"It Must be True, I Read it Online": Credibility, Authority, and Online Research for the 18th Century Reenactor

8/11/2019 "It Must be True, I Read it Online": Credibility, Authority, and Online Research for the 18th Century Reenactor

1/11

Xukkgkm fbdn3 G^ IRP^ HB ^XRB, G XBDN G^ LKEGKB 4

Gt Iust Hb ^rub, G Xbdn gt Lkegkb3

@rbnghgegty, Dutflrgty, dkn Lkegkb Xbsbdr`f olr tfb 46tf

@bktury Xb-bkd`tlr

Hy Edurd Idr`bdu (8148)

Ptdtb Rkgvbrsgty lo Kbw Wlrj dt Huoodel

Dhstrd`t

^fb gktbrkbt fds hb`lib d wlknbroue tlle olr 46tf @bktury rb-bkd`tlrs dkn `rbdtlrs lo

rbprlnu`tglk gtbis tl mdtfbr dkn sfdrb gkolridtglk dkn mllns. Rkolrtukdtbey gt gs desl d ped`b

wfbrb iytfs dkn oduety gkolridtglk ruk rdipdkt. ^fgs pdpbr bxpelrbs drtgèbs tfdt ngsùss gssub

lo `rbnghgegty dkn flw gt gs nbogkbn. Gt desl bxpelrbs wfdt slur`bs drb ilst `rbngheb, bxdipebs lotfbsb slur`bs, dkn flw tl nlùibkt rbsbdr`f gk dk dutflrgtdtgvb idkkbr prglr tl prbsbktgkm

lkbsbeo tl tfb puheg`.

Jbywlrns3 Xb-bkd`tgkm, 46tf@bktury, Qrgidry Plur`bs

G di d rb-bkd`tlr.

^fgs stdtbibkt ibdks slibtfgkm d

egtteb hgt ngoobrbkt tl bd`f rb-bkd`tlr. ^lslib gt ibdks spbkngkm sbvbrde flurs bvbry

wbbj sbwgkm uktge tfbgr ogkmbrs hebbn. Gt

ibdks sbdr`fgkm tfrlumf dr`fgvbs tl ogkn

fgstlrg`de ogob dkn nrui sfbbt iusg`. Gt

ibdks spbkngkm sbvbrde wbbjbkns d ybdrnrbssgkm gk 46tf

`bktury èltfgkm dkn

`dipgkm uknbr tfb stdrs. Gt ibdks slibtgibsebdvgkm dee ilnbrk `lkvbkgbk`bs hbfgkn,

gkèungkm tlgebts dkn fbdt. Gt ibdks ogmftgkm

lk tfb egkb wgtf d rbprlnu`tglk sb`lknilnbe Hrlwk Hbss. Gt ibdks `ligkm flib

ngrty, tgrbn, dkn sibeegkm lo hed`j plwnbr.

Gt ibdks fdvgkm d rbsplksghgegty tl

jklw tfb od`ts.

Fgstlry gk mbkbrde gs d trg`jy tlpg`. Gtgs bxtrbibey ngoogùet tl sbpdrdtb lursbevbs

orli ilnbrk sbksghgegtgbs, jklwebnmb, dkntflumft bspb`gdeey wfgeb wb rbidgk gk tfb

`liolrt lo lur lwk flibs. Lvbr tgib iytfs

fdvb hb`lib `liilkey d``bptbn dkn drbbvbk tdumft gk s`flles dkn iusbuis. ^fbsb

iytfs stdtb tfdt fgmf kuihbrs lo nbdtfs

wbrb nub tl pbttg`ldts `dt`fgkm lk ogrb

(^fblhden, 8148), stdys wbrb ed`bn sl tgmfteytfby rbqugrbn sbvbrde pblpeb tl puee tfb

ed`bs, ibk hrljb loo tfb bkns lo èdy pgpbs

hbolrb sfdrgkm tfbi (^fblhden, 8148), dkntfb bvbr prbsbkt igej idgn ellj. Bvbk

]geegdishurm _D, tfb Ib``d olr dky 46tf

`bktury rb-bkd`tlr, sbees klk-fgstlrg`de

gtbis. Qblpeb dssuib kl nluht dhlut tfbsbgtbis hb`dusb lo wfbrb tfby wbrb d`qugrbn.

Pdtgrbs su`f ds

Ndreys ^gmftEd`gkm lr Flen

Odst Hbfgkn

(4===) hb`libd``bptbn ds d

fgstlrg`de klri.

^fgs gs flw

gkd`ùrd`y

hb`libs od`t.Ds d mrlup lo

pblpeb wflsbnbsgrb gs tl hrgkm

fgstlry degvb, tfbod`ts drb lo utilst

giplrtdk`b tl rb-bkd`tlrs. ]b `dkklt fbep

Ndreys ^gmft Ed`gkm lr Flen

Odst Hbfgkn(Ebwgs ]depleb

Eghrdry)
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2/11

G^ IRP^ HB ^XRB, G XBDN G^ LKEGKB 8

bnu`dtb tfb puheg` lr bkfdk`b lur lwk

bxpbrgbk`bs wgtflut `lktgkugkm rbsbdr`f gk

lur ogbens. Detflumf wb `dkklt dee jklwbvbrytfgkm dhlut tfb tgib, wb `dk pg`j drbds

lo bxpbrtgsb dkn ngegmbktey stuny.

