk~ die nhw`ke uh bq`kie~ ucdi {~ìj d uqdeù`hidf e`~uq`,

a{u`hi lhekf

û`ff& u~ cdqe uh ~dp `b uc`~ z`ff ak,

nhlk uck wqkrd`fìj lhekf ì uckikdq b{u{qk Krkqp pkdq& fk~~ diefk~~ NE~ dqk akìj ah{jcu hi ~chw~&a{u lhqk die lhqk wkhwfk f`~ukiuh l{~`n qkj{fdqfp bdq lhqk Hiahhm~& bhq ksdlwfk& uc`~ uqkie ~ ihupku ~kki& ~ìnk zk ehiu cdrk rkqpjhhe dfukqidu`rk~ bhq qkdeìj ucknhiukiu& die ihu krkqpahep ~ uq{fpcdwwp ì qkdeìj ahhm~ hifìk hqhi ph{q fdwuhw ì ph{q ake Uc`~

l`jcu ncdijk d~ ukncihfhj`k~ f`mkDldhi~ Mìefk hq krkiu{dffpDwwfk~ b{u{qk Ùdafku l`jcu ldmk{~ qkucìm uck zdp zk qkfduk uh uckzqùuki zhqe

Ihu d ~kqr`nk&ihu qhpdfu`k~ ^knhie F`bk~

nhiukiu,~kffìjlhekf hbnh~u~cdqìj

Ihz kiukq ^knhie F`bk& zckqkucìj~ dqk ksdnufp uck qkrkq~k

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@i knhie F`bk& dfuch{jc wqhadafpì di {iwfdiike bhql& nhiukiunqkduhq~ ~kff uck`q nhiukiu e`qknufp

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bhq [^%;77 eqk~~k~ #~wkn`dffp `buckpqk {i`t{k die ie`rè{df$)& a{uì ^knhie F`bk& ihahep `~ ~kq`h{~fpnhi~èkqìj uh wdp ucdu l{nc bhqph{q drdudq @i~ukde& uckpqk z`ff,ìj uh wdp& ~dp& [^%4 bhq ù Dff uck

nhiukiu nqkduhq cd~ uh eh `~ uh ~kff;77 nhw`k~ hb ù& bhq [^%4 kdnc& dieuck`q fdah{q nh~u~ dqk ikdufp nhr,kqke Ekwkieìj hi uck ~{nnk~~ hbuck F bd~c`hi ek~`jikq& uc`~ l`jcuak t{ùk kd~p uh dnc`krk& hq ak di

`lwh~~àfk ud~m= ikrkquckfk~~& uckwhìu `~ ucdu uc`~ lhekf zhqm~ ~hzkff ì ^knhie F`bk aknd{~k ph{ndiihu ldmk nhw`k~ hb uck nhiukiuzùch{u wkql`~~`hi hb uck hq`j`,

idf nqkduhq A{u uc`~ `~ ihu chz uckfkjdnp nhiukiu nqkdu`hi wqhnk~~

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nhw`ke dlhij bq`kie~ Uck lhekfehk~iu zhqm

@i ^knhie F`bk ù~ ksdnufp uck nhi,uqdqp ^kfb,w{af`~cìj dffhz~ dwqhbù aknd{~k wkhwfk dqk f`mkfp uh

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a{p nhiukiud~ d ~kqr`nk&zc`fk 4: l`f,f`hi qk~èkiu~dqk lhqkucdi z`ff,

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`~u~ cdrk fhij akki {~ke uh ak c`qkebhq uck`q ~kqr`nk~ #~dp& uh j`rk w{a,f`n nhinkqu~) Chzkrkq& rkqp bkz dqk

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nhiukiu #~dp& dikz h{ubù) z`ff

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uck nh~u hb nhiukiu dlhijc{ieqke~ #hq ~hlku`lk~

uch{~die~) hb qk~èkiu~&

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du`hi

A{u {fu`ldukfp zkff ikke d uknc,

i`ndf ~hf{u`hi Uck jhhe ikz~ ~ucdu& dfuch{jc ù~ `lwh~~àfk uh

U{qiìj `ffkjù`lduk

nhiukiu nhwp ìuh dnq`lk

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nhiukiu bhq ~dfk(nhwp hq wqhbùbqhl u ap qk~uq`nuìj ~dfk~ uh

ak u`ke uh d nqkeù ndqe hq ~hlkhuckq bhql hb rdfèdu`hi Uc`~zh{fe lkdi ucdu uck adik hbdihiplh{~ drdudq~ zùc bdmkedud z`ff e`~dwwkdq hrkqi`jcuHc& ihu uhudffp e`~dwwkdq& hbnh{q~k Wkhwfk z`ff ~u`ff nhwpnqkeù ndqe ìbh bqhl {iekq,

jqh{ie ~ùk~ die bìe ~`l`fdqzdp~ hb apwd~~ìj uck ikke uhjku wqhwkq èkiu`b`ndu`hi uh nqk,duk bdmk dfu~ zùc bdmk edudUck qkdf e`bbkqkink `~ ucdu bhqehìj ~h& uckp zh{fe cdrk uh

nhllù d nq`lk wqhrèìjbqd{e{fkiu nqkeù ndqe edud `~ dnq`lk& die ~h `~ ~ukdfìj èkiu`,u`k~ @uff udmk d nq`lìdf lìeuh akf`krk uckp nh{fe nhiuì{kuh wqhnkke ì uc`~ ldiikq& die

ihu jku nd{jcu bhq krkq die krkq=~h& uck bhn{~ zh{fe ak l{ncfk~~ hi uck wc`fh~hwc`ndf `lwf`,ndu`hi~ hb `ffkjù`lduk nhiukiunhwp #zc`nc `~ dfzdp~ d rkqp~cdmp jqh{ie)& a{u hi nhllù,uìj d nq`lk ì hqekq uh ak dafkuh wqhbù bqhl nhw`ke nhiukiu die& hb nh{q~k& lh~u hb uckn{qqkiu qk~èkiu~ kijdjìj ìuc`~ dnu`rùp q`jcu ihz eh u ak,

nd{~k uckp bkkf ù~ t{ùk ~dbk uheh ~h #Fìeki Fda mihz~ ucdu

12


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adiiìj di dfu udmk~ fhijkqucdi nqkduìj c{ieqke~ hb ikzhik~& ~h ù~ wqkuup l{nc whìu,fk~~ uh zd~uk u`lk ì uqdnmìjuckl ehzi) Uc`~ zh{fe ihu~uhw wkhwfk bqhl nhwpìj nhi,ukiu bhq uck`q hzi w{qwh~k~& a{uekbìùkfp wqkrkiu uckl uh dn,

u`rkfp kijdjk ì ld~~`rk e`~,~klìdu`hi hb nhw`ke nhiukiu#bhq wqhbù hq huckqz`~k)

^{nc d ~c`bu hb bhn{~ hi zcdu `~`ffkjdf hq ihu upìj `ffkj u`,

lduk nhiukiu nhwp zùc nhllù,uìj d qkdf nq`lk& w{i`~cdafkap qkdf fdz~& ih lduukq zcduuck o{q`~e`nu`hi l`jcu ak o{~uuck q`jcu ìnkiu`rk bhq f`lùìjuck ~ndfk hb ù~ e`~uqà{u`hi ì

^knhie F`bk Uc`~ zh{fe nkq,udìfp ldmk nhiukiu nqkduhq~~fkkw kd~`kq e{qìj uck i`jcu&d~~{qke ucdu uck`q a{~ìk~~lhekf zh{fe ihu ak ek~uqhpke&die kinh{qdjìj uckl uh aqìjh{u ikz nqkdu`rk ùkl~ bhq ~dfk&{~ìj uc`~ ~cdqke nh~u a{~`,ik~~ lhekf zckqk krkqp n{~,uhlkq nhiuqà{uk~ zùc d uìpbqdnu`hi hb uck hrkqdff nh~u hb

di ùkl ~hfe ì ^knhie F`bk,


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BHN[^


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@

u~ nhlìj& @u~ nhlìj uck aduufk nqp ckdqe qh{ie uck jqè bhq lhiuc~

hi kie) Hi uck bhq{l~& uck afhj~ die uck adnm qhhl~ hb ^knhie F`bk

~hn`kup& De{fu Rkq`ndu`hi ì dff ù~ bhql~ zd~ e`~n{~~ke zùc bkqrhq

Zc`fk ~hlk fhbuke {w wùncbhqm~ die uhqnck~& huckq~ t{`kufp whiekqke zcdu uckidf h{unhlk hb uc`~ ikzk~u bhql hb rkq`ndu`hi zh{fe lhqwc ìuh Dfd~& zcki

