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IAUC Newsletter INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR URBAN CLIMATE

Issue No. 9 February, 2005.

www.urban-climate.org

Contents p1. President’s Column. p2. Conferences

Urban Project Reports p3. Urban FluxNet Database: CO2 p4. SURF: Urban influence on rainfall. p7. Mitigation of thermal stress and river restoration

Country Reports

p9. Urban meteorology in Italy p12. Urban climate research in Korea p15. ICUC-6 Goteborg, Sweden. p16. IAUC committee report: Bibliography p18. IAUC Board news.

tent of the bibliographies would be greatly appreciated. The bibliogra-phies will be available until Febru-ary 28 2005 for comment. Thank you in advance for your time and suggestions.

Sue Grimmond

President of the IAUC

References 1.Oke, T. R., 1974: "Review of urban climatology,

1968-73," WMO Technical Note, No. 134, WMO-No. 383. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,132 pages.

2.Oke, T. R., 1979: "Review of urban climatology, 1973-76," WMO Technical Note, No. 169, WMO-No. 539. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 100 pages.

3.Oke, T. R., 1983: "Bibliography of Urban Climate, 1977-1980," WCP-45, World Climate Pro-gramme. World Meteorological Organization, Ge-neva, 39 pages.

4.Oke, T. R., 1990: "Bibliography of Urban Climate, 1981-1988," WCAP-15, World Climate Programme. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 62 pages.

5.Jauregui, E., 1993: "Bibliography of urban climate in Tropical/subTropical areas, 1981-1991". WCASP-25, WMO/TD-No. 552, World Climate Programme Appli-cations & Services. World Meteorological Organiza-tion, Geneva, 62 pages.

6.Jauregui, E., 1996: "Bibliography of urban climatol-ogy for the Period 1992-1995 including a section on Urban Climate in Tropical/subTropical areas". WCASP-36, WMO/TD-No. 759, World Climate Pro-gramme Applications & Services. World Meteorologi-cal Organization, Geneva, 61 pages.

IAUC Co-sponsor of Upcoming Conferences IAUC will be a co-sponsor for two upcoming con-ferences: a.17th International Congress of Biometeorol-

ogy (ICB2005), 5-9 September 2005 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany. Congress Theme: Adaptation to Weather, Climate and Cli-mate Change.

b. American Meteorological Society's 6th Sympo-sium on the Urban Environment, to be held in conjunction with the AMS Annual Meeting: 29 January - 2 February 2006, Atlanta, Georgia.

For more details about each of these confer-ences, please go to the meeting page of the IAUC website.

WMO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF URBAN CLIMATOLOGY

In collaboration with the World Meteorological Or-ganization’s (WMO) Expert Team 3.9 on Urban Climatology including training, Dr. Jennifer Sal-mond (University of Birmingham, England) on behalf of the IAUC is preparing the next two edi-tions of the World Meteorological Organisation’s ‘Bibliography of urban climatology’. These will cover the periods 1996 – 1999 and 2000 –2004, following on from the earlier work by Timothy Oke and Ernesto Jauregui (Oke, 1974, 1979, 1983, 1990; Jauregui 1993, 1996). The two new bibliog-raphies have been prepared largely using search engines such as the ‘Web of Science’. The bibli-ography for the latter period, 2000 – 2004, also incorporates the papers that have been high-lighted in the IAUC Newsletters. These bibliogra-phies represent a significant contribution and I want to commend Jenny for all her work to date.

We know that we are still missing key ref-erences, particularly those that have not been published in the English-language literature. In order to try and ensure as complete coverage as possible from around the world, drafts of both manuscripts are on the IAUC website (www.urban-climate.org) for review. Please provide suggestions on additional key papers to be added. These do not have to have been pub-lished in English, but ideally an abstract will be provided in English and at a minimum the title and key words must be provided in English (so the papers can be entered in the searchable da-tabase). Any other comments regarding the con-

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Conferences

2005 RCCAE The 16th Regional Conference of

Clean Air and Environment in Asian Pacific Area

2-4 August 2005 Kogakuin University Shinjuku,

Tokyo, Japan. The special topic of the conference is “Urban En-vironment and Heat Island, its Control by Tech-nologies and by Policies”. Also, the conference focuses on wide range of atmospheric pollution and Environment. Themes • Urban Air Pollution and Modeling • Emission Control Technology for Urban Air Pol-

lution • Advanced Clean Automobile Technologies • Urban Heat Island and its Control • Global Warming Strategies • Energy System as Environmental Protection • Long Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollut-

ants • Miscellaneous

Important Dates Submission of abstracts 31 March 2005 Early registrations 15 June 2005 Late registrations 30 July 2005 Information available at www.nta-mach.com/2005rccae

Call for papers 10th conference on Harmonisation within

Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes

17-20 October, 2005 Sissi (Malia), Crete, Greece

Note: A leaflet on the conference is available at the conference web site www.harmo.org/harmo10 The 10th Conference is addressed towards model developers, model users, environmental protection agencies, and environmental legislation experts. Abstracts of contributions fitting into the scope of the conference are invited. There will be both oral presentations and poster sessions. The deadline for short abstract (no more than 350 words) with indication of the preferred topic is 14 March, 2005. The abstract should preferably be sent via the abstract submission form of the conference home page: www.harmo.org/harmo10/abstracts This conference will cover the following topics • Environmental impact assessment: Air pollution

management and decision support systems • Regulatory models: country review • Experiences using models when implementing

national or international directives • Short distance dispersion modelling • Meso-scale meteorology and air quality modelling • Urban scale and street canyon modelling:

Meteorology and air quality • Exposure modelling • Interaction of indoor and outdoor air and modelling • Validation and inter-comparison of models What distinguishes this conference from many others is its focus on common tools and methodologies. The basic criteria for selecting papers for oral presentation will be whether they fit in with the philosophy of developing an improved modelling culture where modellers as well as regulators and users make effective use of each other’s experience.

Important dates • Short abstracts (less than 350 words) should be

received by 14 March, 2005. • Confirmation for acceptance of contributions will be

made by the end of May, 2005. • Five-page extended abstracts should be submitted

by the end of August, 2005.

Become involved in IAUC. We will soon be opening up for nomina-tions (or self-nominations) for the Board and a number of IAUC committees. Please consider standing for one of these positions and/or encouraging oth-ers to.

