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2013 notes Contents Interesting words ................................................................................................................................ 2 Other rules .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Different ways of saying ‘please’ ........................................................................................................ 5 The meaning of pero ........................................................................................................................... 6 Lessons from penpals.......................................................................................................................... 7 Months, days, seasons ........................................................................................................................ 8 Using questo, questa, questi and queste (posted) ........................................................................... 10 A list of reflexive verbs ...................................................................................................................... 11 Asking ‘for something’ or asking ‘someone for something’ ............................................................. 13 When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English ........................................ 14 Practising using ‘piacere’ quantified by ‘quantities’ ......................................................................... 15 Personal object pronouns ................................................................................................................. 16 Where do the pronuns go in the sentence ....................................................................................... 18 Pronouncing “ABITARE” (to live)....................................................................................................... 20 Qualche volta: sometimes, occasionally ........................................................................................... 21 Talking on the telephone! ................................................................................................................. 22 Using Mancare: to miss..................................................................................................................... 23 Articles “the” and “a” in Italian ......................................................................................................... 25 The congintivo/subjunctive spider ................................................................................................... 26 THE IMPERATIVE ............................................................................................................................... 27 Holiday vocab .................................................................................................................................... 29 Shops – a list of vocabulary............................................................................................................... 30 THE MANY USES OF “FARE” .............................................................................................................. 34 A list of other common phrases using fare ....................................................................................... 34 When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English ........................................ 37

Italian Notes

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Page 1: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Contents Interesting words ................................................................................................................................ 2

Other rules .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Different ways of saying ‘please’ ........................................................................................................ 5

The meaning of pero ........................................................................................................................... 6

Lessons from penpals .......................................................................................................................... 7

Months, days, seasons ........................................................................................................................ 8

Using questo, questa, questi and queste (posted) ........................................................................... 10

A list of reflexive verbs ...................................................................................................................... 11

Asking ‘for something’ or asking ‘someone for something’ ............................................................. 13

When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English ........................................ 14

Practising using ‘piacere’ quantified by ‘quantities’ ......................................................................... 15

Personal object pronouns ................................................................................................................. 16

Where do the pronuns go in the sentence ....................................................................................... 18

Pronouncing “ABITARE” (to live) ....................................................................................................... 20

Qualche volta: sometimes, occasionally ........................................................................................... 21

Talking on the telephone! ................................................................................................................. 22

Using Mancare: to miss ..................................................................................................................... 23

Articles “the” and “a” in Italian ......................................................................................................... 25

The congintivo/subjunctive spider ................................................................................................... 26

THE IMPERATIVE ............................................................................................................................... 27

Holiday vocab .................................................................................................................................... 29

Shops – a list of vocabulary ............................................................................................................... 30

THE MANY USES OF “FARE” .............................................................................................................. 34

A list of other common phrases using fare ....................................................................................... 34

When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English ........................................ 37

Page 2: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Interesting words

più in grande ‘on a larger scale’, as opposed to più grande, which would simply mean ‘bigger’

lupus in fabula speak of the devil

Ironia della sorte ironically

Di farci un salto to drop by

scippato robbed. Lo scippo is hit and run robbery, mainly carried out by

somebody riding by on a scooter and snatching one’s handbag or

purse

taroccati imitations of well known brands, the most common being Louis

Vuitton’s bags

Seccare vs secco when talking about plants we use “secco” (dry) and “seccare” (to

dry) to mean “morto” (dead) or “morire” (to die), e.g. “quell’albero

è secco” (that tree is dead)

siamo rimasti delusi we were disappointed

Ironia della sorte ironically

‘sto / ‘sta / ‘sti / ‘ste short for questo / questa / questi / queste (this / these)

togliere le castagne dal fuoco (lit. to take the chestnuts out of the fire’) means ‘saving or solving

one’s problem’ (the English equivalent of ‘to save someone’s bacon’

cogliere in castagna (literally ‘to pick in chestnut’) – or ‘to catch someone red-handed’.

passare to spend (time)

entri enter - subjunctive (polite)

credo di si/no I believe so/don’t believe so

credo di passare alcuni giori a… I think I’ll spend a few days at/in...

ad | ed = a / e before a word beginning with a vowel – add the D

andare a trovare meet up (friends)

a due passi da qui very near here

Che ne dici? How about it? (lit. what do you say about it?)

Discretamente “fairly well/average”, when referring to one’s level of Italian

Tutti e due/Tutti e tre both/all three

un giorno qualunque an ordinary day

in piedi così presto up so early

diamoci del tu” Let’s use tu (as opposed to talking on formal Lei terms)

Cosa fa di bello stasera? Are you doing anything interesting tonight?

Fare Quattro chiacchiere to have a chat

stufo/a di fed up with

fra cui (noun, e.g. l’Italia) including (Italy)

qualcosa da sfruttare di (oggeti da sfruttare)

to take advantage of (something/one) (e.g. objects to exploit)

come spesso accade as often happens

ancora tutta in salita still an uphill struggle

Page 3: Italian Notes

2013 notes

rinunciare + a give up

10 e passa anni more than 10 years

potrà pagare in 30 rate mensili (s)he will be able to pay in 30 monthly instalments

Page 4: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Other rules

keeping ‘hard’ pronunciation in some plural words by adding a ‘h’ at the end, e.g. amica/amiche

the verb giocare: followed by “a”, e.g. gioco a tennis = I play tennis.

o to play at game = giocare a

CHE + bello/pecatto/guaio etc = an EXCLAMATION (how lovely/what a pit/nuisance)

COME/COM’E + verb = AN EXCLAMATION (e.g. Com’è grande!/Come sono eleganti

PIÙ: when placed before an adjective/adverb adds –er to the word.

o Più tardi/presto

o Più grande/piccolo

o Più caro

ARRIVEDERCI between friends but FORMAL version = ARRIVEDERLA

“A” can be used to mean “away” when referring to distances

o A due passi da qui = very near here

o A dieci chilometri da Roma = 10km away from Rome

o A due chilometri dall’autostrada = 2km (away) from the motorway

(non) ci sono + ne = (NON) CE NE SONO (or (non) ce n’è) – ci becomes ce.

