Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Issue 5 about electric vehicles, renewable energy news, etc
Citation preview
looking forward to our renewable future
plus:
àexible solar: `OEEKÛNÞaÛàEWIBKEÛRNKAQÛOAMEKRÛgadget focus: �� DAXÛ`MASTQAKaÛBQEADÛOQEREQUEQÛ Ûnews: OTSSIMGÛSHEÛ`RNÛVHAS�aÛIMSNÛSHEÛMEVR and so much more...
Issue 5
electric
cars
here to stay
this time?
2
page 6 - In The NewsA selection of the more intersting renewable energy stories from the last few weeks
page 17 - Crowdfunding!SàTRADITIONALàSOURCESàOFàINVESTMENTàäNANCEàCONTINUEàTOàremain scarce, will the movement towards crowd-funding prove to be the perfect solution for clean technology projects?
climate: the carbon gap is widening says new report (page 6)
inside
buildings:introducing the ‘green solution house’ in denmark (page 8)
food: ‘natural’ microwave method for 60-day bread (page 12)
wind: wyoming to host america’s biggest wind farm yet (page 14)
buildings: new bluetooth device measures power at the plug (page 15)
page 6 - In The NewsA selection of the more intersting renewable energy stories from the last few weeks
page 17 - Crowdfunding!SàTRADITIONALàSOURCESàOFàINVESTMENTàäNANCEàCONTINUEàTOàremain scarce, will the movement towards crowd-funding prove to be the perfect solution for clean technology projects?
electric vehicles: a comprehensive buyer’s guide by Dr Ben Lane (page 24)
transport: ‘running on air’, urban cars powered by compressed air (page 20)
Solar:àaPEELàOãbàSOLARàäLMàåEXIBLEàADHESIVEàrolls (page 16)
books: all you need to know about renewable energy sources (page 39)
storage: lithium battery market to grow TENFOLDàINàNEXTà�àYEARSà(page 22)
4
welcomeWelcome to this, the 5th issue of 2050 magazine.
As you might have noticed already, it’s an electric cars special and we’re very proud to be able to bring you a no nonsense guide to buying the electric car of your dreams written by Dr Ben Lane from NextGreenCar.com.
So whether you’re interested in electric cars for their lower environmental impact, their power, their low LAIMSEMAMCEÞNQÞSHEIQÞKNNJR�ÞXNTaKKÞâMDÞEUEQXSHIMGÞXNTÞMEEDÞSNÞJMNVÞIMÞSHEÞGTIDEÞSNÞAKKNVÞXNTÞSNÞLAJEÞAMÞinformed decision before parting with your cash.
Which is more than my next door neighbour had at his disposal in 1983 when he bought into the futuristic vision of Sir Clive Sinclair’s C5. A decision a particularly cruel gang of schoolkids from the area decided to question with their daily enquiries as to whether he wanted to race them to the end of the street. b!KQIGHSÞSHEMÞLIRSEQ�ÞHNVÞABNTSÞ)ÞGIUEÞXNTÞAÞHEADRSAQSÞSHEM�Þ)ÞCNTKDÞLAXBEÞGNÞNMÞLEÞRTLLEQÞHNKIDAXRÞâQRS�Þthat should make it a bit fairer.”
The C5 was, let’s face it, way too slow and way too low. Not a good get-away vehicle in jeering juvenile mob situations that’s for sure..
Mind you, it still sold 17,000 units - an electric vehicle record surpassed only recently by the Nissan Leaf.
As you will see from the guide, things have moved on a bit Since Sir Clive’s day. I sometimes wonder what HEÞVNTKDÞCNLEÞTOÞVISHÞMNV�ÞAQLEDÞVISHÞLNDEQMÞSECHMNKNGXÞAMDÞSHEÞBEMEâSÞNFÞHIMDRIGHS�Þ3NLESHIMGÞSHASÞãNASEDÞOQNBABKXÞJMNVIMGÞHIL�
He did get the last laugh though. For if any of those impudent schoolkids had saved up their pennies to buy one of those £399 C5s instead of deriding it, they would now be proud owners of a unique piece of vehicular history, worth a cool £10k.
Which reminds me of the words of another wise man from that era, the comedian Bob Monkhouse, who once famously said, “All my friends laughed at me when I told them I was going to become a comedian. Well, I’ll tell you what, they aren’t laughing now.”
If they do ever bring out the C6, with all its modern whistles and bells, they’re assured of at least one sale. Provided that is, they make it fast enough to outrun my next door neighbour’s kids.
ABOUT US:2050 Magazine is all about renewable energy and our journey towards the day when the whole world will have access to cheap, clean, sustainable sources of energy. Something which we think will happen by 2050. As long as we all pull together and do our bit. This is our bit.
EDITORIAL:We are very fortunate to have constant access to an incredibly talented pool of people, some of them with decades of EXPERIENCEàINàTHEàäELDàOFàSUSTAINABILITY�àThey tell us things and we write it down and add pretty pictures. Then we send it, all wrapped up in tinsel, to the world at large. That’s it in a nutshell really.
DISTRIBUTION:2050 is a free publication which is distributed around the world through a variety of ‘friend’ networks. We are currently connected to more than 1 million supporters. A number which is growing on a daily basis. Please feel free to pass us on to your own networks if you think they might be interested in keeping in touch with what’s going on in the world of sustainable energy.
PUBLISHERS: ����à-AGAZINEàISàAàJOINTàEãORTàBYàPlanet B Ventures and Legwork and Whispers Publishing.
CONTACT:Editorial: [email protected]: [email protected]
Welcome to this, the 5th issue of 2050 magazine.
As you might have noticed already, it’s an electric cars special and we’re very proud to be able to bring you a no nonsense guide to buying the electric car of your dreams written by Dr Ben Lane from NextGreenCar.com.
So whether you’re interested in electric cars for their lower environmental impact, their power, their low LAIMSEMAMCEÞNQÞSHEIQÞKNNJR�ÞXNTaKKÞâMDÞEUEQXSHIMGÞXNTÞMEEDÞSNÞJMNVÞIMÞSHEÞGTIDEÞSNÞAKKNVÞXNTÞSNÞLAJEÞAMÞinformed decision before parting with your cash.
Which is more than my next door neighbour had at his disposal in 1983 when he bought into the futuristic vision of Sir Clive Sinclair’s C5. A decision a particularly cruel gang of schoolkids from the area decided to question with their daily enquiries as to whether he wanted to race them to the end of the street. b!KQIGHSÞSHEMÞLIRSEQ�ÞHNVÞABNTSÞ)ÞGIUEÞXNTÞAÞHEADRSAQSÞSHEM�Þ)ÞCNTKDÞLAXBEÞGNÞNMÞLEÞRTLLEQÞHNKIDAXRÞâQRS�Þthat should make it a bit fairer.”
The C5 was, let’s face it, way too slow and way too low. Not a good get-away vehicle in jeering juvenile mob situations that’s for sure..
Mind you, it still sold 17,000 units - an electric vehicle record surpassed only recently by the Nissan Leaf.
As you will see from the guide, things have moved on a bit Since Sir Clive’s day. I sometimes wonder what HEÞVNTKDÞCNLEÞTOÞVISHÞMNV�ÞAQLEDÞVISHÞLNDEQMÞSECHMNKNGXÞAMDÞSHEÞBEMEâSÞNFÞHIMDRIGHS�Þ3NLESHIMGÞSHASÞãNASEDÞOQNBABKXÞJMNVIMGÞHIL�
He did get the last laugh though. For if any of those impudent schoolkids had saved up their pennies to buy one of those £399 C5s instead of deriding it, they would now be proud owners of a unique piece of vehicular history, worth a cool £10k.