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Urban Project Report

Urban FluxNet Database CO2 Flux Measurements

This article reports the initial results of an ongoing initiative to gather information on flux measure-ments in urban environments. The goal is to pro-vide information, through a database and web site, with details of the sites, the instrumentation, the measurement period(s), those involved, and related publications. The database and the web site are managed by Sue Grimmond and Danilo Dragoni at Indiana University at www.indiana.edu/~muhd/. To date, more than twenty research groups, working at more than thirty sites, have reported initiatives (see table opposite). Based on a sub-set of these data, an overview of CO2 urban fluxes measurements was presented at the 2004 FLUXNET Workshop held in Florence, Italy De-cember 13-15. A PDF version of the poster pre-sented is now available at www.indiana.edu/~muhd/UrbanFluxNet/Florence04_Poster.pdf As of December 10, information on twenty sites measuring CO2 fluxes had been entered into the database. Twelve of these sites remain active, or will be active, in 2005. The geographical distribu-tion is strongly biased toward Europe and North America. Australia and Asia are represented by only a few urban sites. Currently we have no documented sites in Africa or South America. The information about the site land use/cover and morphometric characteristics is incomplete, but most studies have been conducted in the Central Business District (CBD) and residential land uses of cities. Given the notable differences in the mor-phometric properties of cities around the world a number of methods are used to describe these characteristics, This includes the Urban Climate Zone (UCZ) classification of Oke (2004) (www.wmo.ch/web/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-81/IOM-81-UrbanMetObs.pdf). The impact of the wide range of land uses/covers and human activities of the sites is evident in terms of the CO2 fluxes reported. The most dense urban areas act as strong sources of CO2; sites with presence of extensive area of vegetation (like the suburban area of Baltimore) have nega-tive fluxes (i.e. uptake) during the summer. We plan to expand our web site by posting more information (e.g. on water and energy fluxes). We would like to thank all those groups who promptly

PI/Lead scientist City Land Use Urban Climate Ongoing?

Hu Fei Beijing City CBD ? yes

Roth

Satyanarayana Singapore industrial 4 no

Manabu Kanda

Ryo Moriwaki Tokyo residential 3 yes

Andrew Coutts

Jason Beringer

Nigel Tapper

Melbourne residential ? yes

Roland Vogt Basel ? ? yes Roland Vogt Basel ? ? no

Dieter Scherer Berlin commercial

residential

from 2 to 5 yes

Henrik Soe-gaard Copenhagen CBD ? yes

Nemitz

David Fowler Edinburgh ? ? no

Wilhelm Kuttler Essen ? ? not yet Helmut Mayer Freiburg ? ? not yet

Offerle

Grimmond Lodz residential 5 no

Offerle

Grimmond Lodz CBD 2 no

Grimmond

Oke Marseille CBD 2 no

V. Masson Toulouse CBD ? yes Franco Miglietta Roma CBD ? yes

Grimmond

Hom Baltimore residential 5 yes

Grimmond et al. Chicago residential

recreational 5 no

Dean E. Ander-son Denver residential

commercial 3-4 yes

Joe McFadden Roseville residential

recreational 5 yes

Oke

Walsh Vancouver residential

commercial 5 yes

responded to our questions and extend the invi-tation to submit more information regarding pre-viously and currently operational sites as well as new or planned sites. Danilo Dragoni

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Urban Project Report

Introduction UNEP (2002) reports that the fastest rates of ur-banization are to be found in tropical-developing countries. In the Asia-Pacific region, for instance, the urban population was 35% of the total popula-tion and it grew by 3.2% a year between 1990 and 1995. Urbanization produces radical changes in land use and changes in emissions of heat, gases, particulates and water. These changes can modify climate at scales from the local to meso-scales and creates cumulative impacts that contribute to global climate change. While the urban influence on temperature is well documented, their effects on rainfall are less well known. Some previous studies have found increases in rainfall, which have been at-tributed to both increased convection and num-bers of condensation nuclei due to urban-induced warming and air pollution, respectively. However, most of these studies have been conducted in mid-latitude, developed, cities. This article reports on a one-year urban climate research projects conducted in a tropical city located in Indonesia. The aims of the project are threefold: (1) documenting the urbanization of the city; (2) documenting the Urban Heat and Humidity

Islands; and (3) exploring urban influence on rainfall. As a

case study, the researchers chose Yogya-karta city, which is located on Java island (Fig 1).

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with more than 13,000 island located across the equatorial region. The current population is close to 200 mil-lion of which more than 100 million live on Java island. The proportion of the population living in urban areas rose from 17% to 31% nationally

from 1971 to 1990. With regard to Yogyakarta city, its current registered population is close to 400,000 and its population density is about 12,206 person per km2. As to the climate, the temperature in Indo-nesia is relatively stable all the year around (i.e. 27o to 30oC approximately). One of important fac-tors governing the season in Indonesia is the monsoon. During the Northern hemisphere winter the predominant wind is westerly, bringing moist air from the Asian mainland whereas during the Northern hemisphere summer the predominant wind is easterly, bringing dry air from Australian continent. The monsoon is associated with two distinct seasons, i.e. wet season (around Novem-ber-February) and dry season (around June-September) with transition periods in between.

Method Since the beginning of project proposal formula-tion, the researchers realized that, due to many obvious reasons, examining urban effect on rain-fall is not an easy task. Therefore, the research-ers consider this project as a first attempt dealing with this difficult area that should be followed by more complete and comprehensive studies in the future. Here, the researchers developed a frame-work that integrates several existing approaches commonly used for examining the urban impact on rainfall. It is believed that these several ap-proaches may complement each other in distin-guishing urban effect on rainfall. These include: analysis of a long time series data for comparing rainfall “before and after” urban development, comparison between urban and rural rainfall, spa-tial analysis of rainfall amount and rainfall chemis-try obtained from a dense and evenly distributed rainfall stations (Fig 2).

SURF A Study of Urban Influence on RainFall in a tropical city, Indonesia

Fig 1. Map showing the Indonesian region and the location of Yogyakarta city. Fig. 2 Locations of rainfall stations used.

5

Field measurements for detecting Urban Heat Is-land (UHI) and Humidity Island phenomena have also been performed in both wet and dry sea-sons. The measurements were conducted at 30 locations at 14 h, 16 h, 18 h, and 20 h. At the same time, we also derived surface temperature information from LANDSAT ETM+ image for the whole study area. Rainfall water samples were collected from 9 raingauges representing each compass point. For capturing both wet season and dry season condition, the samples were taken from late Feb-ruary to early April 2004. Overall, there are 87 rainfall water samples that have been collected and analyzed. In this case, the properties that are analyzed are electrical conductivity, pH, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, SO4, CO2, Na and Pb.

Some preliminary results With respect to urban vs. non-urban rainfall com-parison, we selected two non-urban stations (one located to the west, and the other to the east, of the city) to be compared with an urban station (see Fig 2). These east and west stations were selected after considering the nature of the pre-vailing wind associated with the monsoon. The three stations are located at a similar altitude, that is around 100m above the mean sea level, there-fore the topographical influence on the rainfall may be assumed to be negligible. Adisucipto-Airport is located on the downwind side of the city during the wet season and is on the upwind dur-ing the dry season. Patukan station, on the other hand, is located on the upwind during the wet season and is on the downwind during the dry season. Fig 4 shows the difference between num-ber of rainy days at urban and at non-urban sta-tions. The urban station tends to experience more frequent rainfall compared to those located at the upwind side of the city.

Urban Project Report

Fig 3 An example of air temperature map for Yogyakarta city in April 2004 at 18 h. This shows a clear UHI whose intensity is about 2 to 3oC.

The researchers have also produced maps of rainfall distribution over the city and its surround for each month based on the data from 1978 to 2003. To give an example, Fig 5 shows the January (wet season) rainfall pattern overlaid on a topographical map over the region. We can see that there is relatively clear pattern of high rainfall amount on the downwind side of the city particularly during this month. Considering the location of this high rainfall center, the research-ers think that this pattern demonstrates urban induced rainfall rather than topographically en-hanced rainfall. Corresponding author: Dr. Dewi G.C. Kirono Faculty of Geography Gadjah Mada University Bulaksumur-Yogyakarta INDONESIA Email: dewikirono@geo.ugm.ac.id

Fig 4. The number of rainy days at urban and non-urban stations. The predominant wind is south-westerly during the wet season and south-easterly during the dry season.

