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Rice Technology Bulletin Series No. 1 No. 2 No.3 No. 4 No. s No.6 No. 7 No.8 No. 9 No 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No 18 No 19 No. 20 No. 21 No.22 No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 ~0. 26 No. 27 No 28 No.29 No. 30 No. 31 No. 32 No. 33 No. 34 No. 35 No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 No. 39 No40 No. 41 No. 42 No. 43 No. 44. No. 45 No. 46 No. 47 No 48 No. 49 No. SO No. 51 No. 52 No. 53 No. 54 No. 55 No. 56

Released Roce Vanebes {1968·1994) Pagpaparamt at Pagpupuro ng Btnht sa Sanlmg Bukid Paggawa ng Maligaya Rice Hull Stove PhtiRoce Mtcromtll PhiiRtce Flourmtll PhiiRice Drumseeder PhiiRtce Rototiller Rtce Food Products PhiiRICe-UAF Balch Dryer Integrated Management of the Malayan BlaCk Bug SGSOO Roce Stnpper·Harvester Dry-Seeded Rtce·Based Cropptng Technologtes Maligaya Roce Hull Stove 10 Steps tn Compost Production Rice Tungro Vtrus Disease The Philipptne Rice Seed Industry and The National Rice Seed Production Network 10 Hakbang sa Paggawa ng Kompost 1 0 nga Addang ti Panagararnid tti Kompost CharacteriStiCs of Popular Phihpptne Roce Vanenes Roce Stem Bofers 10 the PhiliPPines Roce Food Products (revtsed ed'rtJon) Leal Color Chart (English) Leaf Color Chart (llocano) Leal Color Chart (FilipinO) EqUipment for Rice Production and Processing Use of 40kg Certtfied Seeds per Hectare Rice Wtne Management of Field Rats Controlled fmgahon: A water·savlllQ techmque lOt' transplanted nee Mtnus-one Element Technique: Nutnent defoctency test made easy Management of the Roce Black Bug Management of Ztnc·defoctent Sotls Management Opbons for the Golden Apple Snatl Use of Evaporation Suppressant Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay Management of Sulfur-Deficient Lowland Rice Soils Management of Planthoppers and Leafhoppers Management Opttons lOt' Rocefteld Weeds Use of Indigo as Green Manure Management of SaH·affected Soils lOt' Roce Production Wet-Seeded R1ce Production Matatag IJnes Hybnd Rice Seed Production Metarhizium anisopliae. Microbial Control Agent for Rice Black Bug Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Production Management of Armyworms/Cutworms Carbomzed Rtce Hull Atce-based Mocrobtal Inoculant Integrated Farm and Household Waste Management Roce PostproductiOil Practices Ecological Roce Farming Modtfied Dry Otrect Seeding Technology Palayamanan: Maktng the Most Out of Rice Farms Practical Gutdelines in Predicting Soil Fertility Status of Lowland A1ce Soils Bakanae: The 'Foolish' Disease of Rtce Management of A1ce Blast Disease

Foreword

This publication presents one of the major accomplishments of the 11-year joint research project of Philippine Rice Research Institute and Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Researches on integrated pest management showed that the nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, a parasite of rice, posts significant threat to onion production in the Philippines. This is because onion is a good host of this nematode.

Farmers do not easily recognize the presence of the disease in rice because its diagnostic symptoms are in the roots. Thus, the disease is carried over during the production of onion, a vegetable planted after rice. Inability to recognize this disease could result in production losses. In rice production, reported grain yield losses ranged from 16 to 32%. In onion production, on the other hand, root-knot disease reduces bulb weight from 20 to 85%. No onion variety is resistant to the disease.

The detection of the disease on rice at harvest is very important to stop its effect on the succeeding crop, which is onion. This publication aims to provide rice and onion farmers with knowledge on root-knot disease management. The nature and cycle of the disease are also included. It is also intended for extension workers who work with these farmers.

We hope that through this reference material, farmers will be able to reduce the population of nematodes and gain better yields and income.

~~ LEOCADIO S. SEBASTIAN Executive Director

Introduction

Root-knot disease, locally known as "bukol sa ugat", is caused by a soil-borne nematode of the genus Meloidogyne spp_ Meloidogyne graminicola is the most important species of this nematode attacking rice particularly in rainfed and upland ecosystems. This species is quite different from other root-knot nematodes in rice because it can survive in flooded fields, remain passive within rice roots, become active upon drying of the soil, and infect the succeeding susceptible crop such as onion.

M. graminicola has been reported in many rice producing countries in Southeast Asia: Laos, Thailand, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Burma, and the Philippines. It is a pest in rainfed and upland areas, and in lowland fields with intermittent irrigation. Losses due to this pest range from 20% in rainfed rice areas to 70% in upland ecosystems. Its occurence is now recognized as a threat in fields using aerobic rice technology.

The PhilRice-lntegrated Pest Management Collaborative Research and Support Program, a USAID funded project, discovered in 1994 that the pest infects onions grown after rice in Central Luzon. The disease has been recorded in majority of the onion fields (72%) in !locos Norte, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and Nueva Ecija. The disease was also detected in 50% of rice fields in the central plains.

Owing to the continuous practice of rice-onion cropping system, the nematode has become widely distributed and continous to hinder onion production in the country.

