IT 221 Audio-Visual CD

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The Palompon Institute of Technology,

a chartered state college is envisioned tobe an institution in maritime, technological

and teacher education and allied courses

in Northwestern Leyte and beyond.



To produce morally upright, academi-

cally prepared and competent technicians,technologists and educators in North-

western Leyte, the region, and the country.



Make PIT an educational institution where

students get trained to excel in their field of

specialization through quality instruction, deve-lopment-oriented research, need oriented

research and production programs for accele-

rated socio-economic development andimproved quality of life in Northwestern Leyte

communities, the region and the country.



The College of Technology is committed

to the common good by developing fullytrained, highly skilled, productive, enligh-

tened and morally upright individuals.



To produce highly skilled and competent

technologists, technicians, craftsmen, andengineers imbued with managerial and entre-

preneurial skills to respond to the needs of

industries and stakeholders for national develop-ment and an improved quality of life.



1. To imbue students with the required know-

ledge, skills and attitudes in their respective

areas of specialization for industrial employ-

ment;

2. To equip the students with managerial and

entrepreneurial skills in preparation for self-employment, and

3. To provide the students with industrial work.



IT 211 deals with the study of steam/geothermal

power plants. This course is designed to provide the

students a comprehensive understanding on the types,designs, and construction of steam/geothermal power

plants. This course also introduces the fundamental

principles on its various operating cycles useful tomake them learn to calculate theoretical problems using

tables, charts, and formulas.



A. GENERAL

At the end of the semester, the students

will be able to gain knowledge, skills and understandingon the basic design, construction, and operation of

steam/geothermal power plants.



B. SPECIFIC

After completion of the course, the students

should be able to:

1. State the theory of heat transfer and its signifi-

cance to steam production;2. Identify various types of steam turbines and

contrast its designs, construction, and operation;

3. Describe its basic operating principles usingcharts and drawings;

4. Solve theoretical problems through formulas;



5. Discuss various methods in the exploration &

harnessing of geothermal sources; and6. Fabricate a scale-model of a steam-power plant;



COURSE CONTENT:

Basic Orientation

Instrumentation

Theory of Heat Transfer

Boiler and Steam Turbine

Steam Power Plant

Cycle of Operation Geothermal Power Plant





PRESSURE GAUGE



PRESSURE GAUGE



PRESSURE GAUGE



MANOMETER


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/it-221-audio-visual-cd 18/76PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE



PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE









BASIC PARTS IN STEAM POWER PLANT:

BOILER

STEAM TURBINE

CONDENSER

FEED WATER PUMP



BOILERIs a container into which

water can be fed and, byapplying heat, evaporatedcontinuously into steam.



STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER

CASING

FEEDWATER LINE

BURNER



TYPES OF BOILERS:

1. Water-Tube (Tubulous) Boiler – is atype of boiler in which the water isinside the tubes while the hot gasessurround the tubes.

2. Fire-Tube (Tubular) Boiler – is a type

of boiler in which the hot gases passinside the tubes while the water isoutside the tubes.



STEAM TURBINEIs an equipment comprising

of a casing and a rotating elementthat receives high-pressure &

high-temperature steam, and

converts its energy into a useful

mechanical energy.



CONDENSER

Is an equipment that converts

vapor into liquid by the reduction

of temperature.

FEEDWATER PUMP

Delivers water into the boiler.



EXERCISES:

Questions:

1. What is a boiler?

2. What are the two types of boilers?Explain each.

3. What is a Steam Turbine?

4. Describe in simple terms how pumpworks?



KEY ANSWERS:

1. Is a container into which water can befed and, by applying heat, evaporatedcontinuously into steam.

2. Water-tube boiler is a type of boiler inwhich water is inside the tubes whilehot gases surrounds the tubes, whilefire-tube boiler is a type of boiler where

hot gases pass inside the tubes whilewater is outside the tubes.



3. Is an equipment comprising of a casingand a rotating element that receiveshigh-pressure & high-temperaturesteam, and converts its energy into a

useful mechanical energy.4. Delivers water into the boiler.