Fig 5 Exam-ple of rainfall distribution over Yogya-karta city in January (wet season) based on data from 1978 to 2003.

6

Acknowledgement This is a Project of the Advanced Institute on Ur-banization funded by START-International Secre-tariat and Packard Foundation, USA.

References Arnfield, A.J., 2003, Two decades of urban cli-mate research: A review of turbulence, ex-changes of energy and water, and the urban heat island, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1-26 Budhy, T., 1998, Urban development policy in In-donesia: main aspects for their practices, Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, vol 18 (in Indo-nesian Language). Cleugh, H.A., 1996, Urban Climates, in Future climates of the world: A modeling perspective, eds. A. Henderson-seller, World Survey of Clima-tology, Vol. 16, Elsevier. Indonesian Bureau of Statistics, 2004, Popula-tion, http://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/ sosduk/pop_tables.htm#table5, June 2004. Oke, T.R., 1980, Climatic impacts of urbanization, in Interactions of energy and climate, eds. W. Bach, J. Pankarth, and J. Williams, 339-356. Oke, T.R., 1989, Boundary Layer Meteorology, Routledge, London Shepperd, J.M., Pierce, H., Negri, A.J., 2002, Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Ob-servation from spaceborn rain radar on the TRMM satellite, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 689-701. UNEP, 2001, Global Environment Outlook, http://www.grida.no/geo2000/english/0049htm

Urban Project Report

ENCAC - ELACAC 2005

5th - 7th October 2005 Maceió, Alagoas - Brazil

The ENCAC and ELACAC series of meetings are the main forum in Brazil and in Latin-American for architects, engineers, academics and other profess-ionals and researchers dealing with environmental comfort (thermal comfort, acoustics, lighting, ergonomics) and sustainable subjects regarding building and urban places (energy uses and other aspects related to those human comfort and health issues). The Meetings objective is to encourage the multidisciplinary approach in architecture, urban planning, physics, engineering, bioclimatology, etc.. The Meetings also promote a valuable exchange amongst academics, professionals and practitioners as well as amongst universities and the productive and governmental sectors. Main Topic: "Enviromental Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Tropics" Topics: 1.Bioclimatic Architecture and Sustainability. 2.Thermal Comfort, Architectural and Urban Acoustics,

and Lighting. 3.Energy Efficiency in the Built-up Environment. 4.Climate and Micro-Climate related to Environmental

Comfort. 5.Bioclimatic Properties and Performance of Materials

and Construction Components. 6.Education, Technology Transfer and Research in

Environmental Comfort. 7.Physiology and Psychology in Environmental

Comfort Perception. 8.Instrumentation and Environmental Monitoring. 9.Passive Systems in Air Conditioning and Ventilation. 10. Active Systems in Air Conditioning and Energy

Efficiency. 11.Models and Computer Simulation in Thermal

Performance, Acoustics and Lighting. 12.Ergonomics e Environmental Comfort. 13.Historical Aspects of Comfort and Energy in the

Built-up Environment. 14. Other related topics.

Important Dates • Complete paper (see instructions and format in the

site): March, the 31st • Preliminary accept: April, the 30th • Final paper submission: May, the 16th • Final accept: June, the 13th For further information please see: www.encac2005.ufal.br/ or e-mail to: encac2005@ufal.br

Conference

Urban Climatologists Honored by AMS Congratulations to three IAUC members who became Fellows of the American Meteorological Society this January: Walt Dabberdt (Vaisala, USA), (Photo by Robert Bumpas.)

Steve Hanna (Harvard University, USA and Hanna Consultants) and

Tim Oke (University of British Columbia). Please let us know of other hon-ors that our members have re-ceived for their contributions to urban climatology.

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Urban Project Report

MITIGATION OF THERMAL STRESS BY A LARGE RESTORATION OF INNER-CITY RIVER

(CHEONG-GYE STREAM IN SEOUL, South Korea)

Fig 1 Restoration zone of Cheong-Gye Stream in Seoul.

Fig 2. Landscape around Dongdaemun before the restoration (upper) and the future plan. (Seoul Metropolitan Government).

The surface temperature of an inner-city river is lower relative to other urban surfaces as energy is expended on evaporation rather than heating. Although the area occupied by these water bod-ies is small compared to the whole urban area, they can produce an air temperature difference that is comparable to that which exists between city center and suburbs. So, our research ques-tion is whether a large restoration of an inner-city stream as a component of an environmentally aware urban design strategy, is an effective means of urban thermal mitigation? An ideal op-portunity to evaluate this question was provided in Seoul, South Korea where an extensive section of the Cheong-Gye Stream has been restored. The Cheong-Gye, which flows from west to east in the city center of Seoul, was an inner-city river with the length of 10.92 km joining to the Han-Gang River (Fig. 1). The Cheong-Gye Stream has had a character of natural ‘sewer’ drainage system since the dates of the Lee dynasty “Joseon” when large engineering works were carried out to reduce the risk of flooding. The growth of Seoul at the beginning of the 20th century turned the area around Cheong-Gye Stream into a populated area with severe sanitary problems. In the late 1950’s the river was placed into an underground channel as a solution. Since then, a double decked road has been built along its course. Continued urbanization along this new road resulted in the construction of the Cheong-Gye Double-Decked Road (4 lanes) with the length of around 6 km in the beginning of 1970s. This goes through built-up areas like the Dong-

daemun Market and, nowadays the Cheong-Gye Stream is hidden from view. More recently, an examination of urban infrastructure has revealed serious structural problems with the double-decked road. This has occurred at a time when there is greater empha-sis on environmental-friendly urban design. There is now an impetus driven by citizens to restore the river environment and provide a large amenity space that provides ecological functions and a natural landscape within the city-center. The Seoul Metropolitan Government, therefore, has decided to remove this road for several kilometers and restore the Cheong-Gye Stream (Fig. 2). The restoration process started on July 1, 2003, with the removal of the double-decked road excluding side lanes (Fig. 3). Once completed, the underground channel will be opened and, finally, a green-rich amenity space with a large water surface will be realized.