Andare + infinitive = to go ....ing

o Vado a nuotare = I go swimming

o Andiamo a sciare = We go skiing

o Vado a fare il biglietto = I’m going to buy the ticket

o Vado a mangiare = I’m going to eat

Difference between in estate and d’estate?

Nessuno/a = not….any

o always singular

o before a noun is used likfe un, uno, una

nessun libro, nessuno sbaglio, nessuna professione

Page 5: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Different ways of saying ‘please’

I’ve encountered four different ways of saying ‘please’:

Per favore

Per piacere

Per cortesia

Di grazia

The one you will be taught to use is ‘per favore’ but it seems that if you were a native Italian you’d probably

use ‘per piacere’, just like it seems we non-native speakers are taught to use ‘qui’ to mean here but the Italians

use ‘qua’! Just something to remember if you want to sound a little bit more native and less like a tourist.

Notes

GENERAL “per favore”

SPOKEN NATIVE "per piacere” The qua to qui (here) – see my separate post

FORMAL "per cortesia"

OLD-FASHIONED "di grazia" you might hear/read it used but you probably

won’t use it yourself (like the gli/a loro

distinction with piacere – see my post)

Page 6: Italian Notes

2013 notes

The meaning of pero

Although 'pero' typically means 'but' it is a very flexible word that can be used in a variety of situations.

The various meanings

BUT The foremost meaning but gen. one would use 'ma' to mean ‘but’.

Use 'pero' when you want to emphasise or stress something.

Unlike 'ma', which can only be placed at the beginning of a sentence, 'pero' can be moved around and still maintain its meaning.

HOWEVER/THEREFORE It can have this meaning particularly in informal spoken contexts. (stick with 'quindi' in written Italian as this shows a higher linguistic register)

A CONTEXTUAL MARKER/ALTHOUGH

Can link phrases together or stall for time as you are thinking about something in the way. When used in this way, it can roughly be translated as 'although'.

E.g. “ho fatto i miei compiti PERO troppo in ritardo”

YET E.g. “pero si accorgereranno che hai ragione tu” (yet they will come to realise that you are right)

WELL (in surprise) E.g. “pero, non mi aspettava che ci riuscisse!” (well, I never expected you to succeed!)

Page 7: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Lessons from penpals

1. Commedia (Posted)

My pen-pal wrote: "un film italiano, una commedia"

I asked: "commedia finisce sempre con 'a' a dispetto di 'un' film?"

My pen-pal answered: "Sì, commedia finisce sempre con "a"... un film è generico (a movie) ma una commedia è un genere di film a comedy."

2. "Insieme a + person" vs "con + person"

My pen-pal wrote: "sono andata insieme a mio marito"

I asked: "Is it better to use 'insieme a' instead of con? Do they mean the same thing?" What not “insieme al…”?

My pen-pal answered: "insieme a mio marito" è corretto, ma è corretto anche " con mio marito" (in questo caso togli la parola "insieme")

3. “Passare a trovare”

My penpal said “Mia cugina è passata a trovarmi”

My pen-pal answered: la frase "è passata a trovarmi" means "she visited me" - the sentence has meaning that she came to my house to visit to me.”

I didn’t really understand this and so asked what it meant.

Passare a trovare/salutare + person means

to drop in on someone

For some other ways to use “passare” in idiomatic phrases see here: http://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/passare

Conoscere vs Vedersi

This reminded me of something I had learned a couple of years ago:

When meeting someone, we usually use ‘vedersi’.

This is why we say “ci vediamo” when referring to ‘see you soon” when parting company.

However, when meeting someone for the very first time, it is okay to use “conoscere”. Hence, e.g

“ieri ho conosciuto il fratello di Veronica” or “Pietro ed io, ci siamo conosciuti più di 20 anni fa”.

But if you just met Veronica a for coffee, “Veronica ed io ci siamo viste ieri”.

Page 8: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Months, days, seasons

Days of the Week – I giorni della settimana

NOTE: the days of the are not capitalized in Italian.

Monday il lunedì Note the accent on the ‘i' Tuesday il martedì

Wednesday il mercoledì

Thursday il giovedì

Friday il venerdì

Saturday il sabato

Sunday la domenica

What day is... che giorno è..

today oggi

tomorrow domani

day after tomorrow dopodomani

yesterday ieri

two days ago due giorni fa

Seasons – le stagioni

NOTE: the names of seasons are not capitalized in Italian.

la primavera Spring

l’estate Summer

l’autunno Autumn

l’inverno Winter

Months – I mesi

NOTE: months are not spelt with capital first letters in Italian.

January gennaio

February febbraio

March marzo

April aprile

May maggio

June giugno

luglio—July

August agosto

September settembre

October ottobre

November novembre

December dicembre

Writing a date (posted)

Si scrive (one writes:

NOTE: to express the date the article ‘il’ or ‘la’ must be used before the day.

Page 9: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Examples

My birthday is on the 10th Il mio compleanno è il dieci Maggio

May the 1st

primo Maggio

Today is the 20th

oggio è il venti

Times of the day

il giorno day

l’alba sunrise

prendre la prima colazione have breakfast

la giornata the whole day

e.g. “buon giornata” is used to wish someone a good day when parting

la mattina Morning

mezzogiorno Midday

il pranzo / pranzare lunch / to have lunch

il pomeriggio / dopopranzo afternoon

diorno/a/i/e (adjective) of the day time

e.g. ‘la lucertola è un animale diurno’ (the lizard is a day time creature)

un pisolino pomeridiano an afternoon nap

e.g. fare un pisolino (take a nap)

la merenda / lo spuntino (afternoon) snack

il tramonto sunset

crepuscolo twlight

calare del sole sun going down

l’imbrunire dusk

la cena / cenare dinner / to have dinner

la sera / la serata the evening

e.g. “buon serata” means “have a good evening”

la notte night

mezzonotte midnight

notturno/a/i/e (adjective) of the night

e.g. ‘il gufo è un animale notturno’ (the owl is a nocturnal animal)

Page 10: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Using questo, questa, questi and queste (posted)

In Italian, the spelling of ‘this’ or ‘these’ depends on the plurality and gender of the article.