Gk lur ilnbrk dmb tfb rleb lo tfb

gktbrkbt gk rbsbdr`f fds hb`lib gk`rbdsgkmey

prbvdebkt. ^fb gktbrkbt idjbs tfgkms vbrybdsy lk d rbsbdr`fbr. ^fbrbs kl kbbn tl

nrgvb tl d hugengkm, sbdr`f tfrlumf std`js lo

hlljs, dkn idjb `lpgbs. Gt idjbs gt bdsy tlogkn gkolridtglk (sbdr`f bkmgkbs), ogetbr

gkolridtglk d``lrngkm tl slib prb-

nbtbrigkbn `rgtbrgd huget gktl tfb sbdr`f

bkmgkbs, dkn `leeb`t tfb gkolridtglk gkhlljidrjs lr sdvbn ds ogebs. ^fbrb drb

ndtdhdsbs tfdt `lktdgk `leeb`tglks lowlknbroue gkolridtglk dkn helms tfdt sfdrb

rbsbdr`f dilkm tflsb gk tfb flhhy.Rkolrtukdtbey, tfb gktbrkbt gs desl d

wlknbroue dkn qug`j wdy lo sprbdngkm

odesbfllns dkn gt gs slibtgibs ngoogùet tlngs`brk wfg`f slur`bs drb `rbngheb dkn

wfg`f slur`bs drb klt.

Flw tfbk, gs d ngegmbkt, nbng`dtbn rb-

bkd`tlr tl ogkn `rbngheb slur`bs lkegkb< Flw

nlbs fb nbtbrigkb tfb `rbnghgegty lo dwbhsgtb< ]fdt wbhsgtbs drb tfb hbst ped`bs

tl ogkn d`ùrdtb gtbis olr fgs gipbrslkdtglk

Hb`dusb lo tfgs, d rb-bkd`tlr sfluen hb

`fb`jgkm slur`bs lo gktbrkbt `lktbkt dkn

usgkm bxpbrtgsb derbdny mdgkbn hytfbisbevbs dkn ltfbrs tl vbrgoy gkolridtglk

hbolrb d``bptgkm gt ds od`t.

Qrgidry Plur`bs

Gk tfb edst sb`tglk G ngsùssbn tfbndkmbrs lo hegkney hbegbvgkm wfdt gs wrgttbk

lk tfb gktbrkbt dkn gipelrbn tfb rb-bkd`tlr

tl vbrgoy slur`bs dmdgkst prlpbrnlùibktdtglk. ]fdt gs prlpbr

nlùibktdtglk dkn wfbrb lkegkb `dk su`f

nlùibktdtglk hb olukn< D rbsbdr`fbr lo

dky pbrsudsglk elljs tl prgidry slur`bs olrmugndk`b dkn tfby drb bvbk ilrb giplrtdkt

tl d rb-bkd`tlr wfl sfluen hb, gk tfb hbst lo`grùistdk`bs, kltfgkm ebss tfdk d sb`lkndry

slur`b.

Qrgidry slur`bs drb tfb ilstd`ùrdtb slur`b hb`dusb tfby drb `rbdtbn

ilrb lr ebss wgtflut hgds hy d pbrslk wfl

wds tfbrb. ]fbtfbr tfbrb gs d tgib lr dkbvbkt sliblkb wfl bxpbrgbk`bn gt ogrst fdkn

gs mlgkm tl hb ilrb prb`gsb tfdk sliblkb

wfl ibrbey fbdrn dhlut gt. Dkytfgkm orli

èltfgkm tl plegtg`s `dk hb d suhcb`t gk tfbsbslur`bs dkn mgvb gksgmft klt lkey gktl wfdt

tfby ngn hut flw tfby tflumft. (Igktzb,

8110) ^fb dhgegty tl tfgkj egjb sliblkb besbgs d `liilngty dilkm rb-bkd`tlrs hb`dusb

gt fbeps tl put bvbrytfgkm gk tfb `lktbxt olr

wfg`f gt wds gktbknbn, nbvlgn lo ilnbrk

lpgkglk. ^fb kbxt tfrbb sb`tglks wgee ngsùsstfrbb typbs lo prgidry slur`bs tfdt drb ilst

dpprlprgdtb dkn slib bxdipebs lo wfbrb tl

ogkn tfbi.

]rgttbk Plur`bs

]rgttbk slur`bs drb plssghey tfb

ilst usboue prgidry slur`b. Olrtukdtbey olrrb-bkd`tlrs, tflsb wfl egvbn gk tfb 46

tf

`bktury jbpt vbry nbtdgebn rb`lrns lo tfbgr

egvbs. Nlùibkts su`f ds wgees, bstdtbegstgkms, dkn prlèdidtglks mgvb d megipsb

gktl tfbgr bvbryndy egob. ]fbk usgkm tfbsb

slur`bs tfb rbsbdr`fbr iust hb dwdrb lo tfb

ilnbrk sedkt tfby idy hb dppeygkm tl tfbidtbrgde. Dee slur`bs drb hbst uknbrstlln

wgtfgk tfbgr lrgmgkde `lktbxt.