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Urban Project Report

Fig 3. The urban landscape viewed from the top of the Seongdong District Office (upper) middle of June, 2003 (two weeks before the closing of the upper deck road) and the same scene in August, 2003 as the upper deck

In many cities there is considerable interest in re-designing the urban environment, es-pecially where there is a potential for miti-gation to protect or revive “biotopes” with a high-grade of nature. However, such a large-scale restoration of inner-city stream has not been attempted elsewhere. In addi-tion to its impact on air quality (by reducing traffic flow), its potential role in reducing summertime thermal stress in the vicinity of the stream has been discussed. While this impact has been evaluated using a nu-merical simulation model (Kim and Kim, 2001), this is the first opportunity to verify the impact of river restoration on both air pollution and thermal stress. The authors have started a total monitor-ing on thermal environment meteorological obser-vation) around the restoration zone from before the restoration process to establish the mitigation effect of restoring an inner-city stream (Fig. 4). Simple stations for measuring temperature and humidity were placed at 11 locations around the restoration zone, and data has been recorded every 10 minutes since the middle of June, 2003, before the close of double-decked road. In the middle of August, 2003 (during the primary stage of the restoration process), mobile observations on wind speed, radiation, surface temperature (thermal image) were performed for computing

physiological indicators. The impact of the chang-ing urban surface was measured using a thermo-viewer and a scintillometer. Additionally, vertical observations (temperature, humidity, and wind profile) were made using radiosondes. Around the Dongdaemun Market, upward sensi-ble heat flux on fine days (12-14 August, 2003) was measured with a scintillometer on an optical path crossing the Cheong-Gye Cheon Street with the length of 75 m. It was around 600 W m-2 at the maximum. During the observation term, solar radiation reached to 900 W m-2 at the maximum in every day. Vertical observation data showed that development of mixing height reached to 500 m above the ground at 18LST. If river restoration in urban areas is shown to have an important effect in reducing thermal stress, it will have major implications for urban planning. The results of this study could be ap-plied effectively to other Asian mega-cities facing to severe heat island problems. Toshiaki Ichinose National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

REFERENCES Kim, W.-S. and Kim, H.-Y., 2001: An Experimen-tal Study for Considering Climate: As a Factor in Urban Design (II). Seoul Development Institute, 200p. (in Korean) The web site of Seoul Metropolitan Government (http://www.metro.seoul.kr/kor2000/ chungaehome/en/seoul/main.htm)

Fig 4. Outline of meteorological observation around the res-toration zone of the Cheong-Gye Stream.

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Country Report

Urban Meteorology in Italy

In the seventeenth century Italy made an impor-tant contribution to the birth of meteorological sci-ence, with Galileo and his school inventing instru-ments like the thermometer, the hygrometer and the barometer (Evangelista Torricelli was a fol-lower of Galileo). In the latter half of the same century, the “Scuola Medicea” and “Accademia del Cimento” launched the idea for the first Euro-pean meteorological network (Fig. 1) . In spite of these illustrious beginnings, today Italy is seri-ously behind in the growth of this discipline, with a shortage of personnel in both the research and operative fields. This situation is mainly due to the fact that until 25 years ago, meteorology was the exclusive ter-rain of the Italian Air Force, which was chiefly concerned with aspects linked to aircraft flight. It was not until 1981 that the first civil meteorologi-cal office was founded in Bologna, as the mete-orological service of the Emilia-Romagna region (one of Italy’s administrative regions). This fact constituted an obstacle to the academic develop-ment of the discipline. Up until the 1980’s, Italy had no professorships in either meteorology or atmospheric physics, and even now, there contin-ues to be an insufficient availability of university training. In fact, there are no degree courses in meteorology, and only very recently have three-yearly courses been instituted by some universi-ties. It is principally physicists, like the present author, who work in the area of meteorology. In Italy meteorology did not develop in the uni-versities, but at the Italian National Research Council (CNR). Between the late 1960’s and early 70’s, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the CNR in Rome and, in particular the Microphysics

section of Bologna constituted the principal re-search nucleus in atmospheric physics and mete-orology, undertaking joint projects with the Air Force and some university departments that were taking the first steps within the sector. The Micro-physics Session later became an independent institute, first called FISBAT, latter re-christened ISAO and now ISAC (Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate), which today counts 109 researchers and technicians (about 300 people if students and temporary staff are considered) and has sections throughout Italy (www.isac.cnr.it/ ). Considerable impetus to the growth of meteoro-logical studies, especially with reference to urban areas, has been given by the increasing interest, both nationally and internationally, in aspects re-lating to air pollution. This has led to an increase in courses in meteorology following the creation in 1980 of new degrees in Environmental Sci-ences (since 2000, the author himself has taught a course in Climatology and Meteorology in the degree programme in Environmental Sciences at the University of Parma). However, despite this research impetus, a major problem continues to exist. It concerns the relationship with the interna-tional centres of which Italy is a member, which continues to be officially entrusted to the Italian Air Force (Italy does not have a national civil me-teorological centre), whose main concern is not to promote and broaden national research in the meteorological field. This and other institutional inadequacies mean that overall activity in applica-tive and basic research remains somewhat stifled in Italy, compared to other major European coun-terparts. A stimulus to urban meteorology was generated by several laws which aimed to contain traffic pol-lution in large cities. In response to the growing number of problems caused in cities by the in-crease in automobile traffic, the Italian legislator introduced some very strict laws to prevent circu-lation in large urban centres (e.g. Rome, Milan, Naples, Genoa, Bologna etc.) in critical situa-tions. According to this legislation, in cases where 50% of air pollution monitors in an urban network exceeded an hourly concentration level defined as the alarm threshold (for example, for NO2, it is 400 µg m-3), the following day the city centre had to be closed to traffic. In cases where they ex-ceeded a lower concentration level, defined as the warning threshold (for NO2, it is 200 µg m-3), a meeting of an expert committee had to be held

Fig 1 A meeting of the Accademia del Cimento in the seventeenth century

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Country Report

to decide, on the basis of the meteorological fore-cast, whether to close the city centre to traffic, if the alarm threshold was likely to be reached on the following day. The law stated that "in the case of simultaneous availability of data for each pol-lutant ... the relevant technical committee must consider the possibility of the declaration of a state of warning or alarm on the basis … of gen-eral meteorological conditions.” The effects of the above regulations had a direct impact on the life of citizens, and generated an increased interest in the debate on urban air pol-lution; in particular, there was a call for a better understanding of transport and diffusion proc-esses in urban areas and their correlation with urban meteorology. Moreover, air pollution net-works were installed in many Italian cities and air pollution models were developed to understand and interpret the data obtained, as well as to es-tablish the alarm thresholds. In 1993 the Italian Health Institute published the first official report, which emphasised the benefits of coupling mod-els with motoring networks (Bassanino et al., 1993), and the need for meteorological measure-ments alongside those of air pollution. The same period witnessed a proliferation of measurement campaigns in urban environments, with the aim of increasing knowledge on urban diffusion and de-veloping the ability of applying air pollution mod-els. Research institutes also received increased funding to enable them to perform studies on ur-ban air pollution. The biggest measurement campaign in an urban environment (in terms of cost, human re-sources and commitment of instrumentation) was carried out in Milan in 1993, as part of the CNR project Urban Area and Environment (Ciccioli, 1993). The campaign involved the use of both ra-diosoundings and ground-based remote sensing systems, such as SODAR and RASS, as well as ground measurements performed with conven-tional instrumentation and sonic anemometers to study the interaction of the urban canopy with the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, and the daily evolution of the urban boundary layer height. Moreover, the circulation of mountain-valley breezes over Milan was observed, as well as the occurrence of foehn wind events (Milan is about 30 km. from the Alps). Similar studies were carried out in Rome (albeit with a smaller amount of instrumentation) to assess the local sea breeze circulation (Mastrantonio et al., 1994; Ferretti et al., 2003). Historic series of temperatures sam-pled in urban and rural environments were recon-structed and analysed in order to gain insight on the urban heat island.