_ edp #uck idf De{fu ~wfù bqhl ldìfdie d~ zk mihz ù) ndlk die zkiu& rh`nk~

bqhl krkqp nhqikq hb uck jqè akjdi uh q`~k @ ndiu dnnk~~ lp bdrhqùk cdijh{u(

~chwwìj dqkd uh @ dfqkdep djqkke ucdu @ dl 43 zcki @ djqkke uh uck UH^ {whi~`ji{w bhq ^F cd~ akki ckdqe ì uck nh{q~k hb krkqpedp nhirkq~du`hi Zcdu

ksdnufp `~ Djk Rkq`ke die chz ehk~ ù dbbknu lk8

Nhlk jqda d nhfe eqìm& ~ù h{u hi lp eknm die fku lk zdfm ph{ ucqh{jc uck ì~die h{u~ hb uck Djk Rkq`ndu`hi lhqd~~

ap Wdiuckq L`mfh~

`ff{~uqdu`hi~ ap Ndùfì Ldeq`jdf

Uck udijfke zkahb de{fu Rkq`b`ndu`hi

10

b` ` è ` c e c ` a`ffZ` c c e


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b`ndu`hi& qk~èkiu~ ndi kùckq {weduk uck`q a`ff,

ìj ìbhqldu`hi #hi uck ^F zka~ùk) zùc nqkeù

ndqe ìbhqldu`hi #FF cd~ e`~nhiuì{ke dffhzìj

uck {~k hb wqkwdè ekaù ndqe~ bhq a`ffìj w{qwh~,

k~ , zk ndi dff ucdim uck ~nq`wu mèe`k~ bhq uc`~q{fìj) hq rkq`b`ke WdpWdf dnnh{iu ìbhqldu`hi

Kd~p d~ 4& 1& >& die ph{ z`ff ak hhlìj dqh{ie

ì dff ldiikq hb zdp~ ucqh{jc de{fu nhiukiu

ahuc ìzhqfe die hi S~uqkku @i bdnu& dnnk~~

uh uck nhiuìkiu hb _ìeqd #ihz mihzi d~ De{fu

Rkq`b`ke)`~ hifp f`lùke uh uch~k zùc ~hlk bhql

hb wdplkiu ìbhqldu`hi hi b`fk zùc FF die(hqcdrk nhlwfkuke uck Djk Rkq`b`ndu`hi wqhnk~~

Djk rkq`b`ndu`hi& `~ d lhqk dqe{h{~ wqhnk~~

ucqh{jc FF~ rkq`b`ndu`hi wdquikq Dq`~uhufk Df,

uch{jc uckqk dqk ldip fhhwchfk~ ì uck Dq`~uh,

ufk ~p~ukl& FF cd~ nch~ki uc`~ lkuche ap zc`nc

uh djk rkq`bp Dip i{lakq hb idu`hidffp qknhj,

i`ke bhql~ hb wkq~hidf èkiu`b`ndu`hi ldp ak

{~ke? [^ qk~èkiu~ eq`rkq~ f`nki~k hq uck fd~u

bh{q e`jù~ hb ph{q ~hn`df ~kn{qùp i{lakq& dfhij

zùc ph{q b{ff fkjdf idlk& deeqk~~ die eduk hb

a`quc= qk~èkiu~ hb huckq nh{iuq`k~ , wd~~whqu& id,

u`hidf èkiu`b`ndu`hi i{lakq hq huckq wkq~hidf

èkiu`b`ndu`hi wdwkq~ z`ff ikke uh ak {u`f`ke FF

cd~ dnmihzfkejke ~krkqdf a{j~ ì uck wqhjqdl&

krki bhq uch~k zùcì uck [iùke ûduk~ Bhq

uch~k h{u~èk hb uck [^& ù dwwkdq~ d~ uch{jc

{~ìj uck akud rkq~`hi hb djk rkq`b`ndu`hi `~ d

nhlwfkuk cù die l`~~ Ldip dqk akìj der`~ke

uh ~{alù d u`nmku #jhhe f{nm `b ph{ dqk lkqkfp d

ad~`n lklakq) ~uduìj ucdu uck rkq`b`ndu`hi cd~

bd`fke die duudnc d nhwp hb uck ehn{lkiu ph{

{~ke ì ph{q duuklwu uh rkq`bp Lh~u fdiehzikq~

cdrk nch~ki uh ihu {~k uc`~ lkuche hb dnnk~~ uh

uck`q ~uhqk~ , ~kkìj uck akikbù hb ihu {~ìj uck

lh~u qk~uq`nu`rk uhhf j`rki uh fdie hzikq~ die

uckqkap n{uuìj uck`q hzi da`fùp uh ldmk wqhb,ù~ , chzkrkq& uckqk dqk ~hlk zch cdrk udmki

ucdu qh{uk ek~wùk zduncìj uck`q wqhbù~ jh h{u

Zùc uck de,

rkiu hb _ìeqd&

uck nhffknu`rk

ucìm udim hb Fì,

eki Fda ndlk uh ucknhinf{~`hi ucdu d uq{k ~kwdqd,

u`hi hb uch~k zch z`~c uh dnnk~~ dff

ldiikq hb ucìj~ de{fu bqhl uch~k zch~k

wqkqhjdu`rk f`k~ ~hlkzckqk lhqk udlk zd~ `l,

wkqdu`rk FF ukdlke {w zùc di djk rkq`b`ndu`hi

wqhsp wqhrèkq #Dq`~uhufk) die ~ku dah{u ~kuuìj

{w uck akud bhql bhq qk~èkiu~ {~k Ihz& uc`~~h{ie~ jqkdu ì wqìn`wfk& ih8 Mkkw qkdf nc`feqki

hbb uck ldì jqè die dzdp bqhl ucìj~ uck`q uki,

ekq ph{ij kpk~ cdrk ih a{~ìk~~ ~kkìj Dffhz

bhq kdnc qk~èkiu uh ~ku uck`q hzi kswkq`kink uh

ucdu zc`nc ìukqk~u~ uckl zùch{u dnnèkiudffp

fdieìj bdnk uh bdnk zùc d j`diu ldfk wcdff{~

{whi uwìj ìuh d ~chwwìj dqkd #uc`~ ìnèkiu

dnu{dffp cdwwkike uh uc`~ zqùkq d~ ckq wqknh,

n`h{~ ph{ij ed{jcukq dwwqhdncke ckq zùc d

t{k~u`hi$) I`qrdid Ihu ~h bd~u& ekdq qkdekq D~

zùc dipucìj ucdu e`w~ ìuh uck whu hb qkdf f`bk

bqhl uck r`qu{df zhqfe& uckqk dqk ~~{k~ hlk dqk

t{ùk ì~`ji`b`ndiu& huckq~ hi wdq zùc ~hfrìj

uck wqhafkl hb w{af`n ke{ndu`hi Ihz ucdu uck

e{~u cd~ ~kuufke dbukq _ edp& ù `~ u`lk uh wqhwkqfp

deeqk~~ uck~k `~~{k~ die dfkqu qk~èkiu~ hb uck

jqè uh uck lpuc~ die bdffdn`k~ ~{qqh{ieìj uck

Djk Rkq`b`ndu`hi whf`np

Èh @ CDRK uh ak Djk Rkq`b`ke uh dnnk~~ dier`kz De{fu nhiukiu8 Pk~ die Ih Uckqk dqk uzh

bhql~ hb rkq`b`ndu`hi ucdu z`ff dffhz qk~èkiu~ dn,

nk~~ uh de{fu dqkd~ D~ FF whf`np ~uduk~& Dnnh{iu

Rkq`b`ndu`hi die Djk Rkq`b`ndu`hi dqk ~uq`nufp rhf,

{iudqp Uh kiukq 07+ hb de{fu fdie~& hik lkqk,

fp ikke uh ak Dnnh{iu Rkq`b`ke #zc`nc cd~ ihz

zèkfp aknhlk mihzi d~ De{fu rkq`b`ke) , cdr,ìj ~hlk bhql hb wdplkiu ìbhqldu`hi hi b`fk

zùc hq {~ke zùc FF Uh nhlwfkuk dnnh{iu rkq`,

>7

uh ~kd @u `~ uck`q q`jcu chzkrkq `b uckp dqk df~h ohqùp hb ^F qk~èkiu~ die uck`q zdffku~ #ìnf{eìj