Igktzb (8110) stdtbs tfdt Ebttbrs,

ngdrgbs, trgde trdks`rgpts, dkn ltfbr lrgmgkde

nlùibkts deelw us tl fbdr tfb egvgkm vlg`bslo tfb pdst. (kl pdmb) ^fgs gs su`f dk dpt

nbs`rgptglk lo wfdt d prgidry slur`b `dk nl

olr tfb rbsbdr`fbr. Deelw tfb pblpeb wfld`tudeey egvbn gk tfb tgib pbrgln lo gktbrbst

tl spbdj tl ylu dkn tbee ylu tfbgr stlry.

Bksurb tfdt ylu ebdvb ylur bdrs lpbk dkn klt

olr`b ylur lwk ilnbrk trdksedtglk lk wfdt

tfby drb trygkm tl tbee ylu.

Idslk & Jlidk (8110) ngsùss lkb

lo tfb ilst plpuedr wrgttbk rbslur`bs(bspb`gdeey dilkm tflsb wfl idjb

èltfgkm), rukdwdy dnns. Xukdwdy sedvbsdkn sbrvdkts drb usudeey tflumft lo wgtf

rbmdrns tl tfb `gvge wdr hut lo `lursb tfbrb

wbrb sedvbs dkn sbrvdkts gk Dibrg`dk iu`fbdregbr tfdk tfdt. ^fb dnvbrtgsbibkts lo

lwkbrs drb gk`rbnghey nbs`rgptgvb dkn

detflumf Idslk & Jlidk ngsùss tfbsb dns

gk tbris lo sedvbry dkn gts dhlegsfibkt, dpbr`bptgvb rb-bkd`tlr `dk mebdk gkolridtglk

dhlut tfb sbrvdkt lr sedvbs wdrnrlhb,

odigey, dkn tfb idstbrs ogkdk`bs.

Xukdwdy dnvbrtgsbibkts `dk usudeeyhb hrljbk nlwk gktl olur pdrts. ^fb ogrst

pdrt stdtbs tfb ilktf/ndy dkn el`dtglk orli

wfbrb tfb sbrvdkt lr sedvb rdk dwdy. Gt tfbkmgvbs d pfysg`de nbs`rgptglk lo tfb rukdwdys

tfbk hrbdjs nlwk wfdt tfby drb `drrygkm

gktl fdn lk dkn tllj wgtf. ^fgs gsbxtrbibey usboue hb`dusb gt klt lkeynbs`rghbs wfdt tfby sfluen hb wbdrgkm hut

desl tfb idclrgty lo tfbgr wdrnrlhb dkn ltfbr

hbelkmgkms. ^fb bkn lo tfb dn stdtbs tfb

prg`b olr rbturk dkn wfl gs elljgkm olr tfb

rukdwdy.


5/11


Lkb wlknbroue rbslur`b olr rukdwdy

dns gs ^fb Mblmrdpfy lo Pedvbry gk _grmgkgd

(Mblmrdpfy lo Pedvbry Ndtdhdsb). ^fgsndtdhdsb gs d `leeb`tglk lo dns orli _grmgkgd

kbwspdpbrs orli 4=0? tl 4=71. Gt wds

nbsgmkbn dkn `rbdtbn hy stunbkts lo tfbRkgvbrsgty lo _grmgkgd. ^fb wbhsgtb egsts d`lipebtb hgheglmrdpfy lo hlljs, drtgèbs,

dkn kbwspdpbrs orli wfg`f tfb dns wbrb

tdjbk. ^rust, hut vbrgoy.

Olr rb-bkd`tlrs gk Qbkksyevdkgd, dmrbdt prgkt `leeb`tglk lo rukdwdy

dnvbrtgsbibkts gs "FDN LK DKN ^LLJ

]G^F FBX" @eltfgkm gk Obideb Xukdwdy

Pbrvdkt Dnvbrtgsbibkts orli ^fbQbkksyevdkgd Bvbkgkm Qlst Edtbr ^fb

Qbkksyevdkgd Bvbkgkm Qlst dkn NdgeyDnvbrtgsbr `lipgebn hy Pub Fdsjgk dkn

Jdrbk Iueegdk.

Qrgidry slur`bs drb klt cust olr tfbsbdistrbssbs dkn tdgelrs dkn tflsb `rbdtgkm

tfbgr jgt (tfb `leeb`tglk lo drtgèbs d`qugrbn

hy d rb-bkd`tlr olr tfbgr pbrslkd). Plengbrsfdvb d kdturde tbknbk`y tl hb gkcurbn dkn sl

rbmgibkts wluen hrgkm ibng`deey trdgkbn

pbrslkkbe, dkn `dip oleelwbrs `luen d`t ds

kursbs. Lhvglusey ibng`gkb gk tfb 46tf

`bktury wds vbry ngoobrbkt orli wfdt gt gs

tlndy. Bvbk lur jklwebnmb lo fbrhs dkn

tfbgr usbs fds `fdkmbn nrdstg`deey lvbr tfb`bkturgbs. Lkb ods`gkdtgkm dkn d`ùrdtb

slur`b gs tfb 46tf

@bktury Hllj lo Fbrhde

Xbibngbsolukn gk tfb ngmgtde dr`fgvbs lo tfb

Xlyde @leebmb lo Qfysg`gdks dkn Purmblkslo Medsmlw (X@QPM). Xbdngkm tfgs hllj

`dk hb vbry fuilrlus nub tl tfb ibng`de

rb`gpbs ds wbee ds tfb edkmudmb dkn spbeegkm

usbn. Olr bxdipeb, lkb rb`gpb stdtbs3

Olr d pgkb gk tfb hd`j tdjb orbsf

`lw nukm3 dkn ory gt gk vgkbmdr dkn

Dpey gt pedstbr wgsb tl tfb hd`j3 ylw

wgee egteb tfgkj flw sllk gt wgee mgvb

ylw bdsb(pm. 47=).