More recently, a meteorological campaign was organised in Bologna (Deserti et al., 2003), during summer and winter of 2001/02. The main objec-tives were the determination of horizontal tem-perature gradients in the rural and urban areas, along with the turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat: hourly fields of mixing height, Monin Obuk-hov length, friction velocity and vertical convec-tive velocity were calculated daily. Over the last ten years, various models have been applied in several Italian cities, including

box models, Gaussian models, numerical pho-tochemical models and Lagrangian particle models (Angelino et al., 1993; Bellasio et al., 1994; De Martini et al, 1998; Tirabassi et al., 1998;Tirabassi et al., 2003). Their use has brought the need to know and study the wind circulation over and inside towns, and urban meteorology in general. For example, in Bologna use has been made of a cas-cade assembly of mete-orological and mesoscale dispersion models, such as the

RAMS-CALMET- CALGRID sequence and the PBM photochemical box model (Tirabassi et al., 2001). The RAMS-CALMET- CALGRID model sequence (Rizza et al., 2000) has also been em-ployed to study urban and industrial pollution in Puglia (a region in southern Italy) and an example of the results obtained is shown in Fig 2. Currently, an increasing number of air pollution dispersion studies are being undertaken in many towns, promoted by local air pollution agencies and city mayors (in Italy, the mayor is responsible for health in towns). However, there is little coordination at the central level. Tiziano Tirabassi Institute ISAC of CNR, Bologna, Italy e.mail: t.tirabassi @isac.cnr.it WEB: www.isao.bo.cnr.it/~abl/tirabassi/index.html

Fig 2. Simulated NOX , VOC and O3 (all in µg m-3)hourly concentrations at ground-level over the south-east Apulia region.

11

Country Report

REFERENCES Angelino E., Tamponi M. and Wagner K. The CALGRID model system. In Proceedings of the Workshop: Intercomparison of Advanced Practi-cal Short-Range Atmospheric Dispersion Mod-els. Edit by Cuvalier C. August 30 - September 3, 1993, Manno (Switzerland). Bassanino M., Bertolaccini M.A., Brusasca G., Cirillo M.C., Finzi G., Graziani G., Mamolini G., Marani A., Tamponi M. and Tirabassi T. "Modelli ad integrazione delle reti per la gestione della qualità dell'aria". Rapporto ISTISAN , ISSN 0391-1675, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, 1993. Bellasio R., Lanzani G., Tamponi M. and Tira-bassi T. Boundary layer parametrization for at-mospheric diffusion models by meteorological measurements at the ground level. Nuovo Ci-mento, Vol. 17 C, pp. 163-174, 1994. Ciccioli P. Proceedings of “I simposio nazionale sulle strategie e tecniche di monitoraggio dell’atmosfera”. Società Italiana di Chimica, Roma, 2003. De Martini A., Pasi F., Maffeis G., Longoni M.G., Tamponi M., Graziani G., Lanzani G..Modelling a photochemical smog episode in Lombardy: 20 -23 July 1994. In: “Proc. of 23rd Nato conference on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application”. Varna,1998. Deserti M., Bonafe G., Minguzzi E., Tagliazucca M. and Trivellane G. The urban atmospheric boundary layer: experimental campaigns in Bolo-gna (Italy). Presented in The Fourth International Conference on Urban Air Quality – Measure-ment, Modelling and Management, March 25-28, 2003, Prague. Ferretti, R., G. Mastrantonio, S. Argentini, R. Santoleri, and A. Viola. A model-aided investiga-tion of a winter thermally driven circulation on the Italian Tyrrhenian coast: A case study. J. Geo-phys. Res. Vol. 108 , No. D24, p. 4777-4790, 2003 Mastrantonio G. , A. Viola, S.Argentini, G. Fiocco, L. Giannini, L. Rossini, G. Abbate, R. Ocone, and M. Casonato. Aspect of low level cir-culation in the Tiber valley as observed with a sodar network; Boundary Layer Meteorology vol. 71, 67-80, 1994. Rizza U., C.Mangia, U.Giostra, P.Martano, M.F.Gabucci, D.Di Rocco, M.M.Miglietta, I. Schipa,

Gian Paolo Marra. A modelling system for air quality estimates in coastal areas. In Risk Analy-sis II , p. 513-521, Management Information Sys-tem Vol.3. -ISBN 1-85312-830-9, 2000. Tirabassi T., Fortezza F., Bassanino M. and Lavecchia C. Carbon monoxide concentrations evaluated by traffic noise data in urban areas. Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 21 C, pp. 149-160, 1998 Tirabassi T., Deserti M., Passoni L. and Ker-schbaumer A. " Photochemical smog evaluation in an urban area for environmental management ". Presented at V Conference ISEE/RC'2001 "Ecological Economic Management and Planning in Regional and Urban System" Moscow (Russia), September 26 - 29, 2001. On CD ROM of Proceeding Tirabassi T. , Deserti M. e Passoni L. “Air pollu-tion modelling in an urban area for environmental menagement”. Presentato alla First International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Infor-mation Technology, Communication and Control, Environmental and Management (HNICEM), Ma-nila (Filippine), 27-29 March, 2003. Paper is pub-lished on CD ROM of Proceeding.

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Country Report

Urban Climate Research in Korea

This article briefly introduces recent research ac-tivity on urban climate in Korea. The topics of ur-ban related research being conducted in Korea are very diverse, ranging from fluid dynamics of mechanically and thermally forced urban flow to urban planning and architecture. Here we will limit our introduction to meteorological and climatologi-cal research activity, focusing on recently pub-lished papers and ongoing research. Two groups, Convection and Urban Meteorology Group of Seoul National University and Applied Meteorol-ogy Research Laboratory of Meteorological Re-search Institute/Korea Meteorological Administra-tion (KMA), have been actively involved in urban climate research.

Urban flow and dispersion Urban flow and scalar transport research is an important topic in Korea both because of aca-demic interest and its wide range of practical ap-plications. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, namely large-eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) mod-els, have been developed to understand flow and dispersion around simple arrays of obstacles and apply the CFD models to real urban areas (Fig. 1) [1]. Results from recent CFD modeling studies can be summarized as follows: (1)Pollutants escape from the street canyon

mainly by turbulent process and the net effect of mean flow is to make some escaped pollutants reenter the street canyon [2].

(2)Two-dimensional flow regimes in urban street canyons in the absence [3] or presence [4] of heating are identified.

(3)As the inflow turbulence intensity increases, the street-canyon vortex strengthens and more pollutants escape from the street canyon [5].

(4)Ambient wind direction plays important roles in characterizing flow and dispersion in urban street canyons (Fig. 2) [6].

Simulations with developed CFD models have been so far performed with specified inflow boundary conditions. A larger-scale model can be used to provide time-dependent boundary conditions for a CFD model. With this approach realistic simulation and quasi-operational predic-tion of mean flow, turbulence statistics, and pol-lutant dispersion in an urban area are possible. A project that will couple a CFD model with a meso-scale numerical model is underway. Urban obstacles such as buildings can greatly influence wind speed and direction measured at urban ob-servatories/sites. A CFD modeling study can help to evaluate obstacle effects and find repre-sentative and optimal urban measurement sites. The Meteorological Research Institute is inter-ested in this research.

