Report on National Producer Consultations

January – April, 2005

Issues, Management Problems and Solutions for Maintaining a Zero Tillage System

and other Beneficial Soil Management Practices

prepared by D. Haak

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada September 2005

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) would like to acknowledge the following organizations for their assistance in planning, conducting and reporting on the producer consultation meetings. These meetings provided the information contained in this report. Soil Conservation Council of Canada Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Alberta Reduced Tillage Linkages Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Manitoba / North Dakota Zero Tillage Association Manitoba Zero Tillage Research Association Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association Innovative Farmers Association of Ontario Quebec Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Action semis direct, Quebec Action Billion, Quebec New Brunswick Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture Prince Edward Island Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre The author, Dennis Haak, would like to thank the numerous individuals from AAFC and each partner organization who contributed their time and effort toward this project. A listing of all individuals and their respective role(s) can be found in Appendix VI. Financial support for this project was provided by AAFC-Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration’s Soil Resource Division. A special thank you goes to all producers across Canada, who participated voluntarily at each consultation, for their contributions and valuable insight into this report.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction and Summary …………………………………………………………………….... 4 2. Detailed Results: Section I: All Regions except Atlantic .………………………………... 8

a) Residue Management ………………………………………………………………........... 8 b) Livestock and Manure Management ……………………………………………………...10 c) Nutrient Management ……………………………………………………………………... 12 d) Pest Management ……………………………………………………………………….… 13 e) Seed Technology ………………………………………………………………………….. 16 f) Special Soil and Crop Issues …………………………………………………………….. 16 g) Planting and Seeding Equipment ………………………………………………………... 19 h) Technology …………………………………………………………………………………. 20 i) Climate and Weather Issues ……………………………………………………………... 20 j) Financial …………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 k) Land Tenure and External Interests ……………………………………………………... 23 l) Producer Awareness and Attitude ……………………………………………………….. 24 m) Public Awareness and Attitude …………………………………………………………... 26 n) Research ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27 o) Policy and Regulation ……………………………………………………………………... 28 p) GHG and Carbon Credit Policy Development ………………………………………….. 29 q) Tillage Definitions ………………………………………………………………………….. 32

3. Detailed Results: Section II: Atlantic Canada …..…………………………………………. 35

a) Cover Crops ………………………………………………………………………………... 35 b) Residue Management …………………………………………………………………….. 36 c) Spring versus Fall Plowing ……………………………………………………………….. 37 d) Longer Crop Rotations ……………………………………………………………………. 37 e) Strip cropping and/or Terraces …………………………………………………………... 38 f) More Efficient Nutrient Beneficial Management Practices ………………………….… 40 g) Further Discussion and Clarification …………………………………………………..… 41

4. Appendix I: Meeting Source for Management Issues ……………………………………….… 43 5. Appendix II: Meeting Source for Solutions ……………………………………………………... 56 6. Appendix III: Detailed Report for Ste. Hyacinthe Meeting ……………………………………. 67 7. Appendix IV: Issue Categories and Priorities from Specific Meetings ………………………. 71 8. Appendix V: Profile of Producers from Specific Meetings ……………………………………. 72 9. Appendix VI: Planning and Implementation Committees for Specific Meetings …………… 73 10. Appendix VII: Meeting Locations Across Canada …………………………………………… 74

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Introduction and Summary

A. Purpose During the winter and spring of 2005, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) conducted a series of ten producer consultation meetings across Canada, to help better understand producer/industry issues related to the adoption and implementation of zero tillage and other beneficial soil management practices. This information will be used to assist in the development of soil management protocols under Canada’s Climate Change Offset System. This information will also assist AAFC and other project partners in improving agricultural programs and policies related to research and technology transfer, and support for environmental stewardship. During the project planning stage, AAFC researchers/facilitators elected to consult only with producers who had already achieved a measure of success in implementing zero tillage and/or other beneficial soil management practices. This group provided AAFC with a more focused approach on issues related to the ability to maintain these types of practices rather than deciding whether to adopt new ones. This focus was deemed necessary since a requirement of the Offset System is to maintain practices for a period of time. Nevertheless, it is not surprising that some of the issues related to maintaining a practice were also identified as constraints for initial adoption. This, however, was derived from the perspective of (a) producer(s) who had already gone through the adoption phase. Appendix V provides a profile of those producers who attended each meeting location. The majority of producers selected for this process had considerable experience in direct seeding (zero or reduced tillage). However, this practice was not common in Atlantic Canada. B. Methodology All meetings were planned in consultation with partner agencies in each province. A list of agencies and individuals involved in the planning and implementation of these meetings is provided in Appendix VI. The meetings in Western Canada and Ontario used a facilitated approach to identify, prioritize, and clarify issues and management problems that constrained a producer’s ability to maintain a zero tillage or no tillage system. The practice of efficient nutrient management within the context of a zero/no tillage system was also discussed, but to a much lesser extent. A variety of facilitated methods were used at all meetings, including the following: ♦ identifying issues through individual assessment or small group discussions; ♦ creating issue categories through consensus; ♦ prioritizing categories through a voting procedure; and ♦ clarifying high priority issues and generating possible solutions through small and large group

discussions. At the beginning of each meeting, Dennis Haak, Project Coordinator with AAFC, delivered an introductory presentation to outline the intended purpose, while providing background information on how the information collected would be used. A key message in this presentation was that understanding these issues was critical in order to develop an improved definition of tillage systems that could be used in future Offset System protocols and projects.

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A number of existing definitions were presented, including those used in the Pilot Emission Removals, Reductions and Learnings (PERRL) initiative administered by Environment Canada. The PERRL definition for zero tillage involves allowing no tillage operations and using seeding equipment that does not disturb more than one-third of the soil surface. There are also guidelines or restrictions on additional practices such as removal or grazing of crop residue. AAFC facilitators agreed that the guidelines used in the PERRL do not provide enough flexibility to address many of the management issues producers face. Researchers also emphasized that the information obtained at these meetings would be used to generate improved zero tillage definitions and guidelines for use in Offset System projects, and that there would be another opportunity for producer consultation during this process. The meeting in Atlantic Canada used a similar process. However, due to much lower adoption of zero and reduced tillage systems, it was deemed more appropriate to discuss a broader range of beneficial soil management practices. These practices included cover crops, residue management, spring versus fall plowing, longer crop rotations, strip cropping and/or terraces, and more efficient nutrient management. Due to the large number of issues discussed, prioritization was not possible. Fortunately, high priorities became evident through more detailed discussions. The meeting in Quebec had a similar practice focus as the majority of the other consultation meetings (e.g. no tillage and ridge tillage). The process at this meeting differed slightly, involving a refereed open discussion leading to consensus-based conclusions. At the Quebec meeting, there was more discussion on issues relating to adoption of these practices, not only the ability to maintain them once initiated. At the Quebec session, there was also significant time spent discussing the definition of tillage systems, and building consensus to develop a definition that was supported by the majority of participants (see Appendix III). At the other meetings, a separate discussion on tillage definitions was not planned, but was rather treated as an issue category identified by producers and discussed in that context. At these other sessions where tillage definitions were discussed to a lesser extent than in Quebec, researchers noted that some producers would have benefited from more deliberate and detailed discussions on this topic. In retrospect, this may have helped generate increased producer interest, even though the planning committees felt it would be premature to establish definitions until all issues had been discussed. C. Organization and Reporting of Issues and Solutions At each meeting, a consensus approach was used to group similar issues into broader categories. The number of categories developed at each meeting ranged from 4 to 8. Even though these categories differed from meeting to meeting, there were some common categories that arose. These included financial (or economic) issues, residue management, pest management, producer awareness/attitude, and government policies. A listing of categories and their priority for each meeting are provided in Appendix IV. For the purposes of preparing a national report, a single set of categories and subcategories were prepared, as shown in Table I. These categories and subcategories are not listed in order of priority, but rather as a logical progression of themes and sub themes. Section I of the Detailed Results (following this summary) provides specific issues and solutions ordered around each category and subcategory for all meetings (except Moncton, New Brunswick (Atlantic region)). The meeting

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source for specific issues and solutions is shown in Appendices I and II. The detailed results for the Moncton meeting are provided in section II under Detailed Results. Since the Quebec (Ste. Hyacinthe) meeting addressed additional issues, these are presented in Appendix III. The information contained in this report is essentially limited to the comments provided by agricultural producers at each consultation. In the detailed section, additional comments are provided by the author, which help explain the issues or solutions. Nevertheless, the issues and solutions presented should not be considered exhaustive, although they could be considered comprehensive since they were generated from a diverse group of zero and reduced tillage producers across Canada. Note: While all reasonable efforts were taken to help clarify any uncertainties or inconsistencies regarding issues and solutions, there can be no guarantee that all information is technically or scientifically applicable for all areas, since much of it is based on perceptions that occurred at a local level. Table 1: Categories and Subcategories used to document issues and solutions Category Subcategory

Inadequate Residue Residue Management Excess Residue

Livestock and Manure Management Nutrient Management

Weed Control Disease Management Insects

Pest Management

Animals Seed Technology

Soil Acidity Soil Texture Drainage and Excess Moisture Soil Compaction

Special Soil Issues

Marginal Soils Perennial Rotations Cover Crops

Special Crop Issues

Horticultural and Specialty Crops Planting and Seeding Equipment General Technology

Excess Moisture Frost Drought

Climate and Weather

Climate Change Increased Annual Input Costs Risk Management Low Prices

Financial

Crop Yield

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Land Tenure and External Interests Resistance to Change Complexity and Steep Learning Curve Wrong Perceptions

Producer Awareness and Attitude

Technical Support Public Awareness and Attitude Agricultural Research Policy and Regulation

Value Eligibility Quantification Baseline Delivery Indirect Emissions

Carbon Credit and GHG Policy Development

Specific Crops Management Flexibility Tillage Definitions Indicators of Tillage System

D. Key Results A variety of zero tillage and broader agricultural issues were raised at each meeting, and many of these issues were discussed at more than one meeting. There were also unique issues raised, especially those that related to specific soil, climatic and cropping factors for a specific region within a province. At each meeting it became evident that some issues were not necessarily unique to zero or reduced tillage systems, but issues common to all producers (e.g. low commodity prices). Therefore, while many issues could have an impact on, or be addressed through, a tillage definition used in a GHG emission reduction protocol, there were other more general issues that have little relation to tillage definitions. Nevertheless, an appreciation for broad-range issues demonstrated the vulnerability of producers to many factors, including those beyond their control, and confirmed the need for flexibility within tillage definitions. While these broader factors may not impact tillage definitions, they should be considered in the development of policies and programs, including GHG emission reductions or removals through the Offset System. It is anticipated that issues relating to crop production (i.e. residue, pests, livestock, manure, seed, nutrients, equipment and special soil/crop) will have the greatest impact on tillage definitions. Broader issues included economics, climate and weather, producer and public awareness/attitude, land tenure, external interests, research and policy (including carbon credit policy).

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Detailed Results Section I: Issues or Management Problems that Constrain a Producer’s

Ability to Maintain a Zero or Reduced Tillage System, and Possible Solutions to Overcome Constraints

(report from all regions, except Atlantic Canada) A. Residue Management

1. Inadequate Residue Issues Even under zero tillage management, there may be instances of inadequate crop residue cover (typically < 30%) from an erosion-protection requirement. This can occur for one or more of the following reasons: a) growing crops that produce low amounts of residues, such as pulses (peas, lentils, chickpeas),

oilseeds (canola, soybean), potatoes, and vegetables; b) harvesting the majority of top growth for livestock feed (hay, silage, or grazing); and c) baling and removing straw for feed, bedding, strawboard, biofuels, etc. The amount of residue required for erosion protection depends partly on the orientation and amount of stubble portion. For example, under tall standing stubble, less residue is required because it is more effective at providing protection. Even under zero tillage management, there may be situations of little standing stubble. These include the following: d) crops harvested close to ground level (e.g. pulses); e) flattening of stubble by rolling recently pulse-seeded fields to smooth field and enable

harvesting close to ground level; f) flattening of stubble by heavy snowfall and ice; and g) destruction of weathered standing/anchored stubble after seeding into chemical fallow. It should be noted that cereal stubble in items e) and f) will be more effective than d) and g), because it will remain anchored and more substantial in amount. Solutions If possible, one can limit the frequency of use of low-residue producing crops in rotation to allow for more carbon accumulation. A number of other beneficial soil management practices can be used to provide erosion protection. These include cover crops and farming narrower fields (i.e. strip farming). Nevertheless, it is recognized that under zero tillage management, there are other positive impacts that result in the soil becoming less erodible. This includes the following:

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a) evidence that N-fixing legume crops in rotation can be help improve soil aggregation; b) undisturbed root systems help to hold soil together; and c) for fields that have been in zero till for a number of years, a thatch layer of partially

decomposed straw develops, which provides some erosion protection.

It was also noted that in areas not prone to drought, inadequate residue is not a common problem. In many cases, removal of straw for even low-residue producing crops still leaves enough residue cover to provide erosion protection. 2. Excess Residue Issues Good residue management in zero tillage systems usually refers to doing a proper job of chopping and spreading straw at harvest, in order to enable good trash clearance, seed/fertilizer placement, and packing at seeding time. A common approach to improving trash clearance has been to increase row spacing. However, this may not be the best solution due to other possible negative impacts of wide-row spacing. Nevertheless, there has been a general trend to use wider-row spacings for zero tillage systems. It is recognized that good residue management is still a challenge under the following circumstances: a) high-straw production of cereal residues in humid and irrigated areas; and b) increasingly wider swaths or straight cut headers. Despite good straw chopping and spreading technology, the cost of this technology is a constraint for some producers. Other problems associated with excess residue include the following: c) cooler and wetter soil conditions that delay seeding and inhibit germination; d) increased susceptibility of young seedlings to early frost damage due to lower ability for soil to

store solar radiation. This is especially noted for canola; e) extra nitrogen fertilizer required to combat increased immobilization; f) increasing thatch layer (amount and depth of partially decomposed crop residue) inhibits good

seed-to-soil contact and contributes to frost risk; g) flax residue continues to be a challenge to manage in a zero tillage system, due to its slow rate

of decomposition and poor trash clearance characteristics. There is a lack of alternate uses for flax straw, and, as a result, burning still occurs to some extent. Burning is usually limited to straw windrows left by the combine, and does not include the anchored stubble portion between the windrows; and

h) ‘hair pinning’ of residue in the seed furrow inhibiting good seed-to-soil contact and wicking of soil moisture away from the seed.

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It was also noted that excess residue problems are usually greater on finer textured soils (e.g. clay), and that excess residue problems are often closely correlated with excess moisture (discussed later under the Climate and Weather sub-section). Solutions Technology now exists to effectively spread straw and chaff. However, financial incentives may be necessary to help some farmers manage the initial capital cost. Nevertheless, it is accepted that even under good straw chopping and spreading, there may still be excess residue problems. Excess residue problems should be anticipated in advance and addressed immediately after harvest. A strong recommendation is that there needs to be flexibility to bale residue, especially cereal straw. Removal of residue is often considered a normal requirement in irrigated and high-moisture areas. While removal of residue from a field may have some immediate negative impacts (i.e. lower carbon inputs and possibly lower carbon sequestration), this is offset considerably by having it re-applied later in the form of livestock manure. Therefore, residue management must be considered in the context of the whole farm. Producers must also consider the value of straw in management decisions. This could involve using the straw for various purposes, including the sale to off-farm users. There is also increasing interest in potential alternate uses to produce biofuels and strawboard. Other potential solutions for managing excess residue include the following: a) consider new equipment designs (e.g. row cleaners); b) do field operations on a warm dry day; c) balance excess/inadequate residue through good crop rotation; and d) more research to develop varieties with shorter straw, earlier maturity, and improved

hardiness.