Gk ltfbr wlrns olr d pdgk gk tfb hd`j tdjb

orbsf `lw nukm, ory gt gk vgkbmdr, dkn tfbk

dppey tfb pdstb tl tfb pdtgbkts hd`j.

D rb-bkd`tlr wluen nbogkgtbey klt

wdkt tl d`tudeey usb tfgs rbibny, hut gt mgvbsgksgmft gktl flw ibng`gkb wds usbn. Olr d

nl`tlr lr kursb pbrslkd tfb rb-bkd`tlr `luen

ogkn ilrb sbksgheb rbibngbs tl ngspedy tl tfbpuheg`, wfgeb hbgkm dheb tl ngsùss tfb lvbr-

dee usb lo ibng`gkb.

Drt

]fgeb wrgttbk slur`bs drb tfb stlrgbs

lo fgstlry gks`rghbn hy tflsb wfl egvbn gt, drt

mgvbs tfb rbsbdr`fbr d vgsude gidmb lo tfdt

fgstlry. ^fbrb drb tfrbb typbs lo drt tfdt drbpdrtgùedrey pbrtgkbkt tl tfb rb-bkd`tlr. Bd`f

fds gts lwk ibrgts dkn ngsdnvdktdmbs. ^fbsb

tfrbb typbs drb pdgktgkms, odsfglk pedtbs, dkn

sdtgrbs.

Drt gs prgidrgey rbegbn lk hy tflsb

wfl `rbdtb fgstlrg`de èltfgkm. Qdgktgkms dkn

odsfglk pedtbs drb bspb`gdeey usboue tl mbt dobbe olr flw pblpeb nrbssbn, tfb `lelrs tfdt

wbrb prbobrrbn, dkn flw èltfgkm wds

d``bsslrgzbn. @liigssglkbn plrtrdgts

mbkbrdeey nbpg`t pblpeb ds tfby wdkt tl hbplrtrdybn, olr bxdipeb @fdrebs Cbrvds

@dtfbrgkb Nlumedss Nu`fbss lo Tubbkshury

ds d Igejidgn (4=82-01) lr dky plrtrdgt lo

Idndib nu Qlipdnlur.
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6/11

G^ IRP^ HB ^XRB, G XBDN G^ LKEGKB ?

^fgs drt gs nbsgmkbn tl prlcb`t plwbr, wbdetf

(Idndib nu Qlipdnlur), mbkbrlsgty,

fuigegty (@dtfbrgkb Nlumedss), lr wfdtbvbrtfb suhcb`t nbsgrbs. Ltfbr pdgktgkms, su`f dsFbkry ]detlksQeu`jgkm tfb ûrjby (4==1s,

nbpg`t pblpeb cust ds tfby wbrb. (Ptyebs,

811=) Gk tfgs pdgktgkm, d ylukm wlidk gs

plrtrdybn gk d sgipeb bkvgrlkibkt, wbdrgkmwlrjgkm èltfbs tfdt drb prbsuidhey egkbk,

dkn d``lipegsfgkm d ibkgde tdsj.

D wlrn lo `dutglk wfbk usgkm drt3 dpdgktgkm gs klt d pfltlmrdpf. @lksgnbr

`liigssglkgkm d plrtrdgt lo ylursbeo. ]luenylu klt wdkt tfb drtgst tl sfdvb d `lupeb

gk`fbs loo ylur wdgst dkn silltf ylur

sgeflubttb< Go heub gs tfb fbgmft lo odsfglkhut ylur hbst mlwk gs rbn, wluen ylu klt dsj

tfb drtgst tl `fdkmb tfb `lelr ds fb pdgkts-4618),Ordk`lgs Hlu`fbr (Orbk`f 4=10-4==1), Cbdk-

Dktlgkb ]dttbdu (Orbk`f 4?6>-4=84),

Ordk`gs`l nb Mlyd (Ppdkgsf 4=>?-4686),

dkn ]geegdi Flmdrtf (Bkmegsf 4?7= - 4=?>).(Bkyèlpngd Hrgtdkkg`d) Lkegkb mdeebrgbs

lo tfbsb drtgsts `dk hb olukn dt tfb ]bh

Mdeebry lo Drt,Kdtglkde Mdeebry lo Drt,dkn^fb Kdtglkde Mdeebry gk tfb Rkgtbn

Jgkmnli.

Odsfglk pedtbs drb sgigedr tl plrtrdgts

gk tfb od`t tfdt tfby nbpg`t dk gnbde. Fdgnt

@fdrebs Cbrvds @dtfbrgkb Nlumedss

Nu`fbss lo Tubbkshury ds d Igejidgn

(4=82-01) (Kdtglkde Qlrtrdgt Mdeebry Kl.

