ITC Guide for Thesis Preparation

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA

Guide for Thesis

Preparation

Version 2.0

Prepared by ITC Scientific Committee

December 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC), hereby acknowledges the following

people for their contributions and realization to this Guide to Thesis Preparation:

- Dr. OM Romny

- Dr. CHUNHIENG Thavarith

- Mr. NUTH Sothan

- Mr. PHOL Norith

- Mr. CHHOUK Chhay Horng

- Mr. SIEANG Phen

- Dr. HUL Seingheng

- Dr. LY Sarann

- Dr. KUOK Fidero

- Mr. SOY Ty

- Dr. SEANG Chansopheak

- Ms. BUN Polyka

- Dr. BUN Kimgnun

- Mr. LAY Heng

- Mr. TO Dara

- Mr. SOEUN Somuny Ontdom

- Mrs. SIO Sreymean

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4

2. SUBMISSION OF THESIS ................................................................................................. 4

2.1. Submission of thesis ...................................................................................................... 4

2.2. Revision after submission of thesis ............................................................................... 4

2.3. Thesis binding ............................................................................................................... 4

2.4. Copyright ....................................................................................................................... 4

2.5. Plagiarism ...................................................................................................................... 5

2.5.1. Definition ................................................................................................................ 5

2.5.2. Punishment ............................................................................................................. 5

2.5.3. Plagiarism avoidance .............................................................................................. 5

3. FORMATTING ................................................................................................................... 6

3.1. Language ....................................................................................................................... 6

3.2. Structure ........................................................................................................................ 6

3.3. Text layout..................................................................................................................... 6

3.4. Pagination ...................................................................................................................... 6

3.5. Title selection ................................................................................................................ 6

3.6. Thesis title pages ........................................................................................................... 7

3.7. Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 7

3.8. Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.9. Abbreviations and symbols ........................................................................................... 7

3.10. Table of contents ......................................................................................................... 8

3.11. List of figures .............................................................................................................. 8

3.12. List of tables ................................................................................................................ 8

3.13. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9

3.14. Literature review ......................................................................................................... 9

3.15. Methodology or Materials and Methods ..................................................................... 9

3.16. Results and discussion ............................................................................................... 10

3.17. Conclusions (and Recommendations) ....................................................................... 10

3.18. References ................................................................................................................. 10

3.19. Appendices ................................................................................................................ 12

References ................................................................................................................................ 13

Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 14

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1. INTRODUCTION

This guide for thesis preparation has been developed and prescribed by the Scientific

Committee (SC), Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) in the aim of assisting not only

Associate Degree in Engineering, Engineer’s Degree, and Master Student but also ITC

lecturer in preparing the thesis. In this means, ITC is holding the Intellectual Property Rights

adopted by Royal Government of Cambodia together with the research partners. Students and

lecturer in all departments are compulsorily required to strictly follow this guide for thesis

preparation to ensure the standard of uniformity and preservation of standard archival thesis

copy. Any query not specified in this guide should be referred to the respective department

officer or the SC via [email protected].

2. SUBMISSION OF THESIS

2.1. Submission of thesis

Students are required to deliver 5 copies of thesis (3 to Panelists, 1 to Advisor, 1 to

Enterprise) to the respective department secretary at least 1 week period prior to the final

presentation date which is decided by Academic Office. For more information on the

academic schedule, the academic calendar could be found in the ITC website at the following

link, http://www.itc.edu.kh/itc/en/index.php/calendar. Additional copies of the thesis may be

required differently by each department. For late submission, student will not be permitted

to take his/her defense and be subjected to 2nd defense.

2.2. Revision after submission of thesis

After the defense, students are required to incorporate/response to the thesis

committee constructive comment/suggestions and revise thesis until proven satisfied by the

thesis advisor within 1 week. After the revision, these hard-copies of thesis will be

submitted to Thesis Advisor, Head of Department, Enterprise Representative, and Director

General of ITC for the approval and signature. Students are required to submit the final

version of the revised thesis, 2 hard-copies and soft-copy (either in pdf or word file) to

respective Department (Department will later hand over 1 set of hard and soft-copy to

Library).

