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2010-03-09
1
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
It is fun and the story about us!
2010-03-09
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Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
Operating system of behavior
2010-03-09
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Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
Operating system of behavior
Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
How to explain behaviors?
• What is the relationship between genes & behavior?
• Is the trait inherited?
• How does development influence?
• What stimuli trigger the response?
• What is the purpose of the behavior?
• How does the behavior change (or evolve) ?
• How does the behavior contribute to the animal‟s fitness?
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Operating system for our behavior?
The History of Behavioral Science: Nature vs. Nurture Debates
Rene Descartes (1596-1650),
De Homine – 1662
Mechanistic view of behavior
Pineal gland – gateway to soul
Cartesian Gapbetween human and animal
Animal machine without soul
Human Soul-dependent operating system
Hydraulic mechanics
Soul is here!
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Tabular rasa: Blank slate theoryTOWARD Modern society FROM the Middle age
John Locke (1690)Empiricism - knowledge is gained by experience
as provided to the mind by the senses.
-these views advanced by others
David Hume in the 1700s
Treatise of Human Nature
Enquiry concerning human understanding, 1748
And Others…Nature by education
Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712∼1778
Jean Piazet, 1896-1980
Franz Boad, 1858∼1906
Nature by culture
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Continuity between human and animals
1832, meeting Fuegian natives
It is much greater than between wild &
domesticated animal …no lower grade
of man could be found
1838, Orangutan named Jenny
„Let man visit Ouranoutang in
domestication..see its intelligence..and
then let him boast of his proud
preeminence…
Man in his arrogance thinks himself a
great work, worthy and interposition of
deity.
More humble and I believe true to
consider him created from animals…’
Charles Darwin on the Mental
Continuity of Humans and Animals
Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and
the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of
degree and not of kind. We have seen that the senses and
intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love,
memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which
man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even
sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower
animals.
In the end of Darwin's two chapters in the Descent of Man
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Let’s take a look…
Let’s take a look…
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Pioneer of Behavioral genetics:
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)
"Twins have a special claim upon our
attention; it is, that their history affords
means of distinguishing between the effects
of tendencies received at birth, and those
that were imposed by the special
circumstances of their after lives."
Inquiries into Human Faculty and its
Development,1875
Twin study
Four kinds of twin
Monozygotic twin
Same
Different
Genotype Growth environment
Di-zygotic twin
Same
Different
You can compare MONO-Same vs. MON-Diff or MONO-same vs. Di-same
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Connectionism
Ivan Pavlov
CS CR
URUS CS
CS-US pairing
Stimuli vs. Behavior relations
“Two stimuli are connected in the brain”
BehavioralismBurrhus Skinner (1938)
– All learned behavior is the result of selective
Reinforcement of random responses
– Mental states (what goes on in our minds) have
no effect on our actions
– Similarity between reinforcement and natural
selection: random mutations are "selected" by
the environment, random behavior is also
selected by the environment
Skinner box
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Lorenz, ImprintingThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973
“Imprinting is an Innate genetic program”
Genetic basis of learning and memory (1992)
S. Tonegawa
Nobel prize winner, 1987
Morris water maze
CAMKII KO MICE (Silva et al.,1992)
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Chapter 1 Opener: Charles Darwin‟s study
Epigenetics: Environmental effects on gene expression via chromatin remodeling
1.1 The monogamous prairie vole
http://animaldiversity.ummz.
umich.edu/site/accounts/inf
ormation/Microtus_ochroga
ster.html
Animal Library:
Rodents are usually polygamous or
promiscuous…
Prairie vole, however,
monogamous and father
takes care babies well!
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In monogamous relationships– One male mates with one female
(a) Since monogamous species, such as these trumpeter
swans, are often monomorphic, males and females
are difficult to distinguish using external characteristics
only.
Polygamous system
In a system called polygyny– One male mates with many females
– The males are often more showy and larger
than the females
Among polygynous species, such as elk, the male (left) is
often highly ornamented.