Questa feminine, singular

Questo masculine, singular

Questi masculine, plural (or a group of mixed gender individuals)

Queste feminine, plural

Examples

Non toccare questi libri! Sono tutti molto rari e preziosi Don’t touch those books! They are very all very

rare and precious

Non possiamo credere a questa storia. È troppo fantasiosa!

We can’t believe this story, it’s too fantastical

Affronteremo questo problema (Note: masc, irregular) quando sarà il momento

We’ll deal with this probmel when it’s time

Non vogliamo uscrire con questi ragazzi. Sono antipatici

We don’t want to go out with this boys. They’re not nice

Susanna, questa volta non posso aiutarti, mi dispiace molto

Susanna, this time I can’t help you, I’m sorry

è proporio necessario comprare tutti questi vestiti nuovi?

Is it really necessary to buy all these new clothes?

Abbiamo conosciuto questa ragazza in una scuola di lingua

I met this girl at language school

Il professore had detto che dobbiam tradurre questo articolo

The teacher has said that we must translate this article

In questi giorni non sono andata a scuola, perché ero malata

Those days I didn’t go to school because I was ill

Non posso capire queste frasi (Note: fem, ending in ‘e’ in sing.). Sono troppo difficili per me

I can’t understand those sentences. They’re too difficult for me.

Dove hai comprato questi belle scarpe? In quale negozio?

Where did you buy those lovely shoes? In which shop?

Questa fotografia ha vinto un importante premio l’anno scorso

This photo won an important prize last year

Parliamo d’altro. Tutti questi discorsi non mi interessano affatto.

Can we talk about something else. These discussions don’t interest me at all.

Durante queste ultime settimane non ho potuto studiare molto.

During the(se) last few weeks I couldn’t study much.

Questa transmission sulla vita degli animali è molto interessante.

This programme on the life of animals is very interesting.

Francesca dice che questo corso di italiano non è molto difficile per lei.

Francesa says that this Italian course isn’t very difficult for her.

In questa discoteca incontro sempre i ragazzi del mio corso.

I’m always meeting people from my course in this nightclub.

Questo partito politico non può vincere le prossime elezioni

This political party can’t win the next election

Page 11: Italian Notes

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A list of reflexive verbs

Verb English Io Tu Lei Ci Voi Loro

alzarsi to get up mi alzo ti alzi si alza ci alziamo vi alzate si alzano

mettersi to put something on

mi metto ti metti si mette ci mettiamo vi mettete si mettono

vestersi to get dressed mi vesto ti vesti si veste ci vestiamo vi vestite si vestono

arrabbiarsi to get angry mi arrabbio ti arrabbi si arrabbia ci arrabbiamo vi arrabbiate si arrabbiano

truccarsi to put on makeup mi trucco ti trucchi si trucca ci trucchiamo vi truccate si truccano

farsi la barba shave beard mi faccio la barba ti fai la barba si fa la barba ci facciamo le barbe

vi fate le barbe si fanno le barbe

tagliarsi i capelli cut one’s hair mi tagio i capelli ti tagli i capelli si taglia i capelli ci tagliamo i capelli vi tagliate i capelli si tagliano i capelli

addormentarsi to fall aslepp mi addormento ti addormenti si addormenta ci addormentiamo vi addormentate si addormentano

divertersi to have fun mi diverto ti diverti si diverte ci divertimento vi divertite si divertono

guardarsi allo specchio

look at oneself in the mirror

mi guardo allo specchio

ti guardi allo specchio

si guarda allo specchio

ci guardiamo allo specchio

vi guardate allo specchio

si guardano allo specchio

svegliarsi to wake up mi sveglio ti svegli si sveglia ci svegliamo vi svegliate si svegliano

pettinarsi to comb one’s hair mi pettino ti pettini si pettina ci pettiamo vi pettinate si pettinano

Page 12: Italian Notes

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farsi il bagno take a bath/bathe oneself

mi faccio il bagno ti fai il bagno si f ail bagno ci facciamo il bagno

vi fate il bagno si fanno il bagno

lavarsi le mani to wash one’s hands

mi lavo le mani ti lavi le mani si lava le mani ci laviamo le mani vi lavate le mani si lavano le mani

asciugarsi to dry off mi asciugo ti asciughi si asciuga ci asciughiamo vi asciugate si asciugano

annoiarsi to be bored mi annoio ti annoi si annoia ci annoiamo vi annoiate si annoiano

chiamarsi to call oneself mi chiamo ti chiami si chiama chi chiamiamo vi chiamate si chiamano

fermarsi to stop oneself mi fermo ti fermi si ferma ci fermiamo vi fermate si fermano

preoccuparsi to worry oneself mi preoccupo ti preoccupi si preoccupa ci preoccupiamo vi preoccupate si preoccupano

preparsi per (+inf) to prepare oneself to

mi preparo per + ti prepari per + si prepara per + ci perpariamo per +

vi preparate per + si preparano per +

sentirsi (bene/male /libero/ansioso)

to feel (e.g. well) mi sento… ti senti… si sente… ci sentiamo… vi sentite… si sentono…

sentirsi di to feel up to mi sento di ti senti di si sente di ci sentiamo di vi sentite di si sentono di

Page 13: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Asking ‘for something’ or asking ‘someone for something’

How do you say you have “asked for something” in Italian, for example if you want to tell the waiter that you

have already asked for some water but it has not arrived?

So don’t translate literally: “abbiamo gia chiesto per una brocca d’aqua del gabbineto”

CORRECT TRANSLATION: “abbiamo gia chiesto una brocca d’acqua del rubinetto” (we’ve already asked for a

jug of tap water)

Example

abbiamo già chiesto il preventivo ad un muratore we’ve already asked a builder for a quote.

ha chiesto aiuto he asked for help.

ho chiesto a Luca I asked Luca

abbiamo chiesto al muratore we asked the builder.