Which reminds me of the words of another wise man from that era, the comedian Bob Monkhouse, who once famously said, “All my friends laughed at me when I told them I was going to become a comedian. Well, I’ll tell you what, they aren’t laughing now.”
If they do ever bring out the C6, with all its modern whistles and bells, they’re assured of at least one sale. Provided that is, they make it fast enough to outrun my next door neighbour’s kids.
6
“Not only have we not made progress (on limiting greenhouse gas emissions), we are actively moving in the wrong direction. The world, having broken the speed limit, is putting its foot down on the pedal, even though it knows there is a T-junction ahead.” (UNEP executive director Achim Steiner.)
Just a week ahead of the annual
United Nations negotiations on climate change in Qatar, the organization released a report concluding that global greenhouse gas emissions are actually rising rather than falling.
The report, authored by 55 scientists from 22 countries and coordinated by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), concluded that while we
are currently spewing out 49 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per year, that amount needs to be reduced to 44Gt by 2020 if we are to have any chance of keeping average global warming below the internationally agreed target of 2 degrees Celcius by century end.
The report also restated that in order to maintain
climate
‘mind the gap!
Latest UN Report Finds That The Gap Between Greenhouse Reduction Targets And Reality Is Widening Rather Than Diminishing
that 2°C target, global emissions would then have to be further reduced to 37Gt by 2030 (1990 levels) and then continue falling to 21Gt by 2050.
The bad news, according to the QEONQSaRÞâMDIMGR�ÞIRÞSHASÞSHEÞVAXÞthings are headed right now, we’re actually looking at 58Gt by 2020 and that even if all existing governmental pledges around the world were to be achieved, the total would still reach 52Gt. A gap therefore of somewhere between 8 and 14Gt.
The report comes hot on the heels, if you’ll excuse the gallows humour, of a recent World Meteorological Organisation report that global emissions reached record highs last year, and the World Bank’s prediction that we are currently heading for a 4 degree Celcius rise by 2100.
The good news however, said Steiner, is that technologically and economically we are still capable of achieving that 2 degree target, if only we could all just get our act together and start doing something. He didn’t use those exact words (or indeed the UEQRINMÞNFÞSHASÞOHQAREÞVEÞVEQEÞâQRSÞtempted to use) but that was the gist.
“There is great alarm and concern about where we are in 2012, but it is MNSÞAÞQEARNMÞSNÞVQISEÞNáÞAÞ��#ÞSAQGES�cÞhe said.
The report even goes on to suggest where 17Gt of savings can still realistically be made including 1.5Gt to 4.6Gt from industry; 2.2Gt to 3.9Gt
from the power sector; 1.4Gt to 2.9Gt from buildings; and 1.7Gt to 2.5Gt from transportation.
so what?
“In any approach, real measures will be required if we are to bring about the emission reduction. There is ample realistic potential to reduce emissions to close the emissions gap, and at least a third of that is in the AQEAÞNFÞEMEQGXÞEäCIEMCX�
Many measures have the potential for environmental and economical BEMEâSRÞSHASÞVNTKDÞGNÞFAQÞBEXNMDÞgreenhouse gas emission reduction only. Solar PV technology for example, is developing at an incredible pace, bringing down cost, and ramping up application by over 50% per year. It is now within our reach to take global solar PV capacity to 1.6 Terawatts (1.6 million Megawatts) by 2020, which will reduce emissions by 1.4 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Other technologies like LED-lighting, electric vehicles and EV batteries, are developing quickly as well.”
(K. Blok, N. Höhne, K. van der Leun, and N. Harrison of ECOFYS – from their article ‘Wedging The Gap’ in 2050 Magazine Issue 2.)
8
The Green Solution House conference center on the Danish island of Bornholm is designed and developed in accordance with the principles of ‘Cradle 2
Cradle®’. This means that all materials used in the building are either fully recyclable or biodegradable. Hence, the building design takes on the ambition to
eliminate the concept of waste.
“In Denmark, the construction industry alone is responsible for 30% of all waste
sustainable building
Danish Hotel and Conference Center
“Green Solution House” To Take
3TRSAIMABIKISXÛ4NÛ!Û.EVÛ,EUEK
The UK’s largest renewable energy event
Meet face-to-face with the renewables community
www.all-energy.co.uk
22 & 23 MAY 2013, ABERDEEN, UK
All-Energy is the UK’s only face-to-face forum covering all renewable energy sectors, providing the best platform for you to do business with national and international executives, developers, engineers, politicians and investors as well as major oil and gas organisations eager to explore opportunities in renewables and attend the world-class conference.
8,322 total attendees from 49 countries and 580 exhibitors 2,470 attendees interested in offshore wind 2,119 interested in wave & tidal 51% with specifi c renewables projects coming up in the next 5 years 2,028 from oil & gas keen to view renewable energy technologies
UKUKUKUKUK
All-Energy is the UK’s only face-to-face forum covering all renewable energy sectors, providing
91%of visitors met companies they hadn’t met before
Featuring
Follow us on Twitter @AllEnergy
To register to visit, go to: www.all-energy.co.uk/register
All-Energy 2013 is booking up fast To enquire about the benefi ts of exhibiting for your company, contact Mark Lewis today on +44 (0)20 8439 5560 or [email protected]
ENERGYEFFICIENCY HYDROPOWER
ALL_ENERGY_a4_ad2.indd 1 08/01/2013 16:03
Danish practice 3XN is the architect behind a new experimental conference center and hotel where everything is adapted to the circulation of nature and where guests will get an idea of how it feels to live in a world without waste.
The UK’s largest renewable energy event
Meet face-to-face with the renewables community
www.all-energy.co.uk
22 & 23 MAY 2013, ABERDEEN, UK
All-Energy is the UK’s only face-to-face forum covering all renewable energy sectors, providing the best platform for you to do business with national and international executives, developers, engineers, politicians and investors as well as major oil and gas organisations eager to explore opportunities in renewables and attend the world-class conference.
8,322 total attendees from 49 countries and 580 exhibitors 2,470 attendees interested in offshore wind 2,119 interested in wave & tidal 51% with specifi c renewables projects coming up in the next 5 years 2,028 from oil & gas keen to view renewable energy technologies
UKUKUKUKUK
All-Energy is the UK’s only face-to-face forum covering all renewable energy sectors, providing
91%of visitors met companies they hadn’t met before
Featuring
Follow us on Twitter @AllEnergy
To register to visit, go to: www.all-energy.co.uk/register
All-Energy 2013 is booking up fast To enquire about the benefi ts of exhibiting for your company, contact Mark Lewis today on +44 (0)20 8439 5560 or [email protected]
ENERGYEFFICIENCY HYDROPOWER
ALL_ENERGY_a4_ad2.indd 1 08/01/2013 16:03
10
sustainable building
cont...
generated. Waste that puts an enormous burden on the environment, but with Green Solution House we demonstrate that this is a problem, which we can actually solve,” said 3XN’s project manager Kasper Guldager Jørgensen,
“Eliminating waste means that everything must be part of a circulation. Thus, the building is designed for disassembly and CNMRSQTCSEDÞNFÞDEâMEDÞrecyclable materials. Solar energy produces the energy consumed in the building, rain water is collected and water used is biologically cleaned and reused. Integrated green houses produce organic fruits and vegetables for the hotel restaurant. Further, SHEÞDAIKXÞLASEQIAKÞãNVRÞfrom running the center is either recycled or composted.”
(source: e-architect.co.uk)
so what?
“Building structures ONREÞAÞLNQEÞDIäCTKSÞproblem than either the equipment they contain or automobiles due to their long lifetimes and slow replacement rates.
Whereas vehicles and appliances wear out AæEQÞAÞDECADEÞNQÞRN�Þbuildings typically last for the better part of a century. Most buildings were constructed during the years when energy was cheap, and as a result, they were not designed or built with EMEQGXÞEäCIEMCXÞIMÞmind.