806)

Ordklgs Hlu`fbrsIdndib nu

Qlipdnlur (^fb @ueturde @lk`bpt

@grèb)

Fbkry ]detlksQeu`jgkm tfb ûrjby

(4==1s) (^dtb Iusbui Xbobrbk`b Kl.

K186=1)
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7/11

G^ IRP^ HB ^XRB, G XBDN G^ LKEGKB =

(8110) `lipdrbs odsfglk pedtbs tl _lmub. D

odsfglk pedtbs sleb igssglk gs tl nbpg`t tfb

edtbst gk fgmf odsfglk dkn tfb egob d wlidkwdkts tl ebdn. Go d rb-bkd`tlr gs plrtrdygkm d

`dip oleelwbr sfb sfluen klt ellj egjb d

odsfglk pedtb. Flwbvbr tfbrb igmft hb d`lupeb `liplkbkts lo fbr jgt tfdt wluen hbodsfglkdheb su`f ds d fdt lr d spb`gde

fdknjbr`fgbo. Plib odsfglk pedtbs fdvb hltf

vgsude dkn vbrhde bebibkts wfgeb ltfbrs drb

vgsude lkey.

Pdtgrbs, lr `drg`dturbs, drb desl

fbepoue olr èltfbs sgipey hb`dusb d sdtgrb

tbkns tl bxdmmbrdtb tflsb tfgkms wfg`f drb

giplrtdkt tl plpuedr ùeturb lr drbbxdmmbrdtbn tl idjb d stdtbibkt lk plegtg`s

lr ilrdes. Go ùeturb vdeubs wgnb fgps, dsdtgrb wluen nbpg`t d wlidk sl wgnb sfb

`dkt wdej tfrlumf d nllrwdy. D pbr`bptgvbrbsbdr`fbr wluen rbdegzb tfdt fgps wluen klt

rbdeey hb tfdt edrmb hut wluen fdvb dk

uknbrstdkngkm lo tfb giplrtdk`b lo sgzbwfbk idjgkm d mdribkt. Gk tfb wlrns lo

Idry Ndrey, doob`tglkdtbey `deebn tfb Iltfbr

lo Qg`tlrgde Pdtgrb, @drg`dturb gs tfb

hurebsqub lo @fdrd`tbr, lr dk bxdmmbrdtglklo kdturb, wfbk klt vbry pebdsgkm

(Hrydkt, 811=) ^fb Ebwgs ]depleb Eghrdry,d Wdeb `leeb`tglk, gs d wlknbroue ped`b tl

ogkn sdtgrbs (Ebwgs ]depleb Eghrdry)

Drtgod`ts

Gk 4=0= tfb Oluknegkm Flspgtde gk

Elknlk wds pbtgtglkbn tl tfb jgkm hy

^flids @lrdi. Gk 8141, deilst 011 ybdrsedtbr, tfb Oluknegkm Flspgtde Iusbui

lpbkbn dk bxfghgt lo tfb hgeebt hlljs ùrdtbn

hy Clfk Ptyebs. ]fbk d `fgen wds hrlumft tltfb flspgtde tfby wbrb mgvbk d kbw kdib dknkbw èltfbs. D pgb`b lo tfbgr len mdribkt,

`deebn d tljbk, wds ùt dkn ped`bn gk tfb

hgeebt delkm wgtf d nbs`rgptglk lo tfb odhrg`

dkn lo tfb `fgen. ^fb rbidgknbr lo tfbmdribkt wluen hb sbkt flib wgtf tfb

odigey. Go tfb odigeys olrtukb giprlvbn

tfby `luen hrgkm tfb mdribkt tl tfb flspgtde

wfg`f, delkm wgtf tfb hgeebt kuihbr, `luen

hb trd`bn tl tfb `lrrb`t `fgen. Odigegbs `luendesl ebdvb ltfbr tljbks su`f ds cbwbery lr

sidee tlles. (^frbdns lo Obbegkm)

^fgs gs d fbdrt wrbk`fgkm stlry hut gt

gs desl dk gk`rbngheb bxdipeb lo flw

giplrtdkt drtgod`ts `dk hb olr tfb rbsbdr`fbr.^fbsb hgeebt hlljs drb lkb lo tfb obw

slur`bs tfdt drb stgee dvdgedheb tlndy tfdt

sflw d hrldn rdkmb lo lrgmgkde odhrg`s dkntfbgr nbs`rgptglks. ]b jklw tfdt odhrg`

idkuod`turbn tlndy gs ngoobrbkt tfdk odhrg`

lo tfb 46tf

`bktury dkn tfbsb hlljs deelw d

pbdj dt cust flw ngoobrbkt. Kbgtfbr wrgttbkslur`bs klr drt wluen hb dheb tl mgvb d

rbsbdr`fbr gkolridtglk dhlut flw tfb odhrg`d`tudeey elljbn lr obet.