RULE: Italian doesn’t translate the ‘for’ in ‘asked for’

RULE: Italians ASK SOMETHING, rather than ‘for’ something

BUT

RULE: if ASKING SOMETHING OF SOMETHING, Italians ask ‘to’ (translated as “a”) something

Page 14: Italian Notes

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When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English

Translation into Italian often cuts out little words such as ‘for’ or ‘any’ which appear in English sentences.

For example,

Italian English Lesson

Non ho spiccioli I don’t have any change In negative sentences in the plural, any is not unexpressed. Non ha amici italiani? Don’t you have any Italian

friends?

Quant’è? Cento euro How much is it? A hundred euros

When giving a price/number the indefinite article a or the number one before hundred/million is not expressed.

Ho chiesto il conto I have asked for the bill (in a restaurant)

The word for is not expressed after chiedere/ask, instead simply the article + noun/person’s name.

Ha il passaporto/la patente/la macchina?

Do you have a passport/a driving licence/a car?

When asking for something, in Italian sometimes you use the definite article (the), where in English we say a/an.

Ci vediamo il tre agosto See you on the 3rd of August The word ‘on’ is not expressed in Italian when referring to dates.

Il primo maggio The first of May The word ‘of’ is not expressed in Italian when saying the date.

Dove aspetti Anna? Where are you waiting for Anna?

The word ‘for’ is not used after ‘waiting’. Lit. I wait Anna.

Il signore Fini è in riunione Mr Fini is in a meeting Italians say ‘in meeting’ not ‘in a meeting’

Page 15: Italian Notes

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Practising using ‘piacere’ quantified by ‘quantities’

A while ago I wrote about how to use ‘piacere’, shocked when a lot of my seasoned classmates had no idea

how to conjugate the verb beyond ‘mi piace’ or ‘mi piacciono’.

I have come across a ‘rispondi alle domande’ exercise I did in 2008.

It uses to two ways of referring to what you like: (1) a me/le/lui etc; and (2) mi/ci piace.

Ti piacciono queste scarpe (molto) Mi piacciono molto

Ti piace questa macchina (abbastanza) Mi piace abbastanza quella macchina

Guarda questa borsa. Piace a Roberta? No, a lei/Roberta non piace molto/No, non le piace molto

Signora Rossi, Le piacciono questi occhiali? Mi piacciono moltissimo

A Giorgio piace questo film? No, a lui non piace affatto.

Ti piacciono questi pantaloni? Mi piacciono quei pantaoloni abbastanza.

Che bel vestiti. Ti piace? No, non mi piace molto.

A Claudio piace questo libro? Si, a lui/gli piace moltissimo.

Ti piacciono i quadri di Picasso? Mi piacciono i quadri di Picasso abbastanza.

The difference between “mi piace” etc and “a me...piace” etc

Atoni –me/ti/le Tonici – a me/a te/a Lei

(non) mi piace... a me (non) piace...

(non) ti piace... a te (non) piace)...

(non) Le piace... a Lei (non piace)...

Some rules

1. Mi/ti/Le and a me/a te/a Lei are always before the verb.

2. “Non” is before the pronouns me/ti/le but after a me/a te/a Lei

3. A me etc is used when one wants to emphasise an action.

Page 16: Italian Notes

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Personal object pronouns

I was trying to understand when I should use “Roberto piace la campagna” (Roberto likes the countryside) instead of “A Roberto piace la campagana”.

This lead me down a difficult path which involves understanding the difference between atone pronouns and toniche pronouns.

Deep breath as I try to summarise where to put pronouns in a sentence and how to spell the pronouns depending on the type of sentence.

What is a pronoun?

It is a word you use instead of a noun, when you do not need or want to name someone or something directly, e.g. it, you, me, somebody.

In Italian, personal object pronouns replace direct objects and indirect objects (that is, those preceded by a preposition). They have toniche (tonic) and atone (atonic) forms.

Toniche = form with a strong emphasis in the sentence:

È a me che Carlo si riferisce. It's me that Charles is referring to.

Voglio vedere te e non tuo fratello. I want to see you and not your brother.

Atone = weak forms w/o particular significance & may depend on the adjacent word

Ti telefono da Roma. I'll phone from Rome.

Ti spedirò la lettera al più presto. I'll send the letter as soon as possible.

Scrivimi presto! Write to me soon!

Non voglio vederlo. I do not want to see it.

Credendolo un amico gli confidai il mio segreto. Thinking he was a friend, I confided in him my secret.

NOTE: when verbal forms are truncated the consonant of the pronoun is doubled.

fa' a me—fammi

di' a lei—dille

English Indirect personal pronoun (toniche)

Reflexive pronoun

When combo. with direct object pronoun (lo, la, li, le)

Me Mi Mi Me

You(inf) Ti Ti Te

He/She/Formal ‘him/her’

Gli/Lei Gli Glie (*yes, used for fem. & masc.)

You (formal) Si Si Se

We Ci Ci Ce

You (pl) Vi Vi Ve

Page 17: Italian Notes

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English Indirect personal pronoun (atone)

me Mi

to you(inf) Ti

to him Gli

to her Le

you (formal) Si

to us Ci

to you (pl.) Vi

to them gli/ loro *usually

Definitions

Pronome personale indiretto

= used when the personal pronoun is not doing the action

= indirect receiver of the action

= preceded by one of a prepositions: a, di, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra | e.g. a me/te/lui/lei/noi/voi/loro

= two different forms: forme toniche (accented forms) & and forme atone

Forme toniche = gen. after the verb

= stressed, helping to give them more emphasis in the sentence.

used w/o any preposition in idiomatic exclamations, e.g. Beato te! (lucky you!); povero me! (poor me!); contento lui, contenti tutti! (If he is happy, everybody is happy!).

atone form gen used with “piacere” but to emphasize the pronouns, forme toniche used, e.g. a me piace il mare, ma a lei piace la montagna (I like the sea, but she likes the mountain).

