It’s Alive…A Review of the

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Part 1: The Decision

True or False

In all living things, DNA replication must occur after cell division.

False - Before

True or False

Multiple DNA polymerases may become attached to more than one portion of a DNA molecule at once, speeding up the rate of replication.

True

True or False

When a tRNA anticodon binds to an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain.

true

True or False

During transcription, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule.

true

True or False

Replication starts at one end of the DNA molecule and goes straight to the other end.

False – doesn’t start

True or False

A codon signifies either a specific amino acid or a stop signal.

true

The Decision

The primary function of DNA is toa. make proteins.b. store and transmit genetic information.

c. control chemical processes within cells.

d. prevent mutations.

b

The Decision

Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains ofa. amino acids.b. Monosaccharides.c. fatty acids.d. nucleotides.

d

The Decision

The part of the molecule for which DNA is named is thea. phosphate group.b. sugar.c. nitrogen base.d. None of the above; DNA is not named after part of the molecule.

b

The Decision

Purines and pyrimidines area. bases found in amino acids.b. able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA.c. names of specific types of DNA molecules.d. bases found in nucleotides.

d

The Decision

Which of the following is not true about DNA replication?a. It must occur before a cell can divide.b. Two complementary strands are duplicated.c. The double strand unwinds while it is being duplicated.d. The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens.

d

The Decision

During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will bea. TTGCATG. c. CCTAGCT.b. AAGTATC. d. GGATCGA.

d

The Decision

In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary toa. cytosine. c. thymine.b. guanine.d. uracil.

d

The Decision

Each of the following is a type of RNA excepta. carrier RNA. c. ribosomal RNA.b. messenger RNA.d. transfer RNA.

a

The Decision

Transfer RNA acts as an “interpreter” because ita. carries an amino acid to its correct codon.b. synthesizes amino acids as they are needed.c. produces codons to match the correct anticodons.d. converts DNA into mRNA.

a

The Decision

In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to thea. ribosomes.b. RNA polymerase.c. lac operon.d. heterochromatin.

a

The Decision

During transcriptiona. proteins are synthesized.b. RNA is produced.c. DNA is replicated.d. translation occurs.

b

The Decision

Transcription proceeds when RNA polymerasea. attaches to a ribosome.b. binds to a strand of RNA.c. binds to a strand of DNA.d. attaches to a promoter molecule.

c

The Decision

Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called aa. mutagen. c. anticodon.b. codon. d. exon.

b

The Decision

During translation, the amino acid detaches from the transfer RNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain whena. the ribosomal RNA anticodon binds to messenger RNA codon.b. the transfer RNA anticodon binds to the messenger RNA codon.c. a “stop” codon is encountered.d. the protein chain sends a signal through the nerve cells to the brain.

b

The Decision

Which of the following is/are purines? a. adenine e. uracilb. Thyminef. T and Cc. guanine g. T, C, and Ud. cytosine h. A and G

h

The Decision

Which of the following is/are pyrimidines? a. adenine e. uracilb. thymine f. T and Cc. Guanine g. T, C, and Ud. cytosine h. A and G

g

The Decision

How many different amino acids are there that make up all the proteins coded by DNA?a. 4 c. 26b. 20 d. 40

b

The Decision

The DNA you get from Both your parents is located in the...a. nucleus c. chloroplastb. mitochondria d. nucleolus

a

The Decision

The DNA you get from only from your mother is located in the...a. endoplasmic reticulumb. chloroplastc. Mitochondriad. nucleolus

c

The Decision

Watson and Crick suggested the model for the structure of DNA which the called thea. spiral staircase b. alpha helixc. double helixd. helix

c

The Decision

In the Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab, in the first step we mashed the strawberries up in a ziploc bag. Then tried to get as much of the liquid into a cup as possible and added water. Choose the most correct reason as to why this step is done.a. To break through the lipid bilayer of the nuclear

membrane.b. To break through the lipid bilayer of the cellular

membrane.c. To seperate the DNA from the mixture.d. To make the DNA become visible.

b

The Decision

In the Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab, in the second step we added soap to the Strawberry liquid and stirred. Choose the most correct reason as to why this step is done.a. To break through the lipid bilayer of the nuclear

membrane.b. To break through the lipid bilayer of the cellular

membrane.c. To seperate the DNA from the mixture.d. To make the DNA become visible.

a

The Decision

In the Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab, in the third step we added a layer of isopropyl alcohol to the strawberry mixture. Choose the most correct reason as to why this step is done.a. To break through the lipid bilayer of the nuclear

membrane.b. To break through the lipid bilayer of the cellular

membrane.c. To seperate the DNA from the mixture and make the

DNA become visible.d. To get through the cytoplasm

c

The Decision

What is the function of the mRNA molecule?

a. it and proteins form ribosomesb. carries amino acids to the ribosomes c. carries genetic information to the ribosomes

c

The Decision

What is the function of the rRNA molecule?

a. it and proteins form ribosomesb. carries amino acids to the ribosomes c. carries genetic information to the ribosomes

a

The Decision

What is the function of the tRNA molecule?

a. it and proteins form ribosomesb. carries amino acids to the ribosomes c. carries genetic information to the ribosomes

b

Part 2: Dr. Frankenstein, did what????