Finally, it was recognized that residue management improves with more zero tillage experience. However, this won’t eliminate all excess residue problems, and some problems may actually increase over time (e.g. thatch layer). It was also noted that in some cases, excess residue may still be a problem, even after baling straw.

B. Livestock and Manure Management

Issues Producers that operate mixed farms (i.e. crops and livestock) are faced with more challenges in maintaining a zero tillage system than producers who have no livestock. Arguably, the greatest and most obvious challenge is management of solid manure. It is desirable to incorporate solid manure to maximize nutrient management benefits and minimize odour and risk of nutrient movement into water supplies. However, incorporation compromises the zero tillage objective. Therefore, there is a requirement for flexibility within the zero tillage context.

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There are a number of other issues related to livestock and manure management that are unique or exacerbated for zero tillage producers due to the inability to mitigate some of these impacts through tillage. These include the following: a) application of solid manure (with or without incorporation) can contribute to greater weed

problems and risk of herbicide-resistant weeds, due to viable weed seed populations in solid manure;

b) increased soil compaction from manure applicators; c) increased cost associated with modifying liquid manure applicators to direct inject with minimal

soil disturbance; d) increased risk of injected liquid manure (i.e. nutrients) leaching into the water table and tile

drainage through soil macro pores created by zero tillage; e) there is a need to allow for fall grazing of harvested standing stubble fields by cattle. In

addition to the impact of lower residue levels (discussed earlier), cattle can cause negative impacts such as soil compaction and increased surface roughness;

f) manure contains potentially harmful substances such as antibiotics, pathogens, and salt. While not certain, under certain situations these substances may have greater negative impacts under zero tillage (e.g. surface runoff or leaching through macro pores); and

g) best management standards requiring the incorporation of manure as soon as possible (maximum recommended time lapse from six to 24 hrs, depending on situation).

Other manure management issues were noted. However, these are probably not considered unique to a zero tillage or tillage system. These include: h) over application of manure in areas of high livestock concentration; and i) over application of manure associated with lowering application costs, especially with

increased custom applicators. Solutions It is recognized that considerable progress has been made with injecting liquid manure with very low soil disturbance. This system works well and is fully compatible with a zero tillage system. Composting may be a significant solution to improve management of solid manure in zero tillage systems. Benefits of composting within the zero tillage context include killing of weed seeds and pathogen organisms, creating more stable forms of nitrogen, and reducing trash clearance problems. Composting will also help address the more general over-application issue by reducing transportation costs. Applying liquid manure at lower rates is seen as one way to reduce macro pore leaching rates. More research is required on the following: a) improved manure application equipment; b) impact depth of incorporation; and c) how to use solid manure in a zero till system and maintain nutrient efficiency.

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Other solutions that could be applicable to various tillage systems include: d) extend fall, winter and early-spring grazing to reduce requirement for manure handling; and e) more diligent timing of manure application to avoid risky periods.

C. Nutrient Management

Issues

A variety of issues were raised with regard to nutrient management:

a) in humid areas, applying all-nutrient requirements in a one-pass system at seeding time can be logistically difficult, costly, and create greater-than-allowed seedbed disturbance;

b) the price of fertilizer (e.g. nitrogen) is increasing and there is a tendency to under apply nutrients, which may result in lower zero tillage benefits relating to carbon sequestration; and

c) stratification of less mobile nutrients near the soil surface may result in lower soil productivity (root zone) and higher dissolved concentrations in runoff.

Some of the issues raised related to the impact of current and possibly future regulation. The first three items listed below relate specifically to zero tillage, while the latter two could also apply equally to other tillage systems: d) surface broadcasting of nitrogen/manure fits within zero till, but may be regulated against due

to nutrient inefficiency and water quality risk; e) some nutrient management legislation and/or beneficial management practices require

incorporation of applied materials (i.e. manure, non-ag-sourced materials, fertilizer), ranging from a maximum time span of six to 24 hours from time of application;

f) some nutrient management legislation and/or beneficial management practices require pre-tillage when applying nutrients (i.e. manure, non-ag-sourced materials, fertilizer) on tiled land, to prevent nutrient leaching through macro pores;

g) regulations that rely on mandatory soil testing may incorrectly ignore other data sources and not adequately address soil sampling accuracy; and

h) converting to a P-based nutrient management regulation may result in increased costs to the producer due to greater manure transportation and higher N fertilizer requirements.

Despite the tendency to occasionally under apply nutrients, there is also a tendency to over apply. This is more common in humid areas, often where fertilizer is used to supplement high manure application. This issue is not dependant on tillage systems.

Solutions

A number of solutions were presented:

a) applying fertilizer through a narrow opener in a separate operation before or after seeding should be considered part of a zero till system, but fall application may not be acceptable from a nutrient efficiency perspective;

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b) soil testing should be considered part of the solution, despite its limitations. Soil testing should be done regularly and carefully;

c) regulations should be based on good science; d) it is generally perceived that while zero tillage may use more nutrient inputs, it is also more

efficient, resulting in higher economic and environmental benefits; and e) despite the risk of nutrient leaching and loss through macro pores and tile drains, zero till and

tile drainage may mitigate environmental risk due to more uniform and optimal soil conditions for crop growth and nutrient uptake.

D. Pest Management

1. Pest Management – General Issues In general, zero tillage has a greater reliance on pesticide use due to the inability to use tillage as a control option. Some specific management issues within the zero tillage context include: a) short cuts in pest management can be less forgiving because tillage is not an option to control

wrecks; b) increased potential to kill beneficial organisms with increased pesticide use. However, this

impact may be offset by fewer tillage impacts on beneficial organisms; c) greater risk of producer liability due to damages associated with spray drift on neighbour’s

land, resulting from increased pesticide use; d) uncertainty regarding potential for longer persistence and environmental impact (e.g. runoff) of

chemical residues close to the soil surface due to less soil disturbance (e.g. edge); e) inability to use pesticides that require soil incorporation limits producer options; f) certain pest problems become worse under zero tillage (explained more under Specific Pest

Issues); g) greater reliance on crop rotation to manage pests reduces flexibility to take advantage of short-

term crop price changes; and h) decreasing number of pesticide or pesticide options, due to company actions (e.g. bundling

with seed varieties) and increasing government regulation/protocol for pesticide registration, has greater impact on zero tillage systems.

Solutions Crop rotation has long been considered a key requirement, and there is strong consensus that it must continue to be a key part of the solution. Generally, rotations must be longer and more diversified. Inclusion of fall seeded crops is highly beneficial. It is also important to rotate chemical groups to minimize pesticide-resistant organisms. Removal of excess residue will help to reduce pests that thrive under specific, high-residue conditions. There is also a need for more research and development for pest control under a zero tillage system. This research must be non-biased, and consider various alternatives using an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. There must be incentives/mechanisms to encourage private

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companies to develop a broader range of pesticides, including minor-use pesticides and new pesticides tailored for zero tillage of horticultural crops. The pesticide registration process should be improved and streamlined, possibly using the U.S. protocol. Finally, there was some recognition that pesticide issues decrease as experience with zero tillage increases. 2. Weed Control Issues Herbicide resistance is viewed as a very serious issue, which could potentially become catastrophic for zero tillage systems. Generally, the problem is exacerbated by having limited herbicide options, and relying too heavily on glyphosate-based products. Herbicide resistant weeds not only jeopardize current and future weed control options, but also have immediate economic impacts on infested seed and grain. A major impact of zero tillage is changing weed spectrums. There is a general trend to decrease flushes of annual weeds and increase difficult-to-control perennial weeds. Specific problem weeds identified tended to vary across the country. Some examples include downey brome, Japanese brome, cleavers, foxtail barley, dandelion, fall broadleaves, field bindweed, horsetail, buckwheat and dog strangling vine. Finally, raw uncomposted cattle manure creates more weed-control problems for zero tillage systems due to weed seeds found in cattle feed. Solutions While less soil disturbance associated with zero tillage may result in lower weed seed germination, weed control is a critical management issue. The following principles for weed-control management are important to maintain: a) need to clean up weed problems before starting zero tillage; b) fall burndown (burn off) and spring pre-plant weed control are important principles to practice; c) good chaff spreading to ensure uniform germination of weed seeds and volunteers; d) crop rotation is an important tool, especially as one moves to a less-fallow system; e) timeliness of seeding operation to ensure good crop start; and f) attention to controlling perennial weeds. Some additional recommendations included: g) using cover crops to assist with fall weed control; h) improved spraying programs along right of ways. This involves cooperation with non-farming

land owners/managers; and i) more research on controlling weed species that tend to increase under zero tillage

management.

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It was also noted that while creating new herbicide options to deal with the herbicide-resistant issue is important, a broader integrated approach is required over the long term. 3. Disease Management Issues Under zero tillage systems, there is a greater incidence of residue-borne diseases, due to higher residue conservation and slower residue breakdown. This problem is exacerbated under humid or irrigated scenarios. Some diseases are impacted by external factors that are beyond a producer’s control. An example includes fusarium in imported corn used in Alberta feedlots that can spread via manure or wind. While this poses a potential problem for all producers, it could have greater impacts for zero tillers. Solutions Aside from diligent management and crop-rotation techniques, no additional solutions were presented. 4. Insect Management A number of insect pests can be more serious under zero tillage, due to associations with increased residue and the inability to use tillage as a control method. The only specific example mentioned was sawfly, and no specific solutions were mentioned. 5. Other Animal Pests Issues Slugs can be a more serious problem under zero tillage in Ontario, due to higher moisture and excessive residue conditions. In the Prairie region, gophers and badgers can become a more serious issue for zero tillage systems, due to the inability to disturb/destroy habitat/burrows through tillage. The problem is most serious when converting perennial forage stands to annual crop. These pests cause problems not only from a crop damage perspective, but also by causing severe surface roughness to the point that farm machinery cannot be operated safely. A third issue involves crop damage and feeding by deer, mice and squirrels. While it is unclear if this problem is worse under zero tillage systems, it is reasonable to speculate that increased over-winter feeding damage of unharvested crops may be greater due to increased snow cover protection for small rodents.

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Solutions In the past, there have been environmental pressures to deregister some effective rodenticides. There is a need for improved rodenticides and custom rodent control programs.

E. Seed Technology

Discussion of seed technology focused primarily around Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) varieties and the bundling of seed and crop inputs (i.e. pesticides) with new varieties. It was acknowledged that these systems tended to work well within a zero tillage system because of their reliance on pesticides rather than tillage for pest control. Nevertheless, these developments were leading to a decreased seed gene pool, increasingly confined to GMO, loss of pesticide options, and potential for cross pollination between GMO and non-GMO varieties. While farmers may be able to adapt, there is greater future risk associated with having fewer management options. It was perceived that part of the reason for this trend is the high cost of seed and product development/registration. In some cases, a GMO system may involve alternative pest control methods (e.g. IPM), which may reduce the need for a pesticide. Aside from this, no specific solutions were raised, except for those already discussed under the pest management section.

F. Special Soil and Crop Issues

1. Soil Acidity Certain agricultural soils (especially in humid areas) are naturally acidic and require periodic application of lime to raise the soil pH to a level suitable for crop production. Traditionally, lime has been incorporated with tillage to maximize its effectiveness. There is also a separate concern related to the trend for certain fertilizers to have a slight acidifying effect on the soil. Under zero tillage, this effect may be concentrated closer to the soil surface due to the lack of soil disturbance. Zero tillage may need some flexibility to allow for periodic incorporation of lime. Alternatively, lime could be applied at lower rates and more often with less incorporation. However, it is possible that this method may not effectively maintain suitable soil pH. 2. Soil Texture It is recognized that in humid environments, clay soils are more difficult to manage in a zero tillage system due to increased problems related to excess moisture and crop residue, and cool soil temperatures. These problems are much less frequent or non-existent in sandy and loam soil types.

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3. Soil Drainage and Excess Moisture In some regions of Canada, soil drainage is required to enable annual crop production. A change to a zero tillage system can sometimes create a stronger need for soil drainage, especially on clay soils and where producers also rely on tillage to dry out the soil in preparation for seeding. Proper drainage enables timely seeding and other field operations which result in uniform crop establishment, development and maturity. These positive agronomic benefits also result in greater nutrient uptake by crops and increased biomass production. This could result in other environmental benefits such as reduced risk of nutrient movement due to lower residual soil nutrient levels after harvest, and higher soil carbon sequestration. Irrigation of non-uniform soils and landscapes can also create excess moisture problems which are hard to manage in a zero tillage system. Other water control structures related to surface or subsurface flow may also contribute to reducing excess water and, thereby, improving zero tillage viability. 4. Soil Compaction Soil compaction is related to drainage and soil texture, and becomes a problem sooner with wet clay soils. Often zero tillage equipment is larger than conventional, which can exacerbate the problem. Tillage is often used to break up compacted soil. 5. Marginal Soils Some land is inherently marginal, while other land becomes marginal through poor management. While zero tillage can improve the productivity of marginal soils, the cost may not justify the small incremental benefits. Some marginal land (e.g. saline, steep slopes, excessively stony or wet, sandy soils in arid areas) should instead be seeded to perennial forage. Nevertheless, it is recognized that zero tillage can reduce the cost of stone removal by not disturbing the soil surface. 6. Perennial Rotations Using a zero tillage system, there are increased costs and the requirement for flexible management (e.g. tillage) associated with going from a perennial to annual crop. This tillage is probably more than offset by the increased carbon sequestered by the perennial crop. Perennial crops in rotation also provide other benefits such as pest control and support for a growing livestock sector. Perennial crops in rotation may not work everywhere, but many are often suited to sub-marginal land. 7. Cover Crops Cover crops can compliment a zero tillage system, but general constraints that are common to all tillage systems include cost, late harvest of preceding crop, and lack of research into the practice. Unique to a zero tillage system is how to incorporate unharvested residues into the soil without tillage. One way to reduce costs is to use cheap, out-of-date seed sources. As nutrient

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management and source-water protection develop, cover crops may become a more necessary part of managing certain cropping systems. 8. Horticultural and Specialty Crops Issues A number of high-value horticultural crops require considerable tillage or soil disturbance in their management protocol (e.g. potatoes, sugar beets, beans, sunflowers and vegetables). These protocols are often set through contracts with crop-processing companies that have high-quality standards (e.g. zero contaminants, purity perception, food grade liability). Tillage is perceived to support this high quality, as it not only kills pests but buries any evidence (e.g. weed trash). Tillage management is also seen as important to maintain crop uniformity and critical dates for crop establishment to meet rigid harvesting objectives. Sometimes there is little flexibility in management, especially at harvest time, due to the highly perishable nature of some crops and the need to meet processing quotas. A typical problem is large ruts created by large machines that harvest vegetable crops regardless of soil conditions (i.e. wet). These types of crops are often grown on irrigated land where high income is required to justify the capital investment. Contracted horticultural crops typically provide considerably higher income for producers than more traditional field crops. Solutions Contracting companies often do not consider the long-term implications of declining soil productivity. In fact, there are some examples where companies have relocated to new areas once the soil has degraded to the point where producers cannot meet production quotas. There may be some potential to work with company agrologists to consider and develop other cropping systems that work within a zero tillage context. However, these opportunities pose additional challenges that may not be worth pursuing due to the relatively small acreage of land in horticultural production. The main exception would be potatoes which occupy a considerably larger acreage. There may also be other beneficial soil management practices, such as cover crops, which may have greater potential than zero tillage for horticultural cropping systems. 9. Organically-Grown Crops Organically-grown crops do not fit within a zero tillage system due to the high dependency on tillage. Despite the perceived food safety benefits of organically-grown crops, there is uncertainty of the greenhouse gas impact. For example, the increased use of cover crops is counteracted by increased tillage and fuel use.