2.3. Thesis binding

All copies of thesis must be submitted to respective department bound between

printed covers. In particular, the final version of thesis should be tied together. A template for

thesis cover could be found Download Sample. The front cover should be labeled all

information as shown in the template of thesis cover and printed in white paper.

2.4. Copyright

Reference made based on the Intellectual Property Rights of Royal Government of

Cambodia, ITC and Enterprise hold the ownership of the thesis copyright.

http://www.itc.edu.kh/itc/en/doc/ITC_Thesis_Cover_Template.docx

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2.5. Plagiarism

2.5.1. Definition

Student must understand the definition, nature, and how to avoid the plagiarism.

Plagiarism could be defined as follows:

“Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else’s ideas or words as your own.”

(Fowler and Aaron, 1992, pp. 578).

“An obvious form of plagiarism is copying any direct quotation from your source

material without providing quotation marks and without crediting the source. A more subtle

form, but equally improper, is the paraphrasing of material or use of an original idea if that

paraphrase or borrowed idea is not properly introduced and documented.” (Lester, 1976, pp.

48).

“One area that can be confusing to researchers involves the use of information

classified as “common knowledge”. If a fact or an idea is well known, it does not have to be

documented, even if it is taken from another source…to be considered common knowledge,

information must be well known to a general audience.” (Clines and Cobb, 1993, pp. 20).

2.5.2. Punishment

Associate Degree in Engineering, Engineer’s Degree, and Master theses are subjected

to the plagiarism verification. In case that plagiarism is founded, student will account for the

Intellectual Property Rights adopted by Royal Government of Cambodian and be required to

revise thesis until proven satisfied by Advisor.

2.5.3. Plagiarism avoidance

It is necessary that the use of the previous published materials in thesis must be

acknowledged properly within the text by either putting quotation or paraphrasing; this means

that the author’s name with the year of publication should appear in the text while the

reference list should contain all references. The in-text quotation styles could be founded in

the following examples (Om et al., 2011):

- For one author:

Klein (2013) reviewed the biology and strategies to delay……

In a recent review on the antimalarial drug resistance (Klein, 2013),……

- For two authors:

Sadana and Snow (1999) investigated the perceptions and preferences……

In a study on the balancing effectiveness (Sadana and Snow, 1999),……

- For many authors: in the case that we would like to cite the guide for thesis

preparation by Dr. OM Romny, Dr. CHUNHIENG Thavarith, Mr. NUTH Sothân,

Mr. PHOL Norith, and Mr. SIEANG Phen, it is as follows:

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Om et al. (2011) introduced the guide for thesis preparation……

In the thesis preparation for ITC student (Om et al., 2011),……

-In case of NGOs, student could cite the report published by NGOs, e.g., Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as follows:

FAO (2006) published the livestock’s long shadow-environmental issues…..

In the report on the livestock’s long shadow-environmental issues (FAO, 2006),…

3. FORMATTING

3.1. Language

The Associate Degree in Engineering thesis shall be written in Khmer while those of

Engineer and Master Degree shall be written either in French or English based on Advisor

Preference.

3.2. Structure

When preparing the thesis manuscript, all students must follow this order: Title pages,

Acknowledgments, Abstract, Abbreviations and Symbols, Table of Contents, List of Figures,

List of Tables, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology or Materials and Methods,

Results and Discussion, Conclusions (and Recommendations), References, and Appendices.

3.3. Text layout

Text must be written using Times New Roman (12 pt font size) with 1.5 lines spacing

and the margins shall be 25.4 mm from top, bottom, left, and right on white paper. A full

justification shall be used and each new paragraph shall be clearly indicated with indentation

(12.7 mm) and no-space between paragraphs. Tables and figures should be presented in the

text with spacing before and after text of 12 pt (See Example in Appendices).

3.4. Pagination

Theses of all degrees shall be started with the title pages consisted of the first cover

page, second cover page, and third cover page; these cover pages shall not be paginated and

prepared single-sided while the following pages of theses shall be prepared double-sided.