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uh ~kd @u `~ uck`q q`jcu& chzkrkq `b uckp dqk df~h

d lkqncdiu , uckp ldp rkqp zkff ak n{uuìj hbb

uck`q ih~k uh ~wùk uck`q bdnk Zùc uck n{qqkiu

nf`lduk die whf`n`k~ hb FF& uckqk `~ ih ikke uh

ak ucdu qk~uq`nu`rk hb ph{q nhiukiu Uck zchfkw{qwh~k hb uck ~kwdqdu`hi hb uck de{fu nhiukiu

bqhl uck ldìfdie zd~ uh dffhz kdnc {~kq nhi,

uqhf hb zcdu uckp z`~c uh ~kk die kswkq`kink @b d

qk~èkiu cd~ rkq`b`ke uck`q dnnh{iu& zùc uck ikz

r`kzkq& uckp ndi ~u`ff ~kdqnc de{fu nhiukiu `b uckp

~h z`~c

`@~ Djk Rkq`b`ndu`hi jhìj uh dbbknu lp a{~`,ik~~ die(hq lp ed`fp f`bk ì zhqfe8 Pk~ die ih @b

ph{ dqk hik hb uck rkqp bkz a{~ìk~~(fdie hzi,

kq~ zch cdrk nch~ki uh ~ku ph{q fdie uh djk

rkq`b`ke dnnk~~ Jhhe f{nm zùc ucdu Ph{ z`ff

~kk ph{q n{~uhlkq ad~k eqhw uh uck ~kd bfhhq

d~ ldip qk~èkiu~ dqk qkb{~ìj uh hbbkq {w wkq,

~hidffp èkiu`bpìj ìbhqldu`hi ~`lwfp uh dnnk~~

ph{q fdie hq jhhe~ @u `~ ihu iknk~~dqp zùc dff

uck qkldììj uhhf~ FF cd~ j`rki ph{ uh ~knf{ek

ph{q w{qkfp de{fu nhiukiu bqhl {irkq`b`ke kpk~

Dnnh{iu rkq`b`ndu`hi z`ff& bhq uck lh~u wdqu& z`ff

~kqrk uck ~dlk w{qwh~k pku IHU ekukq uck nfkdq

ldohqùp hb qk~èkiu~ hb uck jqè @b ph{ cdrk ihu

nhlwfkukfp ke{nduke ph{q~kfb hi uck ukql~ ap

zc`nc FF dffhz~ ph{ uh mkkw ph{q de{fu ùkl~

hi ph{q wq`rduk fdie~& @ {qjk ph{ uh eh ~h Ph{

ndi bìe uch~k j{èkfìk~ ckqk? cuuw~?((~{w,

whqu~knhief`bknhl(`n~(~{wwhqu(ekbd{fud~

w8ekwu@E


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^CHK

Add~u`nk

Mdfi`i~

Fdzp Wfdnk~

Bq

kdm~chz

4LDJ zd~ du Bhhuzdqk Ksuh ldmk ~chk fhrk

#die uh df~h cdrk

>1

IKSS


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D@Q70

{qbNh)

Ld uqkpd

Nh{qu`~dik

DI

h die cd~ nch~ki ~hlk w`knk~~ zdfm `i uck nfh{e~

uck`q ckde~ `i uckqk)

>>


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Nht{kuuk Ih`q

UH F

Cdp~{q`zd

F ik

>5


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36/140

NHNH

DediiKr

k

chhqkiakkm

ON*~

>2


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M`uu`k~ Fd`q

JB`kfe

AkffdEhid

Bkfnup

IN Wf{~


38/140

^UPFK


39/140

RDI@UP

K~wDqzDd~

djpik~~ Ekpi

w`nu{qk ap Bkqj`k ^lù

Udim?Klkqp , Nchh~k F`bk Udim [wwkq

Okdi~?Ldùqkpd ^mìip Okdi~ , .7;^ndqb??~kp Dbjcdi ~uhfk0


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D{u{lid lki~ zìukq bd~c`hi wqkr`kz ap O

Uck Okziw`nu{qk~ ap Odlk~ ^nczdq

hi @p?^{ù? ]Ekdezhhf\ Huuh n{fwuke {ù

Cd`q? Aqpnk y Cìekq , Lèi`jcu - L`d{ Cd{~ YY Ehihrdi Cd`q #lheeke)Jfd~~k~? DUU@U[EK afdnm(nfkdq


41/140

~ jhik)))lk~ ^nczdq die @p Akqkipdm&

~ Aqhuckq~

hi Odlk~?Cdu(Cd`q? /DQJQDNK/ C{iu`ij , Rkqp ~chqu , Afdnm

Jfd~~k~? kqd Mhqkd , Bqkka`k Jfd~~k~^c`qu(^zkdukq? c`m` , w{lwm`i r,iknm ~zkdukq z(~c`qu die u`k

Nhdu? L{`~l , Pku` Nhdu , Afdnm


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51


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@i uc`~ wdjk& hi Odlk~?Cd`q? [infkzka , Df , NhbbkkWdqmd? ]^\ Ncknm Wdqmd JqkkiUdim? Ckqlhip , Bqkeep Udimuhw PkffhzZdunc? /yLgi Ay/ Ed~`h Zdunc #~`frkq)

Okdi~? /L{`~l/ ]^mìip Qhff,{w N{bb Okdi~\X@ie`jh

^chk~? 1J ap W`t{k Bfdi Nh{q{ Zcùk Wìm Idrp

@i uck huckq wdjk?

hi @p?

^mì? "Akdi , Nfh~kq Ihql I{ek F`jcu ~u{aafk bqs^zkdukq? //ki rdfk// Nhz`ncdi ^zkdukq#Jqdp)^chk~? /hqeìdqp ek~`ji/ Wq`lduk~Ndw? #Qhh) Bfdu Ndw Lk~c

Okdi~? Dqlè` , Jqdnk Okdi~ , @ie`jh #lheeke)Cd`q? Jqùup Mùup? Chff`~ukq , aqhzi #lheeke)^c`qu? ^DQUHQ@D zcùk ^C@QU

^hnm~? /DQD@/ hnm~71Xjqdp

hi Odlk~?^mì? @qhi`n A`qe~ , H~ndq , F`jcu û{aafk^ndqb? L@KF ZWJ@@@ ^NDQB NHDF

Odnmku? /NHNH/ ChllkXBf`jcuOdnmkuXAfdnmUdim? Rùdlki , Qàake Nhuuhi Udim " Aq`kb G W^W

Okdi~? _ddqd ? Nfd~~`n okdi~ bhq lki /afdnm/Ahhu~? ZLE , QAhhu~ L[FU@NHFHQ

5>


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^kk Ucqh{jca{fmp fìk~& ~cdqw afdnm~& die nfkdi zcùk~nqkduk di dldìj ~`fch{kuuk bhq zìukq lì`ldf kfklkiu~ nqkduk lds`l{l `lwqk~~`hilhekf die w`nu{qk~ ap Iìd Bk~~akìekq

52


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@i uck huckq wdjk?

]Fkf{umd\,QKRHF[U@HI KPK^(Hf`rk= $fdla ^dp , A{uukqbìjkq= ??LN?? kpkfd~ck~4 ~`lwfk,upwk nfd~~`n= ]FkF{umd\,Knfdu WDFK ldmk{w;=

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JFHRK^(ksuqd nhfhq~ , jqdp= ]FkF{umd\,LDPD ~chk~(afdnm= #L`fm Lhu`hi) Lp ckdeadie #ek~`jikq~ {iùke @@ ùki)

@i uc`~ wdjk?

]FkF{umd\,Wchuh~chhu @@ Fd~ck~#IH^K)= FdJph L`ncdf iknmfdnk= FdJphX^`lwfp d ahz afdnm= $Hcld` ? Jdfk [iekqfdpkq ~d~~p~mkunc=

#EhLhNh) Jfhrk~? B{ff Bìjkq Jfhrk~ Jqkp= /NHNH/XU{skehOdnmkuXJqdp= ]FkF{umd\,Knfdu BD@Q ldmk{w >= edqm lh{~k rìpf t{`fuke

cdieadj= Ldùqkpd Ah , Ndqdlkf= Ldùqkpd Ikppd / Uhk,ndw Zcùk= Hh BF[BBP hH Miù " Iku hs= ,


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@i uck huckq wdjk?

]FkF{umd\ wchuh~chhu @@ fd~ck~= FdJph qhwk a{~u`kq= ]FkF{umd\ Jdqah ~cdek~ afdnm 4= ]jfhz\ ~u{e`h ù zd~ lk fkjjìj~ aq`jcu= ]Fk,

F{umd\ knfdu f`jcu ldmk{w1= ]FkF{umd\ jfhrk~ afdnm= edqm lh{~k e`rìk eknh adijfk= Ldùqkpd J`fe , ^df`nkink JhfekiAfdnm= Ld`,

uqkpd Rhf^ndqb Cd`q >1 ndqdlkf= Uc`~ `~ d Bdzi , ~uqìj eqk~~

@i uc`~ wdjk?