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10. Headland Management It is recognized that even under zero tillage management, overlap of field operations occurs on headlands. This results in somewhat higher levels of soil disturbance. This problem is minor, but can nevertheless be lessened through Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance or tracking systems.

G. Planting and Seeding Equipment

Issues Historically, effective planting and seeding equipment was a critical issue, but technological advancements have solved many of the problems and enabled the practice to succeed. Nevertheless, the zero till drill itself can be a constraint for producers who want to get into the system for the following reasons: a) high initial cost of zero till drill is especially hard for small producers or for producers zero tilling

small areas; b) availability of dealer rentals to try out may be tight; and c) need to experiment with different opener, row spacing and packing systems to determine best

outcome for range of soils and crop types. This experimental stage can be challenging, considering that the optimum window for seeding time is much narrower with zero till (due to delays in drying and warming, as discussed earlier) and seedbed mismanagement is less forgiving than conventional systems.

At the same time, there may be a need to maintain conventional equipment to deal with transition or flexibility issues, which can increase overall equipment cost.

Solutions In addition to the vast technological improvements, it was felt that the following factors were already contributing to solving these issues: a) equipment longevity has improved due to better quality and lower-use rate; b) reduced tractor horsepower requirement; c) fewer number of complete equipment implements required under zero till; and d) increasing supply of good used equipment. Nevertheless, further improvements could be made in the following ways: e) investment tax credits for zero till drills; f) improved options for equipment rentals for small producers; and g) more research and development to improve adaptations to handle one-pass seed and

fertilizer.

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H. Technology

Issues While technological breakthroughs have been critical to the success of zero tillage, new technology creates some significant challenges. The following are some examples: a) increasingly complex and requires expert advice, often from large multinational companies; b) new technology is most effective, but also the most expensive, thereby increasing financial

risk; and c) technology-use agreements (e.g. seed/herbicide bundles) restrict management options, and

TUAs are not consistent internationally, resulting in market inequities. Solutions No specific solutions were documented. However, it was emphasized that further technological advancements are to be expected. Recent examples include precise tracking for inter row seeding and GPS tracking systems to reduce overlap/misses.

I. Climate and Weather Issues 1. General Issues Climate and weather issues are significant for all producers regardless of tillage system. Recommended cropping practices for regions and local areas are based on long-term climate and weather trends, and zero till managers have developed sustainable cropping systems to fit into these climate/weather trends. Nevertheless, it is recognized that fluctuations from normal weather patterns within and between years occur regularly and create issues for all producers, including zero tillers. This entire section deals primarily with these fluctuations. These fluctuations are a concern because of the inability of weather forecasters to accurately predict growing-season weather more than a day or two in advance. Solutions Regardless of tillage system, producers must constantly adjust their management method in response to weather. Many of the adjustments required by zero tillage producers fit within the context of this system (e.g. change the timing or type of pesticide used). However, some flexibility may be required (i.e. occasional tillage) to adapt to these fluctuations since they are beyond a producer’s control. There is also a need for better, long-term climate / weather data and interpretation for zero tillage management, and local weather forecasting.

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2. Drought Issues Drought is a concern primarily in the brown and dark-brown soil zone of the Prairie region. The practice of zero tillage can help mitigate drought by conserving soil moisture through less soil disturbance, and maintaining standing stubble for better snow trap and micro climate during drying winds. However, even well-managed zero tilled crops can fail under severe drought conditions. This can lead to serious erosion risk due to very low crop residue production. The problem is exacerbated with crop rotations that include low-residue producing crops such as pulses, and also with soil types that include heavy clays and sandy soil textures. Drought negatively affects a producer’s ability to carry through on zero till plans by reducing income and resources required to implement, and forcing changes in crop rotation and fallow frequency. Solutions Within a zero tillage system, current options include chemical fallow and irrigation development. 3. Excess Moisture Issues Excess moisture problems have already been discussed in previous sections under residue management, clay soils and drainage. Excess moisture can be an ongoing systemic problem (e.g. Red River Valley of Manitoba) or it can be a periodic issue (most regions of Canada). Some other specific issues related to excess moisture are: a) inability to do pre-seeding tillage to dry out the soil can result in delayed seeding, plugged seed

runs, and over packing; b) field operations can create ruts during wet conditions, which require subsequent tillage to

smooth/level out; c) inaccessibility results in delays in timeliness of herbicide application or crop harvest that may

lead to fewer options other than tillage to deal with subsequent problems (e.g. advanced weed growth);

d) zero tillage under excess moisture conditions may lead to higher water tables, which may eventually contribute to increased salinity. However, zero tillage in semi-arid regions often results in lower water tables and less salinity, associated with decreased fallow (extended crop rotations) and more efficient water use; and

e) perceived that increased soil organic matter, resulting from zero till, may contribute to excess moisture for some soil types (i.e. peat effect).

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Solutions Some flexibility is required to occasionally use tillage to level ruts and dry fields. Low lying fields that are routinely too moist should be seeded to perennial forage rather than annually cropped. Low lying and saline areas seeded to perennial forage also help to increase water uptake, lower water table, reduce salinity, and reduce excess water on adjacent annual cropland. 4. Frost

Increased residue cover reduces absorption of solar radiation during the daytime, and lowers the emission of thermal energy from warmed soils at night time. This leads to increased frost risk, especially in areas with a short growing season. 5. Climate Change Uncertainty with regard to climate change creates increased risk for the viability of zero tillage over the long term. There is potential that a significant change could jeopardize the entire zero tillage system in some areas. There is a need for a long-term climate change strategy/policy, which includes more research and improved indicators. There is a continual need to adapt crop insurance programs to climate change and weather variability.

J. Financial Issues Financial issues are viewed as a major constraint by most producers regardless of tillage system. Some issues that impact all producers regardless of tillage system are: a) reduced competition in the ag-supply sector leads to increased input prices; b) input packaging and pricing options increasingly favor the large producer; c) low crop and farm commodity prices; farmers are price takers not setters; farm production

does not reflect true market signals, but is influenced too much by government policy, including international;

d) lack of farmer-controlled value added; and e) decreasing ability to control costs and prices leads to more off-farm work. Producers view adoption of their zero tillage system as a positive adaptative response to difficult financial constraints. However, the economic efficiencies gained through zero tillage have been eroded through further increases in costs and decreases in prices. The following specific financial issues unique to the zero tillage system were also raised: f) since pesticides / fertilizer are significant and increasing up front cash costs, these are the first

to be cut. Cutting corners in these areas has greater negative implications for zero tillage than conventional tillage;

g) related to the above is the idea of higher financial risk associated with zero tillage. High transition / initial costs must be recouped in a fairly short-term period to remain financially viable;

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h) lower crop yields can be expected at start up and through the transition period, due to sub-optimal management through the learning process. Yields should recover and, in many cases, increase on zero till due to higher soil productivity. However, in wetter areas, zero-till induced excess moisture can delay seeding and reduce yields and long-term crop insurance coverage. This is also considered a significant deterrent for new producers trying zero tillage; and

i) greater requirement for tile drainage under a zero tillage system is a large capital investment that is difficult to invent.

Solutions A wide range of options were discussed and presented. At the outset, there was recognition for examples where a zero tillage system may actually lower of some costs. These included: a) lower labour and fuel costs; b) lower nitrogen fertilizer requirement by increased use of legume and pulse crops (Note: This

option may be most relevant in the semi-arid Prairie region where moisture conservation techniques, such as zero tillage, are required to grow low-residue-producing crops such as lentils); and

c) lower fertilizer costs due to more efficient utilization in a zero tillage system (Note: This option may be most relevant in humid areas where producers have traditionally applied large amounts of fertilizer in conventional tillage systems).

It was felt that producers should be made aware in advance of changes in cash flow, capital, risk and income as a result of changing to a zero tillage system. There was also a need for careful planning in these areas, and support for financial incentives. In the past, incentives have assisted with adoption of zero tillage. Future incentives should also consider assistance to maintain the zero tillage system. Additionally, there was a desire for incentives for tile drainage, which should consider rented land as eligible. Other suggestions that would be applicable under various tillage systems included efforts to raise the international floor price of wheat, and reduce fertilizer cost through more efficient manure application.

K. Land Tenure and External Interests 1. Land Tenure There is an increasing trend of land being farmed or managed by a renter rather than the landowner. Increasingly, the landowner is becoming less involved and knowledgeable about farm management, especially where the owner has purchased the property as an investment for speculative higher economic value, based on non-agricultural future use. There is a need for improved/documented/long-term landowner/renter agreements that enable the renter to apply good management and a long-term investment. Cash agreements are preferred over income-sharing agreements, since they reduce landowner risk and provide greater management flexibility for the renter.

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Another important land tenure trend is increasing farm size (i.e. acreage of cropland). While this presents management challenges for all farmers, the zero tillage system has enabled producers to manage more land due to fewer field operations and lower labour costs. Nevertheless, the narrow window for many critical tasks can negatively impact timeliness of operations. 2. External Interests Activities of non-agricultural companies (e.g. energy sector) on agricultural land often result in poor stewardship of the soil resource and inadequate damage compensation, both of which can constrain the success of zero till. For example, it is more difficult to adjust to the impact of poor pest management on well sites and pipeline right of ways. In some jurisdictions (e.g. Ontario), regulations require the incorporation of applied organic wastes from non-agricultural sources (e.g. municipal and industrial biosolids and sludges), which compromises the zero tillage system.

L. Producer Awareness and Attitude Issues 1. Resistance to Change Resistance to change is seen as a major constraint for some producers to initiate the practice of zero tillage. In some cases, this can also be a constraint to maintain the zero tillage system, especially if success is not achieved within the first few years. Some specific factors related to resistance to change are: a) older farmers with a small land base are risk averse for good reason, to avoid a large capital

investment; b) it’s harder to move to zero tillage in local areas with a low adoption rate due to increased peer

pressure; c) pride of ownership and independence is a constraint to consider non-traditional options (e.g.

rental equipment or custom work), which can often help to make zero till work; d) greater risk at the beginning often feeds resistance to change. Fear of change results in

greater perceived risk, rather than real risk; and e) producers of traditional, high-disturbance systems (e.g. horticulture and potatoes) are more

resistant to change. 2. Complexity There is strong agreement that the zero tillage system involves greater complexity in terms of technology, capitalization and management, and that some producers have difficulty adapting to this increased complexity. Producers should not view zero tillage as a get-rich quick scheme, but as a system that requires increased knowledge, wisdom and patience. There is a knowledge gap between age groups / generations, and younger producers are often more willing to learn new ideas. However, it is not easy to bridge the generation gap.

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There is a lack of information on many complex issues discussed in this report (i.e. soil compaction, poor drainage, cool soil temperature, and biomass production). The information or training available is often not suited to the environmental conditions facing zero till producers. Adapting to increased complexity can be constrained by the need to balance with other demands and priorities, such as other aspects of the farm operation, market conditions, government policy, off-farm work, and personal goals. In other words, increasing complexity can create time constraints, which can have serious impacts due to the timeliness requirement of many zero tillage practices. Finally, there is an important recognition that many of the issues and constraints facing zero till producers change over time. Some of this is a natural progression as experience grows, and one impact leads to another. Other issues may be external to the zero tillage system or the farm operation. Therefore, there is a high degree of complexity related to the dynamic nature of issues that need to be addressed. 3. Wrong Perceptions Sometimes producers may have wrong perceptions about specific aspects of the zero tillage system. While they are supportive of the system and are making a change towards that system, wrong perceptions can impact the ability to succeed. Some specific examples include the following: a) crop residue is often perceived as an enemy rather than a friend. This can result in a lack of

understanding on how to handle excess residue; b) some livestock producers would rather be cutting hay than side dressing nitrogen on zero till

crops, when the economic benefit of the latter may be greater; c) too much emphasis on maintaining high-corn yields. Under a zero tillage system, corn yields

may decline slightly, but higher profit may still justify the system due to greater reduction of costs (e.g. fuel, labour); and

d) creating awareness of the need for zero tillage, based on environmental protection goals, can lead to feelings of guilt – rarely a positive motivation for change.

4. Technical Support There is less and less technical support available to producers in the field. Where local farm conservation clubs exist, most hire young agronomists with little expertise and whose responsibilities focus more on administrative duties, such as drawing up plans and budgets. At the same time, there is an increasing network of ag-supply dealers who provide advice at the field level. However, their advice is often biased since their profit is more linked to sales volume rather than environmental protection. It is unfortunate that a considerable number of agricultural media still print articles promoting conventional practices that are not suited for environmental protection. Solutions Increasing knowledge leads to increased acceptance of the system/practices and successful implementation. Knowledge is obtained through experience and education. There is a need for greater knowledge of the entire system from production to marketing, and one can learn from

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organic producers to take a more holistic approach. At the same time, the following specific areas were identified where increased knowledge and/or a change in mindset were required: a) the need to change and emphasize crop rotation as an integral part of the zero tillage system; b) making cover crops work within the zero tillage system; and c) managing manure as a valuable resource, not a waste, within the zero tillage system. It was also emphasized that patience was a key and necessary ingredient to provide enough time to gain knowledge and experience. It was suggested that a gradual change to reduced till and (eventually) zero till may facilitate this process more effectively than an abrupt change from full-to-zero tillage in a short period. There should be continued support for extension/awareness/education/training programs. Some specific suggestions regarding these types of initiatives are as follows: d) work through technology transfer services provided by non-government organizations such as

local producer groups; e) utilize farm innovators that lead by example; f) hire more people to provide practical technical services/assistance in the field to develop and

refine conservation practices; g) training program(s) suited to new aspects of environmental protection; h) involve all members of the farm operation to bridge the generation gap issue; i) need for an information tool – a soil conservation farm magazine; and j) target the ag-supply/sales sector to change mindset, allowing one to consider environmental

protection goals in their farm recommendations. Finally, it was perceived that increased adoption of zero tillage was a contributing factor to a trend of poor managers being weeded/bought out. Therefore, over time producer awareness and attitude toward issues should decline.