The overall number of buildings in (for example) the United States, is growing by only 1 to 2 percent per year. Hence a major reduction in building energy consumption must involve both improvements in existing buildings and new construction.
“Fortunately, widespread
use of existing energy EäCIEMCXÞSECHMNKNGIERÞand those that can be developed over the near term would eliminate a sizable portion of the current waste of EMEQGX�ÞRIGMIâCAMSKXÞreducing building energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
For the foreseeable future, reducing primary energy consumption through improved EäCIEMCXÞIRÞKIJEKXÞSNÞremain far cheaper than expanding renewable energy production.
(American Physical Society, ‘Energy Future: 4HIMJÞ%äCIEMCXa
12
GQEASERSÛIMUEMSINMÛRIMCEÛSHEÛRKICEQ�
-ICROWAVEà-ACHINEà$EVELOPEDà4HATà#ANà%XTENDà,IFEàof A Loaf Of Bread To 60 Days And Eliminate Need For
Preservatives and Masking Chemicals
When you consider that in developed countries about one third of all bread made is thrown away mouldy, it’s fair to say that if someone could come up with a way to extend its shelf life to 60 days without imparing taste, it would be welcomed as something of a breakthrough.
A breakthrough an American company called Microzap claims to have made.
Using their specially designed microwave-processing machine the company says it is able to eliminate mould spores from bread RSQAIGHSÞAæEQÞISÞIRÞBAJED�
The same process also works with other food types including poultry, fruit and vegetables.
so what?
Food waste is a huge problem in many developed countries.
In the United States for example, a report this year suggests that the average household wastes about 40% of all the food they purchase adding up to a whacking $165bn. To put that in perspective, enough money down the drain to pay for the entire Eurozone Stability Fund in just 5 years.
And for those of you who are inevitably thinking, ‘That’s all very well but who’s going to buy bread that lasts that long?’, bear in mind that the current baking process already
tries to eliminate mould spores from bread using preservatives which in turn require further taste masking chemicals. What would you rather have? Zapped, chemical-free bread that lasts for 60 days or chemical-rich loaves that can barely make it to the end of the week? (2050)
“The process also eliminates other dangerous bacterias such as salmonella. “In 2011, food giant Cargill had to recall 16 million kg of the OQNDTCSÞ�STQJEXÞAæEQÞa salmonella outbreak. Using our microwaves VNTKDÞBEÞAMÞEáECSIUEÞway of treating this and several other products ranging from jalapenos to pet foods.” (Microzap Chief Executive Don Stull from its laboratory on the campus of Texas Tech University in Lubbock.)
PDQMSPBDÖDÜBHDLBW
14
USA: Wyoming To Host US’s Largest Wind Farm Capable Of Powering 1 Million Homes
The US Interior Secretary Ken Salazar has just approved the use of a site in Wyoming for a proposed wind farm project which will be the largest of its kind
yet built in the US.
The project will see 1,000, 3-megawatt turbines erected on a 320,000 acre site.
The project will see the US’s total wind power capacity on public lands rise to 10,000 megawatts, a target set by President Barack Obama in his State of the Nation speech late last year.
“When President Obama SNNJÞNäCE�ÞHEÞLADEÞexpanding production of American-made energy a priority, including making our nation a world leader in harnessing renewable energy,” said Salazar.
“Wyoming has some of the best wind energy resources in the world, and there’s no doubt that this project has the potential to be a landmark example for the nation.”
so what?
Construction of new wind power generation capacity in the United States has accelerated
RIGMIâCAMSKXÞNUEQÞSHEÞlast decade and total installed power now stands at just short of 52,000 megawatts, second only to China.
The US generated enough electricity from wind in the year up to and including July 2012 to satisfy the energy thirsts of over 11 million US households annually. Or, to put it another way, the total energy demands of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg combined.
The US wind industry has created many thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity. Wind farm projects such as this one generate local and federal tax revenue at the same time as helping to revitalize rural economies by allowing farmers to earn a consistent return from wind turbines on their land.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s goal is for wind to provide 20% of the country’s total electricity generation by 2030.
wind
While still in pre-production, the Meterplug is a gadget which promises not only to tell you exactly how much each electrically-powered device in your house is using at any given time, but also, through its Bluetooth 4.0 capability, help you plan and control that consumption as EäCIEMSKXÞARÞONRRIBKE�ÞThereby cutting down on both cost and unnecessary greenhouse emissions.
MeterPlug is essentially a plug sized device which sits between your electrical appliance and your mains socket and measures the amount
of electricity that particular appliance is using. It then sends the information via Bluetooth to an app on your smart phone (or other Bluetooth enabled computery type things) and converts it into a cash equivalent depending upon your OAQSICTKAQÞSAQIá�
It will also be able SNÞSTQMÞNMÞNQÞNáÞAMXÞappliance connected to it (particularly those which consume power on standy – a very real concept known as ‘vampire power’).
The device is currently in pre-production and will be at least partly
funded by a campaign currently coming to a conclusion on the crowd-funding website, indiegogo.com ($78,000 already raised against an original target of $70k).
The funding campaign would suggest that the gadgets will be retailing for $60 each when they start shipping in April this year. A tad on the pricey side perhaps, but there doesn’t seem to be anything to stop you using it as a measuring device for all your most obvious appliances and then plonking it, in `QEADXÞSNÞSTQMÞXNTÞNáaÞmode, next to whichever one turns out to be the thirstiest.
Scaled up production will hopefully see the unit price fall reasonably quickly though.
so what?Information is power. Need we say more?
the Meterplug
A Simple, Plug-In Device To Help Monitor Domestic Electrical Consumption
DLDPFWÖBMLQDPT@RHML
16
!ÛMEVÛ`SQAMRFEQaÛRSXKEÛAOOKICASINMÛOQNCERRÛAKKNVRÛSHIM�ÛàEWIBKEÛRNKAQÛOAMEKRÛSNÛBEÛAOOKIEDÛSNÛUIQSTAKKXÛany surface from business cards
to roofs to windowpanes.
solar
For all their promise, solar cells have frustrated scientists in one crucial regard – most are rigid, reports Stanford University’s Glen Martin
They must be deployed IMÞRSIáÞAMDÞNæEMÞHEAUXÞâWEDÞOAMEKR�ÞKILISIMGÞtheir applications. So researchers have been trying to get photovoltaics to loosen up.
4HEÞIDEAK�ÞÞãEWIBKE�Þdecal-like solar panels SHASÞCAMÞBEÞOEEKEDÞNáÞlike band-aids and stuck to virtually any surface, from papers to window panes.
Now the ideal is real.
Stanford researchers have succeeded in developing the VNQKDaRÞâQRSÞOEEK AMD RSICJÞSHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞcells. The advance is described in a paper in the December 20th IRRTEÞNFÞ3CIEMSIâCÞReports.
Unlike standard SHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKR�Þpeel-and-stick thin-âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞDNÞMNSÞrequire any direct FABQICASINMÞNMÞSHEÞâMAKÞcarrier substrate. This is a far more dramatic development than it may initially seem.
All the challenges associated with putting solar cells on unconventional materials are avoided with the new process, vastly expanding the potential applications of solar technology.
so what?
b4HIM âKLÞOHNSNUNKSAICÞcells are traditionally âWEDÞNMÞQIGIDÞRIKICNMÞand glass substrates,
greatly limiting their uses, says Chi Hwan Lee, lead author of the paper and a PhD candidate in mechanical engineering.
And while the development of SHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞpromised to inject RNLEÞãEWIBIKISXÞinto the technology, explains Xiaolin Zheng, a Stanford assistant professor of mechanical engineering and senior author of the paper, scientists found that use of alternative substrates was problematic in the extreme.
