IN THIS 11

ISSUE: I"

MAY JUN 965

THE NEW CONAR AUDIO COLOR

IN -CIRCUIT TESTING OF TUBES ANDTRANSISTORS

1965 ELECTRONICS REVIEW AND FORECAST

35 CENTS

Touch Control Lamp kitWITH THE AMAZING DYNAQUAD® ELECTRONIC SWITCH

TOUCH -IT'S ON!

TOUCH -IT'S OFF!

LAMP RESPONDS TO A TOUCH OF THE FINGER.Fascinating, easy -to -assemble kit creates a beautifullystyled lamp of polished walnut and brass finish.

This unique lamp has no visible switch. It operates onprinciples that may be used for switches in homes ofthe future.

Dynaquad electronic touch control switch is completelyconcealed within the lamp base. Touch the base-it lights!Touch the center flange-it goes out! No click-no snap-just silent, faultless response to a finger touch. Operatesfrom any standard 110V AC outlet. It mystifies peopleuntil they discover how the Dynaquad switch works.

Kit contains all parts (except shade and bulb) and com-plete instructions for assembly.

Lamp Uses Dynaquad Touch Control Switch

This is a semiconductor module employing a Tung -SolDynaquad-a four -layer germanium device of the tran-sistor family. Use of this component in an electronic cir-cuit of advance design has created a highly reliable, lowcost capacitance switch having wide application possibili-ties of a nature demonstrated by this lamp kit.

'16.99Stock #6UK (4 lbs. parcel post)

insured

USE HANDY ORDER FORM ON PAGE 27-CASH OR TERMS

journalMAY/JUNE, 1965

VOL. 22, NO. 3Published every other month by the Na-tional Radio Institute, 3939 Wisconsin Ave.,N. W. Washington , D. C. 20016.Subscription $2.00 a year. Printed in U.S.A.Second class postage paid atWashington, D. C.

Copyright 1965 by National Radio Institute.All rights reserved.

CONTENTS

4. THE NEW CONAR AUDIO COLOR

E.B. Beach

10. COMMUNICATIONS

Steve Bailey

13. IN -CIRCUIT TESTING OFTUBES AND TRANSISTORS

J.B. Straughn

18. TRANS WORLD RADIO

Most Powerful Voice

20. ELECTRONICS REVIEW, FORECAST

From Electronics Industries

24. WHAT'S NEW?

26. SUCCESS STORY: EMILE POTHIER

29. ALUMNI NEWS

ON OUR COVER

If you're the imaginative type, you prob-ably make beautiful pictures in your mindas you hear the sound of music: coolgreens, blues, and violets with softlykeyed tunes, blaring reds and yellowswith loudness or dissonance, and all thehues in between with the medium loud,medium tempo arrangements. If you goto hear a concert or combo rendition,the pictures to accompany the music aresupplied for you, as Ted Beach says inhis article beginning on Page 4, NowCONAR has developed an instrument bywhich you can SEE in color what youhear: the Audio Color, a photorhythmicondevice that translates the sound fromyour hi-fi, stereo, tape recorder, oreven most radios, to patterned colorsacross its frosted screen. It's sort of theway smelling the aroma of a steakcharcoal -broiling makes it taste better,or in essence, two senses used on thesame thing heighten its enjoyment. Tunein on Ted's story, Page 4, for details.

WILLIAM F. DUNNEditor and Publisher

ALLENE MAGANNManaging Editor

T.E. ROSEAlumni News Editor

J.B. STRAUGHNTechnical Editor

MARION TIGERArt Editor

1

CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR ELEC-TRONICS TECHNICIANS AND ENGINEERS.Donald W. Moffat, Gernsback Library. 99pp.,(8-1/2 x 11), $5.95.

Contains solutions to hundreds of math prob-lems that technicians, engineers, hams, andstudents might have. Just turn to the appro-priate page, put your ruler in place,and readthe answers. Saves hours of time in routinecalculations; with step-by-step instructions,examples for using each chart.

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MECHANICS.Audel.384 pp., $4.00. Available from Sams.

"The laws of mechanics affect every actionwe make. Man is constantly moving some-thing, constantly doing work. There is alwayssome specific object that must be moved aspecific distance in order to accomplish thedesired results.

"When equipment or tools are employed, forceis applied and energy expended."

The book offers, in everyday terms, a com-plete study of basic mechanics, the branchof physics that deals with motion and thephenomena of the action of forces on bodies.

A general review of the mathematics, in-cluding algebra and geometry, needed to dealwith mechanics is included, as well as funda-mentals and the application of mechanics tosuch devices as levers, planes, wedges,pulleys, and various types of gears and geartrains.

HOME WORKSHOP AND TOOL HANDBOOK.Audel. 448 pp., $5.00.

A practical guide written for the home crafts-man, student, or beginner.

Chapters include: Planning the Home Work-shop, The Workbench, Hand Tools and TheirUses, Hand Tools for Cutting, Boring Tools,Fastening Tools, Miscellaneous Hand Tools,Sharpening Woodworking Tools, Power ToolSelection, The Circular Saw, The Radial -Arm Saw, The Band Saw, The Jigsaw, TheWoodturning Lathe, The Jointer and theShaper, The Sander, The Drill Press, Porta-ble Woodworking Machines, Common Woodsand Their Uses, Common Wood Joints, Paint-ing, Practical Shop Mathematics, Safety Sug-

gestions. Available from electronics partsdistributors, bookstores, or Howard W. Samsand Co., Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.

HI-FI TROUBLES --- How You Can AvoidThem; How You Can Cure Them. HermanBurnstein, Gernsback Library, Inc., 154 W.14th St., New York, N. Y. 10011. 160 pp.,$3.95.Tells in layman's language how to locatetroubles in an audio system, what to do aboutthem, and how to do it....what the averageaudiophile can do himself and what he shouldleave to the technician. (Also a useful guideto technicians.) It's aimed at helping thelistener to be his own hi-fi doctor, withsolutions to such problems as noises inswitches, deteriorating equipment, excessivehum, tubes, resistors, distortion, bass andtreble problems, special installation prob-lems, stereo and tape troubles, etc.

Local Chapters of NRIAlumni AssociationSeek New Members

There are local chapters of the NRIAA infourteen cities in the U. S. These chap-ters were founded and are maintained byNRI graduates. Their purpose is to pro-vide facilities for NRI men to hold meet-ings for the benefit of the members. Themeetings are devoted primarily to talks,demonstrations, and discussions on thepractical side of Radio -TV servicing.These programs are generally conductedby the senior members of the Chapter,who lead, guide, and otherwise help themore inexperienced members.

The members also enjoy the opportunityto associate with other fellows who havethe same interests as they in Radio -TV -Electronics. They like to get together,swap experiences, hold "bull" sessions.Many Chapters serve refreshments suchas cold drinks, coffee and doughnuts orsnacks. This helps the members to re-lax and enjoy the good fellowship.

Membership in a local Chapter is NOTlimited to graduates. Students are justas eligible as graduates. All local Chap-ters constantly strive to get as manynew members as they can and extend awarm welcome to any NRI student orgraduate who wants to join or visit theChapter.

If there is a local Chapter in your area(see "Directory of Local Chapters" onpage 32) we strongly suggest you drop inon some meeting night and get acquainted.

2

1

'65 GODDARD AWARD

GOES TO J.E. SMITHNRI's founder, J. E. Smith, hasbeen selected by the Alumni Ci-tations Committee of WorcesterPolytechnic Institute as the 1965recipient of the Robert H.

Goddard Award for outstandingprofessional achievement. Theaward, made under the jointsponsorship of the WPI Alumni

and the college boardof trustees, will be given toMr. Smith at the college's re-union luncheon June 12.

Mr. Smith graduated fromWorcester Polytechnic in 1906as an electrical engineer.

Prof. Goddard, one of the col-lege's most illustrious alumni, isgenerally recognized as the"father of modern rocketry", aswell as for other outstanding sci-entific achievements. His earlyexperiments with rocket propul-sion, at a time when such effortswere generally considered vi-sionary and impractical, actuallyformed the scientific basis forthe world's present and futureaccomplishments in space ex-ploration.

ERSIN

MULTICORE5 -CORE SOLDER

ONLY 500BUY IT AT RADIOTV PARTS STORES

MULTICORE SALES CORP. PORT WASHINGTON, N.Y.

MARKING REFERENCE MANUAL

Every tool user and technician has hismuch used reference manual with one ortwo sections thumbed most frequently. Toopen the manual instantly to this mostwanted section mark the chapter with apermanent tab. The tab is made from astrip of plastic tape fastened to the begin-ning of the chapter in question. The photo-graph illustrates the use of such a tab.The strip is doubled over and in this wayfastened to the edge of the page so that itcan be "spotted" immediately by themanual user.

Glen F. Stillwell

3

The Sound of Music: Enhance

With New CONAR Audio ColorHues of Varying Intensity Move Across the Screen,

Responding to Changes of Pitch and Tempo of Tune

By E. B. BEA CII

Motionpictures were for many years mute,and pianists and organists used to supply

mood music for the changing scenes on thetheatre screen. Audiences soon became tiredof the same old thing, however, and movieattendance fell off considerably. After Edisoninvented his fabulous "talking machine," itwas not long until there were "talkies" andmovies were given a new life.

In the very same way, some sort of visualstimulation can be added to enhance high-fidelity music. Concertgoers can see themovement of the conductor's hands, watchas the tympanist plays a roll on the kettledrums and feel the excitement as the cymbalscrash together. In the home, this beauty ofmotion and color is left to the imaginationof the listener, and visual stimulation istotally lacking. Stereophonic sound has addeda new dimension to high fidelity, but stilldoes not give complete satisfaction to thesenses...sight is still missing.

For these reasons, then, the color organ orphotorythmicon came into being. The CONARModel 103 is perhaps one of the most ad-vanced of those presently available.

BASIC DESIGNS

A color organ in its simplest form wouldconsist of an amplifier and a light source asshown in Fig. 1. The amplifier takes the low

/ / /

INPUTAMPLIFIER

FIG. 1. Simple color organ.

The simple system described above does notrepresent a very practical color organ. In-deed, how monotonous it would be merely towatch a lamp flicker in step with musicloudness; Music has, in addition to intensityvariations, basic changes in pitch or fre-quency which go to make up the tune, melody,or theme of the piece. Individual instrumentsalso are restricted in the range of frequen-cies they can play; violins mid to high,trumpets low to mid, cello mid to low, etc.Therefore, a practical color organ should

/ 1 /

LAMP INPUT

level audio signal from the sound system(usually from the loudspeaker) and builds itup to a level sufficiently high to light thelamp. The lamp brilliance will vary in stepwith the loudness of the music.

AMPLIFIER20,000 CPS

AMPLIFIER19,999 CPS

r - -L

L

1

I- - --II I- ..."`_ ../.L J

AMPLIFIER

21 CPS

AMPLIFIER

20 CPS

FIG. 2. Ideal color organ.

