Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000

Issues, Trends, and ChallengesEPRI Workshop – July 8, 2008

Mike HightowerSandia National Laboratories

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

• Energy–Water Connection and Interdependencies• Energy-Water Report to Congress Highlights• Energy–Water Regional Needs Workshops

– Regional and national issues and challenges– Summary of science and technology needs identified

• Potential impact of energy development and growth on national and regional water resources

Background info @ www.sandia.gov/energy-water

Energy and Water are … Interdependent

Water for Energy and Energy for Water

Energy and Water are … Interdependent

Water for Energy and Energy for Water

Energy and power production require water:• Thermoelectric

cooling• Hydropower• Energy minerals

extraction/mining• Fuel Production

(fossil fuels, H2 , biofuels)

• Emission control

Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use require energy:• Pumping• Conveyance

and Transport• Treatment• Use conditioning• Surface and

Ground water

Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector

[USGS, 2004]

Water Consumption by SectorWater Consumption by SectorU.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day

Livestock3.3%

Thermoelectric3.3%

Commercial1.2%

Domestic7.1%

Industrial3.3%

Mining1.2%Irrigation

80.6%

Energy accounts for 27 percent of non-agricultural fresh water consumption

[USGS, 1998]

Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability

• Little increase in surface water storage capacity since 1980

• Concerns over climate impacts on surface water supplies

• Many major ground water aquifers seeing reductions in water quality and yield

( Based on USGS WSP-2250 1984 and Alley 2007)

(Shannon 2007)

Growing Use of Non-traditional Water Resources Growing Use of Non-traditional Water Resources

• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive

(From EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003)

0123

456789

10

Kw

h/m

^3

1 2 3 4 5Sea WaterRO

Today The Future

ConventionalTreatment

BrackishRO

BrackishNF

Power Requirements For Treating

(Einfeld 2007)

Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Over The Next Decade Under Average

Conditions

Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Over The Next Decade Under Average

Conditions

TX

CA

MT

AZ

ID

NV

NM

COIL

OR

UT

KS

WY

IANE

SD

MN

ND

OK

FL

WI

MO

AL

WA

GA

AR

LA

MI

IN

PA

NY

NC

MS

TN

KYVA

OH

SC

ME

WV

MI VTNH

MD

NJ

MACT

DE

RI

g

AK

AK

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

shortageStatewideRegionalLocalNoneNo response or uncertain

Source: GAO 2003

Water challenges are nationwideWater challenges are nationwide

Projected Population Growth (2000-2020)Source: Campbell (2000)

50%

%

30%

30%

40%

10%

10%

30%

15%

5%

15%

20%

35%

20%

EPRI 2003

2003 Heat Wave Impact on French Electric Power Generation 2003 Heat Wave Impact on French Electric Power Generation• Loss of 7 to 15% of

nuclear generation capacity for 5 weeks

• Loss of 20% of hydro generation capacity

• Large-scale load shedding and shut off transmission to Italy

• Sharp increase of spot- market prices: 1000 to 1500 $ / MWh for most critical days

Bort-les-Orgues Réservoir

Normal conditionsin August

August 27, 2003

Emerging Interest in Energy and Water Issues and Challenges Emerging Interest in Energy and Water Issues and Challenges

• State and national water and energy groups– 24 invited presentations in FY07

and 08 on energy and water challenges

– Research and regulatory groups considering future energy and water needs

• Increased media interest– NATURE, ECONOMIST– Technical magazines

• NSF/NRC interest in energy debate and interdependencies research

• Growing international concerns and challenges

– Europe, Australia, Asia, Canada

Cumberland River Basin Integrated Resources Planning Pilot Results Cumberland River Basin Integrated Resources Planning Pilot Results

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• Integrated short-term (daily) planning (TVA, SEPA, Corps)

• Interested in long-term planning, but missions and activities are distinct– Authority or incentives not aligned

with energy-water efficiency

• Growing need for both water and power– Dam (rehabilitation and

improvements) and drought impacts are major challenges to future water-energy planning

• Need better operational and planning tools

Energy-Water Regional Needs Workshops Energy-Water Regional Needs Workshops

• Congressionally funded and coordinated with DOE

• Coordinated by Sandia with support from all the national laboratories

• Needs driven research directions and solutions focus

Roadmap Regional Needs Workshops

Energy Water Roadmap OverviewEnergy Water Roadmap Overview

• Three regional needs assessment workshops: Nov 2005 through mid-January 2006– Kansas City, Baltimore, Salt Lake City– Almost 350 participants from 40 states involved – Focus on emerging user and stakeholder problems and challenges and science

and technology role in effective solutions – captured high-level issues, needs, and directions

• Broad spectrum of regional, state, and local participation and input– Representatives from energy companies, electric utilities, water utilities, water

managers, economic development groups, energy regulators, environmental groups, tribal nations, other water-use sectors

• Gaps and Technical Innovations Workshops to capture science and technology research and development priorities– Almost 150 researchers and technology developers involved