Urban heat islands Urban heat islands (UHIs) in large cities of Korea have been documented using various kinds of temperature data. Long-term temperature data at meteorological observatories are available. To characterize UHIs and examine the effects of meteorological variables (wind speed, cloudi-ness, relative humidity, etc.) on UHIs, data at an urban observatory and a nearby rural observa-tory are traditionally utilized. With this dataset the maximum UHI intensity in Seoul has been char-acterized and regression and neural network models developed for its prediction [7]. More generally, it has been found that the UHI inten-sity is weaker for coastal compared to inland cit-ies [8]. Currently KMA operates about 500 auto-matic weather stations (AWSs) over the country to provide real-time near-surface weather infor-mation and also improve accuracy of weather forecasts by assimilating AWS data in the KMA operational weather prediction system. The spa-tial density of AWSs is particularly high in the

Fig 1. Scalar concentration field in an ur-ban area simu-lated using a CFD model with the renor-malization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model

Fig 2. Schematic of mean flow circulation in an urban street canyon constructed through the analysis of CFD model simulation data.

portal vortex

horseshoe vortex

eddy circulation

13

Seoul metropolitan area (Fig. 3), enabling us to detect the fine structure of the UHI. One-year AWS data in 1-hour intervals are analyzed using various statistical techniques to examine the spa-tial and temporal structure of the Seoul UHI (Fig. 4) [9]. The availability of high quality data has stimulated much research, including that on the causes of inter-annual variations of the Seoul UHI.

Most meteorological observatories with

long-term data records in Korea are located in urban areas. Accordingly, recorded temperatures are inevitably affected by the UHI effect. To esti-mate the degree of global/regional warming or employ ecological models at regional scales, the UHI effect should be reliably quantified. With this in mind, some in-depth studies have been per-formed in the past years.

These include: a.estimation of urban warming amounts due to

urbanization using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method and population data [10],

b.urban-effect correction to improve accuracy of spatially interpolated temperature estimates with a digital population model [11], and

c.urbanization effect on the observed change in temperature between the past and current nor-mal periods [12].

Interesting ongoing research by geographic infor-mation system (GIS) specialists of Kyungil Uni-versity is analyzing thermal environment in urban areas using Landsat TM data. This is expected to give detailed UHI information in connection with land-use changes in the last decade.

Urban induced thunderstorms There is observational evidence of more frequent convection and lightning and greater precipitation downwind of urban areas. Several causes for these features have been proposed, including

Country Report

Fig 3. Location of automatic weather stations (AWS) in the Seoul metropolitan area.

Fig 4. Distribution of air temperature averaged for one-year eriod March 2001 to February 2002. The isotherm interval is 0.2ºC. Seocho (S) is highly commercialized with high-story buildings and heavy traffic. Geumcheon (G) is an industrial area.

126.8 126.9 127.0 127.1

longitude (oE)

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Fig 5. Cloud water mixing ratio fields at t = (a) 2h, (b) 3h, and (c) 4 h in a moist model simulation. The center of an urban heat island is located at x=50km and the isopleth interval is 0.2 g kg-1

14

Urban Climate News increased cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), in-creased surface roughness, and urban heat is-lands. In the atmosphere, abundant CCN are present, so increased CCN due to urban air pol-lution may not be a dominant cause. In addition, too many CCN can produce too many cloud droplets, hence prohibiting the formation of pre-cipitation-sized drops. Increased surface rough-ness can result in low-level convergence, but a recent modeling study indicates that surface roughness may weaken surface convergence associated with an urban heat island. A numeri-cal modeling study emphasizes urban heat is-lands as a paramount mechanism by showing that an urban heat island can dynamically induce downwind updraft cell, which can initiate moist convection under favorable thermodynamic con-ditions (Fig. 5) [13].

Currently, theoretical and numerical modeling studies are underway to demonstrate that boundary-layer stability is an important fac-tor in determining the intensity of moist convec-tion induced by an urban heat island and hence precipitation. Also a work is planned to observa-tionally document precipitation anomalies due to urban heat islands in large cities of Korea.

Urban parameterization in numerical models Numerical models (global climate models, re-gional climate models, mesoscale models) have been extensively used for weather and climate research in Korea. In those models, urban ef-fects are not included or very roughly parameter-ized. Cities are known to influence weather and climate and the degree of influence will increase as urbanization continues. Hence, to simulate weather and climate accurately, urban effects (mechanical plus thermal) should be properly pa-rameterized in numerical models. These efforts will be made with a high-resolution mesoscale model and then a coarse-resolution global model. Corresponding author: Jong-Jin Baik School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151-742, Korea e-mail: jjbaik@snu.ac.kr

References [1] Baik, J.-J., J.-J. Kim, and H. J. S. Fernando,

2003: A CFD model for simulating urban flow and dispersion. Journal of Applied Meteorol-ogy, 42, 1636-1648.

[2] Baik, J.-J., and J.-J. Kim, 2002: On the es-cape of pollutants from urban street canyons. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 527-536.

[3] Jeong, S.-J., and M. J. Andrews, 2002: Appli-cation of the k-e turbulence model to the high Reynolds

number skimming flow field of an urban street canyon. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1137-1145.

[4] Kim, J.-J., and J.-J. Baik, 2001: Urban street-canyon flows with bottom heating. Atmos-pheric Environment, 35, 3395-3404.

[5] Kim, J.-J., and J.-J. Baik, 2003: Effects of in-flow turbulence intensity on flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerody-namics, 91, 309-329.

[6] Kim, J.-J., and J.-J. Baik, 2004: A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction on flow and dispersion in urban street can-yons using the RNG k-e turbulence model. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3039-3048.

[7] Kim, Y.-H., and J.-J. Baik, 2002: Maximum ur-ban heat island intensity in Seoul. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 41, 651-659.

[8] Kim, Y.-H., and J.-J. Baik, 2004: Daily maxi-mum urban heat island intensity in large cities of Korea. Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy, 79, 151-164.

[9] Kim, Y.-H., and J.-J. Baik, 2005: Spatial and temporal structure of the urban heat island in Seoul. Journal of Applied Meteorology (in press).

[10] Kim, M.-K., I.-S. Kang, and C.-H. Kwak, 1999: The estimation of urban warming amounts due to urbanization in Korea for the recent 40 years. Journal of the Korean Mete-orological Society, 35, 118-126. (in Korean)

[11] Choi, J., U. Chung, and J.-I. Yun, 2003: Ur-ban-effect correction to improve accuracy of spatially interpolated temperature estimates in Korea. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, 1711-1719.

[12] Chung, U., J. Choi, and J.-I. Yun, 2004: Ur-banization effect on the observed change in mean monthly temperatures between 1951-1980 and 1971-2000 in Korea. Climatic Change, 66, 127-136.

[13] Baik, J.-J., Y.-H. Kim, and H.-Y. Chun, 2001: Dry and moist convection forced by an urban heat island. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40, 1462-1475.