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In polyandrous systems– One female mates with many males
– The females are often more showy than the males
In polyandrous species, such as these Wilson’s phalaropes,
females (top) are generally more ornamented than males.
Polygamous system
What is the advantages and
disadvantages?
Group discussion
1. Promiscuity (random mating)
2. Polygyny (e.g. infanticidal)
3. Polyandrous
4. Monogamous (e.g. baby sitting by father)
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Monogamous vs. polygamous
Prarie vole: social, mono
Meadow vole: solitary, poly
Vasopressin
receptor (V1aR)
Dopamine
receptor (D1)
Ventral fore brain
Finding a cause of behavior
Huddling, a measure of social attachment
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A male mice trying to Huddle
1.2 The brain of the prairie vole is a complex, highly organized machine
V1aR receptor expression
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Monogamous vs. polygamous
Ligand:
Arginin-vasopression (AVP)
Receptor:
V1aRPrarie vole: social, mono
Meadow vole: solitary, poly
If V1aR expressed in the male meadow vole
First love
Stranger
1.7 Testing the hypothesis that monogamy in prairie voles is linked to a specific gene
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1.7 Testing the hypothesis that monogamy in prairie voles is linked to a specific gene
Wanderer vs. Resident
Pair bonding intensity
Box 1.1 How are phylogenetic trees constructed and what do they mean?
Species X : ATTGCATATGTTAAA
Species Y : ATTGCATATGGTAAA
Species Z : GTTGTACATGTTAAT
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1.4 The evolutionary relationships of the prairie vole and six of its relatives
1.5 The possible history behind monogamy in the prairie vole
Trial-and-error period
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1.6 The connection between evolutionary history and the mechanisms of behavior
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
• Proximate, or “how,” questions about
behavior
– Focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a
behavior
– Focus on the genetic, physiological, and
anatomical mechanisms underlying a
behavioral act
• Ultimate, or “why,” questions about behavior
– Address the evolutionary significance of a
behavior
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ULTIMATE CAUSE:By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that
eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE:The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases
aggression in a male stickleback.
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Natural Selection theory: How Gene X Environment?
“Random mutations selected by Environment”
Variation
Heredity
Reproductive success
1.9 A variable species
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1.10 Natural selection
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Why they donate their money?
Proximate cause vs. ultimate cause
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Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Why they donate their money?
Proximate causes…
Emotional cause-They feel happy when donate something
-They are happy when others praise their behaviors
Sociopolitical cause-They can get better things by doing so
Others-They hate money!
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Why they donate their money?
Group selection theory:If all people are selfish, the group will disappear soon.
Darwinian View:Those individual has a higher reproductive success
Ultimate causes…
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How to explain the infanticidal
behaviors?
Group discussion
1. Cannibalism
2. Group selection (by Wynne-Edwards in 1962)
3. Quicker reproduction (by Sarah Hirdy)
1.14 Infanticide by a male lion
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1.15 An evolved response to the risk of infanticide
A Male Assassin bug
Male takes care their eggs
Male protects those eggs from against parasitic wasps
A mystery…he do not lose weight during egg guarding
even though they cannot feed elsewhere!!!
1.15 An evolved response to the risk of infanticide
A Giant Water bugs
Male takes care their eggs
Female attacks male or destroys all of his eggs
If fail to do defense, the egg-less males may then mate the killer female
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1.11 A band of Hanuman langur females and their offspring
Male langurs commit infanticide
Baby wounded by infanti-killing male
Mother
1.13 Variation in suicidal tendencies in a make-believe lemming-like species
The Group selection theory by Wynne-Edwards in 1962
Social mortality (Infanticide and suicide)
contribute to the stabilization of population
Adaptation and Natural selection
By George C. Williams in 1966
The survival of alleles is
determined by reproductive success
of individual not by population size
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1.13 Variation in suicidal tendencies in a make-believe lemming-like species