“Nonconventional or ‘universal’ substrates AQEÞDIäCTKSÞSNÞTREÞFNQÞphotovoltaics because they typically have irregular surfaces and they don’t do well with the thermal and chemical processing necessary to produce today’s solar cells,” Zheng says.
“We got around these problems by developing this peel-and-stick
18
process, which GIUERÞSHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞãEWIBIKISXÞAMDÞattachment potential we’ve never seen before, and also reduces their general cost and weight.”
Utilizing the process, researchers attached SHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞto paper, plastic and window glass, among other materials.
b)SaRÞRIGMIâCAMSÞSHASÞVEÞdidn’t lose any of the
NQIGIMAKÞCEKKÞEäCIEMCX�cÞsays Zheng.
The new process involves a unique silicon, silicon dioxide and metal “sandwich.” First, a 300-nanometer âKLÞNFÞMICJEKÞ�.IÞIRÞ
Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Xiaolin Zheng (Photo: John Todd)
solar
cont...
deposited on a silicon/silicon dioxide (Si/SiO2) wafer.
4HIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞAQEÞthen deposited on the nickel layer utilizing standard fabrication techniques, and covered with a layer of protective polymer. A thermal release tape is then attached to the SNOÞNFÞSHEÞSHIM âKLÞsolar cells to augment SHEIQÞSQAMRFEQÞNáÞNFÞSHEÞproduction wafer and onto a new substrate.
The solar cell is now
ready to peel from the wafer. To remove it, the wafer is submerged in water at room temperature and the edge of the thermal release tape is peeled back slightly, allowing water to seep into and penetrate between the nickel and silicon dioxide interface.
The solar cell is thus freed from the hard substrate but still attached to the thermal release tape.
Zheng and team heat the tape and solar cell to 90°C for several seconds, and the cell can then be applied to virtually any surface using double-sided tape or other adhesive.
Finally, the thermal release tape is removed, leaving just the solar cell attached to the chosen substrate.
Tests have demonstrated that the peel-and-stick process reliably leaves the thin-âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞVHNKKXÞintact and functional, Zheng says.
“There’s also no waste. The (Si) wafer is typically undamaged AMDÞCKEAMÞAæEQÞQELNUAKÞof the solar cells, and can be reused.”
While others have been successful in FABQICASIMGÞSHIM âKLÞRNKAQÞCEKKRÞNMÞãEWIBKEÞsubstrates before, SHNREÞEáNQSRÞHAUEÞQEPTIQEDÞLNDIâCASINMRÞof existing processes or materials, notes Lee.
“The main contribution of our work is that we have done so without modifying any existing processes, facilities or materials, making them viable commercially. And we have demonstrated our process on a more diverse array of substrates than ever before,” Lee says.
“Now you can put them on helmets, cell phones, convex windows, portable electronic devices, curved roofs, clothing – virtually anything,” says Zheng.
Indian car manufacturer, Tata Motors, has unveiled a prototype of its Airpod model, which has been designed to run entirely on compressed air and provide a driving range of up to 125 miles per tank.
The Airpod, which uses technology developed by MDI in Luxembourg, runs on three wheels and is controlled using a joystick rather than a steering wheel. It uses pneumatic motors, which utilise pressurised air to drive the car’s
pistons. According to the KASERSÞâGTQERÞFQNLÞ4ASA�Þthe Airpod will be able to reach a top speed of about 50 miles per hour.
The Airpod is a little more practical than a ‘covered’ motorbike in that it will be able
to carry three people at a time including the driver, albeit with the third passenger having to sit facing the back window.
Tata expect to be able to get the price for the Airpod down to about 7,000 euros each and are planning to launch it in India.
running on air
The compressed air-powered Tata !IRPODàWILLàOãERàAàRANGEàOFà���àmiles with ‘fuel’ costs of 3 euro
cents per mile.
transport
so what?
-AIMÛADUAMSAGER�
Its lightweight design (just under 300kg) means it will require less raw materials and energy to manufacture than a standard compact;
Zero emissions from driving;
At just 7,000 euros, it will be considerably cheaper to buy than most battery-powered cars;
Refueling can be done at home using the car’s inbuilt air compressor (3.5 hours) or at service stations (3 minutes);
Low running costs: approximately 18 kilowatt hours per charge, which, at a rate of 20 euro cents per kWh equates to 3.60 euros per charge/125 miles;
The energy required for compressing air is produced at large centralized plants, making it less costly
AMDÞLNQEÞEáECSIUEÞto manage carbon emissions than from individual vehicles;
Low maintenance costs as it doesn’t require a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor, LTåEQR�ÞESC�
The rate of self-discharge is very low compared to batteries that deplete their charge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle LAXÞBEÞKEæÞTMTREDÞFNQÞlonger periods of time than electric cars;
Reduction or elimination of hazardous chemicals such as gasoline or battery acids/metals;
It looks great.
$IRADUAMSAGER�
Like battery-powered cars, compressed air-powered cars like the Airpod require electrical energy to ‘re-fuel’ in terms of the electricity needed to run its compressor. Current research suggests that the Airpod will use about twice as much electricity in this way as
a battery-powered car of a comparable size;
2EKASIUEKXÞKNVÞEäCIEMCXÞin terms of energy conversion. The overall EäCIEMCXÞNFÞAÞUEHICKEÞusing compressed air energy storage is in the 5 – 7% range compared to the ‘well SNÞVHEEKaÞEäCIEMCXÞNFÞconventional internal combustion engines at about 14%;
It looks ridiculous.
the bottom line
The Airpod may not BEÞARÞEMEQGXÞEäCIEMSÞas a lithium battery-powered vehicle but its low production costs will make it a very interesting proposition for the fast-growing urban transport sector. Using electricity from a renewable source such as wind (what beautiful synergy) the Airpod, with its low material and production energy requirements, could become the most environmentally friendly road vehicle yet.
And for the record, we think it looks great.
Illustration by Livvy McSweeney22
EKECSQICÛUEHICKEÛBASSEQXÛLAQJESÛSNÛgrow from $1.6 billion in 2012 to
almost $22 billion by 2020
transport
The tipping point for the mainstream acceptance of electrically-powered cars may already be with us, according to a study by US-based market analysts, Pike Research.
Their research suggests that there are (and will continue to be) 3 main reasons why car manufacturers around the world are ramping up the production of electric cars:
a) newly enacted fuel economy standards; BÞGQEASEQÞCNMâDEMCEÞIMÞEKECSQICÞpowered vehicles; and c) advances in battery technology.
“In 2012, Toyota introduced the âæH GEMEQASINMÞ0QITR�ÞONVEQEDÞFNQÞSHEÞâQRSÞSILEÞVISHÞKISHITLÞINMÞ�,I INMÞBASSEQIER�Þ4HEÞRHIæÞFQNLÞMICJEK metal hydride (NiMH) batteries to Li-ion represents a major endorsement of this chemistry as well as its ability to perform consistently in an automotive environment.
“The immediate future looks to be secure for the Li-ion chemistry, although there are many variants still under development to improve performance and reduce cost. The technology continues to improve, and leading battery cell manufacturers have built new factories utilizing the latest production techniques including greater automation and faster throughput.”
The Pike Research report goes on to predict that the overall market for Li-ion batteries in light duty transportation will grow from $1.6 billion in 2012 to almost $22 billion in 2020.
so what?
Notwitstanding the views of committed ‘petrol heads’ such as Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson, the production costs of electric cars – the principle determinant of which has always been the battery – are falling fast as all the major car manufacturers begin to reap the rewards of extensive research and technology improvements. A trend which is likely to continue as economies of scale also kick in.
According to the U.S. Energy Department’s Energy Information Administration, transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions account for about a third of total global carbon dioxide emissions.