4

20 600 5000FREQUENCY

AMPLIFIER

HIGH

AMPLIFIER

MID

201307

AMPLIFIER

LOW

FIG. 3. p racti cal three -channel co or organ.

have some means of indicating changes inthe pitch as well as loudness of music.Ideally there would be an infinite numberof amplifier lamp combinations, each oneresponding to one discrete frequency as shownin Fig. 2. Practically speaking, the frequencyspectrum is usually divided into three bandsor groups of frequencies for application tothe lamps as shown in Fig. 3. These bandsare usually considered to be low (20 cps to600 cps), mid (600 cps to 5,000 cps), andhigh (5,000 cps to 20,000 cps) frequencies.Di splays

The problem with our color organ shown inFig. 3 is that there must be some suitableway to display the light from the three lamps.After all, even with three frequency andloudness -sensitive lamps to look at, we wouldhardly enjoy staring at three identical glaring,naked bulbs even for a short period of time:Coloring each lamp a different color (redfor low, blue for mid, and green for high,for example) would be at least one way tocreate a watchable display. Other displaypossibilities are shown in Fig. 4. Each ofthese displays has been used, and each worksquite well. However, they all have one lackingin common...they are static and unmoving,with little variation from one piece of musicto the next.Circuits

Aside from the display part of a color organ,the electronic part is of prime importance.Fig. 5 shows several configurations used forthe lamp amplifier. Fig. 5A shows a vacuumtube power amplifier, transformer coupledto the lamp. Outside of the expense of apower supply and output transformer, thetwo major disadvantages of this circuit areheat and long warmup time. This amplifierbelongs with the horse and buggy...in the past.

Fig. 5B is a product of our rocket age anduses the relatively new LDR (light dependentresistor).A small lamp illuminates the LDR,whose resistance varies in step, controlling

current to a 120 -volt lamp directly. Advan-tages: large power control, simplicity. Dis-advantages: fairly high driving power re-quired, rather costly.

The SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) circuitshown in Fig. 5C can also be used to controla regular 120 volt lamp (up to 500 watts ormore) directly from the power line. Thelargest disadvantage here is the expense ofthe SCR and its control circuitry. Three ofthese circuits in a color organ would makeit much too expensive for the average person.

The transistor amplifier of Fig. 5D repre-sents perhaps the ideal circuit in terms ofsensitivity, cost, and complexity. It is an"instant on" circuit, like 5B and 5C; is quitesensitive, and can supply an adequate amountof power to the lamp. It is this type of circuitthat is used in the CONAR Model 103 AudioColor. This circuit, along with a uniquedynamic type of display, make the Model 103

BoormanGorman()

FROSTEDGLASSTUBES

STRINGS OFCHRISTMASTREE LIGHTS

FROSTED GLASSBOWL

}1..- INSIDELAMPS

TUBES

FIG. 4. Three display units.

5

TOFILTER

O

LAMP

SCR

V7-

O 120VAC

LAMP

LDR LAMP

120VAC

TOFILTER

FIG. 5. Tube (A), light dependent resistor (B), silicon

controlled rectifier (C), transistor (D) lamp amplifiers.

a truly remarkable audio instrument, pro-ducing mobile changing color patterns ratherthan mere flashes of colored light as do therest of the color organs.

CONAR MODEL103

Actually, the Conar Model 103 Audio Coloris unique in its field...lt is the only com-mercial color organ available for under onehundred dollars, and the only such unit sup-plied either as a kit or as a fully assembledand tested instrument. In addition to its lowcost, the Model 103 has perhaps one of themost interesting and attractive display pres-entation of any color organ ever devised.Here's how it works.

Optical DisplaysThe display of the Model 103 consists offour principal parts (refer to Fig. 6):

(1) the light source.(2) the color disk.(3) the projection screen.(4) the clock motor.

O B-

LAMP

In operation, varying intensity sound actuatesthe lamp (A). The metal chassis (B) acts asa reflector to direct the light rays forwardthrough the color disk (C) and onto the rearof the projection screen (D). The motor (E)turns the color disk at a slow (1 rpm), con-stant rate.

The color disk is a clear plastic disk, uponwhich are applied random areas of red, blue,yellow, gray, magenta, and green light fil-ters. As these colored areas pass in frontof the lamps, the light transmitted to thescreen changes its color.

The spacing between the lamp and the disk

6

(F) and the spacing between the disk and thescreen (G) have been selected to produce twospecific results. First, the light which passesthrough the disk is sufficiently diffused sothat the projected patterns on the screen donot show the distinct boundaries between thevarious color areas of the disk. In otherwords, the image of the color patterns is"out of focus" on the screen, causing thepatterns to blend into one another,

Second, the placement of these componentsis such that light from either lamp willilluminate the entire screen, although theillumination will be uneven, For example,the lower lamp shown in Fig. 7 will shineon the screen from B to C as indicated.Motor bushing (D) does not lie in the pathof the light to the screen at C, and there-fore will not cast a shadow. The light patternat A will be the brightest and most pronouncedbecause it is closest to the lamp. The patternat B will be less bright than that at A, andthe pattern at C will be the least bright of all.

In use, BOTH lamps will be operating in arandom fashion, producing a total light pat-tern which is a complex composite of thetwo individual patterns. At the same time,the motor slowly rotates the color disk,causing an endless changing and shifting ofthe projected patterns. Now, let's see howthe two lamps are actuated by sound signalsfrom the loudspeaker.

Circuit Details

The electronic part of the Model 103 is alsoworthy of a detailed description, which fol-lows. Unlike some of the color organ circuitsdescribed briefly earlier, the Model 103 hasnot three but two amplifier channels. Oneamplifier channel responds to low audio fre-quencies (20 cps to approximately 600 cps)only. The other amplifier channel respondsonly to the higher audio frequencies (600 cpsto 20,000 cps). Each amplifier output is con-nected to one of the two lamps shown in Fig.

E

1_, 4. G

FIG. 6. Optical display of the Model 103.

D

D

./ ...-/ .0./ // ,... - ....

.,/ ,..."- ......./ ,e - ..."-................._,,-....-

ciii ,----z-----....--------=--.'S*

.ftft sft.

FIG. 7. Illumination of lower lamp.

7. Simple resistor -capacitor filters are usedto separate the audio driving signal into thelow and high frequency channels.

An added feature of the Model 103 is thewideband preamplifier stage used ahead ofthe resistor -capacitor filter circuits. Manycolor organs use the low level loudspeakersignal to drive the filter sections directly.Unless very high -gain amplifiers are used(such as that in Fig. 5C), this arrangementrequires the volume of the hi-fi amplifierto be turned up to an uncomfortably highlevel to supply the power needed to drive thelamp amplifiers as well as the loudspeaker.The preamplifier will, with normal operationof the hi-fi (that's less than 100 milliwattspower, for example, from a transistorportable radio) drive the Model 103 to fulloutput brilliance:

Fig. 8 is a complete schematic diagram ofthe Model 103 Audio Color, A total of fourpower transistors is used - Ql, Q2, and Q3are audio amplifiers while Q4 is used asa half wave rectifier. Transformer T1 de-livers 25.2 volts ac at one ampere to therectifier and filter. Resistor R8 acts as acurrent limiting resistor to protect Q4,while C6 and C7 provide 1000 mfd of filter-ing. The nominal capacity of the power sup-ply section is 30 volts dc at a full load cur-rent of one ampere.

Transistor Q1 is the common emitter pre-amplifier and drives Q2 and Q3 through theirfilter networks. Thermal stability of the pre-amplifier stage is insured by the use of asmall value of emitter -base resistor, R2-68 ohms. Resistor R1 and capacitor Clcouple the low level speaker signal to thebase of Ql. Bias resistor R3 is connected

7

R4

150

§5W

R3

C2

4.7K

100

CI

RI

100

0I50

INP

UT

R2

68

Fl

TI

R8

R5

47

C3 10 I(

R7

10

C6

C7

500

-50

0

C4

10

LP2

C5

0T

+

100

LOW

FIG

. 8. S

chem

atic

of t

he M

odel

103

Aud

io C

olor

.

Q3

between collector and base of Q1 to providea degree of shunt type negative feedback tothe base. This feedback, while it lowers theavailable stage gain, further increases biasstability provided by R2. At the same timeit increases bandwidth and lowers the outputimpedance of Q1 to more nearly match thelow input impedances of Q2 and Q3.

Output transistors Q2 and Q3 are also con-nected in the common emitter configuration.In order to obtain the maximum possiblepower output from these stages, they areboth operated full Class B with no forwardbias (other than leakage current, which islow). Transistor Q2 is the high frequencyamplifier, and drives lamp LP1 in its col-lector circuit. Capacitor C3 and resistor R7make up the high pass filter which passesonly those frequencies above 600 cps. Thelow value of R7 (10 ohms) provides biasstabilization for Q2. Resistor R6 and capaci-tor C4 act as the low pass filter precedingQ3. Resistor R9 provides bias stabilizationfor Q3 while C5 aids in suppressing high fre-quencies in the collector of Q3.

The two lamps LP1 and LP2 are specialautomotive type high intensity lamps. Theyprovide a maximum amount of brightnessand at the same time they are capable ofsupplying ina color organ. Ordinary incandescent lampsare not able to follow rapid changes in fre-quency and loudness, so are not really suit-able for use in a color organ. The speciallamps used in the Model 103 are extremelyrugged, and have a life expectancy that isquite long, due to the intermittent class ofoperation in which they are used.

SpecificationsThe following is a list of some of the elec-trical and mechanical specifications of theModel 103 Audio Color:

Sensitivity -- less than 100 mw.Input connections --- 3, 4, 8 or 16 ohmsPower consumption -- 45 watts maximumElectrical and optical crossover -- Ap-proximately 600 cps.Frequency response -- 20 cps to 20,000 cpsWeight -- 10 lbs.Dimensions -- 11-1/4" x 15-1/4" x 6".Finish -- natural oiled walnut.

KIT VERSION

As noted earlier, the Model 103 is availablefrom CONAR either as a fully assembled andtested, ready -to -operate instrument or as aneasy to assemble kit. While it may be a con-venience to some people to be able to un-pack and use immediately their assembled

Audio Color, the simplicity of construction(and lower price) of the kit version makesthe kit also look very attractive.

Kit ContentsThe kit version of the Model 103 contains allthe parts needed to put together the instru-ment quickly. Quality parts are supplied (Justas in the assembled version) in a neat pack-age, along with the required assembly in-structions. A separate eight -page instructionmanual tells in simple language how to con-nect and use the Model 103 with your hi-fi.

AssemblyAssembling the Model 103 is simplicity itself.The instructions are divided into three parts:a very useful booklet containing the GeneralAssembly Instructions, and two large as-sembly sheets which show the actual assemblyof the unit.

Each of the assembly sheets is printed inthree colors to aid in the construction, andeach sheet has all the needed figures andillustrations for the assembly work on thatsheet ---no flipping back and forth from pageto page in a manual. The first sheet givesparts -mounting instructions for the variouscomponents. The second sheet contains allthe wiring instructions and shows how to in-stall the completed unit inthat's all of it! About a four-hour Job for any-one who knows one end of a soldering ironfrom the other. (For those who DON'T knowone end of a soldering iron from the other,there is a very complete section on solderingin the General Assembly Instruction manual!)