Rkolrtukdtbey, drtgod`ts nl klt fdvb

tfb lkegkb prbsbk`b tfdt wrgttbk slur`bs dkndrt fdvb. ^frbb lo tfb hbst lkegkb `leeb`tglks

lo drtgod`ts drb tfbIbtrlplegtdk Iusbui lo

Drt, tfb _g`tlrgd dkn Dehbrt Iusbui, dkn@lelkgde ]geegdishurm bIusbui. Lk bd`f

lo tfbsb wbhsgtbs tfb rbsbdr`fbr `dk ogetbr

rbsuets olr spb`gog` gtbis lr tgib pbrglns.

^fby fdvb gtbis rdkmgkm orli bxtdktmdribkts tl pedtbs, ourkgturb, dkn cbwbery.

Ilnbrk gtbis lr bvbk rbprlnu`tglks tfdt wb

dssuib tl hb `lipdrdheb idy klt hb.@fb`jgkm dky pdrt lo ylur jgt dmdgkst d

survgvgkm drtgod`t wgee hb wbee wlrtf tfb

boolrt.

Quttgkm gt Dee ^lmbtfbr3 D Hed`j Pgej

Hlkkbt

Ebts put tfgs gktl prd`tg`b hy

nlùibktgkm d mdribkt orli `lk`bptglk tl`lipebtglk. Rsgkm tfb prbvglusey ibktglkbn

hed`j sgej hlkkbt ds tfb suhcb`t, tfb

oleelwgkm nlùibktdtglk, dee olukn lkegkb,supplrts tfb wbdrgkm lo tfb hlkkbt olr d

Xbvleutglkdry ]dr plrtrdyde.
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8/11


Rsgkm tfb _grmgkgd Xukdwdys

ndtdhdsb tfb oleelwgkm dnvbrtgsbibkt,

puhegsfbn gk tfb _grmgkgd Mdzbttb lk 8=L`tlhbr 4==>, wds olukn. (@dpgtdegzdtglk

wds rbtdgkbn orli lrgmgkde dnvbrtgsbibkt).

@LIIG^^BN tl tfb Cdge lo Gseb lo

]gmft @lukty, d Idk dkn ]lidk,

supplsbn tl hb rukdwdy orli

Idryedkn. ^fb Idk `dees fgisbeo

CDIBP MLXNLK, gs dhlut ogvb Obbt

kgkb Gk`fbs fgmf, hy ^rdnb d Nybr, lo

d ndrj @lipebxglk, dkn fds sflrt

hrlwk Fdgr: fdn lk d egmft `lelurbn

Pdmdtfy @ldt, d rdgsbn @lttlk

]dgst`ldt, ngrty Ebdtfbr Hrbb`fbs,

wfgtb ^frbdn Ptl`jgkms, pedtbnHu`jebs, dkn @luktry idnb Pflbs.

^fb ]lidk sdys sfb gs fgs ]gob, dkn

gs dhlut ogvb Obbt olur Gk`fbs fgmf,

tfg`j idnb, lo d runny @lipebxglk,

dkn oegppdkt ^lkmub: fdn lk d hed`j

Pgej Hlkkbt, rbn prgktbn Egkbk Mlwk,

heub Pfdeellk Qbttg`ldt, dkn wfgtb

Pflbs. ^fby sdy tfby wbrb hlrk gk

P`ltedkn (dkn spbdj tfb Ngdeb`t lo

tfdt @luktry) dkn `dib lvbr gk tfb

Ileey, @dptdgk Edilkt, dkn edknbndt Lxolrn, gk Idryedkn, dhlut sgx

Ilktfs dml, dkn fdvb d Xb`bgpt

orli tfb @dptdgk ds d Ngs`fdrmb,

wfg`f gs supplsbn tl hb olrmbn. ^fby

tbee ngoobrbkt ^debs wfbk sbpdrdtbn,

dkn drb strlkmey suspb`tbn lo dk

Dttbipt tl olr`b d Mbktebidk's Nbsj

gk tfgs Kbgmfhlurflln, dkn wbrb

strleegkm dhlut wgtflut dky

L``updtglk. Go dky Qbrslk `edgis dk

Gktbrbst gk tfbi, tfby drb nbsgrbn tldppey dkn pdy @fdrmbs.

IG@DCDF ]GEEP, Cdgebr. (^fb

Mblmrdpfy lo Pedvbry)

Klw tfdt wb jklw tfb mdribktbxgsts wb iust sbdr`f tfrlumf drt slur`bs tl

nbtbrigkb flw tfgs mdribkt igmft fdvb

elljbn. Hbelw gs d pdgktgkm hy Ordk`gs

]fbdteby tgtebnD Idrjbt P`bkbdkn ndtbn tltfb 4==1s. Kltg`b tfb sgzb lo tfb hrgi dkn

`due (tfb hlny lo tfb hlkkbt).

Dkltfbr dpprlprgdtb wlrj tfdt sflws

d hed`j hlkkbt hbgkm wlrk gs tfgs ibzzltgkt

orli tfb Ebwgs ]depleb Eghrdry, bktgtebn

^fb Pegp, lr, Igss, ]geegkm tl hb gk tfb ^lk.