Forme atone = more common than forme toniche

= preceded by the preposition “a”

= gen. used with “piacere”, e.g. mi piace il mare (I like the sea)

Because of their lack of stress gen = immed. before the verb, but sometimes joined onto the end of the verb:

1. after an infinitive: siamo venuti per parlarvi (We have come to talk to you);

2. after a gerund: non voglio offendere Giorgio dicendogli questo (I don’t want to offend Giorgio by telling him this);

3. after the imperative: non ditele nulla (do not tell her anything); parlami! (talk to me!);

Cannot be used in the following situations:

1. with di, da, in, con, su, per, tra / fra;

2. in comparisons after come (like/as) or quanto (as much as),

e.g. a Gianna piace il gelato al cioccolato come a me (Gianna likes chocolate ice cream like me);

3. after anche (also, too), neanche (not even, neither), pure (even), and neppure / nemmeno (not even),

Page 18: Italian Notes

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e.g. Mario: mi piace il mare. Luca: Anche a me (Mario: I like the sea. Luca: me too), Mario: Non mi ha dato il libro Luca: Neanche a me (Mario: He didn’t give me the book. Luca: He didn’t give it to me either).

Where do the pronuns go in the sentence

Order (1) (2) (3)

Comb. pronouns (gen) precede the verb pronoun

pronoun (spelling changed)

direct object pronoun

me, te se, glie, ce, ve

(lo, la, li, le, ne)

If “si” impersonale is used pronoun direct object pronoun

si impersonale

Other rule “glie” (he/she) hooks onto the direct object to become glielo, gleila, glieli, gliele

This is my attempt to consolidate a lot of notes I’ve found on the internet. I still don’t fully understand it all (probably my bad grammar when it comes to English) nor some of the references I’ve found to egli. I think I will have to revisit this again the future.

Examples of difference between forme atone and forme toniche

Forme atone Forme toniche

gli ho dato il libro (I gave him the book) ho dato il libro a lui (I gave the book to him).

Gianni: Ti assicuro che è tutto vero! Luca: Va bene, ti credo

Gianni: A chi credi, a me o a Bruno? Luca: Va bene, credo a te

Examples of toniche

Te, Me, Se, Ce, Ve

Ti serve una penna? Te la presto io

Hai fatto delle foto durante le vacanze? Me le fai vedere?

Non conoscete i Signori Rossi? Ecco, ve li presento

Il vino? Doveva portarlo Mario, ma se lo è scordato

Ti piacciono i miei capelli? Me li sono tagliati ieri

Quante sedie servono? Ce ne servono ancora tre

Gli

Hai visto la nuova macchina di Marco? Gliel’hanno regalata i suoi genitori per la laurea

Questo è il pane per Maria. Glielo dai tu?

Vuole parlare col direttore? Certamente Signor Bianchi, glielo chiamo subito

Page 19: Italian Notes

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Si

Te lo si legge in faccia (it’s written all over your face. Lit. ‘to you one reads it in your face’)

Simona era molto sconvolta, glielo si leggeva in faccia (Simona was very upset, you could see it in her face)

Non ce lo si può permettere (‘we/one can’t afford it’. Lit. ‘to oneself one cannot allow it’)

Andate ancora a Roma in macchina tutte le settimane? No, fra costo della benzina e pedaggio dell’autostrada non ce lo si può più permettere (Do you still drive to Rome every week? No, what with the cost of the fuel and the toll on the motorway it’s not affordable anymore)

Examples of atone

Giovanna, vieni con me al mercato?

Ho comprato questo regalo per voi

Ho dato il libro a loro

Il direttore ha fiducia in te the manager has confidence in you

Page 20: Italian Notes

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Pronouncing “ABITARE” (to live)

I am guilty of mispronouncing abitare. Conjugation in the present tense

io abito

tu abiti

lei/lui/Lei abita

noi abitiamo

voi abitate

loro abitano

Pronunciation I have made the mistake of making the “i” sound too long. MY MISTAKE: ah-bee-toh CORRECT ab-e-toh

Try listening to Google Translate : http://translate.google.co.uk/#it/en/abitiamo Have you been mispronouncing it too?

Page 21: Italian Notes

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Qualche volta: sometimes, occasionally

Examples

Vengo con qualche amico I’ll come along with some friends

Ho qualche libro sull’Italia I’ve got some books on Italy

Guarda spesso la televisione? Do you often watch television

La guardo qualche volta I watch it occasionally

This is one of those little rules (the singular noun bit) that I often forget!

RULE

Qualche means a few or some

and

IT IS ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY

A SINGULAR NOUN, WHICH MUST

BE COUNTABLE

Page 22: Italian Notes

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Talking on the telephone!

Learning how to:

ask to speak to someone on the phone

ask someone to repeat themselves/speak louder

ask whether you have the wrong number

ask whether someone is in and answer accordingly

ask whether you can leave a message or call back later

Italian English

Pronto?/Dica! ‘Hello’ – a greeting when answering the phone

Chi parla? With whom am I speaking

Sono…[name]/Sono io it’s [name]/it’s me speaking!

Vorrei parlare con… I would like to speak with

C’è Luisa? Is Luisa there?

Si, c’è /Giorgio non c’è yes, Giorgio is here/Giorgio isn’t here

Le passo X I’ll pass you (over to) X

Le telefono dopo I’ll call you later

Un momento! Le do il numero di telefono di Giorgio One moment. I’ll give you Giorgio’s number

Ho sbagliato numero? Have I called the wrong number?

Posso lasciare un messaggio? Can I leave a message?

Dovrei/posso richiamare più tardi Should/can I call back later?

Ieri ho prenotato una camera a Milan. Ho mandato un email all’albergo in Italiano ma ho ricevuto una risposta

in Inglese. Che cavolo! Forse la prossima volta usero il telefono!

Page 23: Italian Notes

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Using Mancare: to miss

Mi Manca l’opportunita parlare l’italiano.

Certo, potrei andare a trovare con un gruppo dei stranieri chi vogliono parlare l’italiano. Ma per adesso, non ne ho voglio. Ma, lezioni, di quei non ho paura.