"Hey, Joe, we got any dope on a meteor diverter?"

9

DEAR STEVE:

I have had a great deal of trouble remember-ing the formulas for Ohm's Law. Is there anyshortcut I can use, or do I have to memorizeeach one?

P. B.California

In the diagram below, I have shown a simplechart many new students in Electronics havefound to be extremely helpful in learning theOhm's Law formulas. In addition to helpingyou find the formula you need, this chart willhelp you to memorize them more quickly.

To use it, you simply cover the block con-taining the letter that represents the valueyou are trying to find, if the remaining lettersare side by side, you multiply the values theyrepresent, If one letter is above another, youdivide the bottom value into the one above it.

For example:

Find E:

therefore, E = I x H

Find I:

Find R:

BY

STEVEBAILEY

therefore, I =Ti.

therefore, H =

(NOTE: Ohm's Law was explained in detailin the March/April edition of the NRIJournal.)

DEAR STEVE:

I would like very much to have an index thatI could use to locate information in my les-sons. Do you have one available, or are thereplans to make one up?

S. C.Arizona

I have received many requests for an indexto each NRI course. However, after studyingthe point, I do not believe it would be toopractical.

Here at NRI we have a staff of technicalwriters who are constantly revising and re-writing each lesson text. This is necessaryif we are to keep each course completely upto date. New material is being added andout-of-date material removed. Explanationsare rewritten to improve and simplify thematerial. Lesson texts are often given newnumbers to improve presentation.

10

I have estimated that it would take at leastthree years to present a fully comprehensiveindex. The only trouble is that revisions andchanges made during that period would makethe index out -dated even before printing.Thus, it would be of little or no value.

If you wish to make up an index of your ownaccording to the lessons you receive, youcould clip the study guide from the front ofeach lesson and cut out the various chaptertitles and discussions. These could be filedeither as they are or pasted on a card andfiled in alphabetical order.

Another method you could use that wouldavoid defacing the lessons would be to typethe chapter titles and discussions on sepa-rate index cards. These could be filed inalphabetical order. It would then be veryeasy to locate information on any subject.

DEAR STEVE:

I would like to know about current relation-ships in a transformer. I realize that voltagewill be stepped up in a step-up transformerand stepped down in a step-down transformer,but what happens to the current?

C. C.Florida

The easiest way to remember current andvoltage relationships in a transformer is toremember that they are opposite. However,the turns -ratio will remain the same, onlyturned around.

In the circuit I have shown below, we have astep-up transformer with a 1:3 turns -ratio.The source voltage is 300 volts and the sec-ondary resistance is 300 ohms.

300 VOLTS 300411.

In a step-up transformer, the secondary cur-rent is stepped down. Since the secondaryvoltage is 3 times the primary voltage, thesecondary current is equal to 1/3 the primarycurrent. Of course, 3 is 1/3 of 9, so theprimary current is equal to 9 amperes.

The main thing to remember is that thesecondary current is stepped down in a step-down transformer; the secondary current isstepped up in a step-down transformer.

secondary voltage is equal to 300 x 3 or 900volts. The secondary current is equal to

IE 900=--- OrR 300

which is equal to 3 amperes.

By now student E. M., Wake Island, mustbe thinking that the title of Steve's col-umn, "Communications", should beclaanged...obviously, ye editor and Stevehad a breakdown in THEIR communica-tions, like in the difference between X,the unknown quantity and the times sign,and capacitive and capacitances.

With apologies to E. M., all the otherreaders we managed to confuse, andSteve, herewith is the letter from hisMarch/April column and Steve's an-swer, complete with times signs.

DEAR STEVE:

In Lesson 7BB, we are given the for -

6.28 x1F xCmula for determining ca-pacitive reactance. Also, we are given

000the formula 159, . Which one is cor-F x Crect?

E. M., Wake Island

Both of the formulas you have shown arecorrect. The difference is in the waythevalue of the capacitor is expressed.

Whenever you are trying to find the re-actance of a capacitor with a value ex-pressed in farads, you use the formula

6.28 x1F x C. F (frequency) is expressedin cycles and C (capacity) is expressedin farads.

If the value of the capacitor you areworking with is expressed in micro -farads, you use the formula 159,000

F x C 'Again, F is expressed in terms of cycles,but C is expressed in terms of micro -farads.

Should the value of the capacitor be inmicromicrofara.ds, you can convert tomicrofarads by moving the decimal pointsix places to the left. You can then usethe formula 159,000

F x CSince this is a 1:3 step-up transformer, the

11

DEAR STEVE:

What is the difference between an effectivevoltage and an RMS voltage?

B. B.Virginia

There is no difference between an effectivevoltage and an RMS voltage. These terms areused to describe the same thing.

The abbreviation "RMS" stands for root -mean -square, which is the effective value ofan ac voltage. It corresponds to the value ofdo voltage that will cause the same heatingeffect.

To give you an example, suppose we have acircuit with a fixed value of resistance. Acertain amount of dc will be required to forcea current of 1 ampere through the circuit.Let's assume a dc voltage of 100 volts isrequired to do this. Then, we substitute anac source in the place of the dc source andinsert an ammeter in the circuit to measurethe current. The ac voltage is increased untilthe ammeter indicates a reading of 1 ampere.The ac voltage is said to be 100 volts sinceit is producing the same effect as 100 voltsdc. It is described as 100 volts effective ac.

DEAR STEVE:

I have seen the terms "B+" and "B-" usedquite often on schematic diagrams. Appar-ently they are used to indicate a voltagesource and perhaps ground. Would you clarifythis for me?

J. S.Maryland

The term "B+" is used to describe the plateand screen voltages in a receiver. "B-" isused to refer to the ground circuit of a re-ceiver.

Shown below is a diagram that is typical ofthose you have seen in your lessons.

A

Notice that the plate voltage is supplied by

the "B" battery. Also, notice that the positiveterminal of the "B" battery is connected tothe plate. Thus, the plate voltage is known asthe "B+" voltage. "B+" is the most positivepoint in a receiver.

The other end of the "B" battery is connectedto ground. This is the common negative pointin a receiver. So, when a connection is madeto the common negative, we say it is con-nected to "B-" or ground. This is the mostnegative point in a receiver. When a voltagemeasurement is given on a diagram, youknow it is taken with respect to this point.

In modern receivers, the "B" batteries havebeen replaced by power supplies. An exampleof one is shown below. Notice that the positiveside is referred to as "B+" and the negativeside as "B-." This is a typical ac -dc powersupply.

DEAR STEVE:

B+

Please send me more information on modu-lation and modulated signals. I am presentlystudying Lesson 2BB.

D. R.Alabama

In Lesson 2, you are given only a brief intro-duction to modulation. It is defined on page19 of that lesson. Modulation is the processby which we combine an audio signal and anrf carrier.

The audio signal is known as the modulationsignal since it is used to change the char-acteristics of the rf carrier. Since the rfcarrier is the signal being changed, it is themodulated signal.

In later lessons, you will study the processeswe use to modulate a signal and will studymodulation and demodulation (the process ofremoving the audio signal from the rf car-rier) completely. All you need to know at thepresent time is the definition of modulation.

Cancirtions are splendid when flies relate to important'natters: they rrr, n public nuisance Iv hers thee-promike

ran orer ti petr. detail BB 1 1 t: B I liTi)%

12

INCIRCUIT I-TESTING

OF TUBES

AND TRANSISTORS I

The actual repair of equipment using vacuumtubes more often than not starts with a test

of all tubes. This time -wasting procedure hassome justification, not only because tubes arethe parts which most often fail but also be-cause tubes are easily removed, checked ina tube tester, or substituted.

But what if tubes were soldered into theircircuits rather than plugged into sockets;would they be laboriously removed from theset, connected to a tube tester with clip leads,and tested? Of course not: The servicemanwould never test or substitute a tube unlesshe had good reason to suspect that it was in-volved in the symptom that he was trying tocorrect.

This recalls the "good old days" of wartimeservicing, when we all hoped the trouble was

The CONAR Model 510 transistor power supply.

something other than a tube. We couldn't gettube replacements and would have to becometemporarily an engineer, while we redesignedthe stage to work with the nearest replace-ment tube we could lay our hands on.

Fortunately, replacements for most transis-tors are available, but most transistors aresoldered in. Why is this done instead of usingavailable sockets? Some reasons are as fol-lows:

1. Low -power transistors are made with

By J.B. STRA UGHN

flexible leads which are sometimes difficultto get into a socket; which often make poorsocket contact and which easily lend them-selves to soldered connections. Also thereare generally only three leads to be soldered,rather than the seven or more socket con-nections required for most tubes.

The CONAR Model 230 Signal Tracer.

2. Transistors are almost as reliable as re-sistors and capacitors, which are wired inplace, and one must admit it is seldom thata resistor or capacitor requires replacementin a transistor receiver.

3. Most transistors can be checked quiteaccurately in the set as we shall see laterin this article.

4. Wiring -in makes it impossible to pull outand reinsert a transistor while the equipmentis turned on. This can (not always) be adisastrous occurrence because it is quitepossible that some capacitor will be chargedto the full supply voltage when the transistoris removed. The transistor may be damageddue to the capacitor discharge that occurswhen the transistor is reinserted.

In view of the above, it is apparent from aservicing viewpoint that there is little if any

13

advantage in using sockets in mosttransistorapplications.

IN -CIRCUIT TUBE TESTING

To carry out the parallelism of tubes andtransistors a little further, let's see how wecould spot a defective tube without checkingit in a tube tester. The best check is to seeif the tube will pass a signal. This can bedone with the familiar circuit disturbancetest, carried out by touching the control gridwith the tip of a screwdriver, while holdingthe metal shank in your hand. A click or thudin the speaker shows everything from thatpoint to the speaker, including the tube, allparts and operating voltages, are okay. But,what if no click is obtained at the input ofsome stage, for example the grid of VT1 inFig. 1?

Since a click was obtained at the grid of VT2,the first thing to do is to measure the cathodevoltage of VT1. Lack of cathode voltage wouldshow that VT1 is not drawing any plate cur-rent. This could be due to a burned -out fila-

111E4

- B+

FIG. 1. Typical audio section in a tube receiver.

ment in the tube, an open in plate load R3, orpossibly to an open in the grid resistor, re-sulting in a negative charge building on thegrid side of Cl to the point where the platecurrent would be cut off. The latter possibilityis easily checked by shorting R1, and if thecathode voltage then appears you know thatR1 is open. Next measure the plate voltage.Lack of voltage shows R3 is open. But if theplate voltage is equal to the B+ voltage, itconfirms that the tube is not drawing platecurrent. If the filament is lit, either thecathode is open in the tube, or the cathodehas lost emission. In either case, the tubeis defective and must be replaced.