Better resources planning and management• Integrated regional energy and water resource planning and decision

support tools• Infrastructure and regulatory and policy changes for improved

energy/water efficiency• Improved water supply and demand characterization, monitoring, and

modelingImproved water and energy use efficiency • Improved water efficiency in thermoelectric power generation• Improved biofuels/biomass water use efficiency• Reduced water intensity for emerging energy resources Development of alternative water resources and supplies• Oil and gas produced water treatment for use• Energy efficiency and assessment of impaired water treatment and use

www.sandia.gov/energy-water

Summary of Major National Needs Summary of Major National Needs and Issues Identified in Regional and Issues Identified in Regional Workshops

Research and Development Program for Integrated Resources Management Research and Development Program for Integrated Resources Management

– Accelerate water resources forecasting and management

– Evaluate impacts of climate variability and improve hydrological forecasting

– Improve common decision support tools

– Develop system analysis approaches for: Co-location of energy and water facilities, improved national transmission capabilities to support renewables, distributed generation of biofuels

Projected New Electric Power Generation Capacity through 2035 Projected New Electric Power Generation Capacity through 2035

• Coal– 350, 400 MW steam turbine plants

(140,000 MW)

• Natural Gas– 150, 100 MW natural gas combined

cycle (15,000 MW)

• Renewables– 125, 200 MW wind or solar farms

(25,000 MW)

• Nuclear– 5, 1000 MW nuclear reactors

(5,000 MW)

• Hydroelectric – None (~40,000-60,000 MW available)

Water Use and Consumption for Electric Power Generation Water Use and Consumption for Electric Power Generation

Plant-type Cooling Process

Water Use Intensity (gal/MWhe )

Steam Condensing Other Uses

Withdrawal Consumption Consumption

Fossil/ biomass steam turbineOpen-loop 20,000–50,000 ~200-300

~30Closed-loop 300–600 300–480

Nuclear steam turbine

Open-loop 25,000–60,000 ~400~30

Closed-loop 500–1,100 400–720

Natural Gas Combined- Cycle

Open-loop 7,500–20,000 1007–10

Closed-loop 230 180

Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle Closed-loop 200 180 150

Carbon sequestration for fossil energy generation ~25% increase in water withdrawal and consumption

Geothermal Steam Closed-loop 2000 1350 50

Concentrating Solar Closed-loop 750 740 10

Wind and Solar Photovoltaic N/A 0 0 1-2

Water Demands for Future Electric Power Development Water Demands for Future Electric Power Development

• Water demands could almost triple from 1995 consumption for projected mix of plants and cooling

• Carbon emission requirements will increase water consumption by an additional 1-2 Bgal/day 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1995 2005 2015 2025 2035

Year

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

( bill

ion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay)

Source: NETL 2006

• Most growth in water stressed regions

• Most new plants expected to use evaporative cooling

Growth in Thermoelectric Growth in Thermoelectric Power GenerationPower Generation

Source: NETL, 2004

Projected Thermoelectric Increases(Capacity in 2025 vs 1995)

EMM Region 11

EMM Region 9

EMM Region 5

EMM Region 12

EMM Region 2

EMM Region 10

EMM Region 1EMM Region 4EMM Region 13

EMM Region 7

EMM Region 3

EMM Region 8

EMM Region 6

0 300 600 900 1,200150Miles

4

Estimated Capacity Change 1995-2025 (Gw)AEO Estimates

LegendMajor Lakes (National)

regions4

Totcapchg-9.050000 - 0.000000

0.000001 - 11.630000

11.630001 - 26.920000

26.920001 - 44.560000

44.560001 - 133.230000

AK

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

Regional Variations in Water Laws and Nuclear Reactor Applications Regional Variations in Water Laws and Nuclear Reactor Applications

Appropriation States

Riparian States

Hybrid States

Alternative Cooling Issues and ChallengesAlternative Cooling Issues and Challenges

• High capital cost and large footprint

• Hot weather penalties– Power capacity reduced during

peak summer electricity demand – Grid stability concerns with many

regional air cooled plants during summer months

– Increased GHG emissions for most thermoelectric plants

• Wind effects reduce cooling efficiency

• Not currently licensed for nuclear power plants

Pilot Spray-enhanced Dry Cooling

Research Program for Electric Power Sector Research Program for Electric Power Sector • Improve dry and hybrid

cooling system performance

• Improve ecological performance of intake structures for hydro and once-through cooling

• Improve materials and cooling approaches compatible with use of degraded water

• Electric grid infrastructure upgrades to improve low water use renewable technology integration

Hybrid Wet-Dry Cooling System

Water Demand/Impact of Transportation Fuels

Emerging Water Demands for Alternative Fuels Development Emerging Water Demands for Alternative Fuels Development

• Irrigation of even small percentage of biofuel acreage will increase water consumption by an additional 3-5 Bgal/day 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1995

2005

2015

2025

2035

Year

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(bi

llion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay) Alt Fuels

Biofuels

TraditionalRefining

Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional

Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality

• Reserves are in areas of limited water resources

• Water needed for retorting, steam flushing, and cooling up to 3 gallons per gallon of fuel

• Concerns over in situ migration of retort by- products and impact on ground water quality

Research Program for Alternative Fuels Sector Research Program for Alternative Fuels Sector

• Reduce water use for cooling in biofuels and alternative fuels production

• Reduce water use in processing

• Develop low fresh water use technologies such as algal biodiesel

• Assess non-traditional water use for fuels applications

• Assess hydrologic impacts of large cellulose biofuels scale-up and oil shale