Infatti, lunedi comincio un corso breve ma intensive. Quindi, durante gli ultimi mesi volevo cominciare a consultare ai miei appunti dagli ultimi anni. Oggi ho scoperto una lista di frasi che usano ‘mancare’, un verbo comune nella lingua Italiana.

Meaning to be lacking in…

to be missing…

Uses To miss someone/something

To miss a target/goal

References to time

To express not physically having something

To not want to do something

To not be present

Mancanza a lack, absence or shortage or something

To miss someone or something

Italian English Literally

Mi manca la mia famiglia I miss my family My family is missing for me

Mi mancano i giorni caldi dell’estate

I miss the hot summer days Hot summer days are missing for me

Non ti manca l’Inghilterra? Don’t you miss England? Isn’t England missing for you?

Ti mancano i tuoi? Do you miss your parents? Aren’t your parents missing for you?

Mi manchi I miss you You are missing for me

To miss a target or goal

Italian English

Ha mancato la rete He missed the goal

Ho mancato il bersaglio per un pelo I missed the target by a hair

Page 24: Italian Notes

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Others

Italian English Literally

Quanto manca alla partenza? How long before we leave? How much time is lacking before the departure?)

Mancano dieci minuti There are ten minutes left Ten minutes are lacking

Che ore sono? mancano cinque minuti alle dieci

What time is it? it’s five to ten Five minutes are lacking before ten

Mi mancano le chiavi I haven’t got my keys with me My keys are lacking to me

Ci manca il latte – we haven’t got any milk left

the milk is lacking to us

È mancata la corrente – there was a power failure

the current was lacking

Oggi mi manca la voglia di pulire la casa

I don’t have the will to clean the house today

Today the will to clean the house is lacking for me

Alla riunione mancava solo Giovanni Only Giovanni wasn’t at the meeting

At the meeting there was missing only Giovanni

Mancanza

Expresses a lacking, absence or shortage of someone/thing

Sento la sua mancanza I miss his/feel his absence

Ha dimostrato una mancanza di tatto He showed a lack of tact

Durante la guerra c’era sempre una mancanza di cibo there was always a lack of food during the war

Page 25: Italian Notes

2013 notes

Articles “the” and “a” in Italian

General rules

words ending in ‘-a’ are feminine;

words ending in ‘-o’ are masculine;

words ending in ‘-e’ can be either feminine or masculine

except where the word is foreign the word will nearly always be masculine;

pay attention when a word is short for a longer complete word (e.g. foto= fotographia or moto =

motocicletta) , then it’s the last letter of

This matters because it alters how “the” and “a” are written.

The table

Single Plural

Masculine the il i

Regular a un

Begins with z, x, gn, ps, pn, y, s+consonant

the lo gli

a uno

Begins with vowel the l’ gli

a un

Single Plural

Feminine the la le

Regular a una

Begins with vowel the l’ le

a un’

Quick table for changing single endings to plural

M -O → -I

F -A → -E

M/F -E → -I

Page 26: Italian Notes

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The congintivo/subjunctive spider

Note to self: don’t assume that +CHE always introduced the subjunctive. This will generally be where

something is certain, so there is certain knowledge.

Examples

Vedo che hai portato la bici

So che la lezione termina alle 1930

Ipotesi (opinions) Volontà (will or disinclination)

suppongo/suppose voglio/want

ritengo/reckon preferisco/prefer

credo/believe è importante/it is important

penso/think è cruciale/it is crucial

immagino/imagine è fondamentale/it is fundamental

mi sembra

Conguintivo

(all followed by + che)

Aspettavia (expectations) Ignoranza (ignorance) – indirect questions

Ho paura/I’m afraid Mi domando/I wonder

Temo/I fear No so se/che / I don’t know if/that

Mi auguro/I hope Non sono sicuro se /I’m not sure if

Spero/I hope Ignoro/I don’t know

Mi aspetto/I expect

Page 27: Italian Notes

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THE IMPERATIVE

When used

to give orders (to do or not to do something);

to give advice;

to urge strongly; or

to exhort.

Rules

Only used in present tense.

Lei & Tu

"Back to front rule" for present form endings on are verbs

o ARE verbs: tu parla - Lei parli o Conversely IRE/ERE verbs: tu prendi - Lei prenda

Gen, imperative isn't used with Lei: it goes against the grain to tell someone who you refer to as Lei (i.e. someone with authority or who is a stranger) what to do;

there are exceptions to the Lei rule – e.g. with excuse me: "Scusi" (but technically this is probably a use of the subjunctive (i.e. being polite));

Note: for Lei and Loro the imperative conjugates the same as the subjunctive.

Noi Conjugates in same way as present tense, but see exceptions below. General conjugation : positive – i.e. you should do this

REGULAR TU LEI VOI NOI LORO

ARE verbs A I ATE IAMO INO

ERE verbs I A ETE IAMO ANO

IRE verbs I A ITE IAMO ANO

ISCO ISCI ISCA ITE IAMO ISCANO

TU – you informal (regular verbs)

REGULAR ENDING INFINITIVE TU

ARE verbs A cantare/scusare Canta/Scusa

ERE verbs I scrivere/ripetere Mangi/ripeti

IRE verbs I dormire/partire Dormi/parti

ISCO ISCI finire Finisci

REFLEXIVE ATI (arsi) ITI (ersi) ITI (irsi)

alzarsi sedersi

vestirsi-pulirsi

alzati siediti

vestiti-pulisciti

Page 28: Italian Notes

2013 notes

LEI – you formal (regular verbs)

REGULAR ENDING INFINITIVE TU

ARE verbs I cantare Canta

ERE verbs A scrivere Mangi

IRE verbs A dormire Dorma

ISCO ISCI finire Finisci

REFLEXIVE si ...i (arsi) si ...a (ersi) si ...a (irsi)

alzarsi sedersi vestirsi

si alzi si sieda si vesta

VOI – you plural (regular verbs)