M. Public Awareness and Attitude Issues Public awareness and attitude is considered important as it shapes policy development. There is also a need to distinguish between the public that lives close to the farm and the broader public. Generally, there is poor public awareness / perception of the agriculture industry, which hurts all producers, not only those practicing zero tillage. There are a number of more specific issues that negatively impact zero tillage. Many of these issues, (listed below) illustrate that there is no clear consensus on how the general public views zero tillage: a) a good portion of the public understands zero tillage conceptually, including the benefits (GHG

and erosion control). However, most people don’t understand the complexity of zero tillage and other farming issues that farmers encounter;

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b) public concern for the use of pesticides and how they impact on food safety and environmental protection may give zero tillage a bad reputation, even though it may be more sustainable in how it manages pesticides than conventional systems;

c) increased market demands for non-GMO and pesticide-free production is not compatible with zero tillage;

d) negative GMO perception does not take into account positive impacts for both producer and society (e.g. improved pharmaceuticals and vitamins);

e) some traditional perception remains that tillage provides a means to attain purity standards or reduce contaminants in the food system; and

f) there is growing public support to protect the environment, including soil conservation. However, this leads to greater support for regulation.

Solutions There is a need for greater public support for agriculture and zero tillage, in particular greater support from the major players in the agriculture industry. More awareness/education/information resources/programs are required in order to achieve this. The hog industry has enjoyed steady progress towards this effort, from which we can learn some lessons. The focus should be on zero tillage successes and environmental benefits. The Kyoto protocol has pushed support for zero tillage for a number of years, and large final emitters view farm BMPs as a good public-perception vehicle to reduce GHGs. There is also a need for public awareness and education on the benefits of manure as it relates to agricultural production. Manure management is somewhat of a separate issue, although it can also be dealt within the context of zero tillage.

N. Research

Issues Agricultural research is critical for the future success of the sector as a whole. A number of issues were raised which apply to zero tillage, but also to other farming practices/systems: a) there is general concern over a lack of appropriate research, and the research that is taking

place is increasingly paid for by producers through check offs – research which producers are unfairly paying for through seed technology contracts;

b) farming systems and technologies are continually changing, resulting in more emerging issues which need to be researched;

c) lack of a systems approach. This is a huge cost challenge since research must be a multi-disciplinary, multi-site and multi-year process;

d) increasing reluctance to use public funds to support on-farm research, in conflict with increasing public support for regulatory requirements that impact the farmer directly;

e) the network of experimental farms and long-term research sites are constantly shrinking. At the same time, researchers affiliated with these research programs are becoming less attuned to the needs of agricultural producers;

f) too much focus on yield, not enough on economics and environmental impacts. Some costs/benefits difficult to measure, so ignoring economics may be an easy way out; and

g) cost of research increasing greatly, contributing to lower support of research by industry and government.

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With regard to the zero tillage system specifically, there is a lack of research on the long-term impacts. There is also a lack of understanding on the impact of cover crops on total GHG emission reductions or removals.

Solutions Research can be improved in how it is conducted (i.e. structures) and what issues are addressed. A new research structure is required with producer group control and input. There is a need for field-scale farm sites and extension specialists to link the researcher with the producer. Farmers need to be empowered to do on-farm research. Research must use a systems approach that considers crop rotation, cover crops, pests, economics, periodic tillage, and soil health. It was also suggested that much could be learned by inputting on-farm project data from the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Program into the AAFC Model Farm tool. Specific issues that should be researched include the following: a) identify long-term economic and environmental benefits; b) secure good, reliable baseline data on economics; c) investigate a flexible zero till system for horticultural crops; and d) need a better understanding of all soil-management impacts on GHG emission reductions or

removals (i.e. CO2 and N2O), not just zero tillage. O. Policy and Regulation

Issues Agricultural policies, programs and regulations have a large impact on the producer’s bottom line. It is difficult to accept that government support for agriculture often seems less than other issues, as a result of agriculture’s continued downward spiral. Some specific policy, programs or regulatory issues that directly impact zero tillage are: a) policies and regulations create incremental costs towards farm production and the zero till

system, neither of which can be offset in the short term; b) over the past 20 years, some programs have not supported positive change for sustainable

soil management. In other words, some programs, such as crop insurance, have provided greater support for producers who maintain status-quo conventional practices;

c) there has been a lack of program/policy support to help producers make the transition from conventional to conservation practices;

d) government support for organic farming seems to contradict zero tillage goals; e) manure management regulations on nutrient application can constrain a producer’s ability to

maintain a zero till system. Refer to examples under the nutrient management section;

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f) specific import regulations restrict ability to research new crop, products or land practices that would benefit zero tillage; and

g) inconsistent regulations (i.e. Canada does not allow imports of fusarium-infected seed, but has no restrictions on imports of fusarium-infected feed).

Solutions Future policy development must demonstrate a greater political will to support agriculture in general. Following are a number of suggested solutions that could positively impact zero tillage. Some of these are related, and they are listed in order from general to specific: a) future programs should be designed to support good soil management (i.e. don’t force good

managers to change what they do to be eligible for programs); b) prefer carrot (incentive) rather than the stick (regulation) approach; c) change public policy to enable more taxpayer support for society benefits, such as soil

conservation and wildlife habitat; d) policy development required to secure international recognition (i.e. certification); e) addressing financial issues (i.e. business risk) as first priority will provide best chance of BMP

adoption in the long term; f) consider environmental insurance (i.e. if zero till fails, there would be a payout); g) consider integration of zero till incentives into crop insurance programs; h) greater producer involvement in lobbying work; i) legislated minimum requirements for biofuels in fuel mixtures would increase market demand

and assist with zero tillage-friendly production systems; j) if legislated, incorporation of non-agricultural wastes is not allowed / supported under zero

tillage. Instead, other incentives should support this; k) converting marginal annual crop land to perennial forage requires a more substantial federal

cost-share program than past efforts; and l) provide a progressive (pro rated) per hectare incentive to farmers who have adopted

agricultural conservation practices. The incentive could recognize different practices according to their environmental effects, and subsidize them according their environmental benefits.

Based on the above suggestions, there appears to be some disagreement to what extent government support should be targeted to support good soil management practices versus general support for agriculture. While there seemed to be general agreement to not support cross compliance (e.g. link all government support, including business risk, to good environmental performance), some producers felt there needed to be a greater percentage of government support linked to good soil management (e.g. Quebec).

P. GHG and Carbon Credit Policy Development Issues A large number of issues were raised in relation to the development of GHG and carbon credit policies that may impact producers. There has been a lot of past speculation in this area, and it

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has taken considerable time to develop these policies, given the complexities of being able to provide recognition for GHG emission removals and reductions. At the time of these consultations, it was fairly clear that zero tillage producers would be able to participate through the Offset System. However, there were many issues that could not be answered because the OS Design Paper had not yet been released. Also, it was mentioned that a soil management technical working group (SMTWG) would be developing a standard protocol to improve the efficiency of how carbon credits would be provided to producers for soil management practices. Despite these new developments, there was a feeling of growing impatience and skepticism by many producers, due to the slowness of this process and the potentially low-market value and economic benefit that may result. Specific concerns regarding these issues are listed below: 1. Eligibility Issues a) Who owns the carbon credits; b) who are the carbon credit buyers; and c) more incentives for late adopters is not fair. 2. Quantification Issues

a) Explain the sensitivity of carbon coefficient variation between regions / soil

types; b) lower carbon coefficients in eastern Canada does not seem consistent with much higher biomass production; c) there is a limit on how much carbon can be sequestered and this may be a problem if it is less than native perennial vegetation; d) difficult to measure or quantify small changes; e) if you use a measurement approach, how do you handle a carbon loss in the short term; f) difficult to establish accurate baselines in terms of carbon in the soil; and g) what will be measured: changes in soil carbon, or changes in farm practice? 3. Delivery Issues a) No clear methodology on how carbon credits will be paid; b) no clear federal policy or certification body; and c) how to handle existing carbon credits when land tenure changes.

4. Indirect Emission a) Will all other farm activities that impact GHG emission be considered; b) are there penalties for farmers who are net emitters? Will participation in GHG programs make

them more accountable as emitters; and c) who is responsible for emissions created during fertilizer production?

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5. Specific Crop Issues a) Some might suggest that continuous corn provides the greatest carbon production

(sequestration), but this is not a recommended rotation; and b) current lack of recognition of carbon credit benefits of perennial forages in rotation with annual

crops and other good soil management BMPs. 6. Other Issues a) Governments view farmers as a solution to solve their Kyoto requirement. While this can be

positive, years of speculation with few deliverables increase the perception of farmers becoming political pawns;

b) making a carbon credit transaction is risky due to unknown future implications; c) large final emitters from Canada are purchasing carbon credits outside the country. We are

lagging behind, and exporting value-added dollars; d) perception that government-owned Crown land may receive greatest GHG credit benefit, due

to large area of native grass and trees sequestering carbon; e) GHG-removal practices, such as woodlots and native perennial vegetation, may provide higher

carbon credits, but impede agricultural production due to greater uptake by non-farming landowners who leave land idle; and

f) government support for the status quo in the auto industry (high emission vehicles) not consistent with GHG reduction goals.

Solutions 1. Baseline Suggestions a) Must provide incentive for current zero till producer to continue storing carbon, and receive

credit for early adoption; b) baseline should not be based on time, but rather at conventional practice regardless of when it

occurred; and c) baseline should go back to when Kyoto was first created (i.e. 1990), at the very minimum. 2. Quantification Suggestions a) Ensure regional differences, based on soil and climate, are adequately built into coefficients; b) need to account for all GHG, not just carbon sink; c) coefficient approach better than measurement due to cost and uncertainty of measurement; d) should consider farm-audit approach with a system of pluses and minuses; e) some support to provide recognition for individual producer records (i.e. crop yield). Crop

insurance records already exist, which may credit a producer for higher-than-local area yields, but this would increase vulnerability due to natural disaster impacts; and

f) a carbon credit value of $20/acre would be reasonable, depending on other factors.

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3. Delivery Suggestions a) Some disagreement over single versus multiple programs; some feel single program should

deal with all issues, while others feel there should be opportunity for more than one program where producers could choose how to get paid for GHG emission reductions;

b) tax break is simplest method for government incentive for GHG reduction; c) payments should go to land manager, not owner; and d) annual payments (temporary credits) are better than one-time payments (permanent credit). 4. Other Suggestions a) Appropriate penalties for large final emitters would increase carbon credit value for producers; b) carbon credit policy should ensure projects help maintain agricultural production, not leave

land idle; and c) maintain Canada’s agricultural involvement in international Kyoto developments, such as ISO,

leakage, surplus, etc.

Q. Tillage Definitions

During the introductory presentation, it was mentioned that information regarding issues and management problems that constrain a producer’s ability to maintain a zero tillage system would be used to develop improved tillage definitions to be used in the Offset System. It was also mentioned that the current definition of zero tillage, used in the PERRL pilot program, needed to be made more flexible. It was envisioned that the issues and suggested solutions raised at the meetings would help guide the decision on how to make it more flexible. The intent of the meeting was to not discuss future definitions in detail, because we first needed to understand the issues. Nevertheless, at most meetings producers felt that the definitions were of high importance and that they wanted to provide some input. Therefore, this discussion was allowed in the context of one of the issue areas that might constrain a producer’s ability to maintain the practice. 1. General Comments a) producer input into definitions is important; b) consider regional differences such as soil and climate; c) keep the definition simple; d) perception that government is looking for a simple solution to a complex problem; e) hard to create a definition for erosion-control criteria; f) if nutrient efficiency is part of the definition, how do we define it, and from whose perspective –

farmer or public; g) definitions must be quantifiable and verifiable; and h) definitions should achieve two criteria: carbon sink and erosion control. Carbon sink is not

only for GHG benefit, but also for general soil health/productivity, based on building soil organic matter.

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2. Management Flexibility

Zero tillage cannot be viewed as one practice on a single field, but should be defined within a systems approach that considers multiple fields and years within the context of the entire farm’s management. Producers accept terms such as direct seeding and soil management more readily than zero tillage, since the latter infers little flexibility. An inflexible definition is particularly a problem for mixed farms that produce perennial forages and livestock, in addition to annual crops. It is also a problem for farms that grow horticulture or special crops (e.g. potatoes, sugar beets, beans, vegetables, etc.) in rotation with more traditional field crops (cereals, corn, oilseeds, pulses). An inflexible definition also forces current good managers to adapt to a program that is not beneficial to the farm or environment in the long term. One key point: A flexible definition is acceptable as long as it supports a sustainable farming system. Definitions should fit with good soil management practices that many farm managers are already implementing, even if that is reduced tillage as opposed to zero tillage. Nevertheless, one should consider different levels of payment for different levels of management. Note: It was mentioned during the presentation that some flexibility could be achieved by providing credit for two practices: zero tillage and reduced tillage. However, it was strongly recommended that, even in this scenario, there was a need to make the zero tillage definition more flexible than what is currently used in PERRL.

3. Indicators of Tillage System and Definitions under a Coefficient Approach It was mentioned during the presentation that, under a coefficient approach for quantification, it is necessary to monitor and verify the farm practices that occurred to determine the tillage system used. Three key indicators of zero tillage farm practices were described: ♦ crop residue cover (% of soil surface covered by previous crop residue after seeding), various conservation tillage systems, including zero till, have traditionally required at least 30% ground cover; ♦ % standing stubble (% of previous crop stubble that was left standing immediately after harvest, that is still standing after seeding), % standing stubble values for zero tillage could range from 50% to 66% (PERRL uses 50%); and ♦ seedbed disturbance (% of soil surface disturbed by the seeding implement). The following are some comments regarding these indicators: a) trying to measure crop residue cover or standing stubble may be challenging; b) cannot use crop residue cover as the only indicator of zero tillage due to the low-residue

production of some crops; c) consider average residue cover over one rotation cycle, rather than single point in time; d) stubble should be evaluated by % anchored rather than % standing, since heavy snow pack

can flatten otherwise undisturbed stubble;

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e) % seedbed utilization (or disturbance) is a better indicator than fixed-opener width, due to varying row spacing. If seedbed utilization is based on the combined effect of opener type and row spacing, that is acceptable;

f) basing a definition of zero tillage on a single critical amount of residue or soil disturbance is dangerous. This definition does not account for differences in soil, climate, crops and management flexibility required. Need research to justify varying critical levels of soil disturbance or residue levels for different soil, climate, crop type, etc.; and

g) Quebec producers were comfortable in recommending a definition based on an indicator of a fixed amount of residue. In humid areas such as Quebec, it is possible to consistently achieve good levels of residue production, so it is feasible to achieve this goal. Two management systems were defined: Extreme Conservation (i.e. zero tillage) – provides maximum protection by eliminating fall tillage and maintaining 30% ground cover after seeding; and Moderate Conservation (i.e. reduced tillage) – provides moderate protection by reducing fall tillage and maintaining 20% ground cover after seeding.

4. Specific Comments a) Be more concerned with the net impact on carbon sequestration, rather than on the activities

that are needed to achieve it since activities must allow flexibility. This may support the measurement approach;

b) does below-ground undisturbed crop residue have any impact on this topic (e.g. reduced erodibility due to improved organic matter);

c) speed of operation has a large impact on meeting indicators; d) ability to adapt seeding equipment to meet soil disturbance requirements may be difficult for a

person who rents or uses custom seeders; e) periodic zero tillage into a previous low-residue producing stubble makes sense in non-

traditional high moisture areas such as the Red River valley; f) how does inclusion of potatoes with heavy tillage once every four years in a zero tillage system

impact definition; and g) allow for fall strip tillage in wheat stubble in Ontario.