]FkF{umd\,Knfdu WDFK ldmk{w > cd`qad~kXbqknmfk~= W`j , ck`fd Aducìj ^{ù , `frkq= /D[ R/ B{qfk ndwk= ]FkF{umd\,JFHRK^(ksuqd nhf,

hq~ jqdp= ] jfhz \ ~u{e`h , ~`frkq ucì aqdnkfku~= ]jfhz\ û{e`h Rìudjk nf{unc #~`frkq)= ADS Wqk~u`jk Ahhu~ Zcùk Fkduckq

;4


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FHJ@I


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hhidnhWhqud

hhidnhWhqud

HM fku~ ak chik~u& zch dlhij {~ zh{feiu zdiu uh ak d fùufk f`mkLhhidnh Whqud8

^ck~ akd{u`b{f& ìukff`jkiu& b{iip die fhrkfp& cd~ d c{jk ckdqu diezhi ckq wfdnk zùc fhu hb kbbhqu die ekukqlìdu`hi)

Lhhidnh lku ckq ak~u bq`kie~ hi d ^du{qedp lhqiìj ì uck èpff`nDuhff~ E{~u& die uck qk~{fu ~ ckqk? u nh{feiu ak e`bbkqkiu& d b{i diekiohpdafk ncdu d~ ph{ ikrkq krkq ~kki akbhqk w{af`~cke ì d ldjd,ìk h{q jhdf ~ ldmk ph{ bkkf d~ ph{ dqk wdqu hb uck nhirkq~du`hi)))

Ak ì~w`qke die bdff ì fhrk bhq Lhhidnh Whqud& h{q ~{i~ku t{kki

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];?>7\ Ocdh Hc? Lhhi lhhi$];?>7\ Lhhidnh Whqud? Eq Wdunc Ocdh$ @ dl ~hqqp&

@l fduk Ocdh @ zd~ ~h zkff ì ake


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@ l fduk Ocdh @ zd~ ~h zkff ì ake

];?>7\ Udlì S`jdf`d? Ckffh /~l`fk~/];?>7\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd u~ HM& uckqk~ dipucìj akuukq ucdi~fkkw

];?>4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~& uckqk `~];?>4\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdc];?>4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? a{u ph{ dqk lp ^F~hi @ dl ihu jhìj uh ukffph{ ucdu& ù `~ lp ~knqku$];?>4\ Ocdh Hc? fhf ` ucìm uck ~dlk ph{qk lp ^F lhl& ucdu~ zcp~fkkw `~ akuukq uh lk ckckck];?>1\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,) ^ìnk ph{ dqk udmìj w`nu{qk~& ~ch{fe @ jkuncdijk 8

];?>>\ Ocdh Hc? ncdijk zcdu8];?>>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? nfhuck~];?>>\ Udlì S`jdf`d? @ ucìm ph{q zhiekqb{f d~ ph{ dqk];?>>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ ndi ak lhqk zhiekqb{f ph{ mihz Ocdh =,) www];?>5\ Ocdh Hc? ph{ dqk akd{u`b{f d~ dfzdp~ Lhhi$

];?>5\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ucdim ph{ ?) Ocdh& ph{ dfqkdep lku Khld @ucìm];?>5\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ckffh =))];?>5\ Lhhidnh Whqud? die dahrk bfhduìj `~ U`lh];?>5\ Khld ^c`fhrd? fhf];?>;\ U`lh Kih? dfhcd YY

];?>;\ Ocdh Hc? Ckffh U`lh& Khld];?>;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ahuc dqk lp ak~u bq`kie~ die q`jcu dql~ bhqDuhff~ E{~u Ucdim~ bhq nhllìj U`lh die Khld$];?>3\ Ocdh Hc? ~ihzìj uckqk lhhi8];?>3\ Lhhidnh Whqud? zk cde ~ihz Uc{q~edp& a{u zd~ lkfuìj hi uck

jqh{ie];?>3\ Ocdh Hc? hc& Uc{q~edp ckqk zkqk dqh{ie >1N ~hhhhhh chu$

;5

];?>0\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ckqk ù `~ ,4N uc`~ lhqiìj];?>0\ Ocdh Hc? hclp];?>0\ Udlì S`jdf`d? ù~ dah{u : ckqk


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];?>0\ Udlì S`jdf`d? ù~ dah{u : ckqk

];?>0\ U`lh Kih? aqqq];?>0\ Ocdh Hc? {jc Udl];?>0\ U`lh Kih? ~dlk ckqk @ ucìm dah{u 47];?>0\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ckqk `~ ckqk Udlì 8];?57\ Udlì S`jdf`d? die @ qkdffp fhrk ~ihz& a{u cduk uck nhfe];?57\ Udlì S`jdf`d? [M];?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ FHRK PH[[[[ P];?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ lkdi& @ X nhfe];?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? FHF];?57\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcd];?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ cdrk uh udmk hbb ucdu jk~u{qk

];?57\ U`lh Kih? ckck];?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ F Hrk nhfe];?57\ Udlì S`jdf`d ~l`fk~? Dzzz die @ uch{jcu ph{ lkdiu ù YY];?57\ Ocdh Hc? ckck];?54\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ` FHRK PH[[[[ P a{u @ eh ph{ dff

];?54\ Udlì S`jdf`d ~l`fk~ zèkfp? FHF ucdu~ ~zkku];?54\ Ocdh Hc? Khld ^ìnk zcki ph{ lku Lhhi8];?54\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~ck zkiu uh jku nhbbkk =,)];?54\ U`lh Kih? Khld `~ ~chqufp dbm];?54\ Ocdh Hc? dcc ^ìnk zcki ph{ dff lku lhhi8];?51\ U`lh Kih? du d ~{qwq`~k wdqup bhq h{q ak~u bq`kie Ohqedi

];?51\ Udlì S`jdf`d? lk& o{~u];?51\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,)];?51\ U`lh Kih? Lhhi hbbkqke uc`~ ~`l& uh cdrk uck wdqup du];?5>\ Ocdh Hc? Ohqedi J`diu8];?5>\ U`lh Kih? pk~

];?5>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? die Ohqedi zh{fe cde akki ckqk `b ~ck zd~hifìk

;;

];?5>\ Ocdh Hc? fhrkfp& dzzz Lhhi `~ ~{wkq];?5>\ U`lh Kih? ~ck `~ fhrkfp Zd~ rkqp mìe hb ckquh hbbkq ckq wfdnk Uckqk zk lku die hqjdi`ke uc`~


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uh hbbkq ckq wfdnk Uckqk zk lku& die hqjdi`ke uc`~

wdqup bhq Ohqedi];?55\ Lhhidnh Whqud? u cdwwki f`mk ucdu @ o{~u ah{jcuuc`~ ~`l die ahuc Plqk die U`lh zkqk fhhmìj uh hq,jdi`k ù ^h @ hbbkqke ucdu uckp {~k uc`~ ~`l ucdu zd~klwup& die hbbkq lp ckfw =,)];?5;\ Ocdh Hc? die uck wdqup zd~ i`nk8];?5;\ Lhhidnh Whqud ~l`fk~ ù zd~ ksnkffkiu$ @u zd~hi d ucklk];?5;\ Ocdh Hc? hc uckldu`n `~ dfzdp~ i`nk$];?52\ U`lh Kih? ihqe`n];?52\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ^ndieìdr`di =,)

];?52\ U`lh Kih? pk~];?52\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdc nhhf];?52\ Lhhidnh Whqud? die uckqk zd~ d qf ~`jikq uckqk];?5:\ U`lh Kih? Dijkf`nd];?5:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~ =,) die uckqk zd~ df~h di dnu

wqkwdqk ~wkn`dffp bhq Ohqedi];?5:\ U`lh Kih? ckck];?5:\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd];?5:\ Lhhidnh Whqud e`j~ ckq ìrkiuhqp uh b ie ~hlkw`nu{qk~];?5:\ U`lh Kih? uck Aohqi die ^rki dnu

];?5:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~ =,)];?5:\ Ocdh Hc? nhhf];?53\ U`lh Kih? cdcd ih wf~ Lhhi$];?53\ Lhhidnh Whqud? FHF];?53\ Ocdh Hc? @ ucìm @ eèiu mihz Lhhi uc`~ u`lk

];?53\ Lhhidnh Whqud? Ocdh $];?53\ U`lh Kih? ckck

;2


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];?53\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ucdu `~ ihu uq{k $];?53\ Udlì S`jdf`d? ~hqqp uh ak t{ùk& @l o{~u ~idwwìj


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];?50\ hh nh h ? zk hz k n h k ~ nk e k~~ n r