15

Call for papers ICUC-6 welcomes papers seeking to understand the nature of the atmosphere in urban environ-ments or to the application of such knowledge to the better design and operation of settlements. Scales of interest range from individual built ele-ments (roofs, walls, roads) through whole build-ings, streets, factories, parks, clusters of buildings and neighborhoods, to whole cities and urban re-gions and their impacts on weather and climate at scales up to those of global change. The focus can be original research into the physical, biologi-cal and chemical atmospheric processes operat-ing in built areas; the weather, climates and sur-face hydrology experienced in built areas; the de-sign and testing of scale, statistical and numerical models of urban climates; or reports on the appli-cation of climatic understanding in architectural design or urban planning. Papers may relate to new concepts, methods, instruments, observa-tions, applications, forecasting operations, sce-nario testing, projections of future climates, etc. Sessions that focus on major field studies or other projects or topics may be proposed. For fur-ther information please visit the website or email Professor Sven Lindqvist, chair of the local orga-nizing committee (sven@gvc.gu.se) or Prof. Sue Grimmond (grimmon@indiana.edu), President IAUC.

The deadline for submission of abstracts is 10th November, 2005. Abstracts will be submit-ted via the web. Appropriate topics include, but are not restricted to:

• Airflow over cities, including turbulence, urban roughness and drag, changes of wind speed and direction, urban circulation systems, and wind engineering

• Anthropogenic Heat

• Building climates (interior and exterior) and the climatic performance of built features

• Carbon exchanges in urban areas

• Cities and global change

• Climate-sensitive urban design and planning

• Climates of paved surfaces such as roads, streets, highways, runways and parking lots

• Climatic performance of urban trees, lawns, gar-dens, parks, green roofs, irrigation, rivers, lakes and reservoirs

• Emergency response planning

• Exchanges of heat, mass and momentum be-tween the urban surface and its boundary layer

• Forecasting urban weather, comfort, hazards, and air quality

• Interactions between urban climate and the emission, dispersion, transport, transformation and removal of air pollutants

• Models, and their evaluation, of the urban at-mosphere at all scales and urban surface-atmosphere exchanges

• Remote sensing of cities and urban climate

• Road climatology in cities, including influence from traffic and other city related-objects

• Short- and long-wave radiation in polluted air and urban visibility

• Topoclimatology of cities, including the effects of coasts, valleys and other landforms

• Urban biometeorology relevant to the function-ing of plants, wildlife and humans

• Urban climates in high latitude settings

• Urban heat islands, their nature, genesis and mitigation

• Urban impacts on surface moisture, dew, evaporation, humidity, fog, cloud and precipita-tion

ICUC-6 Sixth International

Conference on Urban Climate Göteborg, Sweden

June 12th - 16th, 2006 The IAUC members have selected Göteborg (Gothenburg), Sweden as the site for the sixth International Conference on Urban Climate. Fur-ther details will become available at the confer-ence website www.gvc.gu.se/icuc6, which is also accessible via the IAUC website (www.urban-climate.org).

ICUC-6

16

IAUC Committee Reports

Bibliography

This has been a great year for urban climate pub-lications. We have seen a wide range of interest-ing papers spanning the breadth of the subject from cities around the world. Thanks to everyone who has collected and sent in references. Look out for the complete 2003 and 2004 bibliogra-phies on the IAUC website in the near future! Please send any further papers published since January 1 2004 for inclusion in the next newslet-ter to j.salmond@bham.ac.uk. As before, please mark the header of your email with 'IAUC Publica-tions 2004'. In order to facilitate entering the infor-mation into the data base please use the follow-ing format: Author: Title: Journal: Volume: Pages: Dates: Keywords: Language: We look forward to hearing from you soon! Jennifer Salmond University of Birmingham j.salmond@bham.ac.uk

Recent publications in Urban Climatology (Languages are specified where the publication is known to be in a language other than in English.) 1. Barlow, J., Harman, I. and Belcher, S. (2004). "Scalar fluxes from urban street canyons. Part I: Labo-ratory simulation." Boundary Layer Meteorology, 113(3): 369-385. 2. Chang, J.C. and Hanna, S.R. (2004). "Air quality model performance evaluation." Meteorology and At-mospheric Physics, 87(1/3): 167-195. 3. Christen, A. and Vogt, R. (2004). "Energy and Ra-diation Balance of a Central European City urban en-ergy balance; urban radiation balance; turbulent flux densities; eddy correlation; storage heat flux; albedo, urban-rural differences; vertical flux density diver-gence." International Journal of Climatology, 24(11): 1395-1422. 4. Colvile, R.N., Kaur, S., Britter, R., Robins, A., Bell, M.C., Shallcross, D. and Belcher, S.E. (2004). "Sustainable development of urban transport systems

and human exposure to air pollution." Science of the Total Environment, 334-335: 481-487. 5. Dabberdt, W.F., Frederick, G.L., Hardesty, R.M., Lee, W.-C. and Underwood, K. (2004). "Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emer-gency response." Meteorology and Atmospheric Phys-ics, 87(1/3): 57-88. 6. Grimmond, C.S.B., Salmond, J.A., Oke, T.R., Of-ferle, B. and Lemonsu, A. (2004). "Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momen-tum." Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109, D24101(doi:10.1029/2004JD004936): 19pp. 7. Gurjar, B.R. and Lelieveld, J. (2004). "New Direc-tions: Megacities and global change." Atmospheric En-vironment, 39( 2): 391-393. 8. Hamilton, R. and Morrison, G.E. (Eds.) (2004). "Highway and Urban Pollution." Special Issue of Sci-ence of The Total Environment, 334-335: 1-519. 9. Harman, I., Barlow, J. and Belcher, S. (2004). "Scalar Fluxes from Urban Street Canyons Part II: Model." Boundary Layer Meteorology, 113(3): 387-410. 10. Harrison, R.M., Jones, A.M. and Barrowcliffe, R. (2004). "Field study of the influence of meteorological factors and traffic volumes upon suspended particle mass at urban roadside sites of differing geometries." Atmospheric Environment, 38(37): 6361-6369. 11. Hirano, Y., Yasuoka, Y. and Ichinose, T. (2004). "Urban climate simulation by incorporating satellite-derived vegetation cover distribution into a mesoscale meteorological model." Theoretical and Applied Clima-tology, 79(3/4): 175-184. 12. Hua, T., Chan, J.C.L. and Jianguo, S. (2004). "A Study of the Urban Boundary Layer Model and Its Ap-plication in the Hong Kong Area." Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 28(6): 957-978. 13. Jacovides, C.P., Timvios, F.S., Papaioannou, G.G., Asimakopoulos, D.N. and Theofilou, C.M. (2004). "Ratio of PAR to broadband solar radiation measured in Cyprus." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121: 135-140. 14. Kastner-Klein, P., Berkowicz, R. and Britter, R. (2004). "The influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion in street canyons." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 87(1/3): 121-132. 15. Kim, Y.-H. and Baik, J.-J. (2004). "Daily maximum urban heat island intensity in large cities of Korea." Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 79(3/4): 151-164. 16. Kotroni, V. and Lagouvardos, K. (2004).