REGULAR ENDING INFINITIVE VOI

ARE verbs ATE cantare Cantate

ERE verbs ITE scrivere Pulite

IRE verbs ATE pulire Parlite

ISCO verbs ITE finire Finite

Reflexive verbs general In the affirmative imperative the pronoun (mi, ti, vi, si) hooks on to the end of the word, except with loro, which is always separate. Example

tu mettiti

lui, lei, Lei si metta

noi mettiamoci

voi mettetevi

loro, Loro si mettano

Irregular verbs

INFINITIVE TU LEI VOI NOI LORO

andare (to walk) Va'/Vai Vada Andate Andiamo Vadano

avere (to have) Abbi Abbia Abbiate Abbiamo Abbiano

dare (to give) Da'/Dai Dia Date Diamo Diano

dire (to say, tell) Di' Dica Dite Diciamo Dicano

essere (to be) Sii Sia Siate Siamo Siano

fare (to make) Fa'/Fai Faccia Fate Facciamo Facciano

sapere (to know) Sappi Sappia Sappiate Sappiamo Sappiano

stare (to stay) Sta'/Stai Stia State Stiamo Stiano

Page 29: Italian Notes

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Holiday vocab

Shopping

un francobollo stamp

LESSON: per la Svizzera/l’Inghilterra ecc.

Don’t forget the article before the country name when asking for stamps!

l’estero abroad

quanto costa/costano?/quant’è? how much does it/they cost/it come to?

che taglia/che numero what size? (clothes/shoes)

lo posso provare? can I try it on?

Di qua, prego this way, please

Questo/a va bene this one fits (clothes)

lo/a/e/i prendo I’ll take (buy) it/them

si figuri! not at all all!

molto gentile very kind of you

gli spiccioli/la moneta change (loose coins)

il resto change (out of what is paid)

il denaro/I soldi cash/money

a che ora apre/aprono/chiude/chiudono...?

At what time do/es ……. open/close?

Travelling

la multa fine (which you’ll get if you don’t stamp your train ticket before boarding or park in the wrong place)

un blocchetto book of ten bus/metro tickets

l’impiegato booking clerk (in a train station ticket office)

da che/quale binario? from which (train) platform?

là in fondo down there

a che ora parte/arriva...? at what time does (it) leave/arrive?

l’orario dei treni the train timetable

Hotels

Dica!/Prego Yes/Can I help

mezza pensione/pensione completa half board/full board

camera a un letto single room

camera a due letti twin-bedded room

camera matrimoniale double bedroom

dà (from dare) looks out over, e.g. una camera dà sul mare/room with a sea view

fare il bagno to bathe, go swimming

sedia a sdraio deck chair

Dove vai in vacanza quest'anno? In Italia? Si? Poi, forse questa lista sarà utile a te?

Page 30: Italian Notes

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Shops – a list of vocabulary

Note: often Italians use the name of a vendor rather than the name of a shop & when using the vendor’s

name don’t forget to use “da” – see my separate post on this – i.e.

vado dal farmacista vado in farmacia

Common shops where Italians refer to the shopkeeper rather than the shop

Farmacista chemist Farmacia chemists

Panettiere baker Panettieria bakers

Macellaio butcher Macelleria butchers

Pasticciere confectioner Pasticceria cake shop

Pescivendolo fishmonger Pescheria fish shop

Fruttivendolo grocer

Shops

ENGLISH ITALIAN

antique shop l’antiquario

art gallery la galleria d’arte

bakery il panificio

barber shop il barbiere

beauty parlor il parrucchiere

bookshop la libreria

butcher shop la macelleria

candy store la pasticceria

chemist farmacista (vado dal farmacista)

famacia (vado in farmacia

china shop il negozio di porcellane

cigar store la tabaccheria

cobbler shop il calzolaio

cosmetic salon il salone di bellezza

dairy la latteria

department store il grande magazzino

drug store la drogheria

dry cleaners la tintoria

electrical shop il negozio di apparecchi elettrici

Page 31: Italian Notes

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fashion boutique la boutique

fish market la pescheria

flower shop il fioraio

fruit/verdura market il mercato frutta–verdura/il fruttivendolo

furrier la pellicceria

grocery store il negozio di generi alimentari

delicatessen il salumiere

haberdashery l’abbigliamento maschile

hairdresser il parrucchiere

hat shop la cappelleria

ice cream shop geleteria

jewelry store la gioelleria

laundromat la lavanderia a gettone

laundry la lavanderia

leather goods store la pelletteria

lingerie shop il negozio di biancheria

liquor store il negozio di liquori

music store il negozio di musica

newsdealer il giornalaio

optician l’ottico

perfume shop la profumeria

pet shop il negozio di animali domestici

photo shop il fotografo

photographer’s studio lo studio fotografico

real estate agency l’agenzia immobiliare

record store il negozio di dischi

second–hand shop la libreria d’antiquariato

self–service il self–service

shoe store il negozio di scarpe

souvenir store il negozio di souvenir

sporting goods store gli articoli sportivi

stationery store la cartoleria

supermarket il supermercato

tailor shop il sarto

textile store il negozio di abbigliamento

toy store il negozio di giocattoli

travel agency l’agenzia di viaggio

Page 32: Italian Notes

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watchmaker’s shop l’orologiaio

wine shop il negozio di vini

Some negotiating tools for shopping

è troppo grande/largo/stretto/lungo/corto It’s too big, baggy/tight/long/short

chiara/scura light/dark

è di pello vero o di plastica? Is it made of real leather or plastic?

caro expensive

buon economico good value/cheap

lo/la compro I’ll buy it

Di che colore? What colours?

Quanto costa/no? How much does it/they cost?

in vetrina in the (shop) window

Weights and measures when shopping for food

I’ll never forget the story of someone in my 2nd year Italian class. He was learning Italian because he owned a

house in Tuscany, plus he worked as a food buyer for a major supermarket and often found himself in Italy

buying lovely foodie things. However, he didn’t know how to say 100g and for about 5 years he’d only ever

bought half a kilo of something. That’s a lot of cheese!

un etto di/due etti 100g of/200g

un kilo di 1kg of

mezzo kilo di ½ kilo of

una fetta slice

una fetta sottile (sottile) a thin slice (adding the adjective x2 = very thin)

una dozina a dozen

un litro a litre

una bottiglia a bottle

una scatola tin (can)

dei/delle/del/della/degli some... / any – e.g. “ha dell’uva” = do you have any grapes?