The acknowledgment page, abstract page, abbreviations and symbols page, table of contents

page, list of figures page, and list of tables page, shall be paginated with roman numerals—

i.e., i, ii, iii, etc. From the introduction page to final part of thesis, all pages shall be paginated

in one consecutive numbering sequence—i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc. All page numbers shall be at the

bottom-center of pages. Moreover, each heading shall be started with a new page by using

page breaking.

3.5. Title selection

The title selection for the thesis for all degrees shall be done carefully to ensure that

the consistency between title and thesis manuscript is achievable. Therefore,

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Be sure to select a title that reflects and/or provides a meaningful description

of the content of the thesis manuscript;

Be sure to select a title that in overall covers all the specific objectives aimed

for in the thesis; this means that from the title, a number of specific objectives

could be developed.

3.6. Thesis title pages

The first title page must contain the information on the department, type of degree

(Associate Degree in Engineering, Engineer’s Degree, or Master Degree), thesis title, name

of author, main course of study, name of thesis advisor, and academic year. The second title

page must be written in Khmer and bear the original signatures of Director General of ITC,

Head department, Supervior, and Enterprise Representative while the third title page must

be written in French and containt the same information as that of the second title page. The

template for these title pages could be found in the following link:

Download Sample.

3.7. Acknowledgments

The acknowledgment page shall be included in the thesis manuscript. In this section,

author could express his/her sincere gratitude to his/her family for support and so on. Author

could also include his/her special thank to Professors, Thesis Advisor, Lab Assistant, and

other personnels who have been providing help during the research and the preparation of

thesis. The order of gratitude shall be classified based on the degree of supporting. It means

that person who has been of great help should appeared first.

3.8. Abstract

Each thesis shall contain a concise and factual abstract of maximum 1 page. The

abstract should contain the purpose of the research, the materials and methods, the principal

results and major conclusions. An abstract must be written in 3 languages (Khmer, French

and English in order) except Associate Degree Abstract must be written only in Khmer. In

the case of Abstract in Khmer, all technical terms must be remained in original language

except common and well-known technical terms could be used in Khmer. Moreover, this

abstract should be presented separately from the thesis manuscript, so it must be able to stand

alone. Therefore, references should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and

year(s). Moreover, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if

essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.

3.9. Abbreviations and symbols

All abbreviations and symbols that are not standard and well known in the field of

enginnering should be defined in the abbreviations and symbols page. In the case that any

abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract, they must be defined at their first mention

in the abstract. Furthermore, it is necessary to maintain the consistency of abbreviations and

symbols throughout the thesis manuscript.



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3.10. Table of contents

Table of contents should contain all informations on heading and sub-heading of all

chapters presented in the thesis manuscript. Title pages, Acknowledgements, Abstract,

Abbreviations and Symbols, Table of Contents, List of Figures, and List of Tables must not

be numbered in the Table of Contents (See Example in Appendices). The sequencing numeral

shall be started from Introduction (e.g., 1. INTRODUCTION) while the subdivision

contained within Introduction chapter should be numbered 1.1. (then 1.1.1., 1.1.2., ...), 1.2.,

etc. This numbering system should also be used in the following chapters—i.e., 2.

LITERATURE REVIEW, 3. METHODOLOGY or MATERIALS AND METHODS, 4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, 5. CONCLUSIONS (AND RECOMMENDATIONS).

On the other hand, REFERENCES, and APPENDICES should appear without any

numbering system.

3.11. List of figures

All figure captions must be presented in this page together with the page number

where the figures exist. Figure caption must be numbered in a consecutive sequence—i.e.,

Figure 1.1., Figure 2.1., Figure 3.1., etc., in accordance with their appearance in the thesis.

Figure 1.1. refers to the first figure appeared in chapter 1, Figure 2.1. refers to the first figure

appeared in chapter 2, Figure 3.1. refers to the first figure appeared in chapter 3, etc. A

caption should comprise a title which is a description of the illustration. Author must keep

text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations

used within the illustrations. In the case that Figure is cited from other sources, student must

put the reference after the Figure caption.