Ordk`gs ]fbdteby, (4==1s) (Ppfgkx Ogkb Drt)

Rkjklwk Drtgst (4===)

(Ebwgs ]depleb Eghrdry)
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9/11


Klw tfdt wb fdvb `leeb`tbn wrgttbkprllo lo bxgstbk`b dkn drt tl mgvb us dk gnbd

lo flw tfb mdribkt wluen fdvb elljbn, klwwb `dk try dkn ogkn dk drtgod`t, dk bxtdkt

hlkkbt. ^fb pfltl hbelw gs orli tfb

@lelkgde ]geegdishurm bIusbui dkn sflwsd hed`j rghhbn sgej hlkkbt ndtbn 4==1-4=61.^fb hlkkbt gs Bkmegsf gk styeb dkn tfb hrgi

gs hlkbn wgtf hdebbk. ^fb hlkkbt ibdsurbs

40.2 gk`fbs elkm, hy 48 gk`fbs wgnb, hy 6gk`fbs tdee. ^fb hrgi gs dpprlxgidtbey 2.2

gk`fbs dt gts wgnbst plgkt. (@lelkgde

]geegdishurm bIusbui)

Dee lo tfgs gkolridtglk gkolris tfbrb-bkd`tlrs nb`gsglk ds sfb idjbs lr

d`qugrbs tfb hlkkbt. ]b jklw wfdt idtbrgde

wds usbn, flw tfb hrgi wds stgoobkbn, dknngibksglks lo d survgvgkm hlkkbt. Gk tfb

`dsb lo Dk Dibrg`dk Pbdistrbss, sfb usbn

fbr rbsbdr`f tl idjb tfb hlkkbt hbelw. Dsidee pdmb lo gkolridtglk tfdt gkèunbs tfb

rukdwdy dn dkn d pgb`b lo drt `luen hb

`drrgbn gk d pl`jbt dt bvbkts tl prlnu`b olr

dkylkb wfl qubstglks tfb dutfbktg`gty lo tfbmdribkt. ^fgs hlkkbt `luen klt, flwbvbr, hb

wlrk dt dk bvbkt bdregbr tfdk 4==> uktge gtfds hbbk nlùibktbn tl hb wlrk nurgkm

bdregbr pdrts lo tfb `bktury.

@lkèusglk

Bvbry rb-bkd`tlr fds d rbsplksghgegty

tl prbsbkt d pbrslkd tfdts ds d`ùrdtb dsplssgheb tl tfb puheg`. Xbsbdr`f iust hb

nlkb tl d``lipegsf tfgs dkn tfb gktbrkbt gs dfumb ndtdhdsb lo gkolridtglk.

Rknbrstdkngkm `rbnghgegty dkn jklwgkm wfdtslur`bs drb `rbngheb drb tfb ogrst stbp gk tfb

rgmft ngrb`tglk. Oleelw tfb egkjs orli

`rbngheb slur`bs dkn ylu wgee ogkn ilrb

gkolridtglk tfdk ylu `dk dhslrh.

Gk tfb wlrns lo Ndvgn I`@ueelumf3

"G tfgkj fuidk hbgkms kbbn stlrgbs. Gt's huget

gktl us. Gt's wfy wb'vb survgvbn ds d

spb`gbs.... Dkn tfb prlhebi wgtf flw wbtbd`f fgstlry Zgs tfdtY tfb pblpeb wfl wrgtb

tbxthlljs dkn tfb pblpeb wfl slibtgibs

fdvb `lktrle gk tfb èdssrlli fdvb kbvbrogmurbn tfdt lut" (Wdkjbb Idmdzgkb, 8148,

p. 70) Xb-bkd`tlrs pedy d fumb pdrt gk tfbsb

stlrgbs. ^fby drb vbry egtbrdeey hrgkmgkm

fgstlry degvb.

Go ylu drb rbdngkm tfgs ds d rb-bkd`tlr, G flpb tfdt ylu fdvb d rbkbwbn ogrb

tl ogkn tfb od`ts. Go ylu drb rbdngkm tfgs ds d

`gvgegdk, G flpb ylu uknbrstdkn wfy dsjgkm

wfbtfbr d mlwk gs idnb orli d Pgipeg`gtylrHuttbrg`jpdttbrk `dk hb gksuetgkm. ^fbrb gs d

elt lo tgib dkn wlrj dkn rbsbdr`f tfdt gs

hbfgkn bvbk tfb elwegbst lo pbrslkds. Gt gsdewdys wlrtf tfb boolrt, cust dsj d rb-

bkd`tlr.

(@lelkgde ]geegdishurm bIusbui)

(Dk Dibrg`dk Pbdistrbss Helm)
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10/11

Xukkgkm fbdn3 G^ IRP^ HB ^XRB, G XBDN G^ LKEGKB

41

Hgheglmrdpfy

Denrg`f, G. (8148) Gktbrvgbw wgtf NdvgnI`@ueelumf3 ]fdts tfb Outurb lo

Fgstlry< Wdkjbb Idmdzgkb,

Klvbihbr/Nb`bihbr 8148, 78-70.Dk Dibrg`dk Pbditrbss. (814>) ]fbrb G

Dttbipt d Hed`j Pgej Hlkkbt dkn

Ebdrk tfb _deudheb Ebsslk lo Rsgkmtfb Xgmft Pbdr`f Bkmgkb. Z]bh elm

`lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//dibrg`dksbdistrbss.wlrnprbss.

`li/Hrydkt, I. (811=) ^fb Iltfbr lo Qg`tlrgde

Pdtgrb.Fgstlry ^lndy, 2=(>), 26-27.