Saturated or superheated steam entersthe turbine at state 1, where it expands

isentropically to the exit pressure at state 2.The steam is then condensed at constantpressure and temperature to a saturatedliquid, state 3. The heat removed from the

steam in the condenser is typicallytransferred to the cooling water. Thesaturated liquid then flows through thepump which increases the pressure to theboiler pressure (state 4), where the water isfirst heated to the saturation temperature,boiled and typically superheated to state 1.Then the whole cycle is repeated.



When steam leaves the turbine, it istypically wet. The presence of water causes

erosion of the turbine blades. To preventthis, steam is extracted from high pressureturbine (state 2), and then it is reheated inthe boiler (state 2') and sent back to the low

pressure turbine.









AIR (GAS) COMPRESSORBURNER (COMBUSTION CHAMBER)

EXPANSION TURBINE



BURNERS









TURBINE ROTOR



TURBINE ROTOR





Ambient air is drawn into the compressor,

where it is pressurized—a theoretically isentropic

process. The compressed air then runs through a

combustion chamber, where fuel is burned,heating that air—a constant-pressure process,

since the chamber is open to flow in and out. The

heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy,

expanding through a turbine (or series ofturbines)—another theoretically isentropic process.

Some of the work extracted by the turbine is used

to drive the compressor.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic







The efficiency of a Brayton engine can be

improved in the following manners:

REHEAT, wherein the working fluid—in most cases

air—expands through a series of turbines, then is

passed through a second combustion chamber

before expanding to ambient pressure through a

final set of turbines. This has the advantage of

increasing the power output possible for a given

compression ratio without exceeding any

metallurgical constraints. (Although use of anafterburner can also be referred to as reheat, it is a

different process that increases power while

markedly decreasing efficiency.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluid



INTERCOOLING, wherein the working fluid

passes through a first stage of compressors, thena cooler, then a second stage of compressors

before entering the combustion chamber. While

this requires an increase in the fuel consumption

of the combustion chamber, this allows for areduction in the specific heat of the fluid entering

the second stage of compressors, with an

attendant decrease in the amount of work needed

for the compression stage overall.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat



REGENERATION, wherein the still-warm post-

turbine fluid is passed through a heat exchanger

to pre-heat the fluid just entering the combustion

chamber. This allows for lower fuel consumption

and less power lost as waste heat.

A Brayton engine also forms half of the combined

cycle system, which combines with a rankine

engine to further increase overall efficiency.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle










BOILER/

HEAT EXCHANGER

GAS TURBINE

CONDENSER

STEAM TURBINE

PUMP

ELECTRIC

GENERATORS

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT



STEAM GENERATOR/BOILER

CASING

FEEDWATER LINE

BURNER





Design Principles

In a steam power plant water is the workingmedium. In this case high pressure has to beemployed which leads to bulky components. Highcost of special alloys that endure high

temperature limit practical steam temperature to655°C. For compact gas turbines this limitationdoes not apply and gas cycle firing temperature inexcess of 1,200°C is practicable. In the combinedcycle plant the thermodynamic working cycle is

operated between the high firing temperature andthe ambient temperature at which lowtemperature waste heat can be disposed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firing_temperature&action=edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firing_temperature&action=edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_plant



In a gas turbine set, composed primarily of acompressor, burner and the gas turbine proper,the input temperature to the gas turbine is

relatively high (some 900°C to 1,350°C) but theoutput temperature of the flue gas is alsorelatively high (some 450°C to 650°C). Flue gastemperature is sufficient for production of steamin the second, steam cycle (Rankine cycle), with

live steam temperature in the range of 420°C to580°C. The lowest temperature of the steamcycle depends on the ambient temperature andthe method of waste heat disposal, either bydirect cooling by lake, river or sea water, or usingcooling towers. Therefore, by combining bothprocesses, high input temperatures and lowoutput temperatures can be achieved and thepower plant efficiency can be increased.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor



The output heat of the gas turbine flue

gas is utilized to generate steam by passingit through a heat recovery steam generator

(HRSG) and therefore is used as input heat

to the steam turbine power.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRSG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRSG



Efficiency of CGT Plants:

The thermal efficiency of a combined cyclepower plant is normally in terms of the net

power output of the plant as a percentage

of the lower heating value (LHV) or netcalorific value (NCV) of the fuel. In the caseof generating only electricity, power plant

efficiencies of up to 59% can be achieved.