Further research by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2011 calculated that an average, mid-sized family vehicle emits 5.1 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year into the atmosphere.
Which means that if you were to load all the carbon emitted in a year by all the working cars currently in existence, into a freight train, it would be long enough to reach the moon and back.
Food for thought, what?
24
With several new electric models hitting the streets in recent years, and the Plug-in Car Grant now in place, the future promises to be an exciting one for electric cars. Indeed, buying an electric car is now a real option as a number of major manufacturers launch high quality, fully electric models onto the UK market.
But who should buy an electric car?
There are three key issues that determine whether a battery electric car is right for you.
AÞ$NÞXNTÞHAUEÞACCERRÞSNÞNá RSQEESÞOAQJIMG�b) Is your daily mileage under 100 miles?c) Are you looking to buy a new car?
&IQRS�ÞXNTÞMEEDÞSNÞHAUEÞACCERRÞSNÞAÞGAQAGE�ÞDQIUEÞNQÞNSHEQÞNá RSQEESÞparking area to be able to recharge an electric car overnight, the most common form of recharging method. Recent research suggests that around 80% of UK car-owning households already have access to AÞGAQAGEÞNQÞNSHEQÞNá RSQEESÞOAQJIMGÞFACIKISXÞ�����ÞTQBAM�Þ���ÞRTB
ELECTRIC CAR BUYING GUIDE
Low-emission vehicle specialist, Dr Ben Lane from UK-based ‘nextgreencar.com’ gives our knowledge batteries a boost as he throws some light on the NæEMÞCNLOKICASEDÞVNQKDÞNFÞEKECSQICÞCAQR�Þ
Dr Ben Lane is Managing Editor responsible for site content at nextgreencar.com and the Green Car Rating methodology. His career has spanned both academic research and independent consultancy in technology and the environment and he has worked within both the public and private sectors. Ben is also the director of Sustainable Transport Solutions (STS).
transport
FROMàTOP�àLEèàTOàright:
BMW i3 electric RENAULT Twizy PEUGEOT iOnSMART ed.
26
FROMàTOP�àLEèàTOàRIGHT�à
NISSAN LeafTOYOTA Yaris (hybrid)CITROEN C Zero
.EXTàPAGE�
2%.!5,4à+ANGOOà-AXI
transport
urban, and >95% rural).
Unless proper provision is made with the permissions of your local authority, it is not advisable to trail an electric cable across pavements or other public areas to connect a car parked on-street to your household electricity supply.
Second, your driving mileage needs to be limited to less than around 100 miles per day, preferably on a regular route that you know well. For example, regular commuting trips are well suited to electric cars. Around two-thirds of commuting trips are less than 10 miles and, LNRSÞRIGMIâCAMSKX�Þthey are routine journeys for which the driver knows what to expect with respect to distance, route, congestion, road conditions and parking.
Third, you need to BEÞABKEÞSNÞAáNQDÞAÞnew car – very few electric cars (as opposed to electric quadricycles) are yet available on the used car market. And, as is discussed later in the guide, electric CAQRÞAQEÞRIGMIâCAMSKXÞmore expensive than their conventional equivalents, a situation likely to remain the case for some time.
Recent trials have also made a useful observation regarding the way electric cars are used within multi-car owning households. While manufacturers initially thought that electric vehicles
would be bought to replace a second or third car, research shows that once an electric car is purchased by a household, it tends to be preferred for all short local trips, with the other ‘main’ car only being used for longer journeys.
For a BEV to be right for you, you need to have: (1) access to Ná RSQEESÞOAQJIMGÞfor place to charge, (2) be looking to buy a car new, (3) be prepared to pay more upfront for your car knowing that car use costs are likely to be less, (4) be prepared to have a car with a 70-100 mile range between charges,
28
and (5) be an early adopter who wants to have the latest gizmos – its going to get the neighbours talking for sure.
What models are
AUAIKABKEÛMNV�
Although electric vehicles have been available
for decades, only recently have the major manufacturers invested in high quality electric models to meet the needs of the twenty-âQRSÞCEMSTQX�Þ4HIRÞHARÞinvolved increasing driving range and reducing vehicle price. A new recharging infrastructure is
also being rapidly developed across the UK.
While a number of specialist companies had already developed small electric city cars (which are actually legally classed as ‘quadricycles’) – including the Reva
Tesla Model S
transport
G-WIZ micro-car and the MEGA City – more recently, mainstream ATSNÞLAJEQRÞAQEÞMNVÞNáEQIMGÞOQNOEQÞEKECSQICÞCAQR�ÞVISHÞLNRSÞNFÞSHEÞmajor manufacturers likely to follow suit in the next two years.
With this accelerated development, the price of electric cars is also falling. Although they remain more expensive than conventional cars, some new electric models such as the Nissan LEAF are now priced at around £25,000, supported by the new Plug-in Car Grant worth up to £5,000, which is available for the purchase of selected new electric vehicles in the UK.
That said, a recent report by LowCVP clearly shows that (on average) electric cars will continue to have higher whole life costs
at least until 2030 – see also EV costs.
"NSHÞOQIUASEÞCAQÞBTXEQRÞAMDÞãEESRÞCAMÞreceive the Plug-in Car Grant, which IRÞADLIMIRSEQEDÞBXÞSHEÞ/äCEÞFNQÞ,NVÞEmission Vehicles (OLEV) – no application forms are required as the dealership completes all the necessary paperwork on the buyer’s behalf and the grant is automatically deducted from the vehicle price at the point of purchase.
Electric Vehicle Costs
The costs of owning an electric car are UEQXÞDIáEQEMSÞSHAMÞSHNREÞARRNCIASEDÞVISHÞAÞconventional vehicle. Upfront capital costs (purchase price) tend to be higher than for petrol and diesel cars, whereas running costs (fuel, maintenance, car tax) tend to be lower.
Electric vehicles are more expensive to buy than their petrol or diesel equivalents. Typically for new cars, the price is increased by 30 - 50% in cases where the battery is purchased outright.
30
However, since January 2011, the Plug-in Car Grant has subsidised the purchase of qualifying battery electric and plug-in hybrid cars worth 25% of the cost of the vehicle up to a maximum of £5,000.
The models that qualify for the Grant currently include nine electric and plug-in hybrid cars.
To be eligible under the grant scheme vehicles must satisfy demanding criteria including:
Only new cars are eligible; including pre-registration conversions (cars converted to battery or hybrid UEQRINMRÞBEFNQEÞâQRSÞregistration).
The vehicle’s tailpipe emissions must be 75 gCO2/km or less.
Electric vehicles (EVs) must have a range of at least 70 miles.
Plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) must have an electric range of at least 10 miles.
Vehicles must be able
to reach a speed of at least 60 mph.
Both private car BTXEQRÞAMDÞãEESRÞAQEÞeligible to receive the new grant, which is administered BXÞSHEÞ/äCEÞFNQÞLow Emission Vehicles (OLEV) – no applications forms are required as the dealership completes all the necessary paperwork on the buyer’s behalf and the grant is automatically deducted from the vehicle price at the point of purchase.
New electric cars
RENAULT Fluence
transport
(NVÛDNÛEKECSQICÛUEHICKERÛVNQJ�
Electric cars use an on-board battery to store electrical energy, which is recharged by connecting it to an electricity supply (usually the ‘mains’). When required, energy is drawn from the electric-cells and converted to motive power by the use of one or more electric motors.
Battery and motor technology
A battery is constructed from stacking individual electro-chemical ‘cells’, each of which produces a voltage (typically 2V) that is the result of a chemical reaction within the cell.