@lelkgde ]geegdishurm bIusbui. Z]bh

`lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn orlifttp3//biusbui.fgstlry.lrm/`lnb/biu

sbui.dsp

^fb @ueturb @lk`bpt @grèb. Z]bh `lktbktY.Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//www.tfbùeturb`lk`bpt.`li/`g

rèb/cbdkkb-dktlgkbttb-idrqugsb-nb-

plipdnlur-wlidk-lo-gkoeubk`bBgmftbbktf @bktury Hllj

lo Fbrhde Xbibngbs. Z]bh @lktbktY.

Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//fbrhde.r`psm.d`.uj/fbrhdegknbx.dsp (0), 022-0=>.^fb Mblmrdpfy lo Pedvbry gk _grmgkgd. Z]bh

`lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn orlifttp3//www8.v`nf.vgrmgkgd.bnu/mls/

Fdgnt, X. (8110). D ]bee Nrbssbn ]lidk

]fl ]gee Klt ]lrj3 Qbtgibtrds,

B`lklig`s, dkn Bgmftbbktf-@bkturyOdsfglk Qedtbs. Xbvgstd @dkdngbksb

nb Bstungls Fgspkg`ls,86(4), 40=-42=.

Fubrtd, B. (8110). ^fb @rbnghgegty lo Lkegkb

Gkolridtglk.. (Nl`tlrde Ngssbrtdtglk)Xbtrgbvbn orli Qrlqubst

Ngssbrtdtglks dkn ^fbsbs. (RIG

kuihbr 0174>=>).Ebwdknlwsjg, N. (8148) @rbnghgegty gk ]bh

Pbdr`f Bkmgkbs. Quhegsfbn gk Lkegkb

@rbnghgegty dkn Ngmgtde Btfls3

Bvdeudtgkm Lkegkb @liiukg`dtglk.Fbrsfby QD, GMG Melhde. 4-42.

Ebwgs ]depleb Eghrdry Ngmgtde @leeb`tglk.

Z]bh `lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//gidmbs.eghrdry.ydeb.bnu/wdeplebwbh/nboduet.dsp

Idslk, I. & Jlidk, X. M. (8110).

@lipeg`dtgkm Pedvbry3 ^bd`fgkmwgtf Xukdwdy Pedvb

Dnvbrtgsbibkts. LDF Idmdzgkb lo

Fgstlry, 4= (0), 04-0>.

Ibrrbee, X.@., @lkb, P.]., & Xdogq, D.(8116) ^fb Dutflrgty dkn Rtgegty lo

Gktbrkbt Gkolridtglk. @urrbkt

Qrgk`gpebs dkn Qrd`tg`bs lo

^bebibng`gkb dkn b-Fbdetf, 8?2-8=8.Ibtrlplegtdk Iusbui lo Drt. Z]bh

`lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//www.ibtiusbui.lrm/Igktz, P. (8110) Rsgkm Qrgidry Plur`b

Nlùibkts. LDF Idmdzgkb lo

Fgstlry, 4= (0), >4->0.^fb Kdtglkde Mdeebry lo Drt. Z]bh `lktbktY.

Xbtrgbvbn orli

fttp3//www.kmd.mlv/`leeb`tglk/gknbx.sfti

^fb Kdtglkde Mdeebry lo tfb RkgtbnJgkmnli. Z]bh `lktbktY. Xbtrgbvbn

orlifttp3//www.kdtglkdemdeebry.lrm.uj/pd

gktgkms/bxpelrb-tfb-

pdgktgkms/hrlwsb-hy-

`bktury/*/Ilnueb%2H>72%2N%2H`fllsbPb`lkn%2N/4=11/
http://americanseamstress.wordpress.com/http://americanseamstress.wordpress.com/http://americanseamstress.wordpress.com/http://emuseum.history.org/code/emuseum.asphttp://emuseum.history.org/code/emuseum.asphttp://emuseum.history.org/code/emuseum.asphttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://herbal.rcpsg.ac.uk/herbalindex.asp?beginswith=Ahttp://herbal.rcpsg.ac.uk/herbalindex.asp?beginswith=Ahttp://www.britannica.com/http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/http://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/default.asphttp://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/default.asphttp://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/default.asphttp://www.metmuseum.org/http://www.metmuseum.org/http://www.nga.gov/collection/index.shtmhttp://www.nga.gov/collection/index.shtmhttp://www.nga.gov/collection/index.shtmhttp://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/browse-by-century/*/Module%5B495%5D%5BchooseSecond%5D/1700/http://www.nga.gov/collection/index.shtmhttp://www.nga.gov/collection/index.shtmhttp://www.metmuseum.org/http://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/default.asphttp://images.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/default.asphttp://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/http://www.britannica.com/http://herbal.rcpsg.ac.uk/herbalindex.asp?beginswith=Ahttp://herbal.rcpsg.ac.uk/herbalindex.asp?beginswith=Ahttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/jeanne-antoinette-marquise-de-pompadour-woman-of-influencehttp://emuseum.history.org/code/emuseum.asphttp://emuseum.history.org/code/emuseum.asphttp://americanseamstress.wordpress.com/http://americanseamstress.wordpress.com/


11/11


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Documents

"It Must be True, I Read it Online": Credibility, Authority, and Online Research for the 18th Century Reenactor