Page 33: Italian Notes

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And some of the vocab for making the transaction

Cosa desidera, singnore/signora? What would you like?

Quanto vuole? How much (do you want)?

Desidera altro? Would you like anything else?

Non mi piace/piacciono mia/affatto I don’t like it/them at all

Ha delle cipolle? Have you got any onions?

Mi dispiace. Non ne ho. Sorry, I haven’t any

Le dispiace tornare domani? Do you mind coming back tomorrow?

degli spiccioli some small change (coins)

il resto change (from a large note)

Page 34: Italian Notes

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THE MANY USES OF “FARE”

io faccio

tu fai

Lei fa

noi facciamo

voi fate

loro fanno

Fare, meaning “to make” is used in many contexts, some major players being:

having breakfast (fare colazione, not “avere la colazione)

weather (oggi fa caldo)

buying a ticket

job titles (e.g. mio padre fa il fornaio)

doing something (e.g. doing homework)

making something (e.g. constructing a table)

to express how something makes you feel (e.g. mi fa pena vedere queste scene)

tidy up (e.g. mi facendo la stanza, c.f. mettere in ordine)

take an educational course (e.g. faccio lezione di inglese)

when putting petrol in a vehicle (e.g. fa pieno, per favore (fill it up please))

do the shopping (fare la spesa/le spese)

to ask a question (fare una domanda)

take a picture (fare una foto)

A list of other common phrases using fare

fare equitazione go horse-riding

andare a fare un giro in bicicletta o in moto

go for a ride

andare a fare un giro in macchina go for a drive

andare a fare una passeggiata go for a walk

andare a fare una scappata pop out

andare a prendere; a fare go and get

aver fatto meglio a fare qcs. had rather

aver fatto meglio a fare qcs. had better

avere a che fare con have to do with

avere altro da fare have other things to do

avere cose migliori da fare have better things to do

avere facilità di fare qcs. a mente head for

avere lo stomaco di fare qs loc have the guts to do sth loc

avere molto a che fare con have a lot to do with

avere una probabilità di fare qcs. have a chance at

bravo a fare qcs, bravo in qcs good at sth

Page 35: Italian Notes

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camminare con fare predatorio v prowl

ce la può fare can hack it

c'è poco da fare there's not much one can do,

che ci posso fare? what can i do about it? expr

che te lo dico a fare why do i even bother? expr

chi ce/me lo fa fare? what on earth am i doing this for?

fare cenno a un taxi hail a taxi

fare il capo call the shots

fare lo spelling spell out

fare lo stupido clown about

con chi credi di avere a che fare? who do you think you're dealing with?

con fare scettico, con fare dubbioso doubtfully

con poco si può fare molto a little can go a long way

fare la conoscenza di get acquainted with (qualcuno)

continuare a fare qualcosa go on with

fare da paravento a qualcuno vi cover up for

cosa fare/non fare dos and don'ts

cose da fare things to do

fare il gioco di qualcuno play into someome’s trap/hands

darsi da fare play the field (relationships)

darsi da fare per struggle

darsi la pena di fare qualcosa worth the trouble to do something

darsi troppo da fare v overexert

datti da fare exert yourself

fare la spia tell on

fare a brandelli tear to shreds

fare a gara con race with

fare a maglia v knit

fare a mano v craft

fare a meno di do without

fare a meno di qualcosa do without something

fare a pugni mix it up

fare alla romana to split the check

fare castelli in aria to daydream

fare colazione to have breakfast

fare fingere to pretend, make believe

fare forca to skive

fare i compiti to do one's homework

fare il biglietto to purchase a ticket

fare il pieno to fill up the petrol tank

fare la fila/la coda stand on line / wait on line

Page 36: Italian Notes

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fare la spesa to go grocery shopping

fare le spese to go shopping (general)

fare male to be painful, to ache

fare un capello in quattro to split hairs

fare una domanda to ask a question

fare una fotografia to take a picture

fare una passeggiata to take a walk

fare vedere to show someone something

farsi in la to step to one side

farsi la barba to shave

mi fa pena it makes me sad

mi fa pensare it makes me think

non fa niente it doesn’t matter

Proverbs using “fare”

Fare e disfare è tutt'un lavorare It's all go, it's a hard life

Chi la fa l'aspetti You will get as good as you gave

Chi fa da sé fa per tre If you want something done, do it yourself

Non fare agli altri ciò che non vorresti fosse fatto a te Do as you would be done by

Tutto fa brood Every little bit helps

Chi non sa fare, non sa comandare A bad worker is a bad master

See more here: http://www.wordreference.com/definizione/fare

See more here: http://www.wordreference.com/iten/fare

Page 37: Italian Notes

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When the Italian translation ‘ignores the little words’ we use in English

Translation into Italian often cuts out little words such as ‘for’ or ‘any’ which appear in English sentences.

For example,

Italian English Lesson

Non ho spiccioli I don’t have any change In negative sentences in the plural, any is not unexpressed. Non ha amici italiani? Don’t you have any Italian

friends?

Quant’è? Cento euro How much is it? A hundred euros

When giving a price/number the indefinite article a or the number one before hundred/million is not expressed.

Ho chiesto il conto I have asked for the bill (in a restaurant)

The word for is not expressed after chiedere/ask, instead simply the article + noun/person’s name.

Ha il passaporto/la patente/la macchina?

Do you have a passport/a driving licence/a car?

When asking for something, in Italian sometimes you use the definite article (the), where in English we say a/an.

Ci vediamo il tre agosto See you on the 3rd of August The word ‘on’ is not expressed in Italian when referring to dates.

Il primo maggio The first of May The word ‘of’ is not expressed in Italian when saying the date.

Dove aspetti Anna? Where are you waiting for Anna?

The word ‘for’ is not used after ‘waiting’. Lit. I wait Anna.

Il signore Fini è in riunione Mr Fini is in a meeting Italians say ‘in meeting’ not ‘in a meeting’