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Section II: Issues or Management Problems that Constrain a Producer’s Ability to Maintain Various Beneficial Soil Management Practices, and Possible Solutions to Overcome Constraints (report from Atlantic Canada meeting in Moncton, New

Brunswick) A. Cover Crops 1. Definition: Cover crops are crops normally planted in fall after the main crop is harvested; provide late fall, winter, and early spring protection from soil erosion and nutrient loss; and are normally not harvested, rather their top growth is terminated and incorporated into the soil to help improve soil productivity. 2. Issues a) Short growing season and weather concerns:

• The length of the growing season is too short in parts of the Atlantic to enable enough time to establish a cover crop after harvest of potatoes or other row crops. In the Annapolis Valley area, there may be somewhat more potential for this practice.

• Rainfall in the fall can result in wet soils that are not trafficable for field equipment to seed cover crops.

• Cover crops can result in cold wet soils or delayed warming in the spring. In what is already a short growing season in the Atlantic, any delay in planting is a problem.

b) Economics and labour:

• Economics are considered the key constraint for adoption of cover crops. • Perception that the cost of establishing a cover crop would outweigh the economic returns. • Timing is a constraint to the adoption of cover crops, due to fall being a busy time of year for

other agricultural operations. c) Alternative crops:

• Fall rye and winter wheat have been used as cover crops after potatoes, with limited success. Other cover crops have been tried as well. There is a lack of crop types, for both the cover crop itself and the preceding main market crop, to make the practice feasible economically and practically.

3. Solutions As economic issues are considered most important, addressing these issues would provide the greatest solution. Some examples include increased profitability, a fair return on investment, market place returns, and a return on the cost of environmental stewardship and husbandry.

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Other solutions include: • research and demonstration on developing shorter growing-season crops that would enable

establishment of cover crop; and • training for producers on the practice.

B. Residue Management 1. Definition: Residue management is the practice of conserving crop residue cover on the soil surface through straw management at harvest, reduced tillage, and occasionally adding extra straw to areas that are more susceptible to soil erosion. 2. Issues a) Specific Residue Problems:

• Depending on the type of crop to be planted, a significant amount of residue left on the surface can be a problem for planting equipment. This is particularly a problem for fine seeded crops such as onions.

• Some crops or harvesting practices, such as the harvest of high-moisture grain corn, can leave behind too much residue.

• Residue is a problem for disease harbouring. There is particular concern amongst potato producers that increased residue conservation leads to greater risk of potato scab. Some producers who adopted residue management in the past are now considering the need to use the mouldboard plow to mitigate the disease problem. This is currently under investigation in P.E.I.

• Residue can also contribute to greater insect problems, due to enhanced habitat for potential hosts.

• Residue results in an increased requirement for nitrogen fertilizer, presumably for the decomposition of the residue.

• Residue might be a constraint for manure incorporation. b) Economics:

• Economic issues are considered the most important, as producers need to stay in business first.

• The added cost of obtaining extra pieces of specialized field equipment is a barrier to the adoption of residue management.

• The CAIS program favours specialized single commodity farms and doesn't work for diversified multi-enterprise operations. This presents a disadvantage for those producers using diverse crop rotations, which is a key requirement for successful residue management.

3. Solutions Suggested solutions include research, greater access to specialized equipment, and training producers.

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C. Spring vs. Fall Plowing 1. Definition: This practice is simply delaying the practice of plowing the soil from fall to the subsequent spring; and conserves and maintains more crop residue on the soil surface during the fall, winter, and early spring period. This method could be considered as one specific component of residue management. 2. Issues a) Labour and Training:

• Labour and training are the two major constraints for adoption of this practice. • There is more labour time available in the fall. • Limited labour time available in the spring, particularly at planting time. • Competes with labour time required for manure application.

b) Seedbed preparation:

• Fall plowing is considered more effective at preparing a good seedbed, in reducing soil lumps that are a problem in potato production, and in decreasing soil compaction.

c) Economic concerns:

• Poor seedbed preparation, lumps or soil compaction can lead to bruises and other forms of potato tuber degradation, causing dockage at the potato processing plant, and reduced economic returns for the producer.

d) Spring plowing results in slower soil warming:

• The land warms earlier with fall plowing. • Spring plowing does not allow for unpredictable weather extremes (spring). • Heavy clay soils are harder to manage with spring plowing.

e) Higher nitrogen requirement with spring plowing:

• With spring plowing, more residue is left undercomposed and, therefore, additional nitrogen fertilizer amendment will be required to assist with the breakdown of that residue.

D. Longer Crop Rotations 1. Definition: This practice refers to the length of time between growing the same crops on the same parcel of land. Shorter crop rotations are common where one particular crop type (e.g. potatoes) has significantly higher income potential than most other crop types. However, shorter crop rotations often leave the land more susceptible to soil erosion and degradation. 2. Issues a) Land availability:

• More land would be required to improve the crop rotation and there is a lack of land available, particularly good land.

• There is also limited or no land available from potential land trading with other commodities. • Both of the above concerns are important since most producers desire/need to maintain

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production quotas/contracts for high-value crops (e.g. potatoes). Therefore, the only way to achieve a longer rotation is to farm more land.

• There is an increasing demand from external (i.e. non agricultural) interests in traditionally agricultural land for other uses. This includes urban/industrial sprawl.

• There is an increasing demand from external interests in how agriculture land is managed (e.g. watershed and wildlife habitat interests).

• Distance of available land from home farm location increases travel costs. b) Economics:

• The cost of specialized equipment required for crops (other than the main crop in the rotation) is a perceived barrier to longer crop rotations. Also, there may be specialized skills required for some rotation crops.

• Economically viable alternate crops to rotate with potatoes in the potato crop rotation (other than the typical barley or forage) have not been found or developed in the region. Low commodity prices, particularly for barley, further complicate the economics of establishing a longer crop rotation in potato production.

• There is little land available for purchase in the potato production region. The limited amount of land that does become available is consequently sold at very high prices, currently on the order of $2,000 to $3,000 per acre. The cost of land and the availability of money to finance land purchase are significant economic issues in the region.

3. Solutions Most producers are aware of the limits of how short a rotation can be, as poor crop quality and serious erosion impacts can occur. However, it is recognized that at the current level for most producers there is still some erosion risk. The occurrence of serious erosion events is often a motivator for producers to lengthen the rotation because they realize that erosion will impact the productivity of their soil over the longer term. One potential solution would be to make crown land with suitable agricultural capability available to producers to increase their land base and lengthen rotations. E. Strip Cropping and/or Terraces 1. Definition: The Atlantic use of the term “terraces” means small, low (one meter high), grassed water diversion berms that run across a field following the contour of the field. These parallel terraces are placed close enough together on a field to prevent water running downhill from picking up enough velocity (and energy) to cause erosion of the soil. These water diversion terraces channel runoff water to a safe outlet such as grassed waterway. Strip cropping may be used in combination with the terraces or to reduce the number of terraces required. Strip cropping could involve growing more than one type of crop within each area bordered by terraces. For example, one field may have five terraces, with two strips within each terrace, resulting in ten crop strips across the field. Alternating crop strips would have different canopy and residue characteristics, and would therefore provided greater erosion protection than the most susceptible crop type by itself.

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2. Issues a) Field size and orientation:

• Small irregularly shaped fields, of which there are many in Atlantic Canada, are hard to terrace or strip crop. Terracing or strip cropping may consequently require tearing out hedgerows and/or joining fields to make large enough fields to terrace or strip crop, or to have a large enough field with the correct orientation upslope for terracing to be effective.

• To be practical and economical, strip cropping and terracing must be done at spacings that are an even multiple of field equipment width (sprayers, seeders, etc). In potato production, typically this is an even multiple of a sprayer boom (approx. 62 feet).

b) Economics:

• Economic issues are seen to be the major constraint for adoption of this practice. • Field size and loss of land - the installation of terraces can result in the loss of up to 10% of the

field surface, depending on the required terrace spacing, which is a function of the slope. This is an economic issue both for the loss of productive land and for the loss of economy of scale for the producer.

• The cost of building terraces is quite substantial, representing a fairly high investment for the producer.

• The management and upkeep of terraces and grassed waterways requires time and use of equipment and fuel. This is an economic cost to the producer.

c) Increased requirement for disease, pest and herbicide management:

• The grassed terraces could potentially be habitat for some insect pests, rodents and/or disease organisms. Terraces represent an increased requirement for insect pest and disease control.

• Strip cropping may require more attention to potential herbicide sensitivities.

d) Soil Type and Drainage Differences:

• Producers indicated that variability of soil type and/or drainage along a strip might be a constraint to adopting strip cropping.

3. Solutions Since economics is a key constraint, it makes sense that the primary solution would be increased funding to producers. There is a perception that these practices may be more costly, at least initially. Therefore, it makes sense that other BMP options should be explored before this one. There also seems to be support that this practice should receive support from the public (i.e. incentives).

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F. More Efficient Nutrient Beneficial Management Practices 1. Definition: More efficient nutrient management in a generic sense normally means more efficient application / management of crop nutrients to maximize crop nutrient uptake and minimize nutrient losses to the environment. 2. Issues a) Low natural soil fertility: • Many maritime soils are still below optimum fertility levels. Many Atlantic soils are of low natural

soil fertility and are also quite acidic. Areas with soils of low or moderate fertility levels can still be found in the Atlantic. However, there are production areas today where long-term historical application of substantial rates of fertilizer or manures has increased soil fertility levels into the high or even excessive range. Phosphorus is starting to be a particular concern in some areas.

b) Better diagnostic tools: • There is a need for better diagnostic tools. For example, it is perceived that nitrate tests are not

accurate. There is a substantial need for better diagnostic tools in the Atlantic. There is on-going research in the Atlantic region for better diagnostic tools, ranging from soil test field trials, to more fertilizer-efficient crop varieties, petiole testing, IR leaf meters, GIS/GPS and remote sensing tools, etc. Much more work is required. Nitrate petiole testing for potato crop production has been implemented by some of the industry. Development of a nitrate soil test appropriate and effective in the high rainfall Atlantic region is the subject of current research.

c) Economics: • There is some question as to what extent producers should be expected to pay for the costs of

implementing nutrient management BMPs. A typical example could be the substantial costs associated with the construction of manure storages and/or related NM building construction costs. Costs of construction of manure storages are an issue in the Atlantic. The provincial government programs may cover 40 to 60% of the construction costs of a manure storage unit, but at a possible cost of around $20,000 for the construction of a substantial concrete manure storage, producers find it financially difficult to cover the other 40 to 60% of the costs. On a smaller financial scale, implementation of a nutrient management plan has saved some Atlantic producers money by reducing fertilizer purchases.

• Cost of GPS grid soil sampling to obtain good soil nutrient information is prohibitive. d) Education: • There is a need for Atlantic-wide producer-level nutrient management planning (NMP) training and

information sessions.

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e) Catch Crops: • Catch crops may have a role for nutrient management. There has been research and trials on the

use of catch crops in the Atlantic to catch (take up) the substantial amounts of residual nitrogen left in the soil after the harvest of potatoes in N.B. and P.E.I., and after vegetable crop harvest in N.S. To date, the effectiveness of this approach has been variable. There are a limited number of plant species that have shown some promise in Atlantic research as catch crops. However, there is limited growing season left after harvest of processing potatoes for catch crops to take up much nitrogen, particularly in northwestern New Brunswick. Also, the catch crops cannot catch the portion of the nitrogen that may be leached below the root zone of the crop during the crop season.

3. Solutions As already mentioned in the ‘Issues’ section, there is a need for a more reliable soil test for all nutrients. There was support, as with other issues, for more societal support to producers to improve nutrient management. G. Further Discussion / Clarification on Issues and Solutions As discussions progressed, it became apparent that many of the critical issues and potential solutions were the same for most, if not all, practices. Some further comments on these issues are listed below:

1. Economics and Incentives • If society wants "green", producers need some form of financial compensation. However,

producers may still not be able to survive. • The common issue is (a need for) money. • Consensus that the existing programs no longer support implementation of BMPs. 2. Producer Education / Awareness • Erosion drives many changes. If the erosion is serious enough, producers are forced to make

changes to survive. • How do we bring all the information together (ex: residue management)? We need to have the

information (about these practices) available to Atlantic producers. We need to adapt material, to make it suitable for the Atlantic situation.

• With budget cuts, there are no extension personnel. 3. Challenges related to complexity of issues • Cannot use or apply one blanket solution (to the constraints). We need to know how to apply

some of the many variables, some of which cannot be controlled. • Variation in soil type and weather; timing of planting (adoption constraints).

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4. Research • There is a lack of research in Atlantic Canada. We are losing research and adaptative

research (capacity). 5. Public Awareness / Perception • A need to educate the public (young) on why producers have to plow, spray or rotate (use

short rotations), and include the economic perspective. • Convince the public / politicians that producers have done and are doing things that are good

for the environment. 6. GHG and Carbon Credit Issues

• We should have credits available to agriculture for some practices (ex: GHG and others, water quality for society).

• Livestock farms are different than grain farms. Producers may not be able to buy more land because of urban sprawl, etc., or to buy new equipment. Maybe livestock farms will need to buy N2O credits (concerned that livestock farms may be net GHG emission sources).

• Are there penalties for emissions (farms that may be net GHG emission sources)? • Who will give or calculate credits for agriculture – Agriculture or Environment? • There are no PERRL pilot projects in the Atlantic. Because of some concerns with the

program, some producer associations have been unwilling to participate.

7. Other Specific Issues • BMP policies may not work for all types of commodities (or regions). • Establishment of zero till costs are high. • Lack of programs to support liming costs in the Atlantic (exception N.S.). Liming is expensive

and important to nutrient-use efficiency, yields, etc. • Expenses (for implementation of practices) in the short term can not be demonstrated in the

long term (in terms of money). Good actions (practices) should be compensated. • Other beneficial soil management practices that should be addressed are:

• permanent crops / perennial crops - with respect to Greencover or carbon credits; • orchards - with respect to herbicide and mulch use, minimizing pesticide, nutrient, and

erosion risk to the environment; and • drainage – no till on Atlantic land may require drainage, in order to get on the fields

early enough in the spring without having to till to dry out the soil. Need for long-term drainage programs to have more contractors in tile drainage (shortage of drainage contractors). Producers can only do (pay for) some part of drainage.

• Producers noted that government programs do not reflect the size of each farm. With the example of the AgFocus program, they noted that there should be flexibility in the size of the payment with the size and scale of the farm.