17

IAUC Awards Committee

"Evaluation of MM5 High-Resolution Real-Time Fore-casts over the Urban Area of Athens, Greece." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43(11): 1666-1678. 17. Leslie, L.M. and Speer, M.S. (2004). "Preliminary modelling results of an urban air quality model verifying the prediction of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone over the Sydney basin." Meteorology and At-mospheric Physics, 87(1/3): 89-92. 18. Li, C., Lau, A.K.-H. and Mao, J. (2004a). "Validation of MODIS AOD products with 1-km resolution and their application in the study of urban air pollution in Hong Kong." Proceedings - SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering, 5547: 122-133. 19. Li, Q., Zhang, H., Liu, X. and Huang, J. (2004b). "Urban heat island effect on annual mean temperature during the last 50 years in China." Theoretical and Ap-plied Climatology, 79(3/4): 165-174. 20. Li, Z., Hopke, P.K., Husain, L., Qureshi, S., Dut-kiewicz, V.A., Schwab, J.J., Drewnick, F. and Demer-jian, K.L. (2004c). "Sources of fine particle composition in New York city." Atmospheric Environment, 38(38): 6521-6529. 21. Liu, C.-H., Barth, M.C. and Leung, D.Y.C. (2004). "Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Pollutant Trans-port in Street Canyons of Different Building-Height-to-Street-Width Ratios." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43(10): 1410-1424. 22. Longley, I.D., Gallagher, M.W., Dorsey, J.R., Flynn, M., Bower, K.N. and Allan, J.D. (2004). "Street canyon aerosol pollutant transport measurements." Science of the Total Environment, 334-335: 327-336. 23. Mazzeo, N.A. and Venegas, L.E. (2004). "Some aspects of air pollution in Buenos Aires city, Argentina." International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 22(4): 365-378. 24. Moriwaki, R. and Kanda, M. (2004). "Seasonal and Diurnal Fluxes of Radiation, Heat, Water Vapor, and Carbon Dioxide over a Suburban Area." Journal of Ap-plied Meteorology, 43(11): 1700-1710. 25. Murena, F. (2004). "Measuring air quality over large urban areas: development and application of an air pol-lution index at the urban area of Naples." Atmospheric Environment, 38(36): 6195-6202. 26. Otte, T.L., Lacser, A., Dupont, S. and Ching, J.K.S. (2004). "Implementation of an Urban Canopy Parame-terization in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model." Jour-nal of Applied Meteorology, 43(11): 1648-1665. 27. Pino, D., Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Comeron, A. and Rocadenbosch, F. (2004). "The boundary layer growth in an urban area." Science of the Total Environ-

ment, 334-335: 207-213. 28. Pospisil, J., Katolicky, J. and Jicha, M. (2004). "A comparison of measurements and CFD model predic-tions for pollutant dispersion in cities." Science of the Total Environment, 334-335: 185-195. 29. Rotach, M.W., Gryning, S.-E., Batchvarova, E., Christen, A. and Vogt, R. (2004). "Pollutant dispersion close to an urban surface - the BUBBLE tracer experi-ment." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 87(1/3): 39-56. 30. Shashua-Bar, L., Tzamir, Y. and Hoffman, M.E. (2004). "Thermal effects of building geometry and spacing on the urban canopy layer microclimate in a hot-humid climate in summer." International Journal of Climatology, 24(13): 1729-1742. 31. Speer, M.S., Leslie, L.M., Qi, L. and Buckley, B.W. (2004). "Urban scale modelling: The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999." Meteorology and Atmospheric Phys-ics, 87(1/3): 161-166. 32. Tsai, M.Y. and Chen, K.S. (2004). "Measurements and three-dimensional modeling of air pollutant disper-sion in an Urban Street Canyon." Atmospheric Environ-ment, 38(35): 5911-5924. 33. Ulke, A.G. (2004). "Daytime ventilation conditions in Buenos Aires city, Argentina." International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 22(4): 379-395. 34. Unger, J. (2004). "Intra-urban relationship between surface geometry and urban heat island: review and new approach." Climate Research, 27(3): 253-264. 35. Wang, B.M., Liu, H.Z., Chen, K., Sang, J.G., Woo, G.C. and Zhang, B.Y. (2004). "Evaluation of pedestrian winds around tall buildings by numerical approach." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 87(1/3): 133-142. Can’t spot your paper from 2004? It is not too late to send me the reference for inclusion in the next issue!

Bibliography

18

Non-Voting members of the Board: Past Secretary: John Arnfield, USA. Past President: Tim Oke, Canada. Local Organizer ICUC5: Kazimierz Klysik Poland. Local Organizer ICUC6: Sven Lindqvist, Sweden.

IAUC Committee Chairs Editor IAUC Newsletter: Gerald Mills Chair Bibliography Committee: Jennifer Salmond Chair Membership Committee: Janet Barlow Chair Teaching Resources: Gerald Mills Chair Awards Committee: Bob Bornstein WebMasters: James Voogt

Board Members & Terms

President: Sue Grimmond (USA), 2007 Secretary: Matthias Roth (Singapore), 2007 Janet Barlow (UK), 2007 Ariel Bitan (Israel), 2006 Bob Bornstein (USA), 2005 Krzysztof Fortuniak (Poland), 2007 Wilhelm Kuttler (Germany), 2008 Gerald Mills (Ireland), 2007 Yasuto Nakamura (Japan), 2005 James Voogt (Canada), 2006

Newsletter Contributions The IAUC Newsletter is published bi-monthly. The next publication will occur in early February. Any items to be considered for the December edition should be received by March 31, 2005. The following individuals compile submissions in various categories. Contributions should be sent to the relevant editor: Conferences: Jamie Voogt (javoogt@uwo.ca) Websites: Gerald Mills (gerald.mills@ucd.ie) Bibliography: Jennifer Salmond (j.salmond@bham.ac.uk) Urban Projects: Sue Grimmond (grimmon@indiana.edu) We would like to add an ’Urban Climatology in the News’ section to this list. Please contact Sue Grimmond if you would like to be editor of this section. General submissions should be rela-tively short (1-2 A4 pages of text), written in a manner that is accessible to a wide audience and incorporate figures and photographs where appropriate.

IAUC Information

Board renewal According to the IAUC Board Procedures and Terms, two board member will rotate off in August 2005 and need to be replaced. An official an-nouncement regarding the nomination of candi-dates will follow in March. The objective of this note is to alert any members who are thinking about standing for the Board or would like to nominate a candidate about this upcoming oppor-tunity. Please note that only persons who are members of IAUC can stand for the Board and only IAUC members at the time of nomination will be eligible to vote. The membership database will therefore be closed at the start of the nomination period for the duration of the nomination and vot-ing periods. If you would like to be part of this process please ensure that you are an IAUC member before the nomination period begins (sometime in March). Please also remember the following rules: • The person nominating a candidate should

name two other members who also support the nomination. In the case of self-nomination three other members need to support the nomination. All persons should e-mail the Secretary to con-firm their support within the nomination period.

• At the completion of the nomination period, if the number of nominations exceeds the number of available positions, an election is held. If not, the nominees are considered to have been elected.

IAUC Board Procedures and Terms and composi-tion of current board can be viewed at: www.urban-climate.org In an effort to have wide geographical representa-tion on the Board we welcome in particular nomi-nations from Asia, Austral-Asia and Africa. Matthias Roth Secretary IAUC (geomr@nus.edu.sg)

Board Information