In the case of combined heat and power generation, the efficiency can increase toabout 85%.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power



Fuels for CGT Plants:Typical combined cycle plants are powered

by natural gas, although other sources of

fuel can be used such as fuel oil or synthetic

gas. Supplementary fuel may be natural

gas, fuel oil or coal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas







PICTORIAL VIEW OF TONGONAN

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT



LEYTE GEOTHERMAL OPTIMIZATION PLANT (ORMAT)





BINARY PLANT

GENERATOR

TURBINE

TO INJECTION WELLS

PRODUCTION WELLS



FLASH PLANT

GENERATOR

TO INJECTION WELLS

TURBINE

PRODUCTION WELLS

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT





Geothermal power is the use ofgeothermal heat for electricity generation. Itis often referred to as a form of renewable

energy, but because the heat at any locationcan eventually be depleted it technicallymay not be strictly renewable. Geothermalcomes from the Greek words geo, meaningearth, and therme, meaning heat.Geothermal literally means "earth heat".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_%28geology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_%28geology%29



Geothermal power is generated by miningthe earth's heat. In areas with hightemperature ground water at shallowdepths, wells are drilled into natural

fractures in basement rock or intopermeable sedimentary rocks. Hot water orsteam flows up through the wells either bypumping or through boiling (flashing) flow.Experiments are in progress to determine if

a fourth method, deep wells into "hot dryrocks", can be economically used to heatwater pumped down from the surface.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-Dry-Rock








A hot dry rock project in the United

Kingdom was abandoned after it waspronounced economically unviable in 1989.HDR programs are currently beingdeveloped in Australia, France, Switzerland

and Germany. Magma (molten rock)resources offer extremely high-temperaturegeothermal opportunities, but existing

technology does not allow recovery of heatfrom these resources.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia





The 49 MW (net) ORMAT Project comprisesof three ORMAT topping plant sections andof one bottoming cycle plant section and

was completed in November 1997

The Leyte Geothermal Optimization Project

was designed to increase the output ofexisting plants in the Island of Leyte by13.5%, without increasing the steamconsumption or drilling new wells



The topping plants consist of ORMATback-pressure steam turbines that producepower while reducing the steam high

pressure to the conditions required by theexisting plants. The bottoming plantconsists of a steam condensing cycle unitthat uses low-pressure steam for powergeneration.

The project was built in the frameworkof a Build Own-Operate- Transfer (BOOT)agreement and is owned and operated by

Ormat Leyte Co. Ltd. After 10 years,ownership will be transferred to the Energy

Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC).



REFERENCES:

Morse, Frederick T. Power Plant Engineering in MKSUnits. Copyright Litton Publishing Company.1978

Dimagiba, Ely P. Mechanical Engineering and Review

Review Manual. Cebu City 1990.

Avallone, Baumeister. Mark’s Standard Handbook for

Mechanical Engineers. 8th Edition. Mc Graw Hill.

1978

Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta ReferenceLibrary. 2003



Carmichael, C. Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’Handbook. 12th Edition. Wiley Toppan. 1950

Elonka, Stephen M. & Higgins, Alex. Standard Boiler

Room Questions & Answers. 3rd Edition. 1982

Graham, Frank D. Power Plant Engineers Guide.

National Bookstore. 1974

Potter, Philip J. Power Plant Theory and Design.Ronald Press Company. 1959

Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B., & Lammers

Lammers, Thomas F. Steam Plant Operation.5th Edition. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. 1984



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IT 221 Audio-Visual CD