Suppose, however, the tube voltages are nor-mal and the signal is weak. How can you in -

circuit check the tube? An easy way is tomeasure the plate voltage and then connect a0.5 volt source (a variable transistor powersupply such as the CONAR Model 510 isideal) across Rl. Note the resulting changein plate voltage. The amount of voltage changeis twice the stage gain. If you divide thechange in plate voltage by the change in gridvoltage you have the stage gain. The formulais:

LEPGain - LEG

And because LEG equals 0.5, the gain is twiceLEP (L, pronounced delta, means the changein).

This gain test is fine for resistance coupledstages but does not work in transformercoupled stages. In the latter case a signaltracer, such as the CONAR Model 230, whichis calibrated to measure stage gain, shouldbe used. However, in any tube amplifier usinga cathode bias resistor, a change in grid volt-age will result in a change in cathode currentand hence cathode voltage, if the tube isworking.

Although tubes and circuit parts can be rapidlyand accurately in -circuit tested, servicemenwill still use tube testers because tubes areplug-in devices. This brings us up to sol-dered -in transistors and what to do aboutthem.

IN -CIRCUIT TRANSISTOR TESTING

Just as with tubes, stage isolation is the firststep towards location of a defective transis-tor. In the case of a dead receiver or ampli-fier, the quickest check is made with a cir-cuit disturbance test. However, in transistor-ized equipment no disturbance will occur ifyou touch the base or any other electrode.This is due to the low input impedance of thetransistor, which prevents any voltage vari-ation when you touch an electrode with yourhand.

A definite disturbance with its accompanyingthud or click results if a change is made inthe emitter -base forward bias. This caneasily be done by using the voltage source inthe ohmmeter section of a VTVM. If the VTVMhas a separate ON -OFF switch, it should beturned off and the function switch set to ohms.In the case of the NRI Model W or the CONARModel 211, where the ON -OFF switch is onthe function switch, unplug the VTVM from thepower line.

Check the receiver schematic and notewhether the emitters connect to the negativeor positive side of the transistor set voltage

14

R x IRxIK

R x10- -

Rx 10K Rx1OOK RxIM

10 100 10K 100K IM 10M.11 JL ,n, J76, II

I . 5 V

.011

-08+

FIG. 2. The ohmmeter circuit of a VTVM.

source. Connect the VTVM ground clip to thatpoint. Set the VTVM range switch to the RXIK position. Note that there is a 10K ohmresistor in series with the 1.5 volt batteryand the VTVM probe as shown in Fig. 2.

With the set turned on, touch the probe to thebase of each transistor in turn, working fromthe output towards the input. This will changethe forward bias on the transistor, and aclick or thud will be heard in the loudspeakerif everything is okay from that point to thespeaker. The 10K resistor in the VTVM cir-cuit will prevent any damage to the tran-sistors.

The VTVM is turned off or unplugged fromthe power line so its meter will not floparound when making the test; usually themeter won't be damaged, but the sight of ameter pointer wildly gyrating and hittingits stop is liable to be unnerving to the care-ful technician.

The check will not localize a weak or other-wise improperly operating stage. For sucha complaint a signa, tracer should be em-ployed.

Once the defective stage is isolated, it is asimple matter to check the transistor.

Transistors have collector and emitter cur-rents which are controlled by the base -emitter forward bias. You should rememberthe two following bias rules:

1. For PNP transistors the base voltage willbe approximately 0.1 to 0.2 volts morenegative than the emitter.

2. For NPN transistors the base voltage willbe approximately 0.1 to 0.3 volts morepositive than the emitter voltage.

These two rules are illustrated in Figs. 3and 4. Note that voltages are not to be meas-ured to ground, because in either PNP orNPN transistors the positive or negative sideof the circuit may be grounded. This is aradical departure from the usual B- groundwe expect in tube circuits.

In the case of an NPN transistor, make yourtests from the negative side of the supplyvoltage and use the positive side of the volt-age supply for the common point in checkingelectrode voltages for PNP transistors. Ofcourse you can also measure directly be-tween the emitter, base, and collector ifdesired.

IN -CIRCUIT TRANSISTOR TESTING

FOR OPEN OR SHORTED ELEMENTS

Open Emitter: There will be no noticeablevoltage drop across the emitter resistor, dueto the fact that under these conditions thetransistor is drawing little if any current.

Open Base: There will be a slight voltagedrop across the emitter resistor. The basevoltage itself may not be noticeably affected.

15

Open Collector: This condition generallyshows up as abnormally low emitter and basevoltages.

In the above three checks also look for anappreciable increase in collector voltage inthose circuits where the collector is returnedthrough a resistor to the voltage source ratherthan ground. Figs. 3A and 4A are examplesin point.

Emitter to Base Short: The emitter and basevoltages will be equal. Also look for an ap-preciable increase in collector voltage incircuits such as those shown in Figs. 3A and4A.

Base to Collector Short: The base and col-lector voltages will be equal. The emitterwill also increase to almost the same levelas the base and collector voltages, as theemitter will follow the base voltage.

Emitter to Collector Short: The emitter andcollector voltages will be equal. The basevoltage may not be noticeably affected.

Remember that these are general rules and

NPN

NPN

TI

TI

may not be 100% applicable to every con-ceivable circuit application. However, theyare still excellent guides as to the locationof the trouble.

If the above tests do not show a transistordefect, let's go a step further and see howwe can actually check the ability of the tran-sistor to amplify.

Locate a series resistor in the collector cir-cuit such as R3 in Figs. 3A and 4A. Connecta VTVM across the resistor to measure thevoltage drop. Short the base to the emitter.This will cut off the transistor and conse-quently reduce the voltage across the resistorto practically zero. A transistor that cannotbe cut off is defective and should be replaced.

If a dc voltage drop can be measured acrossthe primary of T1 in Figs. 3B and 4B, thisvoltage should also drop to zero when thebase and emitter are shorted together. IfT1 is an iron core transformer, its dc re-sistance will be high enough for this test.If these are rf transformers, the primaryresistance will be too low for an appreciabledc voltage to be present.

PNP

PNP

TI

TI

FIGS. 3 and 4 show variations in grounding that may occur in either NPN or PNP circuits. Also note that the col-lector to ground voltage may be extremely low in either NPN or PHI'.

II

16

In such a case, measure the voltage dropacross the emitter resistor, R2 in Figs. 3and 4. Again short the emitter to the base.There will be a decrease in the measuredvoltage but the reading will not drop to zeroeven though the emitter current is cut off,because the short forms a voltage dividerconsisting of R1 and R2 in series. However,lack of a decrease in voltage points to a de-fective transistor.

OTHER CHECKS

Here are two other checks you can make withthe transistor still in the circuit. In both casesa VTVM ohmmeter is used (the voltage in a(multimeter type ohmmeter may be greatenough to damage the transistor). Even withthe VTVM ohmmeter you should begin allmeasurements on the highest meter settingand gradually work down to a:netting thatgives you a mid -scale reading. All of thesetests are made with the receiver turned offor its batteries removed and the ohmmeterturned on.

Connect the ohmmeter leads to the base andcollector terminals of the transistor undertest. Note the reading. Reverse the ohmmeterleads. Again note the reading. Leave the meterconnected in the position that gives you the

This represents :he reversebias position. Short the emitter and base ter-minals together. The resistance should de-crease considerably.

Now remove one of the ohmmeter leads fromthe base terminal and connect it to the emitterterminal. Leave the other ohmmeter leadconnected to the collector terminal as in theprevious test. Note the reading. Short theemitter and base terminals together. Thistime the resistance should increase substan-tially.

These tests with the ohmmeter are of thegood -bad variety and will not necessarilydetect transistors that are weak or that haveleakage. However, in most cases a good -badtest is quite sufficient.

These ohmmeter checks may also be used ontransistors when they are out of the circuit.

TRANSISTOR REPLACEMENT

When replacing a transistor, use the exacttype number if possible. Often, the transistorwill have a color dot or suffix letter or num-ber following the type number. This is acoding used to classify the transistor as toBeta or gain groupings. In order to maintainthe original performance characteristics andbalance this coding should be observed, par-

ticularly if used in push-pull output circuits.

In push-pull output circuits transistor failurein one circuit may cause the companion tran-sistor to fail. This does not always occur butbe sure to check for this possibility when re-placing output transistors.

It is not necessary to replace push-pull out-put transistors in "pairs" in all cases, but itis advisable to check for distortion or un-balance in order to determine whether bothtransistors should be replaced.

In the case of transistors using thin wireleads not much heat will be transmitted overthese leads. However, it is a good idea totake care in making soldered connections totransistors. Application of excess heat, orprolonged application of a properly heatingsoldering tool to a transistor lead or termi-nal, can permanently damage the device. Tobe on the safe side observe the followingprecautions when soldering to a transistorlead or terminal.1. Always solder as far as possible from the

body of the transistor.2. Never, under any circumstances, apply a

hot soldering iron to a lead or terminalat a point closer than one sixteenth of aninch to the body of the transistor or forlonger than about 10 seconds.

3. Use the smallest available soldering tool -preferably one of the soldering pencilsintended for use with transistors or printedcircuit components.

4. Make sure that the surfaces to be solderedand the tip of the soldering iron are ade-quately tinned and cleaned so that the con-nection can be made as quickly as possible.

5. Always grip the lead of the terminal to besoldered with a pair of longnose pliers ata point between the intended solder con-nection and the case or body of the tran-sistor. This permits the pliers to act asa heat sink and to conduct heat away fromthe internal elements of the transistor.

The metal shells of most power transistorsoperate at the collector voltage. Make certainthat no short to the chassis exists when themetal shells of these transistors operate atvoltages above or below ground potential.When such power transistors are removedor replaced, make sure that all the originalmounting components including the mica in-sulating spacer (with silicon grease appliedto both sides) and insulating spacer washersare installed with the replacement.

From this article you can see that checkingtubes and transistors without special equip-ment need not be either difficult or time-consuming.

17

most

NEW YORK, N. Y. (ED) -- Picture the world'smost powerful voice emanating from a tinyisland in the Caribbean. Seems unbelievable,but it's true.

The voice is Trans World Radio, owned andoperated by an interdenominational mission-ary organization. The island is Bonaire, oneof the loveliest resort spots in the Nether-lands Antilles, a virtual paradise for naturelovers, fishermen, and skin divers.

With an AM transmitter 10 times as powerfulas the largest commercial station in theUnited States, and seven complex antennasystems - one almost as tall as the EmpireState Building -- Trans World Radio beamsreligious, cultural, and educational programsin 24 languages to 100,000,000 radios aroundthe clock.

Listeners in 89 countries, including thosebehind the Iron Curtain -- its primary target-- are able to receive this unique servicewhich has been proved over the years to filla deep need.

Trans World Radio was conceived about 15

HOME OF THE VOICE IS BONAIRE,

A TINY RESORT ISLAND IN THE CARIBBEAN

WHICH TWR SHARES WITH

RESIDENTS, FLAMINGOS, AND VISITORS.

BONAIRE BROADCASTING STARTED IN 1964.

powerf u --I-- voice

yearsyears ago by an American Baptist ministerwho, with other Protestant evangelical leadersat a meeting in Switzerland, recognized a gapin religious communication outside the UnitedStates.