A figure is a single, concise, pictorial, visual summary of the process or finding

during the research activities. It should be well designed and prepared so that it could be

understood by readers at a single glance. The authors must provide an image/graph that

clearly represents his/her work described in the thesis. Image/graph must be un-distorted and

readable at any size.

3.12. List of tables

All tables titles must be presented in this page together with the page number where

the tables are shown. Tables must numbered consecutively (Table 1.1., Table 2.1., Table

3.1., etc.) in accordance with their appearance in the text. Table 1.1. refers to the first table

appeared in chapter 1, Table 2.1. refers to the first table appeared in chapter 2, Table 3.1.

refers to the first table appeared in chapter 3, etc. In the case that Table is cited from other

sources, student must put the reference after the Table caption (see Example in Appendices).

All numbers used in thesis content/tables must be Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.).

Table embedded in the thesis manuscript could be accompanied by the footnotes to

tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Author must

ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in thesis

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manuscript. In the case of simple one parameter tables, author is recommended to present

such information in the text itself.

3.13. Introduction

Introduction should contain the rationale/background, goal and objectives, and scope

together with the limitation of the study. Student should begin with the establishment of a

study territory by showing the importance, interesting, and/or problems of the general study

area, and/or by reviewing the previous studies. Student could then continue with the

indication of gab or weakness of previous study based on which the present study must be

conducted. At last, student should finish the introduction section with the announcement of

the goal and specific objectives of the study with the scope/limitation of present study

(Hartley, 2008).

3.14. Literature review

Author could prepare the literature review by taking into account the following

criteria:

To show the history of the related study field/topic

To review all previous work done related to the thesis topic

To integrate and synthesis work from different study field/topic

To present/evaluate the current state of art of study field/topic

To reveal the inadequacies in literature and gap where further research needs

to be done

3.15. Methodology or Materials and Methods

In this section, title of this section could be chosen either Methodology or Materials

and Methods accordingly to Advisor Preference. In general format, Author must provide

sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced; in addition, methods already published

should be indicated by a reference while only the modifications should be described.

Methodology is usually sub-divided into many sub-sections viz:

①. Materials for the study: author must describe in detail (physic-chemical

characteristics, technical specification, data, model, software, equipment, etc.)

the raw materials used for the study.

For example: “The raw composting mixture consisted of swine manure, a

compost product produced previously in our laboratory from swine manure,

sawdust, and a commercial seeding material (Alles G; Matsumoto Laboratory

of Microorganisms Co., Ltd., Matsumoto, Japan) in a ratio of…”

②. Experimental operation for the study: author must describe (in detail) how

laboratory or full-scale experimental set-up is constructed. Author is also

required to describe how set-up is operated to ensure that the re-fabrication of

the experimental system.

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For example:

1-“Laboratory-scale experimental set-up composed of a mini-reactor made of

a Pyrex glass cylinder, 45 mm in diameter, 100 mm in height, and sealed with

silicone rubber stoppers with glass pipes for aeration…”

2-“The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM Version 5.0.022; Rossman,

2010; US EPA, 2011) was used to simulate current and projected watershed

conditions. Sub-catchments were delineated to collect precipitation, and the

kinematic wave method (Rossman, 2010) was used to route water through…..”

③. Parameter analyses: author must describe (in details) how to

measure/determine each parameter during the study; this includes the

condition of the machine and the model of machine used. It is also important

to note that one parameter analysis must be described in one sub-section.

For example: “A DNA extraction kit, ISOIL for Beads Beating (Nippon Gene

Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan), was used for the extraction of DNA from the

compost samples collected at days…”

In the case that author would like to include the formulae and equations in the

manuscript, each formulae/equation should be given separate numbering—i.e., (Eq. 1.1.),

(Eq. 2.1.), etc. Eq. 1.1. refers to the first equation/formulae appeared in chapter 1 while Eq.

2.1. refers to the first equation/formulae appeared in chapter 2.