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

increased acreages of pulse and oilseed crops produce very little residue (e.g. lentils, peas, flax) but have higher economic value x x low residue conditions under vegetables, silaging, soybeans, beans and potatoes x x using crop growth and residue for livestock, including silage, hay, baling straw, grazing x x x x x alternate uses of straw such as biofuels couldresult in inadequate residue x need to roll pulse crop fields after seeding to smooth field for low cutterhead at harvest; result is flattening of stubble x

Inadequate Residue

ability to maintain 30% crop residue depends on row spacing x proper straw and chaff spreading remains a challenge for ZT to seed through, especially with wider swaths / cutterheads x x x x residue management equipment a financial constraint for some x heavy residue may still be a problem even after baling straw x wider row spacings not necessarily the best solution due to different crop requirements, lack of information on total row spacing impacts x problems during seeding operation: trash clearance and proper seed placement x x x flax straw remains a unique challenge for ZT to seed through; few options other than burning x x x extra N required in short term to combat moreimmobilization x excess residue problems often correlated withexcess moisture problems x result in cooler soil temperatures that inhibit germination and increase frost risk, especiallyfor canola x x x x some residue removal required under irrigation systems and higher moisture areas x x x Increasing thatch layer (amount and depth of partially decomposed crop residue) inhibits good seed to soil contact and contributes to frost risk x x

Residue Management

Excess Residue

excess residue problems greater on heavy textured soils x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

incorporation of solid manure required to properly manage nutrients and reduce odour, needs to balance with need to reduce tillage x x x x soil compaction and surface roughness caused by cattle grazing or watering sites x x incorporation of solid manure leads to greater weed problems which may require a pre- emergent incorporated herbicide, also greaterrisk of herbicide resistant seeds x manure contains other potentially harmful substances such as pathogens, antibiotics and salt (originating from high conductivity water) x over application of manure a problem in areaswith high concentration of CFOs x increased reliance on custom manure applicators increases risk of over application due to less due diligence regarding equipmentcalibration x increased soil compaction from manure applicators x increased cost associated with modifying liquid manure applicators to direct inject x need to allow for fall grazing of stubble

Livestock and Manure Management

increased risk of injected liquid manure leaching to water table through soil macro pores x x

converting to a one-pass system that applies all nutrients at seeding time is a cost and logistics constraint, and may result in greater-than-allowed seedbed disturbance x x x x surface broadcasting of N and manure fits with ZT, but nutrient inefficiencies and chanceof regulating out may push more soil disturbance x mandatory soil testing part of regulations mayresult in less than optimal management, sincesoil sampling is not always accurate, and other data sources should also be considered x converting to a P based nutrient managementplan/regulation may result in reduced manure rates which result in higher cost due to greatermanure transportation and additional requirement for N chemical fertilizer x nutrient management legislation requires tillage on manured tile land due to risk of leaching through macro pores x

Nutrient Management

price of nitrogen and its application is costly x x Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

some producers are over applying nitrogen x fall application of nutrients has advantages, even though not supported as BMP x Under application of nutrients may result in less carbon sequestration x stratification of less mobile nutrients (e.g. P, K,Ca, and lime) under NT in the top 5-10 cm may result in lower soil productivity and higher dissolved concentrations in runoff x

Nutrient Management

in Ontario, legislation requires soil tillage for incorporation of manure on tile land to preventleaching of nutrients through macro pores x x

short cuts in pest management under ZT are less forgiving (can't use tillage to fix wrecks), turning people away from ZT x potential for increased pesticides in ZT to kill beneficial organisms x producer liability for damages x uncertainties regarding increased chemical residues near the soil surface and science of sustainability (e.g. edge breakdown slower under ZT) x x x some chemicals require soil incorporation x certain pest problems become worse under ZT x x tradeoffs in using crop rotation to manage pest problems, and difficulty in maintaining flexibility with crop rotations to take advantage of cash crops x x generally ZT involves greater reliance on pesticide and few IPM options x

General

decreasing number of registered pesticides, due to company actions or increasing government regulation/protocol, results in fewer options for producers x x x x Increased herbicide resistance results in fewerherbicide options (e.g. soil incorporated herbicides less effective, glyphosate resistance would have huge impact) x x x x x too much reliance on glyphosate x x Changing weed spectrum, greater incidence of harder to control weeds under ZT, such as downey brome, Japanese brome and cleavers x x x greater incidence of foxtail barley and dandelion x greater incidence of hard-to-control fall broadleafs and field bindweed x greater incidence of horsetail and buckwheat x

Pest Management

Weed control

greater incidence of dog strangling vine x Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

raw, uncomposted cattle manure creates more weed control problems in ZT x for some specific crop / weed combinations, there are few effective herbicide options (e.g. kochia in flax) x x Weed control

Herbicide-tolerant weeds and hard-to-control weeds cause greater impact of weed-seed infested seed and grain x x x increased disease-control costs with ZT under irrigation; even greater need for proper crop rotation and management x fusarium problem in ZT compounded by external factors such as lack of controls on fusarium in imported corn for feedlots; disease spread via manure and wind x

Disease Management

greater incidence of residue-borne diseases due to slower residue breakdown and higher residue conservation x x ZT can contribute to greater sawfly due to slower breakdown of residue and larvae x Insects increased insect problems with no till x gophers and badgers are an increasing problem on ZT since tillage cannot be used to disturb habitat and smooth fields x gophers and badgers are a serious problem on forage land, making it difficult to use ZT to transition to annual cropping, because of needto cultivate to smooth out hills x crop damage and feeding by animals, including deer, squirrels, mice, etc. x

Pest Management

Animals

slugs are an increased problem with no tillageunder wet and excessive residue situations x x

cross pollination with GMO varieties x gene pool increasingly confined by GMO and loss of pesticide options x x increasingly specific new crop varieties require specific crop inputs (bundling), limited seed and management options and less flexibility. Partly due to high cost of seed and product registration. x x x

Seed Technology

GMO systems work well with no till but future market acceptance uncertain x

lack of soil disturbance may result in increased acidity near the soil surface x Special Soil

Issues Soil Acidity need to periodically apply and incorporate lime x x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

Soil Texture more challenges on clay soils: excess residue, cool/wet conditions. Highest transition costs on low organic matter clays x x difficult to no till on poorly drained soils, more compaction, colder, wetter x x Drainage and

Excess Moisture

uniform application of irrigation water on uneven soil / landscape creates inefficient use and constrains ZT production system x

Soil Compaction greater compaction with larger equipment x x

salinity and other soil problems impede success of zero tillage x

Special Soil Issues

Marginal Soils some land is inherently marginal, other land becomes marginal due to poor management and soil degradation; difficult to recommend NT versus conversion to permanent forage x

Perennial Rotations

Increased costs and flexible management (i.e.tillage) associated with going from perennial toannual crop under ZT x x

Cover Crops

cover crops can complement a NT system, but obstacles include cost, late harvest of preceding crop, how to terminate cover crop (manage residues), lack of research data x x x some special crops require considerable tillage to be managed successfully (e.g. potatoes, beans, sunflowers). These crops generally have high short-term value, but there is a long-term environmental cost that is not being considered x x x x special horticultural crops are highly perishable, have high-crop quality standards, and tolerate less variability; greater risk with NT for achieving predictable desired results x Large company special crop agreements specify tillage management to enhance purity perception and enable more uniform crop maturity. More common on irrigated land x

Horticultural and Special Crops

Strength of special crop agreements enhanced by zero tolerance for contaminants, high liability for food grade crops, and high rental income for special crops x

Organic Crops organic farming impacts on C sink unclear; increased tillage and fuel use counteracted with more cover crops x

Special Crop Issues

Headlands need to overlap to manage headlands x Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

initial cost of ZT seeder, especially difficult for small producers x x x x x x x specially adapted machinery is more expensive; it is often more difficult to justify purchasing such machinery for the small areas on which the new practices will be introduced. Nonetheless, it seems that this constraint is quickly overcome once all the other constraints have been addressed. x need to experiment with different openers to find the best ones; equipment is specialized x x availability of dealer rentals may be tight x different crops may require different or modifications to equipment, requiring different sets of equipment components x may need to keep some of the old conventional equipment to deal with transition issues x Historically not as effective as desired x ZT causes a narrower window for optimum seeding time; seeding must be relatively early x soil type / opener interactions impact success x

Seeding Equipment

seedbed mismanagement less forgiving x

Increasingly complex; requires expert advice often from multinational x x New technology is most cost effective but also most expensive, thereby increasing financial risk x

Technology

technology use agreements restrict options; TUAs, not internationally the same, create economic inequities x

variable weather requires adjustment and challenges to ZT management (e.g. pests) x x General poor weather forecasting x generally harder to do ZT under high moistureconditions, and fewer advantages x x rough fields: wheel tracks, ruts x x x x x ruts problem worse on contracted special cropland due to harvest demands during wet field conditions to fill processing quota x seeding problems: delayed seeding, plugged runs, over packing x

Climate and Weather

Excess Moisture

for some soil types, increasing soil organic matter can result in increased excess moisture at seeding time x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

unharvestable crops x increased weed challenges; not being able to access wet areas at critical weed control time x Excess

Moisture higher water tables under ZT contribute to more salinity x

Frost harder to do ZT in areas with short growing season, since ZT can contribute to more frost impacts x drought is a constraint for zero tillage x even though ZT conserves moisture, drought may still increase need to fallow and greater risk of soil erosion x drought combined with growing low-residue crops can be recipe for serious erosion risk, even under ZT x forces a change in crop rotation x

Drought

timely rain very influential to continued commitment and ability to carry through on ZT plans x

Climate and Weather

Climate Change

increased risk associated with no clear trend; potential for significant change to jeopardize entire ZT system in long term x

pesticides and fertilizers not affordable; producers cut corners (see short cutsunder pest management) and fail x x x x reduced competition in ag supply sector x pesticides and fertilizers are up-front cash costs x x x

Increased Annual Input Costs

product packaging and pricing options increasingly favours very large producer x higher risk with zero till x x

Risk Management

higher transition / initial costs must be recouped in the short term; otherwise, producers opt out x x x x x x low commodity prices x x x

Low Prices Farmers are price takers, not setters; farm production does not reflect market signals; too much influence by government policy, including international policy x x lower yields due to no till induced wetter/cooler conditions in spring; long-term pattern reduces long-term crop insurance coverage x lower yields in the first few years, but yields can recover through transition period x

Financial

Crop Yield At present, the basis for comparing agricultural producers is yield. In adopting agricultural conservation practices, it is essential to shift to economically optimal yields. x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

50

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

Lack of Farmer Controlled Value Added x ZT provided an opportunity to become more efficient. Increasing costs and lower prices have eroded that benefit. No further efficiencyopportunities are currently available x x x greater agricultural subsidization (e.g. crop insurance based on high yields) is a deterrent for zero tillage, since producers are not forced to change to become more efficient and profitable x decreasing ability to control variable costs, financial outcome; increased reliance on off-farm work x

Financial Other

tile drainage required for NT is a very large capital investment; difficult to invent x

trend to larger farms (land base); more difficult to manage x trend to more rented land; impact of rental agreements may inhibit ZT or prevent long-term commitment x x x Land Tenure

Increasingly, farmland being purchased as investment property with lower landowner knowledge of farming systems x Inadequate stewardship of soil resource by energy companies and damage compensation related to land activities constrains success of ZT x energy companies with well sites, pipelines and right-of-ways do a poor job of pest control, resulting in greater pest problems on adjacent land x

Land Tenure and External Interests

External Interests

regulated application of municipal and industrial organic waste, biosolids, sludge, etc. requires soil incorporation/tillage x x

older farmers with smaller land base are risk averse for good reason; avoid large capital investment x x x harder to move to ZT in areas of low adoptiondue to increased peer pressure x increased risk at start feeds resistance to change; must reach a comfort level to proceed x x x pride of ownership and independence is a constraint to more options to make ZT work (e.g. equipment rental or custom work) x fear of change fed by greater perceived risk than real risk x producers of traditionally high-disturbance systems, such as horticulture and potatoes, don't want to consider change x

Producer Awareness and Attitude

Resistance to Change

resistance to change is often the biggest hurdle that has to be overcome x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

51

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

technology, capitalization and management practices too complex for many to adapt; not a get-rich quick scheme; requires increased knowledge, wisdom, patience x x x x x knowledge gap between age groups; young farmers more willing to learn new ideas x x balancing personal goals, peer pressure, market demands, government policy, etc., to manage specific crop systems x need better information on tough issues relating to NT, such as soil compaction, poor drainage, cool soil temperature, biomass production x Time constraints x timeliness of operations impacts success x issues and constraints that impact ZT producers change as experience grows x

Complexity and steep learning curve

the training offered is not always suited to actual environmental conditions, and when it is suited to the situation, making the link between generations is not always easy x reflecting about the situation and taking responsibility for environmental protection without feeling guilty appears to be difficult x crop residue is often perceived as an enemy instead of a friend; lack of understanding on how to handle excessive residue x Livestock producers would rather be cutting hay than side dressing N on NT crops x

Wrong Perceptions

Wrong perceptions about corn yields. Non-NT farmers feel yields are lower than real, and also don't consider that higher profit is more important than higher yield x x Less and less technical support available to producers and the network of farm conservation clubs is made up of mainly young agronomists who have little expertise and whose responsibilities focus more on drawing up plans and budgets. x The network of sellers (ag industry suppliers) is very strong, and since their profit is linked more to their sales volume than to environmental protection, their advice is biased x

Producer Awareness and Attitude

Technical Support

It is unfortunate that many specialized magazines currently praise conventional practices x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

52

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

generally poor public awareness / perception of ag industry hurts all producers, including ZT x increasing market demands for non-GMO and pesticide-free (organic) production not compatible with ZT x public only see the benefits and only understand it conceptually, but don't realize the complexity of implementation for the producer; most people don't understand farming x x negative perception of GMO doesn't consider positive impacts not only for producer but alsofor society (improved pharmaceuticals vitamins) x increased use of pesticide associated with ZT is only negative public perception; food safety and environmental issue x x need to distinguish between public that lives close to the farm and the broader public x greater public support and funding for environmental monitoring research leads to greater support for regulation x public see the soil as a resource to them x

Public Awareness and Attitude

perception that tillage provides a means to attain purity standards or reduce contaminants in the food system. x

Lack of systems approach. Huge challenge, requires multi-disciplinary, multi-site, multi-year x x Too much check-off money to support research with not enough information back to producers. Pay for research again by paying for seed technology; farmer should own the technology since they already paid for it x Lack of information on long-term impacts of ZT x x changes in technology and farming systems are resulting in more emerging issues x increasing reluctance for using public funds to support on-farm research goes against trend toward greater regulation at the farm level x x the network of experimental farms and long-term sites is constantly shrinking; affiliated researchers are less attuned to the needs of agricultural producers x too much focus on yield, not enough on economics and/or environmental impacts x x high cost not seen as priority by industry and government x some costs/benefits difficult to measure x

Agricultural Research

lack of understanding of impact of cover cropson total GHG emission reduction/removals x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

53

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

policy and regulations can create incremental costs on farm production and ZT system, which producers cannot offset in the short term x x x programs sometimes do not allow for sustainable soil management, and have inhibited positive change for 20 years x financial assistance programs do not favour farmers who have adopted conservation practices, regardless of whether they are insurance programs based on a farm's historical yields, or based on area, such as that of riparian strips and windbreaks. x there is no program yet to help farmers make the transition between two agricultural systems. That is, to make it easier to move between a well-known system and a cost-effective and efficient agricultural conservation practice x inconsistent rules for specific issues (e.g. for fusarium there are no feed-import constraints, but huge constraints for seed production) x specific import regulations make it difficult to research new crop, products, or land practicesthat would benefit from ZT x manure management regulation restrictions on nutrient application x agriculture policy and support are generally lower priorities than other seemingly trivial issues. This is difficult to accept when agriculture is on a downward spiral. Government is not aware of the seriousness of the issue or not willing to address x