The minister, Dr. Paul E. Freed, traveledextensively after that, finding that many doorsto preaching were closed. This realizationled him to establish in 1954 the "Voice ofTangier," which beamed its spiritual mes-sages to Europe for six years, until Morocconationalized all private radio stations.

TWR then relocated to the most unlikely ofgospel centers -- the international playboyprincedom of Monaco.

But this move to Monaco had several ad-vantages. First, the "voice" was 1,000 milescloser to Russia and to Europe's geographicalcenter; second, the broadcast became 10times more powerful than at its former lo-cation, and third, broadcasting facilities in-stalled by Adolf Hitler were ready and avail-able. Trans World rented the installationfrom Radio Monte Carlo with a 10 -year lease,automatically renewable.

18

From Monaco, Trans World reached peoplewhose native tongues were Russian, Spanish,Latvian, Hebrew, Swedish, Portuguese,French, Italian, German, and Arabic and ex-panded to communicate with people who spokedialects within these languages.

The organization decided to supplement itsalready powerful transmission in the early1960's. The government of the NetherlandsAntilles (Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao) of-fered Dr. Freed a site on Bonaire, 60 milesnorth of the coast of South America, an islandwhose unique physical properties make it anoptimum location for long distance radiobroadcasting.

The land is level with salt water flats or theocean on all sides, providing efficient groundsystem for the antennas and yielding in-creased radiation of power and a strongersignal in the target areas.

October 1, 1964, was the official cpening datefor the two super -power stations in Bonaire,known as the Island of the Flamingos sinceit is one of the world's rare breeding placesfor the brilliant pink -red birds.

Bonaire also boasts 140 species of birdsother than the flamingo, and an abundanceof game fish and lobsters. Because it's aplace free of large industries, and over-flowing in nature's sunny finery, it's one ofthe few remaining rare vacation destinations.

The island has a colorful history, too. Oncethe domain of the Indians who lived a simplecountry life, it became the playground ofEuropeans in the 16th century. About the sametime, pirates frequently plundered theisland's riches. Then the islanders focusedattention on salt mining, chief industry of the17th century, and now it also looks to TWR.

Consistent with the unusual circumstancesand paradoxes of Trans World Radio's historyis the fact that the broadcasts have neverbeen jammed by the Russian government,although the messages have been penetratingdeep behind the Iron Curtain,

TO HERE -THE MESSAGE GETS THROUGH,

EVEN BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN AS HERE.

100,000,000 RADIOS IN 89 COUNTRIES

RECEIVE TWR'S RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL

AND CULTURAL PROGRAMS FULL TIME.

Founder of TWR is Dr. Paul E. Freed.

Perhaps the reason lies in one of the manythousands of letters to TWR that attest toits effectiveness. One Hungarian stated: "Wemay have an Iron Curtain at the border, butthere is no Iron Curtain above us."

Not only does testimony pour in from peoplewho are deprived of religious freedom butfrom those in the hinterlands where there areno missionaries; from the handicapped unableto attend religious services, and from thosewho had been searching for the deepermeaning in life.

Typical among the programsshows, children's entertainment, dramaticskits, news, interviews, prayers, sermons,and music. The "commercial " is the Christianmessage. The programs are prepared atTWR's headquarters in Chatham, New Jersey.

Trans World Radio receives its majorfinancial support from Protestant churchesof every denomination around the world, butlisteners contribute when they can as a tokenof their gratitude.

With the added complex at tranquil Bonaireof a 500,000 -watt AM station and a shortwave transmitter of 260,000 watts (the strong-est single short wave transmitter in the world)Trans World Radio is now the largestreligious broadcasting organization in theworld, including the Vatican.

19

T HE U. S. ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES haveagain rung up a record level of total sales

--though the growth rate was not quite asspectacular as in recent years.

Estimated sales of $16,136,000,000 for elec-tronic products sold in 1964 put the total abouta billion dollars ahead of 1963's $15,125,000,-000.

The industry reached this 16 -billion -dollarlevel in spite of moderately severe cuts indefense contracts, and the failure of morethan 118 electronic firms --a new high.

While nearly all major segments of the elec-tronic industries showed gains, there was amarked difference in their growth rates.

For 1965, sales of electronic products withinU. S. industry are expected to increase by13%, and consumer sales may increase asmuch as 5.9%. Although still the biggestcustomer for electronic goods, the U. S.Government is expected to buy enough toaccount for a sales increase of only 2.6% .

1965 REVIEW

and FORECAST

for the

ELECTRONIC

INDUSTRIES

Reprinted CourtesyELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES

By ROBERT J. BRAMLETTAssistant Editor

and EDWARD G. SHAUD, Jr.Marketing Manager

The electronic industries are emerging from a period of rapid growth. The defense budgetincreased by about 40% in the past decade; NASA has come on the scene at a $5 -billion -plusspender, of which $1.3 billion was spent on electronic products and systems in 1964.

Looking toward the second half of the 1960s, the electronic industries foresee yearly salesincreases. The growth rate, however, is expected to diminish slightly, though no minimumor plateau is expected in the foreseeable future.

Region

Numberof U. S.Plants

%of U. S.Plants

% of U. S.ElectronicEngineers

New England 875 14.64 10.70

Middle Atlantic 1,949 32.57 24.20South Atlantic 307 5.13 10.10

East North Central 1,220 20.38 14.43

East South Central 56 .93 .41

West North Central 189 3.16 4.99West South Central 100 1.67 5.12

Mountain 109 1.82 2.62

Pacific 1,179 19.70 27.43

TOTAL 5,884 100.00% 100.00%

%o . S.ElectronicOutput

10.6036.505.30

23.00.50

2.602.302.50

16.70

100.00%

W E S arm

NORTH CENTRAL;rasa ss

II

w

SOUTH. CENTRALir

United States, by Geographic Division -1964 Electronic Industries

20

REVIEW AND FORECAST (Continued)

The prediction for total sales forthe electronic industries in 1965 isa level of slightly higher than $17billion, another record in dollarsales volume. For 1966 the forecastis for nearly $18 billion --not quiteas high a percentage increase, butstill another sales record.

As the growth of the defense marketslows, industry experts look forways to fill the gap. Consumer prod-ucts, industry controls, automation,and expanded foreign markets arereceiving increased attention.

INF Gov't

$18,0

16,

14,000

12,0

10,0

8,0

6,0

4,000

2,0

TOTAL U. S. ELECTRONIC(In Millqns of

INDUSTRIESDollars)

j

Consumer

Annual sales of U. S. electronic products nowaccount for about 2.6% of U. S. gross nationalproduct, which in 1964 was estimated at $624billion.

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

The U. S. now produces about 60% of the totalworld output of electronic products. TheCommon Market nations, or European Eco-

largest single producing area. Japan ranksthird, as an individual nation.

Of the estimated total of $865 million in ex-ports of U. S. electronic products in 1963(the latest figure available), Canada receivedthe largest share, nearly $112 million. TheUnited Kingdom imported more than $47million; France received U. S. exports valuedat $67 million; and West Germany took some

U. S. ELECTRONIC vr9,,T,..?,,,, IMPORTS

$1,220TotalEXPORTS

TotalIMPORTS

$1,1j0000

1960

Imo

400

1 676,..,

$865

_

3747

ImI t,, ,

1962 1963 1984 1965 1966

1111111111111111Industrial Repl. Parts

$87 million. Exports to the EEC totallednearly $195 million.

Biggest exporter to the U. S. has been, andstill is Japan, which shipped nearly $162million of its electronic goods into thiscountry in 1963. The 1964 total is expectedto be nearly 5% more. Canada is a distantsecond with slightly more than $53 million.The EEC exported $43 million in electronicgoods to the U. S. in 1963 and the UnitedKingdom $36 million. If U. S. trade barriersare relaxed, imports could rise substantially.

ESTIMATED WORLD ELECTRONIC OUTPUT{In Millions of Dollars)

1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

TOTAL $22,000 $24,300 $26,300 $28,400 $30.300United States

BritainJa1

EuropeanEconomic

13,8001,6001,500

15,1001,9001,600

16,1002,5001,700

17,0003,0001,800

17,9003,4001,900

CommunityCanada and all

other nations

3,800

1,300

4,300

1,400

4,500

1,500

5,000

1,600

5,400

1,700

Although total dollar sales volume is muchless than that of the U. S., the aggregate rateof growth in electronic output in all othercountries taken together appears to be nearly15%. Current rate of growth of U. S. sales inelectronic goods is about 5.5%. By far thefastest grower in electronic output, so far,is Japan. Dollar volume of Japan's electronicoutput in 1964 could reach $2.5 billion.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Expenditures for research and development,including basic research, are at a high level,and should continue to increase during thenext few years. Detailed figures on R and Dexpenditures are somewhat elusive. Current

21

ELECTRONIC R & D FUNDS

Dispenal for 1964265Cairns). a %)

DEVELOPMENT -design and produc-tion of new prod-ucts.

APPLIED RESEARCH-for product de-velopment and de-sign.

BASIC RESEARCH-pure science and

theory.

estimates put the total for electronic Rand Din 1964 at about $3.7 billion. This includesfunds from government, industrial, and pri-vate non-profit sources. The government,alone, spent $2.4 billion.

Total expenditures in 1964 for all R and D inall scientific disciplines are currently esti-mated at $20 billion. By 1966, total expendi-tures for R and D may approach $24 billion.The U. S. government share of the 1964 totalis about $13.8 billion.

Average current dispersal of funds for elec-tronic research and development are esti-mated as follows: for development (designand production of new products) --65%; forapplied research (product development anddesign) --24%; for basic research (purescience and theory) --11%.

CONSUMER

Consumer buying accounted for $2.7 billion in1964, compared with $2.5 billion in 1963 --more than a 7% rise.

Sales of television receivers showed sub-stantial growth from 1963 to 1964. Estimatedsales for 1964, including all types, were $1.2billion. Fastest growth rate in consumerelectronic products belongs to color tele-vision.

A sales level of slightly more than $3 billionis predicted for 1966; consumer sales should

keep pace with an expected increase in dis-posable personal income. Pacing the con-sumer electronic market will be sales in colortelevision which are expected to show totalsales increases of more than $200 millionby 1966.

Additional sales of about $50 million by 1966should result from marketing such items aselectronic organs, electronic ovens, toys, andconsumer communications equipment.

Faster and newer developments in industrialand consumer electronics are expected toeventually fill the market gap left by declininggovernment procurement.

INDUSTRIAL

Some sources predict that the future growthof the electronic industries depends upon theindustrial and consumer markets. This surely

CONSUMER ELECTRONIC MARKETGrogrth. 1962- 966(I0 Millions of Dollars)

Monochrome TV

Color TV

RadiosHome/Auto

Phonographs

Tape Recorders

Records andMagnetic Tape

Hi -FtComponen

OTHERConsumer. Products

1962 -I19661111

2 400 600 800 1000

seems so when we observe that both segmentsexperienced outstanding rises from 1963 to1964. Industrial electronic sales accountedfor more than a 12% rise from $3.06 billionin 1963 to more than an estimated $3.4 billionin 1964.