3.16. Results and discussion

The results should be clear and concise, separated into different sub-sections

depending on the findings, and discussing the significance of the results/findings, not repeat

them. In this part, author should state the main findings in order and evaluate how the results

fit in the previous findings; therefore, citation and discussion of the published work should be

included in this part.

3.17. Conclusions (and Recommendations)

The main conclusions drawn from results should be presented in a short conclusions

section. Author must ensure that the conclusions response/reflect the specific objectives

stated in the introduction section. Any discussion must not be included in this section.

In the recommendations section, author should (not obligate) describe the

limitation/gap of the study based on which author should recommend for further

studies/investigations.

3.18. References

It is a must to ensure that each reference cited in the thesis manuscript is also

presented in the reference list, and vice versa. It is recommended that the unpublished results

and personal communications should not be used for citation. References list should be

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arranged alphabetically. In the case that more than one reference from the same author(s) in

the same year, it must be identified by the letters “a”, “b”, “c”, etc; these letters should be

placed after the year of publication.

For example: Author “Mongkul” has published two journals in 2013 and we would

like to reference these two journals; thus, the citation will be “Based on the recent study

(Mongkul, 2013a, 2013b),…”.

Reference list should be prepared based on the type of document, for instance:

Reference to a journal publication:

Hul, S., Ng, D.K.S, Tan, R.R., Chiang, C.L., Foo, D.C.Y., 2007. Crisp and Fuzzy

Optimisation Approaches for Water Network Retrofit. Chemical Product and

Process Modeling. 2, 1934– 2659.

Reference to a book:

Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N., Nester, M.T., 2004.

Microbiology-A human perspective. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Reference to a chapter in an edited book:

Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 2009. How to prepare an electronic version of your

article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith, R.Z. (Eds.), 2009. Introduction to the Electronic

Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, 281–304.

Reference to the internet

A clear source and official website can be used as reference. However, a clear

authors and date of the website or the agency creating the website should be

stated. For example:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2011. Cambodia and

FAO achievements and success stories, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/

rap/files/epublications/CambodiaedocFINAL.pdf (Consulted on March 01, 2013).

References in the list should be placed alphabetically, for example:

Arun, A.B., Chen, W.M., Lai, W.A., Chou, J.H., Shen, F.T., Rekha, P.D., Young, C.C., 2009.

Lutaonella thermophilagen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic member of the

family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a coastal hot spring. International Journal of

Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59, 2069–2073.

Boone, D.R., Castenholz, R.W., Garrity, G.M., 2001. Bergey’s manual of systematic

bacteriology. 2nd ed. Springer, New York.

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Bosshard, P.P., Zbinden, R., Altwegg, M., 2002. Turicibacter sanguinis gen. nov., sp. nov., a

novel anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and

Evolutionary Microbiology. 52, 1263–1266.

……

3.19. Appendices

Appendices are supplemental to a thesis in nature; the same formatting, pagination,

margins, and illustration requirements apply to appendices. Formulas, equations, and

additional information should be included in this section.

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References

Clines, R.H., Cobb, E.R., 1993. Research writing simplified. Harper Collins.

Fowler, H.R., Aaron, J.E., 1992. The little, brown handbook. 5th ed. Harper Collins.

Hartley, J., 2008. Academic writing and publishing. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New

York.

Lester, J.D., 1976. Writing research papers: a complete guide. 2nd ed. Scott, Foresman and

Company Glenview, Illinois.

Om, R., Chunhieng, T., Nuth, S., Phol, N., Sieang, P., 2011. Guide à la rédaction de

mémoire. ITC, Phnom Penh.

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Appendices

1. Acknowledgments

2. Abstract

3. Abbreviations and Symbols

4. Table of Contents

5. List of Figures

6. List of Tables

7. Introduction

8. Literature Review

9. Methodology or Materials and Method

10. Results and Discussion

11. Conclusions (and Recommendations)

12. References

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The heading of acknowledgement must be written using Times New Roman, 12 pt

font size, bold and center text. The text following the heading should be started with the

indentation and written using Times New Roman, 12 pt font size, justification text, 10 pt

from the heading and 1.5 line spacing.

