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Issues of ReconstructionIssues of Reconstruction
• How to readmit southern states?How to readmit southern states?
• How to treat Ex-confederate soldiers?How to treat Ex-confederate soldiers?
• Civil Rights of African AmericansCivil Rights of African Americans
• Make-up of new southern state governmentsMake-up of new southern state governments
Goals of ReconstructionGoals of Reconstruction
1.1. Northern politicians:Northern politicians:• Reconstruct Southern SocietyReconstruct Southern Society• Insure rights of former slavesInsure rights of former slaves• Political base for Republican PartyPolitical base for Republican Party
2.2. Lincoln wanted a speedy recovery for the Lincoln wanted a speedy recovery for the south.south.
• Crippled south would cripple nation.Crippled south would cripple nation.• Political realist = Unity = heal war wounds.Political realist = Unity = heal war wounds.
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan« 10% Plan
* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule”
* Didn’t consult Congress regarding plan.
* Pardon all but highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.
* When 10% of voting population in 1860 election takes oath of loyalty>establish & recognize government
Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction
• South should be more severely punished for South should be more severely punished for bringing war to the nation.bringing war to the nation.
• South should be made to pay war costs.South should be made to pay war costs.
• Did not want key Confederate political or military Did not want key Confederate political or military leaders to be leaders of post-war South.leaders to be leaders of post-war South.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)« 50% of 1860 voters take “iron
clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they never voluntarily aided rebellion ).
« Banned Ex-confederates from Office.
« State constitutions repudiate Confederate debts & prohibit slavery
« Pocket veto by Lincoln.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenry
W. Davis(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)« “Iron-Clad” Oath.
« “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]
« “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketVeto
PocketVeto
Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln AssassinatedApril 14, 1865April 14, 1865Ford’s TheaterFord’s Theater
by John Wilkes Boothby John Wilkes Booth
13th Amendment13th Amendment
« Ratified in December, 1865.
« Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
« Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Jeff Davis Under ArrestJeff Davis Under Arrest
President Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson
« Pro-Union Southern Jacksonian Democrat.
« Despised “Old South.”
« White Supremacist.
« Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)« Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they must apply directly to Johnson)
« New constitutions> repudiate slavery, secession and state debts.
« Named provisional governors to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
RESULTS
RESULTS
1. Disenfranchised leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats=they regained political dominance.
3. Republicans were outraged that confederate leaders were back in power! (Alexander Stephens)
Growing Northern Alarm!Growing Northern Alarm!
« Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements>deny African Americans right to vote.
« Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
« African Americans kept out of schools
« Black Codes: Freedman written where word “slave” had been in slave codes.
Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?
Black CodesBlack Codes« Purpose:
* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
« Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
« Former slaves kept out of schools.
Congress Breaks with the PresidentCongress Breaks with the PresidentCongress Breaks with the PresidentCongress Breaks with the President« Congress bars Southern Congressional
delegates.
« Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
« February, 1866 President vetoed Freedmen’s Bureau bill.
« March, 1866 Johnson vetoed 1866 Civil Rights Act.
« Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
Johnson the Martyr / SamsonJohnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed because I If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)
14th Amendment14th Amendment
« Ratified in July, 1868.
* Constitutional guarantee of rights of freed people.
* Citizenship rights for African Americans
* Due process rights for all Americans
« Southern states punished for denying right to vote to black citizens!
The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
« Referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
« Johnson made ill-conceived propaganda tour of country to push his plan.
« Republicans won 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.
The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election
Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction« Southern states treated like conquered land.
« Blacks had vote and civil rights.
« Punish the south for causing the war.
« Freedman’s Bureau
« 14th Amendment
« Former Confederate officials & officers banned Former Confederate officials & officers banned from elective office.from elective office.
« Confederate war debts repudiated.Confederate war debts repudiated.
« ““Waving the bloody shirt”Waving the bloody shirt”
« 1515thth Amendment---right to vote Amendment---right to vote
15th Amendment15th Amendment
« Ratified in 1870.
« The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
« The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
« Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
« Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
« Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
« Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
« Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
« Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
« Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and
nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School
Reconstruction Acts of 1867Reconstruction Acts of 1867« Military Reconstruction Act
* Restart Reconstruction in 10 Southern states that refused to ratify 14th Amendment.
* Divide them into 5 military districts.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867Reconstruction Acts of 1867« Command of the Army Act
* President must issue all Reconstruction orders through commander of military.
« Tenure of Office Act
* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without Senate’s consent,
§ Question on Constitutionality of the Laws!
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s ImpeachmentPresident Johnson’s Impeachment
« Johnson fired Stanton in February, 1868.
« Johnson replaced generals in field who were supporters of Radical Reconstruction.
« House impeached him on February 24 before drawing up charges by vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial« 11 week trial.
« Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3rds majority).
« Deciding vote cast by Republican Edwin Ross, KS, ruining his political career
The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875
« Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.
« Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
« Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.
« Ruled unconstitutional by supreme court in 1883
« No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 80 years!
Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy”
SharecroppingSharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemTenancy & the Crop Lien System
"First African American Senator and Representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress "First African American Senator and Representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States." (Left to right) Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi, of the United States." (Left to right) Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi,
Representatives Benjamin Turner of Alabama, Robert DeLarge of South Carolina, Representatives Benjamin Turner of Alabama, Robert DeLarge of South Carolina, Josiah Walls of Florida, Jefferson Long of Georgia, Joseph Rainey and Robert B. Josiah Walls of Florida, Jefferson Long of Georgia, Joseph Rainey and Robert B.
Elliot of South Carolina.Elliot of South Carolina.
What was the truth
about Black officials?
What was the truth
about Black officials?
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics« Core voters were black veterans.
« Were Blacks politically unprepared?
« Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The Failure of Federal EnforcementThe Failure of Federal Enforcement
« Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].« “The Lost Cause”-
Conferate nobility & chivalry
« The rise of “Bourbons” (pro-business Democrats
« Redeemers (sought to oust Radical Coalition).
« Radical coalition> Freedmen, carpetbaggers, scalawagsl
Election of 1876Election of 1876
1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election
The Political Crisis of 1877The Political Crisis of 1877•20 electoral votes in dispute
•Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, Oregon
•Tilden short one electoral vote.
A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
•Electoral Commission determine victor•Hayes declared winner, nicknamed “His Fradulency” or “Rutherfraud” Hayes•Hayes would not seek 2nd term.•Military withdrew from south•Federal funds for internal improvements in south
Results:•Poll taxes & literacy tests & grandfather clauses deny Black vote.
Rutherfraud Hayes wins
Rutherfraud Hayes wins
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy TildenSammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got —Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
ExodustersExodusters• Benjamin “Pap” SingletonBenjamin “Pap” Singleton
• Migration to KansasMigration to Kansas
Nicodemus, Kansas
Westward MigrationsWestward MigrationsWestward MigrationsWestward Migrations
Deadwood Dick
Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington
• Former SlaveFormer Slave• Founder of Tuskegee Founder of Tuskegee
InstituteInstitute• Became Leading Black Became Leading Black
Spokesman. Spokesman. • Atlanta CompromiseAtlanta Compromise
– Education, job skills, Education, job skills, economic equality firsteconomic equality first
– Abandon fight for political & Abandon fight for political & social rights.social rights.
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson
• 18961896
• Supreme Court Ruling> Supreme Court Ruling> Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal”
• Legalized SegregationLegalized Segregation
One dissent by John Marshall HarlanOne dissent by John Marshall Harlan
Homer Plessy