In contrast, there was a rise of more than10% in government procurement in 1963 over1962; and only a 5% increase in 1964 over1963.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC MARKET(In Millions of Dollars)

1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

TOTAL $2,710 $3,060 $3,430 $3.877 $4,350Computing & Data Processing 1,065 1,240 1,375 1,600 1,800Industrial Control & Processing 215 244 270 310 360

Test & Measuring 260 280 300 330 365

Communications, Broadcast, CommercialSound & Navigation Aids 860 935 1,065 1,170 1,310

Nuclear Electronic 44 47 55 57 60

Medical, Scientific, Educational & OtherIndustrial Equip. 266 314 365 410 455

22

120 -CYCLE SYNC -LOCK SOURCE

Square -Wave Calibrator

For Your Scope

The circuit depicted in the drawing is a con-ventional low voltage power supply sec-

tion of an average oscilloscope, alteredslightly to provide a 15 -volt, 120 -cycle,square -wave output for reference measure-ments and signal -locking the internal saw -tooth oscillator.

As shown, the center -tap of the power trans-former is lifted from ground and a resistor,capacitor, and zener diode are installed inseries with the line. The zener is a 400 milli -watt type, bridged by a 1 -watt bias -limitingresistor, and a small bypass condenser. Theresistor value is chosen experimentally be-tween the two values listed, because the volt-age present at the center tap depends uponthe individual power supply load, and is dif-ferent for different model instruments. Itshould be high enough in resistance to allow30 volts bias (zener not yet connected) be-tween ground and the center tap.

Scope low -voltage supply

*opt

The exact zener voltage need not be 15 volts.In fact, a 6 -volt zener gives an improvedsquare wave, due to the clipping action nearerthe base of the rectified sine wave.

Square -wave sync pulses are usually pre-ferred over the commonly used LINE sinewave-locking source because of the fastrise -time characteristic and consequentpositive triggering action. Some scopes arevery weak in this particular operational area.

When the zener chosen is of an even voltagenumber, such as 10, 12, or 15 volts, thesquare -wave component on the screen givesa handy voltage reference level for inputvoltage comparison purposes. This voltagemay be made available by connecting the out-put .047 capacitor to a special binding postinstalled on the front panel of the oscilloscope.

SYNC INPUT

.047

22 11 IWTOIK (SEE TEXT)

GEORGE O. PHILPOTT

120 CYCLES

LOAD

Z=15 VOLT ( IN 965)

23

what's ?new

* * * * * * * *

Commuters someday may be riding over anelevated "magnetic" highway in cars withoutwheels if a new concept of transportationproposed by Westinghouse engineers provespractical.

The system would float the vehicle magneti-cally and drive it with an electric motor thathas no rotating parts.

To demonstrate the principle of the magneticsuspension system, a small, one -passengervehicle has been constructed at the ResearchLaboratories.

The laboratory test vehicle is supportedby strong, ceramic -type permanent magnetsplaced lengthwise along the underside of thevehicle. Similar magnets, of the same po-larity, form a double track beneath it.

Since magnets of like polarity repel eachother, the experimental car floats about one-fourth of an inch above its magnetic track.There is no physical contact and, therefore,no friction between the vehicle and its mag-netic rails, The vehicle simply "rides" on alayer of air.

* * * * * * * *

The United States has established a radarfence on the West German border, an elec-tronic warning barrier to prevent accidentaloverflights. Called Project Wind Drift, ituses three ground control interception radarstations and provides continuous radar sur-veillance, positive aircraft control and im-mediate retrieval capability. U.S. Air Force -Europe and Ground Electronic EquipmentInstallation Agency relocated three radartowers from North American sites and addedinternal electronic equipment for the fence,under crash conditions with top AF priority.The equipment includes one search and twoheight finder radars, five video mappers,and additional VHF/UHF communicationsdevices.

* * * * *

Europe's worst traffic jam will be eased nextyear with installation of a traffic control sys-tem in Munich. Plans call for a complex of130 radar, ultrasonic, and photoelectric de-tectors to feed traffic flow information, Theinformation will be processed by an ElliottArch 9000 computer, which has an operatingspeed of 40,000 basic calculations per second.A complete system of safety factors will bebuilt in to insure control of traffic should thedetectors or computer break down.

Enough integrated circuits to build three minia-turized computers fit easily into an ordinarythimble. The circuits were designed and manu-factured by the Sylvania Electric Products,Inc.Each contains the equivalent of 24 componentssuch as transistors, resistors, and diodes.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

24

Four trade associations of television andradio repairmen have consented to an orderprohibiting them from unlawfully conspiringto suppress competition, the Federal TradeCommission has announced.

The agreement containing the order is forsettlement purposes only and does not con-stitute an admission by the associations thatthey have violated the law, the FTC said.

The groups are the Television Dealers Asso-ciation of Delaware County, TelevisionService Dealers Association of Delaware,Allied Electronic Technicians Association,Inc., and Radio Servicemen's Association ofTrenton, N. J., Inc.

The order would prohibit the groups fromentering an agreement or carrying out anyconspiracy or agreement that would "coerceany wholesale or other distributor of tele-vision, radio or electronic equipment orcomponent parts (1) from doing business withor soliciting business from any class of cus-tomers, or (2) to engage in or refrain fromengaging in any acts or practices relating tothe conduct of his business (including hoursof operation, window displays or advertising);or "black list" any wholesale or other dis-tributor of television, radio or electronicequipment or component parts who sold, sellsor offers to sell, or "white list" any distri-butor who refuses, has refused or does notoffer to sell, such products to any customeror class of customers."

The FTC said all or most of the trade asso-ciation members are engaged in repairingand servicing electronic devices and buyvarious supplies from wholesalers or dis-tributors who also sell such supplies to non-members of the associations and to ultimateconsumers.

* * * *

Typical space-age salesman's sample case is ajewel box that fits into a vest pocket. This one,from Raytheon, holds $5,000 worth of microwavediodes, other widgets. The salesman also carriesa magnifying glass and tweezers in his pocket.

"Animated maps" such as are used on high-speed Japanese trains are being used in atleast two airplanes based at National Airport,both of them operated by the Federal AviationAgency. Both are built by ACF ElectronicsDivision, and consist of a foot -long box into which is inserted a map or strip of aero-nautical chart. A small dot simulates positionof the aircraft as it moves over the terrain.The system is linked into the plane's distance -measuring equipment and omni-directionalradio. Research engineers say a large ormultiple display of such a system is feasiblein airliners for pinpointing position.

* * * * * *

Another CB system, HELP (Highway Emer-gency Locating Plan), is being establishedby the auspices of the Automobile Manufac-turers Association. It allocates channels 22Aand 22B, would use CB radio equipment inprivate passenger cars. Motorists in need ofaid notify Channel 9, monitored around theclock within a 10 to 20 -mile range of theequipment. Non -equipped motorists willideally be helped out by motorists with therequired equipment who broadcast on theunfortunates' behalf. Teams would includevolunteer citizens, police agencies, roadservice stations, and hospital emergencyrooms.

* * * * * * * *

k44 1

'It's Bob-have you finished his TV installation book?'* * * * * * *

25

SUCCESS STORY :EMILE POTHIER

There's an old adage (isn't there?) aboutwalking down a different street, or turningat a different, corner, and changing the patternof your life thereby. Perhaps it's overstatingthe question to say that Emile Pothier ofOttawa, Canada, will, because he took a dif-ferent turning, always have good fortune andsunshiny days, but right about now that's aboutthe way he feels about his NRI training.

Emile had been an employee of the DominionBureau of Statistics (Canadian Government)for 18 years, and by extreme diligence hadworked his way up ---but slowly, as govern-ment wheels are prone to grind: first toclerk 2, then clerk 3, then clerk4, and finallyto principal clerk, a supervisory position andtop of the heap in his category. And there hebogged down.

Let him tell the rest in his own words...we'retoo modest to keep on saying it:

"As you know I took an NRI course andgraduated...that diploma played an importantrole as you will see...

"Just four months later I entered a competi-tion in the bureau for a technical officerposition in an electronic computer program-ming unit. There were 23 applicants. Theboard, comprising three professionals,

Other Grads:James F. Jones, Guin, Ala. -- Serviceand Repair Mechanic, Minnesota Miningand Manufacturing Co.Darmer McBride, Jr., Hillsboro, Ala. --Electronic Development Technician,National Aeronautics and Space Admin-istration.Robert F. O'Brien, Concord, Calif. --Audio Visual Repair and Serviceman,Mt. Diablo School District.Yoshito Tanaka, Cypress, Calif.-- Elec-trician, Autonetics Division, NorthAmerican Aviation.Glen H. Beck, Gardena, Calif. -- Main-tenance Electrician, Douglas AircraftCo.Gerald R. Turner, Monrovia, Calif. --Electronic Technician, Dynametric, Inc.

Emil. Pothier "on NRI man for life."

questioned me at length about my NRI courseand training.

"A week later I was declared the successfulcandidate.

"How can a man NOT be proud to be agraduate of the National Radio Institute?

"This promotion to technical officer meanta big increase in pay, but that is not all; italso gave me 'prestige'....a big change in mylife and I am very grateful...an NRI man forlife."

Where They Are,What They're Doing

Raymond J. Sieminskie, Saratoga, Calif.-- Test Operations Assistant, LockheadMissiles and Space Co.Francis H. Fingado, Denver 2, Colo. --Senior Training Specialist, Air TrainingCommand Support Group, AerospaceDivision, Martin -Marietta.Anthony Puccia, Bridgeport, Conn. --Electronic Packaging Designer, SikorskyAircraft.Michael N. Rosa, Stamford, Conn. --Service Technician, Raytheon Co.George Bachman, Stepney Depot, Conn.-- Radio -TV Repairman, R. L. ReedAppliances.Raymond A. Donaldson, Washington, D.C.-- Mechanic, Potomac Electric PowerCo.