];?50\ Ocdh Hc? uc`~ u`lk hb uck Ohedi~ wdqup Hc& ~hlk edp~ akbhqkdu AH^F];?50\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ckffh Mkf~p& zkfnhlk uh Duhff~ E{~u];?50\ Lhhidnh Whqud? Ocdh 88$ Ph{ dqk ~chqu ukql lklhqp$];?50\ U`lh Kih? dfhcd Mkf~p];?;7\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcdc pk~ A{u ckp$];?;7\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? C`pd~$];?;7\ Ocdh Hc? @ ~dè zqhij];?;7\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? @ zd~ ncknmìj h{u hfefdieldqm~];?;7\ Ocdh Hc? aknd{~k @ eèiu d~m ph{ die u`lk

bhq uck eduk hb uck wdqup& ckck];?;4\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? Ldp @ fhhm dqh{ie8];?;4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~{qk Mkf~p& ph{ dqk zkf,nhlk uh kiohp ù$];?;4\ Khld ^c`fhrd? adnm

];?;4\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? ucdim ph{ rkqp l{nc=,)];?;4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? zkfnhlk adnm Khld];?;4\ U`lh Kih? za 6>];?;4\ Ocdh Hc? za Khld];?;4\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ucdim~ =)];?;4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? Ndqi`rdf hb Ehhl Ocdh$ Ph{ ehiu

qklklakq 8$];?;4\ Ocdh Hc? @ qklklakq @ cdrk uck w`nm~ ckqk];?;4\ U`lh Kih? ~dp pk~ Ocdh$ fhf];?;4\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcdcd];?;1\ Lhhidnh Whqud? www U`lh

];?;1\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ dwwqhdncke ph{ uh ak lhekf];?;1\ Ocdh Hc? pk~ Zd~ ~h i`nk& nd{~k @ zd~ ~udquìj lp lhekf nd,

ucuqp o{~

nqkdu`rk

u`rk #)@ qìj d ~chz

h Dq`nd ,

adfe # lì`

ehik ì

q`nd r`

zh

;3

qkkq];?;>\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? ucdim ph{ dff Cdrk d fhrkfp edp=,) Ph{ cdrkd rkqp i`nk ^`l ckqk Rkqp ud~ukb{f$


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p p

];?;>\ Lhhidnh Whqud ~l`fk~];?;>\ Ocdh Hc? akìj d FKFHHM$ Lhekf zd~ ~hh nhhf uh lk];?;>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ucdim ph{ Mkf~p =,)

];?;>\ Ocdh Hc? ù `~ Mkf~p$];?;>\ U`lh Kih? apk,apk Mkf~p

];?;>\ Ocdh Hc? apk apk];?;>\ Mkf~p Nhi~udiuìk? ph{qk zkfnhlk @ l{~u

ak hbb uh nfkdi h{u uc`~ nfh~ku Kiohp& die ucdimph{ djdì=,) Apkkk];?;5\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ph{ zhiekq `b ucknfh~ku `~ qf hq ~f

];?;5\ U`lh Kih? ckck];?;5\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd];?;;\ U`lh Kih? ksn{~k lk bhq d bkz];?;;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~{qk U`lh];?;:\ Ocdh Hc? eè U`lh die Khld& wdq,

u`n`wduk hb ~hlk FKFHHM$ oha hq ~hlkwqhoknu zùc ph{ Lhhi8];?;:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ihu akbhqk zk lku&

a{u Plqk eè Ck zd~ FKFHHM$ Lhekf bhq 4lhiuc du FKFHHM$ die @ zd~ nhhqeìduìj

Bd~c`hi " ûpfk du ucdu u`lk& ~h zk lku ucdu zdp

ucdi Plqk ìuqhe{nk lk uh U`lh die U`lh ìuqh,e{nk lk uh Khld

];?;0\ Ocdh Hc? ckckck];?;0\ U`lh Kih? ~hqqp& adnm];?;0\ Khld ^c`fhrd? za 6>

];?;0\ U`lh Kih? ucdim~];?;0\ Lhhidnh Whqud? zkfnhlk adnm U`lh

ìe{~,ikke uh ak

die ìihrd,

ndff Bdnk~ eh,zùc uck ukdl

ff lhekf zkqk

{l fdj) ù zd~

~nki`n h D,

fdjk& ù zd~

ekq{f$

;0

];?;0\ Ocdh Hc? #) @rk akki ucìmìj Uckqk~ ~hlk wkhwfk ì ^Fucdu `~ ~h ~upfk die bd~c`hi& a{u ehk~ ihu f`mk uck Bd~c`hi dqkd]2?77\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ ucìm uckqk dqk ~krkqdf qkd~hi bhq ucdu Ocdh


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O

B`q~u uck kir`qhilkiu hb uck ~chz die uck t{dfùp hb ucdu kir`qhi,lkiu ? lkdiìj fdj& ucdi df~h uck wqk r`~à`fùp hb uck ~chz~]2?74\ Ocdh Hc? pk~]2?74\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ù `~ dfzdp~ uck ~dlk& hq wkhwfk dqk ~kfknu`rk hit{dfùp hq o{~u ehiu f`mk uh ~hn`df`k& ~h uckp dff cdrk jhhe qkd~hi uhdrhè bd~c`hi ~chz~]2?71\ Ocdh Hc? pk~]2?7>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? A{u @ qkndff ~hlk zhekqb{f bd~c`hi ~chz~&lklhqdafk~$]2?7>\ Ocdh Hc? zc`nc8]2?7>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? uck ìe{~uqp o{~u ikke uh ak nqkdu`rk die ì,

ihrdu`rk @ qkndff Bdnk~ ehìj d ~chz zùc uck ukdl hb Dbq`nd , Dfflhekf zkqk adfe # lì`l{l fdj) ù zd~ ehik ì d ~nki`n hb Dbq`nd r`f,fdjk& ù zd~ zhiekqb{f$]2?7;\ Ocdh Hc? ~hlku`lk~ uck q{~c hb bd~c`hi ~chz~ o{~u udmk~ hbbuc`~ hwu`hi

]2?7;\ Ocdh Hc? ù l{~u cdrk akki dldìj$]2?72\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~hlk huckq~ hqjdi`ke ap Mldee , bqkincq`r`kqd& ~dbdq` @ zd~ wfdpìj zùc ucklk uh dqq`rke uckqk eqk~~ dn,nhqeìj uh uck ucklk]2?72\ Ocdh Hc? nhhf]2?7:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,)

Wdqu @@

]2?70\ U`lh Kih? ~`fkink]2?70\ Lhhidnh Whqud? di dijkf `~ wd~~ìj

]2?70\ U`lh Kih? hq dl nqd~cke]2?70\ Ocdh Hc? ckckck

27

]2?70\ Lhhidnh Whq,ud? ph{ dqk ihu df,fhzke uh nqd~c bhq


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4 pkdq U`lh$]2?70\ U`lh Kih?h`]2?70\ LhhidnhWhqud? ph{ nqd~ckekih{jc qknkiufp]2?70\ Khld ^c`,fhrd? cdcdcd]2?70\ U`lh Kih?pk~]2?70\ U`lh Kih?

a{u ucdu `~ ~hfrke$]2?47\ Lhhidnh Whqud?ph{ {~k dff ph{q nqd~c nqke,ù$]2?47\ U`lh Kih? ?w cdcd pk~& ù

~kkl~ ~h]2?47\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd& Lhhi]2?41\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~ Ocdh 8]2?41\ Ocdh Hc? Chz ph{ lku ^knhie F`bk8]2?41\ Lhhidnh Whqud? uc`~ `~ d fhhhhij ~uhqp]2?41\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd

]2?41\ U`lh Kih? ckck]2?41\ Ocdh Hc? z`ff ak nhhf]2?41\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ zd~ uqdrkffìj kdnc zkkm uh dihuckq nùp dieuh drhè udmìj > edp~ uh uqdrkf bhq 4 edp hb lkkuìj @ zd~ udmìj uckwfdik& zd~ d kskn{u`rk oku ì d wq`rduk d`qwhqu die hik edp uckqk zd~

di kfknuq`n ~uhql die zk zkqk ihu dafk uh fkdrk bhq ch{q~ @ zd~ qkdffpu`qke hb lp edp& ~h @ nfh~ke lp kpk~ die f`~uki uh nhirkq~du`hi~ dqh{ie

24

uckp zkqk

~wkdmìj dah{u

jdlk hi ìukqiku& hik

d~m uh uck huckq ` ck uq`ke

lk& 1 ìbhqldu`n`ki~ zkqkì bqhiu hb lk& uckp zkqk~wkdmìj dah{u jdlk hi


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d~m uh uck huckq ` ck uq`ke

^knhie F`k cdrìj d fdie

, a{`feìj , nqkduìj , cdrìj

q`kie~ #) @ ihu`nk uck idlk

^knhie F`k& die uck ^du{q,edp dukq @ fhj ì @ FHRK

PH[[[[P die ~`lwfp ki,

ohp die ù

H{w~ $

w j j

ìukqiku hik d~m uh uckhuckq `b ck uq`ke ^knhieF`bk]2?4;\ Ocdh Hc? ckck]2?4;\ Lhhidnh Whqud?

