IT Management

GROUP MEMBERS Jyoti Ker Akshaya Iyer Rachit Laad Priyanka Gharat Swati Savla Rohit Sankpal Manisha

INTERNET History of Internet The Internet: Origin How the Internet Works Major Features of the Internet Online Services Internet Features in Application Programs Advantages and Disadvantages

History of internety The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the

early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields.y J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in

1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it.y Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed.Roberts moved over

to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET.

ORIGIN OF INTERNETy 1957 :- The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite.In response, the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military.

y Early originsCan be traced to the 1960s U. S. Department of Defense Original name was ARPANET Steady growth over the next few years

ORIGIN OF INTERNETy computer network: a group of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels. y Researcher wanted to communicate with each other and share their research papers and documents. y Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) : y It was the first computer network in the world y In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started funding the design, ARPANET, for United States Department of Defense.

THE INTERNET: THEN AND NOW The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data could

flow through the remaining networks. The Internet uses high-speed data lines, called backbones, to

carry data. Smaller networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any network to exchange data with any other user.

HOW THE INTERNET WORKSTCP/IP

Routing Traffic Across the Internet

Addressing Schemes

Domains and Sub Domains

TCP/IPy TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol y Protocol

Set of communication rules and procedures

y Every computer and network on the Internet uses the same protocols (rules and procedures) to control timing and data format. y No matter what type of computer system you connect to the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can exchange data with any other type of computer.

TCP/IP SUITE FIVE LAYERSApplication Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

ADDRESSING SCHEMESy In order to communicate across the Internet, a computer must have a unique address. y Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric identifier, called an Internet Protocol (IP) address. y Each IP address has four parts each part a number between 0 and 255. An IP address might look like this: 205.46.117.104.

DOMAINS AND SUB DOMAINSy In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or servers have a Domain Name System (DNS) address, which uses words. y A domain name identifies the type of institution that owns the computer. An Internet server owned by IBM might have the domain name ibm.com. y Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify them with subdomains, such as products.ibm.com.

DOMAIN .com .edu .gov .mil .net .org

TYPE OF ORGANIZATION Business (commercial) Education Government Military Gateway or host (or business/ commercial ) Other non- profit organization

EXAMPLES ibm.com center.edu whitehouse.gov navy.mil mindspring.net isoc.org

MAJOR FEATURES OF THE INTERNETy The World Wide Web y E-Mail y News y Telnet y File Transfer Protocol (FTP) y Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

WORLD WIDE WEBy The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet, which supports hypertext documents, allowing users to view and navigate different types of data. y A Web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags. y HTML allows designers to link content together via hyperlinks. y Every Web page has an address, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

This address is for an Internet server that uses The hypertext transfer protocol.

This site belongs to a company named Glencoe.

This site is on the part of the Internet known as the World Wide Web.

To find the specific Web pages that accompany this book, your browser follows the URLs path to a folder named norton, then to a subfolder named online.

EMAILy Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use the Internet. y To create, send, and receive e-mail messages, you need an e-mail program and an account on an Internet mail server with a domain name. y To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you create by adding your user name to the e-mail server's domain name, as in jsmith@aol.com.

NEWS One Internet-based service, called news, includes tens of thousands of newsgroups. Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A newsgroup's name indicates its users' special topic of interest, such as alt.food.cake. To participate in a newsgroup, you need a newsreader program that lets you read articles that have been posted on a news server. You can post articles for others to read and respond to.

NEWSGROUPS

TELNETy Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one

computer to access the contents of another computer a Telnet host.y A Telnet program creates a "window" into the host so you

can access files, issue commands, and exchange data.y Telnet is widely used by libraries, to allow visitors to look

up information, find articles, and so on.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)y File transfer protocol (FTP) is the Internet tool used to

copy files from one computer to another.

y FTP is handy for finding and copying software files,

articles, and other types of data. Universities and software companies use FTP servers to provide visitors with access to data.

IRC INTERNET RELAY CHATy Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service that allows users to

communicate in real time by typing text in a special window.

y You can use a special IRC program to participate in chat

room discussions, but many chat rooms are set up in Web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser window.

ONLINE SERVICESy E-Commerce y Online Banking y Online Shopping y Online Selling y Ticket booking y Result declaration y Online form submission

http://www.citibank.com/us/home.htm

http://www.ebay.com/

http://www.myntra.com/

http://www.irctc.co.in/

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF INTERNETVariety of hardware and software are used to make Internet functional.y

Modem Device that enables computers to communicate through phone lines. When we start internet the our modem communicates to modem of ISP.

Cont..y

Computer In addition to a modem, you need a client capable of handling multiple data types. Software Two types of software s required to enable your PC as an Internet PC.y y

y

Communication software to establish connection Client software for browsing, e-mail, news.

APPLICATION OF INTERNETy y y y y y y y

Download programs and files E-Mail Voice and Video Conferencing E-Commerce File Sharing Information browsing Search the web addresses for access through search engine Chatting and many more

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNETy Theft of personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. y Virus threats y Spamming refers to receiving unwanted e-mails in bulk y Pornography y Hacking

web site. Especially bank web site

Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its misuse can be very fatal, the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages

INTRANETy Internal company network that uses Internet standards (HTML, HTTP & TCP/IP protocols) & software. y Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of the organization y Example : https://intranet.patni.com

Cont..

INTRANET SECURITYTwo levels of Security required: y Internal - Public Key Security & Encryption Key.y External - Firewall.y Security device located between firm s internal network

(intranet) & external network (internet). y Regulates access into & out of a company s network based on a set of rules. Note : needs to be upgraded from time to time to check latest potential security problems.

APPLICATIONS OF INTRANETy Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations y Access employee database y Distribution of circulars/Office Orders y Access product & customer data y Sharing of information of common interest y Launching of personal/departmental home pages y Submission of reports y Corporate telephone directories

DISADVANTAGES OF INTRANETy Management problem

y

A company may not have person to update their intranet on routine basis. y Fear of sharing information and the loss of control y Limited bandwidth for the business Security problem y Unauthorized access y Abuse of access y Denial of servicey

Cont..y

Productivity problem y Information overload lowers productivity y True purpose of the Intranet is unknown to many employees/departments y Hidden or unknown complexity and costs

EXTRANETy Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same internet technology. y Inter-organizational information system. y Enable outsiders to work together with company s employees. y Open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners

BENEFITS OF EXTRANETy y y y y y y y

Improved quality. lower travel costs. lower administrative & other overhead costs. reduction in paperwork. delivery of accurate information on time. improved customer service. better communication. overall improvement in business effectiveness.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXTRANETy The suppliers & customer who don t have technical knowledge feel problem. y Faceless contact. y Information can be misused by other competitors. y Fraud may be possible. y Technical Employees are required.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN INTERNET, INTRANET AND EXTRANET?y INTERNET : Available for everyone to use y INTRANET : Same friendly Web interface but along with firewalls. y EXTRANET : It is somewhere in between there's still a firewall, but you allow only selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, inside.

INTERNET, INTRANET AND EXTRANET

Intranet Extranet Internet

Corporate members Clients, partners, customers Global society: competitors