26

Charles T. Frye, Washington, D. C. --Technician, Communications Division,Metropolitan Police Department.Elbert H. Jackson, Calhoun, Ga. -- Radioand TV Serviceman, Western Auto.James C. Hefner, Forest Park, Ga. --Electronic Technician, Federal AviationAgency.Gustav F. Moll, Altamont, CarrierCurrent Specialist, Illinois Power Co.Samuel Allen, Forest Park, Ill.-- Super-visor, Sandia Corp.John A. Striepling, Franklin Park, Ill. --Teacher of Electronic Technology,Morton Junior College.David S. Blackwell, Fort Wayne, Ind. --Quality Control Manager, ITT FederalLabs.Russell E. Chase, Des Moines, Iowa --Engineer, Northwest Bell Telephone Co.Morris J. Montgomery, Monticello, Iowa-- Technician, Collins Radio Co.Dale A. Branson, Concordia, Kans. --Transmitter Engineer, Station KFRM,Russel L. Burns, Fort Scott, Kans. --Signal Test Foreman, Frisco Railroad.Ervin W. Young, Sterling, Kans.-- Com-munications Technician, Mid -KansasTelephone Co.Robert J. Booe, Wellington, Kans. -- TVRepairman, Schrag Radio and TV.Pascal Keith. Bromley, Ky. - Industrial

r

Electrician, Ford Motor Co.Norman L. Wetzel, Lanesboro, Mass. --Engineering Technician, Ordnance De-partment, General Electric Co.Arthur Bell, Lawrence, Mass. -- Pro-jectionist, Palace Theater.Glen Connolly, Wilmington, Mass. --Senior Engineer, Electrical Test Inte-gration, Avco-Rad Co.Clyde C. Vandervoort, Carleton, Mich.-- Switchboard Operator, Detroit EdisonCo.R. W. Squires, Pontiac, Mich. -- Equip-ment Installer, Western Electric.Gaston Cellette, Minneapolis, Minn. --Radio Electronic Repair, Northwest Air-lines.Leonard B. Izzo, Clark, N. J. -- Elec-tronic Machine Builder, Hyatt BearingsDivision, General Motors Corp.Felix Malachowski, Demarest, N. J. --Radio Officer, Department of the Navy.David Melhado, Passaic, N. J. -- Pyro-meter Technician, Wright Aero Corp.Paul E. Bentz, Vineland, N.J.-- Drafts-man, N. J. Bell Telephone Co.Claud W. Longstreet, Westfield, N. J. --Counterman, Union Television Parts Co.Major Arthur Johns (Ret.), Nixon, N. J.-- Technician, Master Antenna Installa-tion, ACA Nixon, Inc.Andrew Cafuoco, Brooklyn, N. Y. --

CONAR ORDER BLANKDIVISION OF NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE, 3939 WISCONSIN AVE., WASHINGTON 16, D.C.

PLEASE PRINT

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY ZONE STATE

NRI STUDENT NUMBER

CASH C.O.D. (20% Deposit required) EASY PAYMENT PLAN (10% Deposit)

Quantity Model Name of Item Price Each Total

If you live in Washington, D.C., add 3%sales tax. All prices are net, F.O.B. Washington, D.C. TOTAL

ONTIME PAYMENT ORDERS please be sure to complete the Easy Payment Plan credit informa-tion forrn on the reverse side of this page and include 10% down payment with your order.

t-27

Radioman, New York Telephone Co.Cecil J. Guinipero, Endicott, N. Y., --Electronic Technician, General Electric.Frank Rocco, Huntington, N.Y.-- Super-visor, Analog Computers, Flight TestLab., Republic Aviation,George H. Kam, Kenmore, N. Y. --Senior Engineer, Sylvania Electric Corp.Joseph H. Walenta, Queens Village, N. Y.- - TV Operation Engineer, NationalBroadcasting Co.William F. Hilms, Jr., Lynbrook, N. Y.- - Installation Man, New York TelephoneCo.James L. House, Vestal, N. Y. -- Co-Ordinator, IBM,William Be Asbury, Williston Park, N.Y.- - Instrument Wireman, American BoschArma Corp.James C. Keener, Leaksville, N. C. --Radio, TV and Electrical ApplianceServiceman, Western Auto.Albert D. Blancett, Cambridge, Ohio --Electrical Inspector, RCA,George J. Miller, Cincinnati, Ohio --Electronic Technician, Formica Co.Steven K. Molnar, Elyria, Ohio -- Trans-mitter Engineer, Radio Station WHK,Ernest L. Wilson, Hamilton, Ohio --Instrument Man, Champion Papers, Inc.Robert R. Miller, Allentown, Pa. --Supervisor, Western Electric Co.

Leno Leo Laner, Youngstown, Ohio --Transmitter Engineer, WFMJ Broad-casting Co.Ivan L. Kelley, Tulsa, Okla. -- Labora-tory Technician, Seismograph ServiceCorp.Howard Donald Meyer, Bath, Pa. --Maintenance Man, Western Electric Co.John J. Finn, Jr., Drexel Hill, Pa. --Foreman, Installation Department,Western Union Telegraph Co.Elmer W. Cooper, Falls Creek, Pa. --Counterman, Barron Radio Supply, Inc.Herman C. Shoemaker, Mapleton Depot,Pa. -- TV Serviceman, Lewistown Appli-ance Centre.Thomas B. Love, Burleson, Tex. -- RadioRepairman, Signal Maintenance, U. S.Army,Harold F. Dry, Dallas, Tex, -- Engi-neering Technician, Texas InstrumentsCo.Fred A. Stockton, Fort Worth, Tex. --Electronic Technician, Federal AviationAgency,J. Dan Hightower, Harlingen, Tex. --Manager Tester and Regulator, WesternUnion Telegraph Co.Andrew W. Felt, Jr., Edmonds, Wash. --Electronics Planner, Boeing Company,John Hein, Nitro, W. Va. -- InstrumentMechanic, Monsanto Company,

CONAR EASY PAYMENT PLAN TONote: Easy payment contracts cannot be accepted from persons under 21 years of age. If you ore under 21, havethis sheet filled in by a person of legal age and regularly employed.

Enclosed is a down payment of $ on the equipment I have listed on the reverse side. Beginning 30

days from the date of shipment I will pay you $ each month until the total payment price Is paid. Youwilt retain title of this equipment until this amount is fully paid. If I do not make the payments as agreed, you maydeclare the entire unpaid bolonce immediately due and payable, or at your option, repossess the equipment. Youracceptance of this will be effected by your shipment to me of the equipment I have listed.

Date Your written signature

CREDIT APPLICATION

Print Full Name Age

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Business Address How Long Employed?

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CREDIT REFERENCE (Give 2 Merchants, Firms or Finance Companies with whom you have or hove had accounts.

Credit Acct. with Highest Credit(Nome/ (Address)

Credit Acct. with Highest Credit(Name/ (Address)

28

AlumniNews

David Spitzer PresidentJules Cohen Vice PresidentF. Earl Oliver Vice PresidentJoseph Stocker Vice PresidentJames L. Wheeler-Vice PresidentTheodore E. Rose Executive Sec.

Members Share Practical,Entertaining Suggestions

DETROIT CHAPTER members were in-trigued with a demonstration by John Nagyin hooking up as many as 30 speakers to atransistor radio. A discussion then took placeon Japanese FM -AM tube -type radios.

The next meeting featured the first of a seriesof Howard Sams lectures and slides on colorTV. This series was continued for the nextseveral meetings.

Mr.Charles Fouchey is the latest graduateto be admitted to membership. Congratu-lations, Charles:

FLINT (SAGINAW VALLEY) CHAPTER de-voted another meeting to members' sharingof their unusual ideas: William Duncan showedan easy way to make a fence charger, usedon farms, with an auto radio vibrator; GilbertHarris made a three -transistor radio whichcould be worn as a wrist -watch; HenryHubbard, by hooking two batteries to a tran-sistor radio, demonstrated the effects ofpolarity. Professor DeJenko introduced anew UHF converter and a new long-distancehigh gain TV antenna, both available to mem-bers at factory cost; Andy Jobbagy's topicwas the repair of a single -tube turntablephonograph motor. The single tube, 90 -volt,60 -cycle motor was connected in series withtube filaments. He then told why you cannotuse a 117 -volt motor in place of a 90 -voltmotor. Ray Kitt showed how to outsmart loosetube sockets; George Martin explained that atradio stations, clocks are set to a universaltime with a tolerance of 100th millisecond ata zero hour; Robert Poli suggested thatwhenyou discarC an old TV set, you can make use

of the speaker magnet and yoke ring magnetby gluing them to a board to hold tools ; JamesWindom demonstrated a diode tester and howto use an ordinary No 47 -dial bulb as an in-dicator. Charles Wotring talked about his newGuinea Pig Organ which reproduces thesounds of many different instruments.

These sessions of the chapter are not onlyhighly entertaining but the members find theycan make valuable practical use of the sug-gestions and ideas.

HACKENSACK CHAPTER has featured sev-

Formai. (and firs') chairmen of the Hackensack ChapterGeorge Schalk relinquishes his gavel to new chairman

Malty Rechner.

29

Cres Gomez, from left, administers oath of officeto Ed HaIvey, vice chairman; Matty Rechner, chair-man; Frank Lucas, secretory; Paul Schaeffer, treas-urer, at Hackensack Chapter installation meeting.

eral guest speakers lately. One of them wasMr. Larry Weaver, Delco Field Engineer.His subject was Delco Transistor Radios.He explained the design and construction ofthe receivers in great detail, also the im-provements made in such receivers since theintroduction of transistors, illustrating hista lkwith a slide projector and with blackboarddrawings.

At the next meeting Chairman Matty Rechnerbrought in a dog set which Cres Gomez usedas the basis for discussion. The set was re-paired with the information and suggestionsfurnished by the members. George Shop-meler then gave a talk on his experience witha set which was not wired according to theschematic. Someone had installed an ironstrap which was not needed. Results: no pic-ture. It is demonstrations of this kind thatthe members find so helpful.

HAGERSTOWN (CUMBERLAND VALLEY)CHAPTER'S former Chairman George Fulksdemonstrated the value of the B and K 1074Analyst. Using a scope to trace through thevarious test points in a properly operatingcolor TV set to see how waveforms comparewith those illustrated in the service infor-mation fcr the set, he employed the B and Kto produce the signals used for these meas-urements.

Continuation of troubleshooting proceduresin both black and white and color TV, usingthe scope, were scheduled for the next fewmeetings.

LOS ANGELES CHAPTER members weremuch interested in Kenneth Williams' exhibitof a metal locator and his explanation of howit is used. This was followed by a demon-stration by Chairman DeCaussin on how to

use the oscilloscope, for the benefit of thosemembers who have not yet acquired the prac-tice and skill to operate one.

Another meeting featured the reading and dis-cussion of an article which appeared in themagazine Modern Electronic Service Dealer,published by the California Bureau of Elec-tronic Repair Dealer Registration. Thearticle dealt with the requirement that upona replacement tube being installed in a tele-vision receiver, it must be labelled as either"new," "rebuilt," or "second-hand." At thismeeting Jim Law supplied his television setfor the chapter's practice session on TVtroubleshooting.

The next meeting featured guest speakerLloyd Mathiesen, who delivered a talk on howtransistors are used in radio and televisionnow and how they will be used inthe future --on how important it is for a service tech-nician to study and keep up to date on themand also on color TV. Jim Law again broughtin his TV receiver so the members couldhelp him analyze the trouble with it. Chair-man DeCaussin then demonstrated the use ofthe B and K Television Analyst.

NEW YORK CITY CHAPTER, like the FlintChapter, used a recent meeting for talks anddemonstrations on unusual techniques and de-vices. Ontie Crowe talked about the tools andaids he finds helpful for troubleshooting. Hearrived wearing an apron -like tool kit andfrom it produced a number of accessories,many of them home-made but all of practicalvalue and small size. Brother Bernard showeda gadget for limiting the enthusiasm of door-bell -pushers. It includes a timing mechanismto prevent the bell from ringing for more than5 -seconds or more frequently than 30 -secondintervals. Robinson Vargas told about serv-icing an all -band tuner that allowed broad-cast band stations to interfere on two short-wave channels; Hank Lucas about a TV tunerthat has to be cleaned with a standard productevery four days; and Charles Williams abouta set that turned out to lack a focus coil,which produced an effect similar to blooming.