Policy and Regulation

organic farming policy: government support for organic production with high tillage seems to contradict ZT goals; however, less use of pesticide positive x x

Current value unacceptably low x x x x Value challenges in setting value x x who owns the carbon credits x x x who are the carbon credit buyers x x Eligibility

more incentives for late adopters is not fair x x the sensitivity of carbon coefficient variation between regions and soil types (e.g. perceived that sandy soils sequester less carbon or lose it faster) x x

Carbon Credit and GHG Policy Development

Quantification concern that lower carbon coefficients in eastern Canada should be higher due to much greater biomass production x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

54

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

there is a limit on how much carbon can be sequestered; it is a problem if less than native x how to measure (quantify); difficult to assess small changes x x x x if you use a soil carbon measurement approach, how do you handle a C loss in the short term x difficult to establish accurate baselines in terms of amount of carbon in soil x

Quantification

what will be measured: changes in soil carbonor changes in farm practice x no clear methodology of how carbon credits will be paid to producers x no clear federal policy or certification body x x Delivery how to handle existing carbon credits when land tenure changes x will all other farm activities that impact GHG emissions be considered x are there penalties for farmers who are net emitters? Does acceptance of GHG programs that benefit producers also make them more accountable as emitters x x who is responsible for emissions created during fertilizer production x

Indirect Emissions

producer participation in carbon credits shouldbe exempted from other GHG emission reduction issues, such as fuel use x based on carbon production, continuous corn should create the largest carbon sink but this is not a recommended rotation x Specific Crops current lack of recognition of perennial forages in rotation with annual crops and otherBMPs x x governments view farmers as solution to solvetheir Kyoto requirement x making a carbon credit transaction constrained by unknown future implications x x LFEs are purchasing credits outside of Canada and we are lagging behind x perception that government-owned crown lands may receive greatest GHG credit benefit due to C sequestration by native grasses and trees x some GHG removal practices such as woodlots and perennial vegetation may pay higher carbon credits, but impede agricultural production due to greater uptake by non-farming landowners who leave land idle x

Carbon Credit and GHG Policy Development

Other Issues

government support for auto industry for increased GHG emissions not consistent with GHG reduction goals x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

55

Meeting Locations Appendix I: Management Issues that Constrain a Producer's Ability

to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Specific Obstacles or Clarification

perception that government is looking for a simple solution to a complex problem x hard to create a definition for erosion control x General

Comments if nutrient efficiency is part of definition, one needs to define what is meant by efficiency; from whose perspective -- farmer vs. public x cannot judge ZT as a one-year practice on a single field x an inflexible definition skews management toward a program that is not beneficial to the farm or environment in the long term x

Management Flexibility

inflexible definition does not work well for mixed farms that include annual crops, perennial forages and livestock x x cannot use crop residue level as the only indicator of ZT x challenges in trying to measure residue or standing stubble x Indicators of

Tillage System basing a definition of ZT on a single critical amount of residue (i.e. 30%) or % soil disturbance is dangerous; does not account for differences in soil, climate, crops and degree of management flexibility required x how does inclusion of potatoes with heavy tillage once every four years in an otherwise ZT system impact definition x what impact does above- and below-ground plant material have on this topic x speed of operation has a large impact x

Tillage Definitions

Specific Comments

ability to meet soil disturbance requirements depends on your ability to adapt seeding equipment (e.g. openers); may be difficult for a person who rents or uses custom seeders x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

56

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

need to consider the soil-building qualities of N-fixing pulse crops, even though they produce low-residue amounts x x strip farming (narrower fields) to control wind erosion on lighter brown soils in pulse crops x cover crops replenish low-residue levels; target for low-residue situations; consider Roundup Ready crop to follow (e.g. soybeans) to facilitate burn off x x fall rye cover crop after corn can provide pasture for dairy and beef x need to recognize that in some areas, inadequate residue is not an issue, even when crop or residue is baled (e.g. even pulse residues) x lack of residue is compensated by undisturbed root systems which hold soil together x decrease frequency of low-residue crops to allow for more C accumulation x

Inadequate

removal of residue is less significant for land that has been in ZT for several years, due to improved thatch layer x More development in alternate uses of crop residue (e.g. biofuels, strawboard) x x technology now exists to do a good job of spreading straw and chaff x x x incentives for improved straw and chaff spreading x consider new equipment designs (e.g. row cleaners) x excess residue problems should be addressed in the fall x Flexibility required for baling straw to avoid excess residue x x x x excess residue partially managed by doing field work on warm/dry day x

Excess

breeding program should focus more on early maturity, hardiness, and shorter straw x

Residue Management

General

residue management requires flexibility within the context of the whole farm (i.e. residue removed from a field is often returned later in the form of manure). Therefore, negative impacts may bebalanced out by positive impacts x x x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

57

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

must consider the value of straw in management decisions involving utilizing the straw for various purposes, including sale to other users x x x Balance excess/inadequate residuethrough good crop rotation x x x x More R and D for improved options x

Residue Management General

residue management issues decrease as experience with ZT increases x

Composting may assist in management of solid manure under ZT by killing weeds and disease pathogens x x Composting may assist in management of solid manure under ZT by preventing over application through reduced transportation costs, and making it easier to trash clearance x composting and other manure treatments x composting has more stable N forms x Significant progress has been madewith injection of liquid manure through narrow openers x x x x x consider other improved manure application equipment x research impact of depth for incorporation of manure x More research on how to use solid manure in a no-till system and maintain nutrient efficiency x extend fall and winter grazing to reduce negative impacts associated with manure handling x apply liquid manure at lower rates to reduce macro pore leaching losses x

Livestock and Manure Management

more diligent timing of manure application to avoid risky periods x

Regular, careful soil tests part of the solution x Nutrient

Management Nutrient management regulations need to be based on good science x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

58

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

Direct seeding systems may use more fertilizer inputs, but also create more efficiency, better economic and environmental results x x

Nutrient Management despite risk of nutrient leaching

through tile drains, one can achieve more efficient nutrient management and reduced risk of environmental impact due to more uniform soil conditions x

need more R and D for pest control under zero till management x x R and D should be non-biased; use IPM approach; consider alternatives x x need more minor use pesticides x need incentives for private companies to develop broader range of chemical options x winter crops (e.g. Fall seeded cereals) x x crop rotation is a key solution; rotations must generally be longer and more diversified x x x x x x rotate chemical groups x x improve / streamline chemical registration process; use U.S. protocol x remove excess residue that harbours crop pests x pest management issues decrease as experience with ZT increases x

Pest Management - General

need for better pesticides to support NT in horticultural crops x reduction of fallow requires more careful attention to crop rotation as a weed-control tool x need to clean up weed problems before starting ZT x principles of pre- or post-seeding burnoff essential x cover crop may reduce fall weed problems x we cannot expect the herbicide-resistant weed problem to continue to be solved only with new herbicide options x

Pest Management

Weed control

need research on increasing weed species that were not issues in the past x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

59

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

timeliness of seeding operation x do a good job of chaff spreading to allow volunteers to grow uniformly x recognition that less soil disturbance results in less weed germination and possibly less herbicides than conventional systems x

Weed control

need spraying program along railway right-of-ways x

Pest Management

Animals more effective rodenticides and custom rodent control x

Seed Technology

GMO works well with NT, especially if GMO provides alternative pest control which reduces need for pesticide x

Soil Acidity add smaller rates of lime more often with no incorporation. Is this effective? x

Soil Texture

recognize that lighter-textured soils do not have serious problems such as excess residue, wet and cool soils, etc. x x tile drainage improves feasibility of no till by draining wet soils that would otherwise require tillage to achieve that purpose x

Soil Drainage and Excess Moisture

improved water control structures increase NT viability x marginal land should possibly not be eligible for NT, but be supported for conversion to permanent forage. Need to balance cost of improvement practices to enable more intensive management x

Special Soil Issues

Marginal Soils

no tillage helps reduce costs associated with dislodging and having to remove large stones x discrimant tillage for specific issues, such as conversion from forage to annual crops x encourage perennial rotations within annual crop ZT systems; potential to increase C sink; more control pests; however, not feasible everywhere x x x x

Perennial Rotations

convert more sub-marginal land to perennial forage to sequester more C and support growing livestock sector x

Special Crop Issues

Cover Crops consider out-of-date, cheap seed sources for cover crops x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

60

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

may have to concede that there are too many obstacles to make NT work on special-crop contracted acres x Special Crop

Issues Horticultural and Special Crops educate crop contract company

agrologists on making NT work with special/hort crops x

investment tax credit for ZT drills x equipment rentals for small producers x reduced need for tractor hp x x improved adaptations to handle one-pass seed and fertilizer x Equipment longevity has increased partly due to better quality and also due to lower use. x x New seeding equipment very effective, especially designed for ZT x ZT requires fewer complete implements x

Seeding Equipment

Increasingly good supply of used equipment x

better long-term climate / weather data and interpretation for ZT management x improved local weather forecasting x General Weather and climate will always be an unknown and uncontrollable factor that cannot be solved, and will sometimes require higher tillage x x x need for chemfallow with ZT in dry areas x Drought increased irrigation land base x seeding saline and other low lying areas to perennial forage will help lower water table in surrounding ZT land x flexibility required to fix ruts should be an obvious concession x x

Excess Moisture

occasional tillage required to dry out fields x adapt crop insurance to climate change and variability x

Climate and Weather

Climate Change need a long-term climate change

strategy/policy; improved indicators x Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

61

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

make producers aware in advance of changes in cash flow, capital, risk and income as a result of ZT x no till doesn't necessarily require more inputs, such as nutrients and pesticides, if the system allows more efficient utilization x reduce fertilizer cost by using manure x uses pulses to fix N and lower fertilizer cost x raise international floor price of wheat x financial incentives x x x x financial incentives for tile drainage, and should make provision for eligibility of rented land x past incentives have promoted adoption of no till; future incentives should assist with maintaining no-till systems x greater need for careful financial management x

Financial

reduced labour costs associated with no tillage x

improved and documented land owner/renter agreements to enable good management and a long-term investment x

Land Tenure and External Interests

Land Tenure cash agreements better since they reduce landowner risk and improve flexibility for renter x

Poor managers being weeded out; knowledge increasing over time; less of a problem in the future x need to be patient for the first few years to gain experience/knowledge and make it successful x x may need to use gradual approach through increasing reduced tillage to enable adaptation, rather than abrupt change from full to no tillage in a short period x x increasing knowledge of the entire business, from production to marketing; learn from organic producers x x

Producer Awareness and Attitude

more knowledge creates more acceptance of practice x x x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

62

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

more knowledge required to manage manure as a valuable resource, not a waste x Increasing innovators lead by example x Support extension / education / awareness, especially through producer groups x x x Greater technical support in the field is required. Hire persons with the ability to provide practical assistance in the field to develop and refine conservation practices x training program suited to the new aspects of environmental protection. Try to involve all members of the enterprise at the same time, and target situations where a new generation is involved in the operation. x need for a tool (e.g. soil conservation magazine) to promote conservation practices. x need to increase awareness / change mindset of ag. sales industry x willingness to change rotation key mindset issue and need for education in this area x need more education/experience in cover crops x x

Producer Awareness and Attitude

increase funding for local, NGO tech. transfer and extension services (e.g. RTL) x x

improved public awareness, education and information resources, including ZT successes and environmental benefits x Kyoto has pushed public support for ZT for a number of years x More public awareness and education required. Hog industry has made some good progress which others can learn from x LFE view farm BMPs as a good public perception vehicle for reducing GHG x more public awareness and education on benefits of manure (soil health, earthworms, reduced fertilizer, improved yields) x x

Public Awareness and Attitude

more support from general agriculture industry is required x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

63

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

A new structure required, with producer group control/input. Localized sites in rural setting. Extension staff to take information back to producer (e.g. local clubs) x Need to empower more farmers to do on-farm research x research must use a systems approach: include crop rotation, cover crops, impact on pests, economics, periodic tillage, soil health x more research on crop production systems x need to identify long-term economic and environmental benefits x need for good baseline data - economics x more trials to measure flexibility of no till versus conventional till for horticultural crops x better understanding of processes and practices to increase/retain C versus lose C; need to consider other soil BMPs not just NT and other GHG such as N20 x use of AAFC Model Farm tool and input of data from GHGMP field research sites x

Agricultural Research

improve the research network, especially in rural areas x

change public policy to enable more taxpayer support for society benefits, such as soil conservation and wildlife habitat x provide a progressive (pro rated) per hectare incentive to farmers who have adopted agricultural conservation practices. The incentive could recognize different practices according to their environmental effects, and subsidize them according their environmental benefits x policy development required to secure international recognition (i.e. certification) x

Policy and Regulation

future programs must be designed to support good management; don't force good farmers to change management to be eligible for programs x x x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

64

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

policies must be changed to reflect greater political will to support agriculture in general x x addressing financial issues (incentives) as first priority will provide best chance of BMP adoption in long term x greater producer involvement in lobbying work (e.g. through SSCA) x legislated minimum requirements for biofuel component in fuel mixtures would increase market demand and assist with ZT friendly production systems x Prefer carrot rather than stick x x consider integration of no-till incentives into crop insurance programs x If incorporation of biosolids and sludges is not permitted under NT, there needs to be other incentive from society to support this x consider environmental insurance: if no till fails, there’d be a payout x

Policy and Regulation

converting marginal annual cropland to perennial forage requires a more substantial federal cost-share program than past efforts x

must provide incentive for current ZT producer to continue storing carbon; credit for early adoption x x x x baselines should not be based on time, but rather at conventional practice regardless of when it occurred x

Baseline Suggestions

baseline should at least go back to when Kyoto was first created (i.e. 1990) x ensure regional differences based on soil and climate are adequately built into co-efficiencies x x need to account for all GHG, not just C sink; single program should deal with all issues x coefficient approach better than measurement due to cost and uncertainty of measurement x

Carbon Credit and GHG Policy Development

Quantification Suggestions

should consider farm-audit approach with a system of pluses and minuses x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

65

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

some support to provide recognition for actual crop yields (i.e. higher credit for higher yields, crop insurance data already exists, somewhat controversial due to natural disaster impacts) x

Quantification Suggestions

suggest that a value of $20/acre for carbon would be reasonable, depending on other factors x opportunity for more than one program where producers could choose how to get paid for GHG emission reductions x Tax break simplest method of government incentive for GHG emission reduction x x payments should go to land manager, not owner x

Delivery Suggestions

annual payments are better than a one-time payment; temporary credit better than permanent x appropriate penalties for LFE would help increase value of carbon for producers x policy for carbon credit should ensure that practices continue to support agriculture production, as opposed to increased idle land (woodlots and permanent cover) x