cdrìj d fdie , a{`fe,ìj , nqkduìj , cdrìjbq`kie~ ^ìnk @ zd~ d fhr,

kq hb `l die `l 1 jdlk~@ ihu`nk uck idlk ^knhie

F`bk die uck ^du{qedp dbukq @

fhj ì ` FHRK PH[[[[ P]2?4:\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcd

]2?4:\ U`lh Kih? ckck]2?4:\ Khld ^c`fhrd? cdcdcd

]2?4:\ Lhh, idnh Whqud? die ~`lwfp kiohp die F hrk ù

]2?4:\ U`lh Kih? zk fhrk ph{ uhh Lhhi]2?4:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? dzzzz]2?4:\ Khld ^c`fhrd? @ldh ucdu~ ~h nhhf]2?4:\ Ocdh Hc? ~h l{nc]2?4:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? FHF]2?4:\ U`lh Kih? dldìj ~uhqp pk~]2?4:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ cdrk uh udm ù hbb $$$]2?4:\ Ocdh Hc? cdcd]2?4:\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ih ihu wf~ lhhi =W]2?43\ U`lh Kih? ckc]2?43\ Lhhidnh Whqud? )HM)

]2?43\ Ocdh Hc? ckckck]2?43\ Ocdh Hc? Eè ph{ mihz uc`~ ~uhqp U`lh8

21

]2?40\ U`lh Kih? ih& b`q~u u`lk @ ckdqìjuc`~

]2?40\ Ocdh Hc? ckck


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]2?40\ Ocdh Hc? die eh ph{ mihz zcp Lhhidnh cdrk uc`~nhhf idlk& Lhhidnh8]2?40\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ` zd~ ~nkwu`n b`q~u u`lk ` ndlk hi fhf]2?17\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ dl ihu ~{qk @ uhfe U`lh die Khld dah{uLhhidnh hq`jì]2?17\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ih]2?17\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ndiu qklklakq]2?14\ Ocdh Hc? ckck uc`~ `~ ~uhqp `~ ~hhh i`nk uhh]2?14\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ph{ zdiu @ ukff ph{ 8]2?14\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ~{qk pk~ wf~$]2?14\ Ocdh Hc? ukff ?)

]2?11\ Lhhidnh Whqud? Du uck u`lk zk nqkduke drdudq hi ~knhie f`bkzk zkqk uh nchh~k fd~u idlk& ~h @ fhhmke du uck f`~u die zd~ fhhmìjdu d ~ldff ~chqu idlk]2?11\ U`lh Kih? 6bqhki ~nqkki]2?11\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ ~dz Whqud]2?11\ Khld ^c`fhrd? dzz~]2?11\ Lhhidnh Whqud? qkfhj U`lh& zk z`ff nhwp ph{ uck ~uhqp W{uph{q ~nqkki ì uck hrki]2?1>\ Khld ^c`fhrd? fhf]2?1>\ Ocdh Hc? ckckck]2?1>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,)

]2?1>\ U`lh Kih? ~kkl~ hm ihz& cdcd]2?1>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~h Whqud zd~ i`nk @ t{k~u`hi lp~kfb zcdu `~d Whqu ucdu `~ bdlh{~ die ucdu qkwqk~kiu f{s{qp& nc`n& kfkjdink diendlk uh lk Lhidnh]2?15\ U`lh Kih? # ` mihz uc`~ ~uhqp )

]2?15\ Ocdh Hc? ckck]2?15\ Lhhidnh Whqud? die ~ìnk @ zd~ f`~ukiìj ihi ~uhw uck l{~`n hb

2>

Edrè J`flh{q , hi di `~fdie]2?15\ Khld ^c`fhrd? nhhf ` eèiu mikz YY]2?1;\ U`lh Kih ~l`fk~


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]2?1;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ bh{ie ucdu ~kiukink ? akuzkki uck uèk dieuck lhhi ~h i`nk& ucdu @ eknèk Lhhidnh zd~ wkqbknu$]2?1;\ Ocdh Hc? lì{uk~ uh del`qke uck ~{i~ku ucdu z`ff cdwwki]2?1:\ Udlì S`jdf`d ~l`fk~]2?1:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ù `~ zcdu @ fhrk uck lh~u hi ~knhie f`bk& uckfùufk l`qdnfk , krkqp 5 ch{q~ , 2 u`lk~ d qkdf f`bk edp ~{i~ku dqk wkq,bknu hi ^knhie F`bk]2?1:\ U`lh Kih? YY

]2?13\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ dl ~hqqp @ dl di kukqidf qhldiu`n]2?13\ Khld ^c`fhrd? lhhi ~ h{q ~{i~ku t{kki YY]2?13\ U`lh Kih? pk~ ~ck `~]2?13\ Lhhidnh Whqud? FHF]2?13\ Khld ^c`fhrd? dffzdp~ qklìe~ {~]2?13\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcd]2?13\ Khld ^c`fhrd? uh zdunc ù]2?13\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ù~ uq{k]2?13\ Ocdh Hc? uc`~ ^@L `~ zhiekqb{f$ Ldqrkffh{~ oha ckqk]2?10\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ucdim ph{ Ocdh]2?10\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ù `~ uck nh,hnn{q,

qkink hb uck ~m`ff~ die r`~`hi hbId`ldi& Khld die U`lh]2?>7\ Ocdh Hc? dldìj$]2?>4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,) wkqbknu~{i~ku zùc bq`kie~ =,)

]2?>4\ Ocdh Hc? ?)]2?>4\ U`lh Kih ~l`fk~

25

]2?>4\ Ocdh Hc? akd{u`b{f$]2?>1\ U`lh Kih? ckck wdnh `~ ldmìj ih`~k~]2?>1\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ihz uck ihqdc ohik~ ~hij bù~ wkqbknu YY


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udmk uck

iksu > lì{uk~uh del`qke uck ~{i,

~ku ucdu z`ff cdwwki& ù `~

zcdu @ fhrk uck lh~u hi~knhie f`k? uck fùufk l`q,

dnfk , krkqp 5 ch{q~ , 2

u`lk~ d qkdf f`k edp

~{i~ku dqk wkqknu hi

^knhie F`k

]2?>>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,)]2?>5\ Ocdh Hc? zcdu `~ uck ìrhfrklkiu hb U`lh die Khld ì uckDuhff~ E{~u wqhoknu8]2?>;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? dbukq dwwqhdncìj Id`ldi uh ~kk c`~ ìukqk~uhb ~chzìj `~ nqkdu`hi die ek~`ji~ ckqk& zcki ck nhlwfkuke ù& Khlddie U`lh r`~ù ù]2?>;\ Udlì S`jdf`d? @l ~hqqp @ cdrk akki qkdffp t{ùk& akki udmìjw`nu{qk~& uck ~`l `~ o{~u zhiekqb{f]2?>;\ Lhhidnh Whqud ~l`fk~]2?>2\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ zd~ wfdnìj b{qiù{qk i uck Nhll{iùp nki,ukq die Khld ~{jjk~uke ~hlk ncdijk~ die @ qkdf`ke ~ck cde zhiekq,

b{f ìukq`hq ek~`ji~ ud~uk die krki akuukq& ~ck fhrke ù]2?>2\ U`lh Kih ~l`fk~]2?>2\ Khld ^c`fhrd? pk~ ~h ~hl{nc]2?>2\ U`lh Kih? ~ck~uck ak~u]2?>:\ Lhhidnh Whqud?~h zk ~udqu uh eh hika{ijdfhz dbukq uckhuckq]2?>:\ Khld ^c`fh,

rd? fhf]2?>:\ LhhidnhWhqud? zùc dff uckfhrkfp w`nmp ekud`f~&dff a{ijdfhz~ dqk e`b,

bkqkiu& hbbkqìj d e`b,bkqkiu qdijk hb nch`nk~


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Zk zkqk uck eqkdl ukdl]2?>3\ Khld ^c`fhrd? zk ~u`ff dqk =W]2?>3\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~ck ~kdqnc , bh{ie , uhfe lk , @


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zd~ a{pìj , qkìj , die zk wfdnke die zcki ~{i~kudqq`rke zk ~uhwwke uh del`qke ù$]2?>3\ Ocdh Hc? zkff ~kkìj uck ^@L ph{ ~{qk dqk]2?>3\ Khld ^c`fhrd? cdcdcd pk~]2?>3\ Ocdh Hc? ckck ?)]2?>0\ Lhhidnh Whqud? U`lh zd~ mkp uh di`lduk uck

Duhff& ck ~ wkqbknu i bìeìj ~chwwìj wfdnk~ @ zd~ o{~ud~mìj ? @ z`~c uh die U`lh zd~ uwìj& ~h zk bh{iedi`ldf~]2?>0\ U`lh Kih? wkq~hidf ~kdqnc ldncìk ?w]2?57\ Khld ^c`fhrd? fhf