Frank Lucas managed to simplify and give aclear talk on atomic physics with regard tosemi -conductors and Willy Fox coupled help-ful hints with an amusing talk on his experi-ences in servicing.

Not to be outdone by the Hackensack Chapter(see report in this issue), the New York CityChapter also welcomed Mr. Larry Weaver asa guest speaker on Delco auto radios. In thisinstance, however, Mr. Weaver accompaniedhis talk with the showing of a 35 mm filmstrip. At this meeting, Treasurer Sam Antman

30

began the first of a short series of talks onthe VTVM, for which he has done consider-able study and research.

A warm welcome to the newest member of theChapter, Mr. Joel Sloan.

PHILADELPHIA -CAMDEN CHAPTER mem-bers, or at least some of them, feel that theynow have a nodding acquaintance with thelaser. It is all due to a fascinating lectureand demonstration by Mr. Charles B. Moore,Supervisor of Customer Information for BellTelephone. Secretary Jules Cohen says, "Thiswas a demonstration that I'm sorry somemembers missed. It took Mr. Moore fifteen

Charles Moore of Bell Telephone gave a laser demon-stration to Philadelphia -Camden Chapter members.

minutes just to set up the equipment and itwas hard to believe when you saw it. Thiswas a rare meeting that will be hard to beat.Mr. Moore has a few other subjects that helectures on and we will have him back againin the near future."

At another meeting Bill Davis lectured onand demonstrated the B and K TelevisionAnalyst. The members were once again guestsof the General Electric Company and GeorgeWalker gave another of his fine talks, thistime on the GE All -Transistor Portable.

PITTSBURGH CHAPTER enjoyed a rareprivilege: welcoming Mr. Glenn Mumper,Regional Sales Service Manager, Westing-house Appliance Sales Company, Pittsburgh,and Mr. John Burn, Regional Service Man-ager, Westinghouse, Metuchem, as guestspeakers at one of its meetings. After Mr.Mumper introduced him, Mr. Burn spoke onthe development of recorders from wire topresent hi-fi, on four -track stereos, and then

the circuit and servicing of recorders. Heillustrated Ms discussion with color slidesand distributed service manuals on tape re-corders, CB transceivers, and other West-inghouse products for 1965.

What was so special about these guests? Theyare both old-timer graduates of NRI. It wasa real treat to the chapter to play host to twofellow -graduates who had achieved such goalsin the Radio -TV industry.

SAN ANTONIO ALAMO CHAPTER'S changeof meeting nights from the third Wednesdayof each month to the fourth Friday has re-sulted in definite improvement. Apparently,Fridays are more convenient for most of themembers.

Jesse DeLao and Chairman Sam Stinebaughconducted a fine program containing a wealthof information on TV vertical circuits. Jesse,assisted by Sam, succeeded in covering thesubject very thoroughly.

Ronald Smith, owner and operator of a radioand television service shop, gave a talk onall types of low voltage power supplies usedin TV sets -- operation and troubleshooting.The members feel that their current chair-man, Sam Stinebaugh, has long been due aspecial tribute of thanks for his untiringefforts in behalf of the chapter.

The chapter has been pleased to welcomeGeorge E. Kelley, San Antonio, as its newestmember. Congratulations, George;

SAN FRANCISCO CHAPTER was pleased towelcome an NRI student, not a member of thechapter, who brought in his CONAR VTVM,which he had built from a kit but which wouldnot function properly. He had checked thewiring twice but did not locate the fault. Thetrouble was located for him by Andy Royal,Willie Hawkins, Pete Salvotti, and PhilStearns. It turned out to be a "floating" grid.

The members have missed Peter Wivel, whohas been assisting the members with techni-cal advice and working with them on toughdogs. He has not been able to be present atrecent meetings, his doctor having advisedhim that he must enter the hospital for asurgical operation. We're hoping the verybest for you, Peter.

SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS CHAP-TER'S John Alves and Frank Sarro took thelead in a discussion on the article about colorTV which appeared in the November -December issue of the NRI Journal.

Manuel Figueiredo showed members how easyit is to test a color TV picture tube and then

31

proceeded to remove and replace the tube.

Ernie Grimes is making a giant size (4' by8') schematic of the chapter's color TV to beused at future meetings. This should be veryhelpful.

SPRINGFIELD (MASS.) CHAPTER was highlyamused at one meeting at which humor seemedto be the keynote for the evening. John Parkswas assisting Norman Charest ontuner trou-ble in a Zenith TV Set when the set startedto smoke. John said "I smell a rat." Thisof course is an old, well-worn figure ofspeech, but in this case if turned out to bethe literal truth when John reached in andactually pulled out a dead mouse. However,John finally got down to more serious matterswhen he demonstrated the resistance -capaci-tance tester that he built from a kit which hepurchased from the NRI CONAR Division.

I )1RECTORY OFLOCAL Cli APTERS

DETROIT CHAPTER meets 8:00 P. M., 2ndand 4th Friday of each month. St. AndrewsHall, 431 E. Congress St., Detroit. Chairman:James Kelley, 1140 Livernois, Detroit,Mich., VI -14972.

FLINT (SAGINAW VALLEY) CHAPTERmeets 8:00 P. M., 2nd Wednesday of eachmonth at Andrew Jobbagy's Shop, G-5507S. Saginaw Rd., Flint. Chairman: HenryHubbard, 5497 E. Hill Rd., Grand Blanc,Mich., 694-4535.

HACKENSACK CHAPTER meets 8:00 P. M.,last Friday of each month, St. Francis Hall,Cor. Lodi and Holt St., Hackensack, N. J.Chairman: Matthew Recliner, 42 CampbellAve., Hackensack, N. J.

HAGERSTOWN (CUMBERLAND VALLEY)CHAPTER meets 7:30 P. M., 2nd Thursdayof each month at George Fulk's Radio -TVService Shop, Boonsboro, Md. Chairman:Francis Lyons, 2239 Beverly Dr., Hagers-town, Md. Reg 9-8280.

LOS ANGELES CHAPTER meets 8:00 P. M.,2nd and last Saturday of each month, 4912Fountain Ave., L. A. Chairman: EugeneDeCaussin, 4912 Fountain Ave., L. A.,NO 4-345.

MINNEAPOLIS -ST PAUL (TWIN CITIES)CHAPTER meets 8:00 P. M., 2nd Thursdayof each month, at the homes of its members.Chairman: Edwin Rolf, Grasston, Minn.

2nd Tuesday of each month at Galjour's TV,809 N. Broad St., New Orleans, La. Chairman:Herman Blackford, 5301 Tchoupitoulas St.,New Orleans, La.

NEW YORK CITY CHAPTER meets 8:30P. M., 1st and 3rd Thursday of each month,St. Marks Community Center, 12 St. MarksPl., New York City. Chairman: Br. BernardFrey, 213 Stanton St., New York 2, N. Y.

PHILADELPHIA -CAMDEN CHAPTER meets8:00 P. M., 2nd and 4th Monday of each month,K of C Hall, Tulip and Tyson Sts., Phila-delphia. Chairman: John Pirrung, 2923 Long -shore Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

PITTSBURGH CHAPTER meets 8:00 P. M.,1st Thursday of each month, 436 Forbes Ave.,Pittsburgh. Chairman: James L. Wheeler,1436 Riverview Dr., Verona, Pa. 793-1298.

SAN ANTONIO ALAMO CHAPTER meets 7:00P. M., 4th Friday of each month, Beetho-ven Home, 422 Pereida, San Antonio. Chair-man: Sam Stinebaugh, 318 Early Trail, SanAntonio, Texas.

SAN FRANCISCO CHAPTER meets 8:00 P.M.,1st Wednesday of each month, 147 Albion St.,San Francisco. Chairman: Isaiah Randolph,523 Ivy St., San Francisco, Calif.

SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS CHAP-TER meets 8:00 P. M., last Wednesday ofeach month. Chairman: Daniel DeJesus, 125Bluefield St., New Bedford, Mass.

SPRINGFIELD (MASS.) CHAPTER meets 7:00P. M., last Saturday of each month at shop ofNorman Charest, 74 Redfern St., Springfield,Mass. Chairman: Steven Chomyn, PowderMill Rd., Southwich, Mass.

NEW ORLEANS CHAPTER meets 8:00 P.M., 'Now I'll show you how to REALLY fix a TV.'

32

CONAR

audio colorExciting NEW concept in music enjoymentTranslates any melody into

brilliant colors

For music lovers and electronics enthusi-asts alike, this transistorized marvel at-taches quickly to hi-fi sets, stereos, taperecorders and even most radios. Simplyconnect two rubber insulated, alligator -clip leads to your speaker terminals, andyou're ready to enjoy a color spectacular.

While you listen to your favorite melody,beautiful hues of red, orange, yellow,blue, green and violet move across theAudio Color screen in a breathtakingvariety of patterns. A frosted screen eliminatesglare without filtering the colors.

But Audio Color does more than paint the music.It also reproduces the tempo. With each torridheat of the bongos . .. with each clash of the cym-bals, the colors grow brighter. If the tempo mountsslowly, the colors brighten gradually. A sharp risein volume is matched by a sudden flash of colors.bass on the right -treble on the left.

Audio Color is based on the idea that two sensesare better than one. Now you not only hear themelody, but you also see it. And you see it in bril-liant, living color. In much the same way the aromamakes a charcoal -broiled steak more savory, AudioColor makes music more enjoyable.

At "coat -and -tie" parties, or "come -as-you -are"get-togethers, your friends will be almost hypno-tized by the dazzling, pulsating colors.

As a conversation piece, Audio Color, we admit,isn't always successful. Why? Because it usuallyleaves people speechless. In fact, if you want any-one to notice the striking prefinished walnut cabi-net, he sure to turn off the colors.

Order the Audio Color in kit form and build ityourself in a few short hours. For those who can'twait to see it, we have a few already assembled.

SPECIFICATIONSINPUT IMPEDANCE: 30 ohms (can be used on

16 ohm or lower amplifier output)FREQUENCY RESPONSE: 30 to 20,000 cps.OPTICAL CROSSOVER: 500 cps.TRANSISTORS: 4 type 2N176LAMPS: 2 type #89INTERNAL HUM: UndiscerniblePOWER REQUIREMENTS: 35W at 115V, 60 cps.DIMENSIONS: 111/4" x 151/4" x 6"SHIPPING WEIGHT: 10 lbs.

44.95Kit Stock =103UK shipped express$4.50 down. $5 00 monthly

`54.95Assembled Stock :7103WT shipped express$5.50 down, $5.00 monthly

USE HANDY ORDER FORMON PAGE 27-CASH OR TERMS

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Lict H Ca.P .e) - VI Pl :3er t."44C ID

0

IIAQN

I