Carbon Credit and GHG Policy Development

Other Suggestions

maintain Canada's agricultural involvement in Kyoto developments such as ISO, leakage, surplus, etc. x

solicit producer input into definitions x x consider regional, including soil and climate differences x x x x definitions must be quantifiable and verifiable x try to keep the definition simple x definitions should achieve 2 criteria: carbon sink and erosion control x

Tillage Definitions

General Suggestions

definition of agricultural conservation practices in Quebec linked to two fundamental concepts: protecting soils from erosional processes that begin in winter and continue until the ground is covered in vegetation, and returning a maximum of organic matter to the soil under the best possible conditions to keep the soil as healthy as possible and ensure maximum yields at the lowest economic and environmental cost. x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

66

Meeting Locations Appendix II: Suggested Solutions for Overcoming Issues that

Constrain a Producer's Ability to Maintain or Implement a Zero Tillage System GP L C S R Br W Be SHCategory Issue Solutions

use a systems approach: multi-year, whole-farm, entire management x x x x allow some flexibility as long as it is supporting a sustainable farming system x x x producers support terms such as direct seeding and soil management more readily than zero tillage x x definitions should fit with what the best farm managers are already doing, even if that is reduced tillage as opposed to zero tillage x

Management Flexibility

should consider different levels of payment for different levels of management x % seedbed utilization is a better measure of soil disturbance than opener width x x Stubble should be evaluated by % anchored rather than % standing, since heavy snow pack can flatten unworked stubble x x consider using average residue over rotation rather than single point in time x x

Indicators of Tillage System

need research to justify varying critical levels of soil disturbance or residue levels for different soil, climate, crop types, etc. x be more concerned with the net impact on C sequestration rather than on the activities that are needed to achieve it, since activities must allow flexibility x x periodic ZT into previous low residue crop stubble makes sense in non-traditional ZT areas like the Red River Valley x allow for fall-strip tillage in wheat x Extreme Conservation: provides maximum protection by eliminating fall tillage and maintaining 30% ground cover after seeding x

Tillage Definitions

Specific Comments

Reduced Conservation: provides moderate protection by reducing fall tillage and maintaining 20% ground cover after seeding x

Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe

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Appendix III: One-day Consultation of Agricultural Producers in Quebec on

Soil Conservation Practices Held on April 14, 2005 at Saint-Hyacinthe

Summary of Discussions

At the request of Dennis Haak, district soil conservation agronomist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) in Saskatchewan, a one-day consultation of agricultural producers was organized jointly by two Quebec soil conservation clubs, namely Action semis direct (direct seeding) and Action billons (ridge till) clubs, and by MAPAQ (Quebec Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) and AAFC.

The objectives of this meeting were to: Define the typical systems underpinning agricultural conservation practices in Quebec; Define the main constraints on the adoption of these agricultural conservation practices in

Quebec; and Identify potential solutions for encouraging the long-term adoption of conservation practices.

Profile of participants

22 agricultural producers from the Montérégie, Chaudière-Appalache and Central Quebec regions attended the gathering.

21 answered the enterprise profile questionnaire. Cropland area ranged from 32 ha to 2100 ha. Eight of the producers do not rent land. Six are organic farmers. None of them irrigate and none cultivate potatoes or horticultural crops. 13 producers reported that they have been direct seeding for at least four years. The one with

the most experience has been doing this for 18 years. The average number of years of direct seeding experience is 11.2. Approximately 50% of them use direct seeding for all their crops.

Seven producers reported that they use ridge till systems. Their experience has been similar to that of direct-seeding producers, and two-thirds of them grow all of their crops on permanent ridges.

20 agricultural producers grow grain corn, 19 soybeans and 16 cereals. Five of them grow hay, and a few less common crops are grown such as peas, flax, beans, buckwheat and spelt.

Six of them grow annual forage crops. Eight have livestock – five have dairy cows, two swine operations, and one cow-calf operation Note: 17 of them use manures – 10 in liquid form and 9 solid forms.

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Most of them use a broadcast or drop hose application method. Only one producer does post-emergence application.

Application frequency varies between four times a year and once every seven years. Grain corn receives the bulk of the applied manure, followed by wheat. Three producers use biosolids. Nine of them harvest crop residues. About half of the direct-seeding producers harvest cereal

straws, but none of those who employ ridge tillage.

Definition of the systems typically underpinning agricultural conservation practices in Quebec.

The definition of agricultural conservation practices in Quebec is linked to two fundamental concepts: 1. Protecting soils from the erosional processes that begin in winter and continue until the ground is

covered with vegetation; 2. Returning a maximum of organic matter to the soil under the best possible conditions to keep the

soil as healthy as possible and ensure maximum yields at the lowest economic and environmental cost.

Three categories of conservation practices that tie in with these concepts were identified:

Extreme Conservation

Moderate Conservation No Conservation

Winter and spring protection Maximum Moderate None

Tillage in the fall None Reduced tillage Conventional tillage

Residue cover after seeding 30% 20% < 20%

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Constraints on the adoption of agricultural conservation practices in Quebec

Four broad classes of constraints were identified by the participants:

Mindset Resistance to change is often the biggest hurdle that has to be overcome. Reflecting about the situation and taking responsibility for environmental protection without feeling guilty also appears to be difficult. The training offered is not always suited to actual environmental conditions. And when it is suited to the situation, making the link between generations is not always easy.

Technical accuracy The network of experimental farms is constantly shrinking, and long-term sites have a tendency to disappear. In addition, the affiliated researchers are less and less attuned to the research needs of agricultural producers. Less and less technical support is available to agricultural producers and the network of farm conservation clubs is made up mainly of young agronomists who have little expertise and whose responsibilities centre more on drawing up plans and budgets. The network of sellers is very strong and since their profit is linked more to their sales volume than to environmental protection, their advice is biased.

Cost-effectiveness At present, the basis for comparing agricultural producers is yield (volume). In adopting agricultural conservation practices, it is essential to shift to economically optimal yields. Financial assistance programs do not favour farmers who have adopted agricultural conservation practices, regardless of whether they are insurance programs based on a farm’s historical yields, or based on area, such as that of riparian strips and windbreaks. And there is no program yet to help farmers make the transition between two agricultural systems, that is, to make it easier to move between a well-known system and a cost-effective and efficient agricultural conservation practice.

Cost of machinery Specially adapted machinery is more expensive. It is often difficult to justify purchasing such machinery for the small areas on which the new practices will be introduced. Nonetheless, it seems that this constraint is quickly overcome once all the other constraints have been addressed.

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Potential solutions

All the participants agreed that, if farmers are to be given help to adopt new conservation practices, some financial support programs will have to be put into place.

An initial program should be based on giving direct recognition to farmers who have already adopted agricultural conservation practices according to the definition given earlier. This program would involve a progressive (pro rated) financial incentive per hectare. It could also recognize different practices according to their environmental effects and subsidize them according to their environmental benefits.

Greater technical support in the field is needed. Improve the research network and promote the hiring of persons with the ability to provide practical assistance in the field to develop and refine conservation practices.

A training program suited to the new aspects of environmental protection. Training sessions could also be arranged for all the members of an enterprise at the same time. This approach would be especially beneficial in situations where a new generation is involved in the operation.

Establishment of a tool for promoting conservation practices. In specialized agricultural magazines, there are many articles that praise conventional practices. A soil conservation magazine would be a major asset for promoting conservation practices.

Conclusions The participants in this gathering expressed strong views on the topic and the exchange of ideas was very dynamic. The amount of flexibility available according to the definition of agricultural conservation practices as provided and unanimously accepted may seem very limited. While the requirement of 30% cover after seeding may seem high, it merely signals a commitment to setting the bar high enough, that is, working toward significant objectives in order to achieve significant results. Contrary to expectations, the participants were adamant that a change in mentality, rather than a change in machinery, is what is needed to ensure the adoption of conservation practices. The best way to foster this change in mindset is to give credit to those who have already made the shift to conservation practices.

Report prepared by Georges Lamarre, Eng. and Odette Ménard, Eng. and Agr. April 26, 2005

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Meeting Locations Appendix IV: Issue Categories and Priorities

from Specific Meetings GP L C S R Br W Be SH Residue Management 6 17.5 16.3 16 18.2 15.1 Feed / Manure Management 7.9 Livestock Issues 20.1 Nutrient Management 12.1 Pest Management 9 7.1 10.3 19.3 12.9 Weed Management 19.1 14.4 6.3 Crop Rotation 11.9 Crop Rotation, Type, Cost of Cover Crops 8.2 Traditional Non No-Till Crops 12.6 Yield Loss Challenges 20.1 Seedbed Environment 18.3 Condition of the Soil 4.2 Soil and Nutrient Issues 18.9 Soil Remediation: Ruts, Erosion, Pasture, Hay 5.7 Production Limitations 12.1 General Management 3.6 Technology 9.2 Technique for No Tillage 25 Environmental (Climate / Weather) 1.2 21.9 9.2 Field Conditions/Weather 4 Economic/Financial 5 19 20.6 26.9 15.1 17 Profitability 16.7 Money/Farm Efficacy Incentives 23.9 Cost of Production 15.9 Cost of Inputs 7 Cost of Machinery 12.5 Capital Costs 4.8 Public Awareness and Attitude 11.8 Education and Adoption 8.8 Producer Mindset 13.8 29.2 Stewardship 8.3 Conscience 12.5 Information Sources 11.9 Research 15.1 Research: land use and technology 13.1 Land Management Philosophy 6.9 External/Social Influences 28.8 Society/Political Trends and Demands 7.5 Gov't Policy and Regulation 19 13.8 Relevancy of Government 3 Political versus On Farm 8 Soil Disturbance Definition 6.3 Inadequate Definition of Zero Till 2 19.3 Carbon Value or Emission 1 Carbon Offset Baselines 5 Managing all GHG 1.9 Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe Note: At all meetings producers were given a set of voting dots (e.g. 5 to 10) and asked to indicate their priority for issue categories identified. Producers were given freedom to place as many dots as they desired by one or more categories. For all meetings, except Grande Prairie, the values in the table express the percentage of dots given to each category. For Grande Prairie the values in the table indicate the priority ranking of each category, from 1 to 9. No prioritization of categories was conducted at the Moncton meeting due to the greater number of soil management practices being addressed. The category wording is maintained for each meeting, resulting in a large number of categories. Categories are ordered along similar themes, and categories with very similar themes are grouped together.

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Meeting Locations Appendix V: Producer Profiles GP L C S R Br W Be SH M3

grains, oilseeds, pulses 14 6 14 15 13 10 14 16 20 15

annual forages 6 1 4 7 1 6

perennial forages 6 1 7 8 5 13

horticultural1 crops or irrigated specialty

1 1 2 1 9

Crops

organic 1 1 6

? 4 7 11 2 4 8 8 8 10

beef (cow/calf and/or feedlot)

8 1 3 4 2 1 4

hog 1 1 1 2 2 2 3

dairy 1 3 6 5 3

poultry 1 2 1

bison 1

Livestock

other 1 Tillage System

# producers 4 5 14 16 12 10 13

years (average) 6 12 8.8 12 11.3 13.9 11.2 direct2 seed

years (range) 2-10 8-15 1-22 4-20 4-17 4-34 4-18

# producers 6 14 16 4

years (average) 11 13.7 10.8 zero or no till

years (range) 6-15 1-20 1-18

# producers 4 1 11

years (average) 10 12 reduced till

years (range) 10 12 ridge till # producers 7

# producers 1 1 3 high disturbance direct seeding years (average) 4 17

average 3130 4625 1950 3700 4408 2545 1350 1137 land base (acres)

range

750 to

6000

750 to

10000

750 to

4500

<1200 to

10000

<1200 to

>10000

<1200 to

3750

200 to

>2000

<200 to

>2000

80 to

5200

50 to-

>400 Meeting Locations: GP – Grande Prairie, L – Lethbridge, C – Camrose, S – Saskatoon, R – Regina, Br – Brandon, W – Woodstock, Be – Belleville, SH – Ste. Hyacinthe Notes: 1Horticultural crops includes potatoes 2Direct seed refers to seeding directly into previously untilled standing stubble, however, the amount of soil disturbance is not specified. Therefore, this term has a somewhat broad definition and could include both zero or no tillage, and reduced tillage. 3Moncton meeting notes: Producers did not distinguish between annual and perennial forages, most horticultural crops were potatoes. Tillage systems are more flexible within individual farms in Atlantic Canada compared to other regions. Therefore, most producers that indicated zero or reduced tillage, also still practiced considerable high disturbance seeding especially for potatoes.

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Appendix VI: Planning and Implementation Committees for Zero Tillage Producer Consultation Meetings National Coordinator and Reporter: Dennis Haak 1

Meeting Location

Grande Prairie Camrose Lethbridge

Regina Saskatoon Brandon

Belleville Woodstock Ste. Hyacinthe Moncton

Provincial Planning Committees

Gary Telford 1 Peter Gamache 13 Don Wentz 13 Rob Dunn 2

Tony Masich 1 Blair McClinton 15 Ken Panchuk 14 Brian McConkey 1

Jeff Thiele 1 Kendall Heise 6 Bryce Wood 8 Curtis Cavers 5

Deanna Deaville 11

Greg Kitchen 11 Barry Newcombe 19

Adam Hayes 10

Odette Menard 7 Georges Lamarre 7 Simon Audette 17 Jocelyn Michon 18 Daniel Guay 20 Isabelle Breune 1 Nancy Lease 7 Carl Berube 4

Gordon Fairchild 3 Pat Toner 9 Ron DeHaan 12 Delmar Holmstrom 1Vernon Rodd 1 Malcolm Black 1

Facilitators Brian Haddow 1 Ron Gares 1 Rolf Antonowitsch 1 Ron Gares 1 Nick Kinkel 10 Odette Menard 7 Gordon Fairchild 3

Recorders

Sharon Holden 1 Denise Repski 1 Lois Cicman 1

Linda Cunningham1 Debra Wilkinson1

Deanna Deaville 11

Adam Hayes 10 Georges Menard 7 Josée Rioux 3

Written Reports

Gary Telford 1 Tony Masich 1 Jeff Thiele 1 Deanna Deaville 11

Nick Kinkel 10 Odette Menard 7 Georges Lamarre 7 Gordon Fairchild 3

Facilitation Process Planning: Dennis Haak 1, Erwin Allerdings 1, Rolfe Antonowitsch 1, Ron Gares 1, Doug McKell 16

Report Editing: Rodney Desnomie1 Technical Review for French Translation: Isabelle Breune1

Organizations Titles 1 AAFC-PFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration 2 AAFRD Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development 3 ECSWCC Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre 4 GHGMP Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Program 5 MAFRI Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives 6 ManDak Manitoba / North Dakota Zero Tillage Association 7 MAPAQ Quebec Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 8 MZTRA Manitoba Zero Tillage Research Association 9 NBAFA New Brunswick Agriculture, Fisheries, and Aquaculture 10 OMAFRA Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 11 OSCIA Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association 12 PEIAFA Prince Edward Island Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture 13 ARTL Alberta Reduced Tillage LInkages 14 SAF Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food 15 SSCA Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association 16 SCCC Soil Conservation Council of Canada 17 Action billion, Quebec 18 Action semis direct, Quebec 19 IFAO Innovative Farmers Association of Ontario 20 Quebec Producer

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Appendix VII: Meeting Locations Across Canada