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ABSTRACT

The heading of acknowledgement must be written using Times New Roman, 12 pt

font size, bold and center text. The text following the heading should be started with the

indentation and written using Times New Roman, 12 pt font size, justification text, 10 pt

from the heading and 1.5 line spacing.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (Text must be written 24 pt from the

heading and 1.5 line spacing)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

UN DESA United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ii

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. v

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vi

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Goal and objectives ...................................................................................................... 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 5

3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 31

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 51

5. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 71

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 77

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 85

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Forecasts of world and regional annual growth rate of fertilizer demand

between 2011 and 2015 (FAO, 2011). .............................................................. 10

Figure 2.2. Time courses of the number of publication related to effects of turning on

composting from 1980 to 2012. ........................................................................ 15

Figure 2.3. Number of publication related to application of molecular methods (DGGE, T-

RFLP, SSCP, ARDRA, ARISA, and DHPLC) in compost. ............................. 17

Figure 3.1. Schematic diagram of the composting system. ................................................. 48

Figure 4.1. Schematic diagram of the experimental system. ............................................... 52

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Municipal solid waste generation and its composition in different countries. . 11

Table 2.2. Plant diseases suppression (Litterick et al., 2004). .......................................... 13

Table 2.3. C/N ratios of various organic wastes (Golueke, 1977). ................................... 15

Table 2.4. Thermal deathpoints of some common pathogens (Golueke, 1977). ............... 16

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The text following the sub-heading should be started with the indentation and written

using Times New Roman, 12 pt font size, justification text, 10 pt from the heading and 1.5

line spacing.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Sub-heading



line spacing. In the case that author would like to embed the figures in the text, figure must be

placed in the center of the text with 12 pt spacing before and after text as follows:

Figure 2.1. Time courses of the number of publication related to effects of turning on

composting from 1980 to 2012.

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Sub-heading



line spacing. In the case that author would like to embed the tables in the text, tables must be

placed in the center of the text with 12 pt spacing before and after text as follows:

Table 3.1. Nitrogen content and C/N ratios of various organic wastes (Golueke, 1977).

Material Nitrogen (%) C/N Ratio

Activated sludge 5 6

Animal tankage ─ 4.1

Blood 10─14 3

Cow manure 1.7 18

Digested sewage sludge 2─4 ─

Grass clippings 3─6 12─15

Horse manure 2.3 25

Mixed grasses 214 19

Night soil 5.5─6.5 6─10

Non-legume vegetable wastes 2.5─4 11─12

Pig manure 3.8 ─

Potato tops 1.5 25

Poultry manure 6.3 15

Raw sewage sludge 4─7 11

Urine 15─18 0.8

In the case that author would like to include the formulae and/or equations in the

manuscript, each formulae/equation must be given in separate numbering as follows:

Q = CP [1 - exp(-αt)] (Eq. 3.1.)

where Q is the cumulative CO2 emission at a given composting time (mol), CP is the potential

amount of carbon in the compost sample that can be released as CO2 (mol), α is the

degradability coefficient based on the carbon of organic materials in the compost sample

(h−1), and t is the composting time (h).

Page 24 of 26

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Sub-heading



line spacing.

Page 25 of 26

5. CONCLUSIONS



line spacing.

Page 26 of 26

REFERENCES

Arun, A.B., Chen, W.M., Lai, W.A., Chou, J.H., Shen, F.T., Rekha, P.D., Young, C.C., 2009.

Lutaonella thermophilagen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic member of the

family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a coastal hot spring. International Journal of

Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59, 2069–2073.

Boone, D.R., Castenholz, R.W., Garrity, G.M., 2001. Bergey’s manual of systematic

bacteriology. 2nd ed. Springer, New York.

Bosshard, P.P., Zbinden, R., Altwegg, M., 2002. Turicibacter sanguinis gen. nov., sp. nov., a

novel anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and

Evolutionary Microbiology. 52, 1263–1266.

Documents

ITC Guide for Thesis Preparation