Although the lead-acid battery was the most common electric vehicle battery until the late 1990s, the latest generation of rechargeable cells includes lithium-ion (Li-Ion) and lithium-ONKXLEQÞ�,I 0NKXÞCEKKR�Þ4HEREÞOQNUIDEÞAÞRIGMIâCAMSÞILOQNUELEMSÞin performance and vehicle range and are now preferred by most electric vehicle manufacturers.
First generation electric vehicles used direct current (dc) motors. More recent models tend to convert the direct current to alternating current (ac) using an inverter, which then drives AMÞIMDTCSINMÞLNSNQ�Þ4HEREÞHAUEÞIMCQEAREDÞEäCIEMCX�ÞAÞHIGHEQÞROECIâCÞONVEQÞ�OEQÞJGÞAMDÞQEPTIQEÞKERRÞLAIMSEMAMCE�Þ(NVEUEQ�ÞSHEÞdisadvantages include higher costs and increased complexity of the controller, which needs to both act as an inverter and regulate the motor’s speed.
Some electric vehicles also use ‘regenerative braking’, which tops up the battery when the brakes are applied – this can increase vehicle range by as much as 20%.
Range anxiety waning
The network of public charging points across the UK is growing all the time. It currently stands at around 3,000 points and is expec-ted to rise to around 10,000 in the next couple of years. Locations can be seen on Zap-Map, Next Green Car’s map (http://www.next-greencar.com/zap-map/)
32
such as the Nissan LEAF are now priced at around £25,000 (including the Plug-in Car Grant). That said, a recent report by LowCVP clearly shows that (on average) electric cars will continue to have higher whole life costs at least until 2030.
Additional costs are also incurred by electric vehicle users who install recharging equipment. While standard 13 A 3-pin sockets can be used for most electric cars, installation costs for a circuit protected ‘slow’ charging point
cost around £250-£1000, depending NMÞSHEÞDIäCTKSXÞNFÞinstallation. Fully installed ‘fast’ and ‘rapid’ charging points cost between £5,000-£20,000 per point (depending on whether an on-board NQÞNá BNAQDÞFARS charging system is used).
As electric vehicles tend to have a high purchase price but low running costs, leasing may be a better proposition – indeed, some models (or battery packs) are only available on lease for this very reason. Also, leasing removes some of the
uncertainty about SHEÞQERAKEÞUAKTEÞAæEQÞ3-4 years – although this uncertainty IRÞQEãECSEDÞIMÞSHEÞleasing prices which tend to be higher than for similar conventional cars.
(Note: At nextgreencar.com you VIKKÞâMDÞAMÞ`AUAIKABKEÞmodels’ page which shows both a guide lease and buy price; if you are interested in leasing the people at nextgreencar.com will be happy to get you a personal quote from their green car leasing partner.)
MITSUBISHI i Miev 06
transport
$QIUIMGÛAMÛEKECSQICÛCAQ
$QIUIMGÞAMÞEKECSQICÞCAQÞIRÞAÞUEQXÞDIáEQEMSÞEWOEQIEMCEÞSNÞTRIMGÞAÞconventional (combustion engine) vehicle. Forward drive is usually selected in much the same way as in an automatic – and another similarity is that there is no clutch pedal.
On depressing the accelerator, an electric car initially moves in almost total silence, which can be a little disconcerting. As the speed picks up, the small amount of ‘engine’ noise that can be heard is drowned out by wind and tyre noise, which become more noticeable as the speed increases.
Most electric vehicles have excellent acceleration and high torque (especially at lower speeds) and are more than capable of holding their own in city-driving conditions. Although some models are designed as city cars and are speed limited to around 40-50 mph, most of the newer high quality models can easily reach 60-70 mph on a motorway.
Electric cars can also be high performance vehicles – the Tesla roadster is capable of 130 mph and goes from 0 to 60 mph in 4 seconds!
Current electric cars have a range and performance that is adequate for many driving applications including: city driving, commuting, regular drive cycles (such as delivery routes), short range trips (up to 100 miles per day) and where only zero or low emission vehicles are allowed access. As a result, electric cars are most suited for use as private cars for city use, for commuting SQIOR�ÞIMÞCNLLEQCIAKÞãEESRÞ�FNQÞRLAKKÞKNADR�ÞAMDÞARÞCNLOAMXÞ`ONNKaÞcars.
FAQ: I would be happy to accept a shorter range and slower top SPEEDàINàEXCHANGEàFORàLOW TECHàBATTERIESàATàAàLOWERàCOST�à)SàTHATàpossible? If so how much cheaper would the low-tech option be?
3NLEÞLAMTFACSTQEQRÞAQEÞKIJEKXÞSNÞNáEQÞBASSEQXÞEKECSQICÞCAQRÞVISHÞshort, medium or long range with prices to match – a little like the DIáEQEMSÞSXOERÞNFÞLNBIKEÞSAQIáRÞNMÞNáEQ�Þ)MÞFACSÞ4ERKAÞIRÞOKAMMIMGÞSNÞdo just this with their Sedan S which will be available by 2013.
34
Electric car
running costs
4HQEEÞRIGMIâCAMSÞincentives RIGMIâCAMSKXÞQEDTCEÞthe costs of running an electric car (in the UK).
Zero-rated car tax (Vehicle Excise Duty)
Zero-rated fuel tax
(electricity only attracts 5% VAT)
Greener Vehicle Discount on Congestion Charge
While electric vehicles may be expensive to buy or lease, electric cars and vans are exempt from Vehicle Excise Duty (‘car
tax’). Owners of electric vehicles will therefore save around £130 per year compared to an average conventional petrol or diesel car (VED Band F).
Fuel costs are also very low due to the competitive price of electricity (fuel duty is zero-rated)
transport
How green are electric cars?
Electric vehicles are zero-emission at point of use. However, emissions are produced during the generation of electricity, the amount depending on the method of generation. Therefore, the emissions need to be considered on a lifecycle basis so as to include power station emissions.
Climate change
For greenhouse gases (such as CO2), electric cars charged using average UK ‘mains’ EKECSQICISXÞRHNVÞAÞRIGMIâCAMSÞQEDTCSINMÞIMÞELIRRINMRÞ^ÞSHEÞâGTQERÞRTGGERSÞAÞQEDTCSINMÞof around 40% compared to a small petrol car (tailpipe 130 gCO2/km).
However, if an electric car is compared with AÞFTEK EäCIEMSÞDIEREKÞCAQÞ�SAIKOIOEÞ��ÞG#/��JL�ÞSHEÞKIFECXCKEÞCAQBNMÞBEMEâSÞFNQÞAMÞelectric car using average ‘grid’ electricity is AQNTMDÞ���Þ^ÞAÞRLAKKEQÞBTSÞRSIKKÞRIGMIâCAMSÞreduction.
The reduction in carbon emissions is mainly due to the fact that electric cars are LNQEÞEMEQGXÞEäCIEMSÞSHAMÞCNMUEMSINMAKÞvehicles. So-called ‘regenerative braking’, which returns energy to the battery when the brakes are applied, also improves fuel EäCIEMCXÞBXÞTOÞSNÞ����
Larger carbon reductions are likely as the UK grid continues to ‘decarbonise’. Of course, if renewable or ‘green SAQIáaÞEKECSQICISXÞIRÞTRED�ÞSHEMÞKIFECXCKEÞGQEEMHNTREÞGARÞELIRRINMRÞAQEÞEáECSIUEKXÞzero.
and to the high EäCIEMCXÞNFÞSHEÞvehicles themselves – fuel costs can be as low as 2.0p per mile (depending on SAQIá�Þ&NQÞAMÞAMMTAKÞmileage of around 10,000 miles per year, switching from a conventional to an electric car or van could save you around £800 in fuel costs alone.