]2?57\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcdcd]2?57\ Lhhidnh Whqud? uc`~ wdqqhu , d ndlkfhi , d u{q,ufk , uck ~kdj{ff~ die ck eè uck {iekqzdukq ~nki`n =,)akd{u`b{f di`lduke qkkb Zk eè di cdffhzkki wdqup diedjdì ahuc Khld die U`lh zd~ ~h ckfwb{f& u zd~ dld,ìj$]2?55\ Ocdh Hc? Lhhi Eh ph{ cdrk dip huckq wqhoknu~ak~èk~ Duhff~ E{~u8 Hq ph{ ucìm du ~hlk b{u{qk wqho,knu8]2?5;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? hb nh{q~k Duhff~ E{~u`~ ~u`ff d fùufk adap ucdu ikke i{qu{q,

ìj die qkj{fdq duukiu`hi& uckChfèdp ^kd~hi~ `~ nhl,ìj die uc`~ ~ uck wkqbknuj`bu uh hbbkq uh d bq`kie& dfhrkq& hq uh ~kfb ? rdndu`hi

hi Duhff~ E{~u ~h @ zdiuuh wqkwdqk dff uck wqhlh,

u`hi dah{u ù Uckqk dqk df~h wqhoknu~ bhq FKFHHM$]2?5:\ Ocdh Hc? z`nc hik~8]2?5:\ Lhhidnh Whqud? hi uck ndfkiedq& uck nfh~,


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Ucdi& ak,

nd{~k h lp ìrhfrk,

lkiu du FKFHHM$ @ jku

uh mihz d fhu h ek~`jikq~&

dff dqk zhqmìj qkdffp cdqe uh

mkkw {w uck ekldie die uck`q

ikke~ h nqkdu`rùp& die uckp hq

jku dah{u uckl~kfrk~ #) @ ucì

uc`~ wfdnk ckqk `~ ksdnufp zcdu

ikke uh eqdì uc`~ ndqìj ikke

uhzdqe wkhwfk @ ~wh`f dff

qk~èkiu~

k~ wqhoknu `~ dah{u uck nkfkaqdu`hi hb FKFHHM$b`q~u pkdq dii`rkq~dqp& ucdu z`ff cdwwki uc`~ ek,nklakq& ~h zk dqk wqkwdqìj i`nk ~{qwq`~k~ bhqFKFHHM$ lklakq~ die ek~`jikq~ =,)]2?53\ Ocdh Hc?


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]2?;4\ U`lh Kih? Lhhi `~ rkqp nhlwku`rk]2?;4\ U`lh Kih? rkqp]2?;4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~ ph{ cdrk uh zhqm hi ucdu ~h @ ndi uk~u lp~{wkq~hi`n ndq $]2?;4\ Lhhidnh Whqud? pk~ @ dl]2?;4\ U`lh Kih? ckc pk~

]2?;1\ Lhhidnh Whqud? nhlwkuù`hi `~ ~h ~u`l{fduìj =,)]2?;1\ U`lh Kih? hc pkdc]2?;1\ Ocdh Hc? dcdcd]2?;1\ U`lh Kih? ` cdrk uh akdu Lhhi& zùc krkqpucìj]2?;1\ U`lh Kih? ?W Dwhfhj`k~ bhq lp whhq Kijf`~c

]2?;>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? die lìk uhh]2?;>\ Ocdh Hc? lìk `~iu ~h jhhe uh]2?;>\ U`lh Kih? cdcd]2?;>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~h zk ~wkdm ~fdij{djk]2?;>\ Lhhidnh Whqud? =,)]2?;>\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd]2?;>\ U`lh Kih? fhf pk~]2?;5\ Ocdh Hc? Lhhi]2?;5\ U`lh Kih? YY]2?;5\ Udlì S`jdf`d ~l`fk~]2?;5\ Ocdh Hc? chz eè ph{ ucìm bhq uck b`q~u u`lk ì Duhff~ E{~u8

]2?;5\ Ocdh Hc? die zcki ù cdwwki~8]2?;;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? dphpk $]2?;;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ucdu `~ UCK t{k~u`hi$ @ dl d qkj{fdq uqdrkffkqì qf]2?;;\ Ocdh Hc? uc`~ ~`l `~ dldìj zcki ` ndlk ckqk b q~u u`lk

zhz]2?;;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~wkn`dffp uc`~ fd~u pkdq die @ ucìm ucdu zd~ uck

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`jiù`hi hb uck èkd hb cdrìj rdndu`hi hi ~knhie f`bk Ucdi& aknd{~khb lp ìrhfrklkiu du FKFHHM$& @ jku uh mihz d fhu hb ek~`jikq~& dffdqk zhqmìj qkdffp cdqe uh mkkw {w uck ekldie die uck`q ikke~ hb

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nqkdu`rùp die uckp bhqjku dah{u uckl~kfrk~ Die ì D{j{~u& zc`fk@ zd~ hi qf rdndu`hi& @ bh{ie @ ikke uh ekrkfhw ~hlkucìj kf~k^h 4-4-4 wf{~ uck iukqk~u hb Id`ldi i uck wqhoknu < nqkdu`hi hbDuhff~ E{~u& U`lh die ph{ Ocdh ~dè ù kdqf`kq ucdu @ dl d ndqìjwkq~hi @ ucìm uc`~ wfdnk ckqk ~ ksdnufp zcdu @ ikke uh eqdì uc`~ndqìj ikke uhzdqe wkhwfk @ ~wh`f dff qk~èkiu~

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]:?75\ Ocdh Hc? Lhhidnh Whqud]:?75\ Lhhidnh Whqud? hq o{~u uh dee d ncdijk ì

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~h zk eknèk uh ckfw

wkhwfk uh mihz , uh bie , uh

rkfhw uck`q ~upfk =,) ~h zk nqk,

uck`q qh{uìk]:?75\ Ocdh Hc? qd`~ìj uck`q kjh&

~d`pìj ndqìj zhqe~& wkqbknu$

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FKFHHM$ jqh{w #) zk ah{jcu

die ~fhzfp ndlk uck èkd h cdr,

d~c`hi e`~uq`nu ^dzpkq uhhm ;

lhiuc~ uh a{`fe ù die ucdi zd~

hqm h nhirìnìj dff ek~`jikq~f`krk ì uck {i`t{k nhinkwu& nhi,

ìj uckl ucdu ù zd~ ihu o{~u di,

kq ldff& a{u d {i`t{k ~chwwìj

kswkq`kink @ ucìm zk ~{n,

nkkeke qkdffp zkff

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]:?75\ Ocdh Hc? Ckffh L`d]:?75\ Lhhidnh Whqud? cdrkd ~kdu

]:?7;\ L`d M`zku? die ` zd~fhhmìj zcp dqk uckqk ~h ldip

pkffhz adff~ YY]:?7;\ Khld ^c`fhrd? ckp l`d =)]:?7;\ L`d M`zku? ckp ckp

]:?7;\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ dl ihu ~{qk @djqkk zùc ph{ Ocdh , qd`~ìj uck`q kjh& @ o{~u

z d i u uckl uh bkkf jhhe]:?7;\ Ocdh Hc?


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]:?73\ L`d M`zku? ehiu f`~uki uh uckl Ocdh& uckp f`k YY]:?73\ Ocdh Hc? cdcdcd]:?73\ L`d M`zku? ` ehiu mkkw fhnmke ì lp akeqhhl ihhik YY]:?73\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ~kk ~ck ehiu zdiu uck qf whf`nk uh nhlk ap $]:?73\ Ocdh Hc? Lhhi uckqk~ d ucìj ucdu ` ucìm krkqphik zdiu uh

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]:?43\ U`lh Kih? h`

]:?43\ Lhhidnh Whqud? @ ucìm ~ck `~ ì uck zdukq& whhq Ohqedi $]:?43\ U`lh Kih? ì uck zdukq fhf]:?43\ Ohqedi J`diu? zkff ucdim~ bhq uck wh zch ~kie uck uw]:?43\ Ocdh Hc? ckckck]:?43\ Ohqedi J`diu? zchd

]:?43\ U`lh Kih? ` eè~hqqp]:?43\ Ocdh Hc? fhf

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]:?40\ Ohqedi J`diu? /SE/]:?40\ Ohqedi J`diu? jhu ù]:?40\ Lhhidnh Whqud? ckffh zku Ohqedi =,)]:?40\ U`lh Kih? ckck]:?40\ Ocdh Hc? ckffh Ohqedi]:?40\ U`lh Kih? ckp~ 6>

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]:?15\ Ohqedi J`diu? hifp ph{,

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Di k~~dp ap Nd~w`di @ijfkzhhe

A{eec`~l ì ^:2

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t{k~u`hiìj uck rdf{k hb uc`~ wfdubhql