Fredrick Griffitha. discovered the double helix structure of DNA

b. Excluded Protein as the possible genetic material and concluded definitively DNA as the genetic material using an experiment on bacteriophages and E. coli.

c. took an x-ray photograph of DNA molecule that others were able to use to discover its structure.

d. discovered the correlation between chromosomes and Mendel’s Laws, but he did not know which part of the chromosome was the genetic material

e. discovered what he called the transforming principle which helped in discovering how DNA works

e

Alfred Hersey and Martha Chasea. discovered the double helix structure of DNA

b. Excluded Protein as the possible genetic material and concluded definitively DNA as the genetic material using an experiment on bacteriophages and E. coli.

c. took an x-ray photograph of DNA molecule that others were able to use to discover its structure.

d. discovered the correlation between chromosomes and Mendel’s Laws, but he did not know which part of the chromosome was the genetic material

e. discovered what he called the transforming principle which helped in discovering how DNA works

b

James Watson and Francis Cricka. discovered the double helix structure of DNA

b. Excluded Protein as the possible genetic material and concluded definitively DNA as the genetic material using an experiment on bacteriophages and E. coli.

c. took an x-ray photograph of DNA molecule that others were able to use to discover its structure.

d. discovered the correlation between chromosomes and Mendel’s Laws, but he did not know which part of the chromosome was the genetic material

e. discovered what he called the transforming principle which helped in discovering how DNA works

a

Rosalind Franklina. discovered the double helix structure of DNA

b. Excluded Protein as the possible genetic material and concluded definitively DNA as the genetic material using an experiment on bacteriophages and E. coli.

c. took an x-ray photograph of DNA molecule that others were able to use to discover its structure.

d. discovered the correlation between chromosomes and Mendel’s Laws, but he did not know which part of the chromosome was the genetic material

e. discovered what he called the transforming principle which helped in discovering how DNA works

c

Walter Suttona. discovered the double helix structure of DNA

b. Excluded Protein as the possible genetic material and concluded definitively DNA as the genetic material using an experiment on bacteriophages and E. coli.

c. took an x-ray photograph of DNA molecule that others were able to use to discover its structure.

d. discovered the correlation between chromosomes and Mendel’s Laws, but he did not know which part of the chromosome was the genetic material

e. discovered what he called the transforming principle which helped in discovering how DNA works

d

Part 3: If you don’t look like this guy after the last part

then try these next questions.

Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes, and proteins.

• DNA wraps tightly around histones to make chromosomes. Genes are segments of DNA on the chromosome that code for specific proteins. The proteins that DNA/genes code for give organisms their characteristics.

List the differences between DNA and RNA in the table:

DNA RNA

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

DNA RNA

1. Deoxyribose - sugar 1. Ribose - sugar

2. A, T, C, G 2. A, U, C, G

3. Double – Standed 3. Single - Stranded

4. Cannot leave the nucleus

4. Can leave the nucleus

Locations

The path that mRNA takes in order for it to succeed in Protein Synthesis._______________________________________

The path that tRNA takes in order for it to succeed in Protein Synthesis_______________________________________

• mRNANucleus – Cytoplasm – Ribosome

• tRNACytoplasm – Ribosome

Why is it important for DNA to replicate itself? Also, when in the cell life cycle does DNA replicate (be general and specific - so give me the general phase and then the more specific phase)?

• It is important for DNA to replicate so that there is a complete set of chromosomes/DNA when the cell divides. DNA replication occurs in the S phase of interphase

List how DNA bases pair up and Show or Tell me how many bonds form between each base pair.

A=TC (triple bonds)G

Describe how a molecule of DNA is replicated. Write your answer in the space below. Be sure to include the enzymes that help the in operation of this process.

• Helicase breaks the bases of the DNA molecule. Then DNA polymerase joins free-floating nucleotides to each side of the split DNA molecule.

The DNA molecule is described as a double helix. Describe the meaning of this expression and the general structure of a DNA molecule. Write your answer in the space below.

• The Double part of Double Helix indicates that the structure is 2 sided or looks like a ladder. The Helix part indicates that it twisted.

Label each of the chemical structures as either a purine or a pyrimidine.

Purine Pyrimidine

Label the following molecule:This molecule is a: ____________________

• Molecule is a nucleotide• Circle is a phosphate group• Pentagon is a sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)• Hexagon is a nitrogen containing base

Label the diagram:1. _______________

1. _______________

1. __________

1. ___________ 1. ___________

1. _______________

1. _______________(whole molecule)

Label the diagram:1. Peptide Bonds

1. Amino Acid

1. tRNA

1. Hydrogen Bond1. Anticodon

1. codon

1. mRNA(whole molecule)

Know how to find an amino acid sequence or protein from a DNA molecule

DNA Molecule: TAC CAT AAA ACC ATC TAC TTT TCC GGA ATT

What is the protein/amino acid sequence?:

How many proteins/amino acid sequences are there?:

Answer Sheet

(DNA) TAC CAT AAA ACC ATC TAC TTT TCC GGA ATT (mRNA) AUG GUA UUU UGG UAG AUG AAA AGG CCU UAAAmino Acid Sequence: Met-Val-Phen. Ala- Tryp

Met-Lys-Arg-Pro

How many protein/amino acid sequence = 2