For drivers in and around London, the other major running cost to consider is the Congestion Charge. All electric cars currently receive the full Greener Vehicle Discount on the London Congestion Charge (although vehicles need to be registered and pay an annual £10 fee). With a £10 payable daily charge, this could provide a potential annual saving of over £2000.
TESLA Roadster
36
&ROMàTOP�àLEèàTOàRIGHT�FISKER KarmaRIMAC Concept OneJAGUAR XJ ElectricEXAGON Furtive e-GTVENTURI AmericaCADILLAC ELR CoupeROLLS ROYCE 102 eXFORD Focus Electric
transport
Local air quality
For regulated emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates (PMs), electric cars using average ‘mains’ electricity are increased. However, as these are emitted from power-stations which are well away from urban areas, their overall impact tends to be much less than when emitted from the exhausts of petrol and diesel cars.
As is the case with greenhouse gas emissions, if renewable electricity is used, then lifecycle regulated emissions are also virtually eliminated.
7HIKEÞEKECSQICÞUEHICKERÞCAMÞOQNUIDEÞRIGMIâCAMSÞCKILASEÞCHAMGEÞBEMEâSR�ÞQEDTCEÞMNIREÞONKKTSINM�ÞAMDÞQEDTCEÞTREÞNFÞFNRRIKÞFTEKR�ÞSHEXÞcan also increase levels of air pollutants leading to higher rates NFÞACIDIâCASINM�ÞAMDÞLAXÞIMCQEAREÞSHEÞONSEMSIAKÞILOACSÞNMÞHTLAMÞhealth in areas where resources (such as lithium) are extracted for battery production. Indeed, the sourcing of lithium remains contentious relating to the level of reserves and the local impacts on human health where lithium is mined.
Taken overall, and given that current road transport is responsible FNQÞRIGMIâCAMSÞELIRRINMRÞNFÞMISQNGEMÞNWIDERÞAMDÞOAQSICTKASEÞLASSEQ�Þthe impact on human health is likely to be reduced within urban areas, well away from the centres of battery production, due to the fact that most ULCVs are zero-emission at the point of use.
38
I remember reading one LC¿QEB¿çOPQ¿OBSFBTP¿LC¿QEB¿F->A¿?V¿0QBMEBK¿#OV�¿"SBK¿though I can’t remember EFP¿BU>@Q¿TLOAP¿EB¿ABP@OF?BA¿?OLTPFKD¿QEB¿FKQBOKBQ¿LK¿>K¿F->A¿>P¿>¿QLQ>IIV¿KBT¿BUMBOFBK@B�¿�KA¿&¿QEFKH¿EB¿T>P¿OFDEQ�¿�OLTPFKD¿QEB¿FKQBOKBQ¿LK¿>K¿F->A¿J>HBP¿VLR¿CBBI¿@ILPBO¿QL¿>¿TB?PFQB¿JLOB¿
FKSLISBA¿FK¿TE>Q¿VLR¿PBB¿>KA¿OB>A¿>KA¿JLOB¿FK¿control.
&¿E>A¿QEB¿P>JB¿BUMBOFBK@B¿TEBK¿&¿LMBKBA¿/BKBT>?IB¿"KBODV¿0LRO@BP¿>K¿F�LLH¿QE>Q¿FP¿MR?IFPEBA¿PMB@Fç@>IIV¿CLO¿QEB¿F->A�¿
&K¿PELOQ¿FQ�P¿>¿?LLH¿
TEF@E¿ALBPK�Q¿PQLM¿>Q¿?B>RQFCRI¿MELQLDO>MEP¿?RQ¿>IPL¿QOB>QP¿VLR¿QL¿PLJB¿PQRKKFKD¿AVK>JF@¿SFPR>IP¿>P¿TBII�¿QEB¿PMFKKFKD¿DIL?BP¿PELTFKD¿FOO>AF>QFLK¿@ROOBKQP¿TFKA¿OBPLRO@BP¿BQ@¿>II¿LSBO¿QEB¿TLOIA·¿LO¿QEB¿CRK¿�!¿SFABL¿JLABIP¿>KA¿SFPR>IFP>QFLKP¿LC¿EVAOL¿MLTBO¿MI>KQP¿?FLJ>PP¿D>PFçBOP¿BQ@�¿
Renewable Energy SourcesBy D Vargoncik, M Sovadina, E BromovaPublished by: Simopt Reviewed by Jan Willem Bode
`&K¿PELOQ¿FQ�P¿>¿?LLH¿TEF@E¿ALBPK�Q¿PQLM¿>Q¿?B>RQFCRI¿MELQLDO>MEP¿?RQ¿>IPL¿QOB>QP¿VLR¿QL¿PLJB¿PQRKKFKD¿AVK>JF@¿SFPR>IP¿>P¿TBII�f
books
1EFP¿?LLH¿OB>IIV¿J>K>DBP¿QL¿Q>HB¿CRII¿>AS>KQ>DB¿LC¿?BFKD¿an iBook rather than a GRPQ¿>¿MOFKQBA¿?LLH¿LO¿>¿DOLLSV¿ILLHFKD¿MAC�¿
1EB¿>RQELOP¿>KA¿ABPFDKBOP¿E>SB¿OB>IIV¿managed to make `OB>AFKDf¿>¿QLQ>IIV¿KBT¿BUMBOFBK@B�
�RQ¿EBV¿ILLHP¿>KA¿C>K@V¿D>ADBQP¿FP¿KLQ¿>II¿QE>Q¿J>QQBOP¿@LKQBKQ¿FP¿FJMLOQ>KQ¿>P¿TBII�¿
/BKBT>?IB¿"KBODV¿1B@EKLILDFBP¿FP¿>¿?LLH¿QE>Q¿ALBP¿TE>Q¿FQ¿P>VP¿LK¿QEB¿@LSBO�¿&Q¿MOLSFABP¿>¿@LJMOBEBKPFSB¿@IB>O¿>KA¿PLJBQFJBP¿NRFOHV¿LSBOSFBT¿LC¿FKABBA¿QEB¿OBKBT>?IB¿BKBODV¿QB@EKLILDFBP¿QE>Q¿are currently being ABSBILMBA¿>KA LO¿