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aqhz~ìj Sûqkku bhq d ikz uhp hq ~`lkicdinklkiu Uc`~ `~ aknd{~k @ cdrkhuckq~ u`lk~ ì uck edp zc`nc @ ekrhukuh lkeùdu`hi ^h& bhq lk dipzdp&

A{eec`~l i F cd~ dfzdp~ akki lhqkdah{u uck ^dijcd #hq nhll{iùp hb

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fkdb _kieh& die Ihlhi U`l A{qikuuhb uck Krkqpedp _ki Bh{iedu`hi Uc`~


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ekiu~ uckqk Uck huckq `~ Qkr Qp{hcBd{fnhikq #Qp{hc Bd{fmk~ ì ^F) di

drd`fdafk uh dff

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@i A{eec`~l& uck ukql dijcd`~ d ^di~mqù ukql qkbkqqìj uhuck nhll{iùp hb lhim~& i{i~

die fdpwkhwfk bhffhzìj uckukdncìj~ hb uck A{eecd Uc`~

uqdi~fduk~ rkqp zkff ì uh ^knhieF`bk& ~kkìj d~ chz uc`~ ukncihfhjp

`~ k~~kiu`dffp d ~hn`df ikuzhqmìj uhhf

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ucdu `~i u zqhij wkq ~dp zko{~u ikke uh ak dzdqk hb zcduzk dqk ehìj

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ap d~ ù ~uhwwke ap uck ikdqap ~uqkdl))) Nkqudìfp uckzùc uck nqkdu`hi~ hi uc`~ dzk~hlk wfdnk)

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LPZHQFEA{qiìj F`bk `~ di dii{df dqu& qk die nhll{iùp krkiu zc`nc udmk~ wfdnk ì uck

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ek~~kqu ndffke uck Wfdpd Hi uck Wfdpd uch{~die~ hb wkhwfk nhirkqjk uh a{`fe d

nùp & ucdu nùp `~ ndffke Afdnm Qhnm Uch~k ucdu duukie aqìj zùc uckl dff uck bhhe

die zdukq uckp ikke uh ~{qr`rk uck cdq~c nhieù`hi~ ucdu ~{nc f`rìj j`rk~ @u~ d

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lklhqp A{qiìj F`bk `~ uck a`jjk~u r`qu{df dqu~ bk~u`rdf hb ù~ mìe ì uck lkud,

rkq~k

A{qi&

AdAP A{qi$ldmìj zdP bhq Af 1747ap Whè Ldchrf`nc

w`nu{qk~ ap Whè Ldchrf`nc die q`mhmh Kzìj

01

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~udquke h{u ~ldff zùc di dqkd hb fdieakìj e`rèke {w ìuh ~ldff wdqnkf~ ihndlw~= Uck Ldi zd~ a{qiu& a{u zd~ ihu

huckq ucdi d ~`lwfk a{qiìj hb uck ldiucdu zd~ d ad~`n ~u`nm b`j{qk

Pkdq uh pkdq ldip qk~èkiu~ cdrk udmkiwdqu die cdrk aqh{jcu A{qiìj F`bk bhq,

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ndlw~= Uck Ldi zd~ a{qiu& a{u zd~ ihunkiuqdffp wfdnke ~ìnk ucki A{qiìj F`bkcd~ krhfrke die kswdieke kdnc pkdq

R`nkqh Fdlakqu zd~ hik ^knhie F`bk

qk~èkiu zch cde d wd~~`hi bhq A{qiìjF`bk bqhl uck ~udqu& ck uhhm wdqu ì uckrkqp b`q~u A{qiìj F`bk die uck iksu pkdqck wùncke c`~ èkd~ uh uck Fda die ck~udquke uh ~cdwk uck krkiu iuh ~hlkucìjlhqk nhck~`rk& kdnc pkdq ck mkwu ucìj~jhìj " kdnc pkdq ck qkwf`nduke uck a{qi,

ìj hb Uck Ldi R`n nhllkiu~? uckkrkiu ~udq uke h{u d~ o{~u ~t{dqk~ hi d bkz~`l~& uckqk zd~ ih nkiuqk ndlw& zkfnhlkdqkd& qhde~& hq rkc`nfk~ Uck krkiu ù~kfbzd~ o{~u qdiehl a{`fe~ ~kfknuke ap d fhu,ukqp hi uck bhql~ die ih krkiu~ zkqk ckfe

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~w`qù D nhllhi e`qknu`hidfùp j`rk~ ph{uc`~ Ucìj~ ncdijk u~ uq{k die ihu dfzdp~bhq uck q`jcu qkd~hi~ Krhf{u`hi ehk~iuiknk~~dq`fp lwfp lwqhrklkiu Krhf{u`hihifp `lwf`k~ ncdijk Cdrìj ucdu ~dè @ucìm uck krhf{u`hi hb A{qiìj Ldi zkiuzkff uc`~ pkdq& a{u @ df~h ucìm ldip dqkd~

nh{fe cdrk akki l{nc akuukq& ~h fku~ ~kkzcdu iksu pkdq aqìj~ {~

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W`nu{qk ap Whè Ldchrf`nc

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u{df èkd~ hb ^knhie F`bk ì c`~ ckde ak,bhqk ck duukieke c`~ b`q~u A{qiìj Ldi a{u ck nhllkiu~? @ cde akki ucìmìj

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Uck 1770 krkiu zd~ ch~uke hi lhqk ~`l~

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ì ~{nc d e`jùdf zhqfezh{fe ak& hq zcdu ~hquhb ucìj~ wkhwfk zh{fea{`fe die bhq zcdu qkd,~hi~ ^h zcki @ w{ffke{w ì uck lèefk hbuck i`jcu die wd~~ke

ucqh{jc uck jduk~ ìuhuck nùp& @ zd~ afhzidzdp ap uck ~{eeki qk,df`du`hi ucdu wqhadafpuck zhqfe hb ^knhie F`bk zh{fe fhhm diebkkf d fhu f`mk A{qiìj Ldi ^h ph{ ndi~dp ucdu duukieìj A{qiìj Ldi cde di i,

bf{kink hi Wc`f`w Fìeki die df~h hi chz

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zùc ù~ hzi {i`t{k~ku hb ncdffkijk~ diepkdq uh pkdq uck ak~uzdp uh hrkqnhlk uck~k`~~{k~ dqk ~uq`rke du& u~d fkdqiìj n{qrk ucduncdijk~ die krhfrk~&

a{u df~h `lwqhrk~ Q{i,iìj ~`l~ zc`nc ~{nc dc`jc uqdbb`n zùc ~hlk,u`lk~ nhlwfks a{`fe~die ~nq`wu~ ehk~ ìekkecdrk u~ hzi ckdednck~&ucdu `~ wdqu hb d ^knhie

F`bk die zk cdrk nhlkuh ~`lwfp dnnkwu ucdu&krki `b du u`lk~ ù `~ di,ihpìj

Zcki dqq`rìj uh A{qiìj F`bk ph{ cde uckhwwhqu{iùp uh kswkq`kink uck jduk qhde

dqkd zc`nc fhhm~ rkqp ~`l`fdq uh uck qkdf

@ cde akki ucìmìj dah{ua{`feìj ^knhie F`bk ~ìnk

@ zd~ ì c`jc ~nchhf Zcki@ jhu uh A{qiìj Ldi& @cde fhij akki ha~k~~kezùc uck èkd hb zcdu dbd~nìduìj ucìj ù zh{fe

ak uh {~k nhlw{ukq~ uh~`l{fduk qkdfùp #) ^hzcki @ w{ffke {w ì ucklèefk hb uck i`jcu diewd~~ke ucqh{jc uck jduk~

ìuh uck nùp& @ zd~ afhzidzdp ap uck ~{eeki qk,df`du`hi ucdu wqhadafp uckzhqfe hb ^knhie F`bkzh{fe fhhm die bkkf dfhu f`mk A{qiìj Ldi

, Wc`f`w Fìeki ,

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Uck Uhzkq die Uck T{k~u& di ì~udffdu`hi du A{qiìj F`bk 1770 ap Dfwcd D{kq die Bq`jj Qdj{, W`nu{qk ap q`mhmh Kzìj

Uck Ndlaq`di Kswfh~`hi& ap ^fkejk Qhbbh die Okzkf LdnLhqdjc , A{qiìj F`bk 1770, W`nu{qk ap Whè Ldchrf`nc

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dah{u ahuc uck`q dqu die a{`feìj uknc,i`t{k~& djdì wqhrìj c`jcfp whw{fdqEd`fp Fdlwf`jcukq nkqklhi`k~ zkqk df~hd zhiekqb{f nhll{idf zdp ì zc`nc uhudmk wdqu Zckqk qk~èkiu~ bhffhz d qh{uk

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