implemented. 4E>Q¿FP¿FKQBOBPQFKD¿>?LRQ¿QEB¿?LLH¿FP¿QE>Q¿QEBV¿E>SB¿J>K>DBA¿on one hand to make QEB¿MR?IF@>QFLK¿SBOV¿>@@BPPF?IB¿?RQ¿>Q¿QEB¿P>JB¿QFJB¿SBOV¿@LJMOBEBKPFSB�¿
0L¿ALK�Q¿BUMB@Q¿ABQ>FIBA¿J>OHBQ¿LSBOSFBTP¿TFQE¿@LJMIBU¿Q>?IBP¿>KA¿DO>MEP¿>IQELRDE¿QEBOB¿
>OB¿PLJB¿Q>?IBP¿TFQE¿KRJ?BOP¿�QEB¿EFDEBPQ¿EVAOL¿MLTBO¿A>J¿QEB¿I>ODBPQ¿TFKA¿C>OJP¿BQ@��¿�RQ¿@LK@BMQP¿LSBOSFBTP¿>KA¿QEB¿T>V¿QEFKDP¿TLOH¿are much more important FK¿QEFP¿?LLH¿QE>K¿ABQ>FIBA¿PQ>QFPQF@P�¿
"SBOV¿@E>MQBO¿PQ>OQP¿TFQE¿>¿IFQQIB¿?>@HDOLRKA¿FKCLOJ>QFLK¿�TE>Q¿FP¿TFKA¿TE>Q�P¿QEB¿�B>RCLOQ¿
0@>IB¿QE>Q¿HFKA¿LC¿PQRÖ�¿FK¿>¿T>V¿QE>Q¿&¿QEFKH¿FP¿SBOV¿B>PFIV¿OB>A>?IB¿>KA¿PILTIV¿�LO¿PLJBQFJBP¿>¿?FQ¿JLOB¿NRF@HIV�¿DLBP¿a lot more in-depth - SBOV¿PLLK¿VLR¿TFII¿?B¿ILLHFKD¿>Q¿>¿PMFKKFKD¿DIL?B¿PELTFKD¿QEB¿?FDDBPQ¿TFKA¿C>OJP¿FK¿QEB¿TLOIA¿b¿LO¿>¿@OLPP¿PB@QFLK¿LC¿QEB¿DBKBO>QLO¿OLLJ¿LC¿>¿TFKA¿QRO?FKB�¿�RQ¿BSBK¿TEBK¿QBUQ¿ALBP¿
`>Q¿QEB¿BKA¿LC¿BSBOV¿@E>MQBO¿VLR¿@>K¿@ELLPB¿QL¿AL¿>¿NRFW¿>KA¿QBPQ¿VLRO¿HKLTIBADB¿PLJBQEFKD¿&¿>IT>VP¿C>II¿CLO�f
books
?B@LJB¿@LJMIBU¿QEB¿�!¿SFPR>IP¿>KA¿MELQLDO>MEP¿guarantee that you HBBM¿LK¿×F@HFKD¿through it. And then at the end LC¿BSBOV¿@E>MQBO¿VLR¿@>K¿@ELLPB¿QL¿AL¿>¿NRFW¿>KA¿QBPQ¿VLRO¿HKLTIBADB¿PLJBQEFKD¿&¿>IT>VP¿C>II¿CLO�¿
1EB¿QBUQ¿FP¿PFJFI>OIV¿I>OABA¿TFQE¿FKQBOBPQFKD¿C>@QP�¿#LO¿BU>JMIB¿AFA¿VLR¿HKLT¿QE>Q¿>Q¿QEB¿çOPQ¿4LOIA¿#>FO¿�"UMLPFQFLK¿2KFSBOPBIIB�¿FK¿->OFP¿����¿/RALIC¿!FBPBI¿MOBPBKQBA¿EFP¿AFBPBI¿BKDFKB¿ORKKFKD¿LK¿MB>KRQ¿LFI�¿,C¿@LROPB¿VLR¿@LRIA¿E>SB¿>IPL¿OB>A¿QEFP¿IFQQIB¿C>@Q¿FK¿
QEB¿����J>D>WFKB�@LJ¿PMB@F>I¿FPPRB¿LK¿?FLAFBPBI¿?RQ¿FQ¿FP¿QEBPB¿HFKAP¿LC¿IFQQIB¿C>@QP¿QE>Q¿>OB¿PL¿RPBCRI¿TEBK¿VLR�OB¿@E>QQFKD¿TFQE¿COFBKAP¿FK¿the pub. And you can HBBM¿>¿@LKSBOP>QFLK¿>Q¿>¿@L@HQ>FI¿M>OQV¿�TEBK¿
T>P¿QEB¿I>PQ¿QFJB¿VLR¿E>A¿LKB¿LC¿QELPB��¿DLFKD¿CLO¿>¿?FQ¿JLOB¿QE>K¿��¿PB@LKAP¿>ÚBO¿VLR¿E>SB¿QLIA¿MBLMIB¿QE>Q¿VLR¿TLOH¿FK¿LO¿>OB¿FKQBOBPQBA¿FK¿OBKBT>?IB¿BKBODV¿>KA¿climate change. So not LKIV¿CRK¿>KA¿FKCLOJ>QFSB¿
QEBPB¿C>@QP¿>@QR>IIV¿TFII¿FJMOLSB¿VLRO¿PL@F>I¿IFCB¿>P¿TBII¸
&¿MI>KKBA¿QL¿OB>A¿QEFP¿?LLH¿FK¿>¿T>V¿QE>Q¿VLR¿normally do for a book OBSFBT�¿6LR¿ILLH¿>Q¿QEB¿T>V¿FQ¿FP¿LOD>KFPBA¿you check the table LC¿@LKQBKQP¿VLR¿×F@H¿through a couple of M>DBP¿>KA¿PQ>OQ¿TOFQFKD�¿&KPQB>A¿&¿T>P¿AO>DDBA¿FKQL¿OB>AFKD¿JLOB¿>KA¿JLOB�¿�KA¿QE>Q¿FP¿TEV¿FQ¿took me a lot longer to DBQ¿QEFP¿>OQF@IB¿MR?IFPEBA¿than anticipated.
&¿E>SB¿OB>A¿>¿ILQ¿LC¿?LLHP¿>?LRQ¿OBKBT>?IB¿BKBODV¿>KA¿TFQE¿OBD>OAP¿QL¿@LKQBKQ¿>KA¿@>QBDLOFP>QFLK¿PLJB¿IBPP¿RPR>I¿@ELF@BP¿>OB¿?BFKD¿J>AB�¿#LO¿BU>JMIB¿JLPQ¿
?LLHP¿LK¿OBKBT>?IBP¿TLRIA¿QBII¿VLR¿QE>Q¿>II¿OBKBT>?IB¿BKBODV¿BU@BMQ¿CLO¿DBLQEBOJ>I¿FP¿FK¿QEB¿BKA¿PLI>O¿BKBODV¿>¿PQ>QBJBKQ¿&¿E>SB¿KLQ¿CLRKA¿FK¿QEFP¿?LLH�¿�KA¿&¿E>SB¿KLQ¿PBBK¿J>KV¿?LLHP¿TEBOB¿KR@IB>O¿CRPFLK¿FP¿MOBPBKQBA¿FK¿>¿chapter on energy from T>QBO�¿
&Q¿FP¿>¿?LLH¿CLO¿TEF@E¿&¿>PPRJB¿QE>Q¿QEB¿Q>ODBQ¿>RAFBK@B¿FP¿MBLMIB¿TFQE¿>K¿FKQBOBPQ¿FK¿OBKBT>?IB¿BKBODV¿?RQ¿>IPL¿MBLMIB¿QE>Q¿E>SB¿>IOB>AV¿TLOHBA¿FK¿QEB¿PB@QLO¿CLO¿>¿TEFIB�¿&¿A>OB¿QL¿P>V¿QE>Q¿BSBOVLKB¿TFII¿IB>OK¿PLJBQEFKD¿COLJ¿OB>AFKD¿FQ¿>KA¿FQ¿FP¿CRK¿>P¿TBII�
1EB¿çK>I¿@E>MQBO¿�/BKBT>?IB¿"KBODV¿
#RQROB�¿FP¿MBOE>MP¿QLL¿brief to do the topic CRII¿GRPQF@B¿>KA¿FK¿>K¿FAB>I¿TLOIA¿&¿TLRIA¿E>SB¿>MMOB@F>QBA¿JLOB¿BU>JMIBP¿>KA¿MBOE>MP¿JLOB¿BUMIF@FQ¿BUMI>K>QFLKP¿QL¿PLJB¿LC¿QEB¿DO>MEP¿QE>Q¿>OB¿RPBA�¿
1E>Q¿P>FA¿&¿QELOLRDEIV¿enjoyed reading it and T>P¿>?IB¿QL¿IB>OK¿COLJ¿FQ�¿&¿E>SB¿>IOB>AV¿QLIA¿>¿number of people that QEBV¿PELRIA¿DL¿>KA¿DBQ¿FQ�¿0E>JB¿FQ¿FP¿LKIV¿>S>FI>?IB¿FK¿F�LLHP�¿4BII¿TLOQE¿\����¿QELRDE�
1L¿?RV¿QEB¿?LLH¿DL¿QL�¿
EQQM� FQRKBP�>MMIB�@LJ RP ?LLH OBKBT>?IB�BKBODV�PLRO@BP
books