4

Nematode (J2)

become active in saturated soil

Nematode remains inactive in flooded rice areas

Nematode reproduces on onion roots

Nematode infects succeeding crop like onion

Apply management options such as weeding the onion field to minimize damage

Root-knot nematode as carry-over pest

5

Signs and symptoms

Rice grown in intermittently flooded soil, rainfed, and upland ecosystems

• uneven crop stand • wilted plants in field with sufficient soil moisture • yellowing of leaves • stunted growth • reduced tittering

• early flowering and reduced number of panicles

<•

Healthy rice (L) and infected plant (R) that is stunted and had reduced number of panicles

6

Roots with galls

Yellowing of rice leaves

• short roots • hooked-like infected roots. Size of galls may vary from 0.3-

0.55 mm long and 0.15-0.45 mm wide to 13 mm long and 2.29 mm wide, depending on the rate of infection. The galls produced on lowland rice are usually bigger than those on rainfed rice, although more galls are produced in the latter.

Onion • poor growth in small areas of the field . This is the first sign

of heavy infestation which can spread later in wider areas. • bead-like galls that are smaller than rice galls

Nature of damage

The nematode attacks the roots of plants and causes direct damage, or predisposes plants to other diseases. It causes swelling of the roots or galls which block the flow of nutrients necessary for normal plant growth. When these galls are ripped, mature females, males, juveniles, and eggs may be observed microscopically.

When the soil is infested with M. graminicola, it is not economical to continuously grow crops on the same field without interventions.

Effects on yield

Rainfed Rice

M. graminicola may reduce yields of rice by 10% for every 120 nematodes per 1 0-day old seedlings. Susceptible rice may reduce grain yield by as high as 70%, when 375 or more juveniles

7

are present around young seedlings of susceptible variety. Infestation may reduce the grain yield of susceptible upland rice by as high as 70%, if the plants are not provided with proper nutrition.

Lowland varieties in irrigated fields tolerate the damage by producing more tillers and increasing the amount of roots per hill.

Onion

Bulb weight is reduced into the following percentages: • Yellow Granex - 40%. Bulb diameters can be reduced by

75% on higher losses. • Red Creole - 85% • Batanes - 60% • Tanduyong - 31 %. Moreover, its number of aggregate

bulbs is reduced by 48%.

When the population of nematode is high during the start of copping season, host plants, with less root mass, may die.

Yellow Granex onions with severe root galling

8

Reduced number and bulb size of Tanduyong

Life Cycle of root-knot nematode

The root-knot nematode starts to multiply with an egg laid by a female. The eggs are usually held together in a mass in a gelatinous matrix, which is either partially or completely embedded in the roots. In rice, an egg mass may contain more than 500 eggs.

The nematode enters the first larval stage developing and molting inside the egg (JJ Eventually, the larva in its second stage (J

2)

emerges from the egg by puncturing the eggshell using its stylet. The stylet is an organ found in its mouth that is used for piercing plant cells to obtain nourishment. The infective second-stage juvenile moves through the soil and then towards the roots. It penetrates the roots just behind the root tips. Inside the roots, the juvenile migrates in between and inside the cells through the cortex, until it finds a feeding site. The nematode undergoes three more molting stages and grows in size (J

3 and J4).

When the juvenile starts to feed, it becomes sedentary. As the larva continues to feed, its body size increases and develops into flask-shaped females or into elongated males within the root tissue of the plant.

9

Nematode's first larval stage

Second larval stage near the root tip

Adult female feeds juvenile

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rootlets \ the egg . JO;

41 • . /'0 / .. :.•.· Eggs{!?'-- 9 /:· -: .. :·· .. ·. ·

Female produce .... ..... :_.

Life cycle

,. ; '·

When the female lays its eggs in egg masses, the life cycle of the nematode is completed.

M. graminicola can complete its life cycle within 14-22 days, when the surrounding temperature is 28-32°(. Its short life cycle in rice and onion roots permits it to produce large nematode populations within a single season.

The nematode population increases rapidly in rice than in onion primarily because rice plants produce a more vigorous root system on which the nematode feeds.

10

Dissemination of the nematode

M. graminicola can survive as eggs for long periods in waterlogged soil and other adverse conditions, or as juveniles for as long as food supply is available. Without food, the juveniles can survive in the soil for five months.

Channels of transmission:

• irrigation and run -off water • mud sticking to animals, machinery, people, and infected

plants • fields that are not fallowed • onion planted after rice

Management options

The main objective of nematode management is to prevent significant reduction in crop yield by reducing nematode populations.

An integrated program incorporating different options help rice-onion growers in keeping the nematode populations below damaging levels. Managing root-knot diseases is more effective through a well-planned and efficiently implemented cropping calendar. This calendar contains schedule for farm activities from crop establishment until harvest time.

Moreover, land preparation should be thorougly done before rice-onion production as it provides the soil condition favorable for plant growth. This also facilitates water, nutrient and pest management.

11

Rainfed rice

• Practice crop rotation. Grow non-host crops such as corn, eggplant, melon, peanut, cowpea, or squash before rice production. After rice cropping season, avoid growing onion, garlic, mustard, pechay, soybeans, winged beans, okra, tomato, bell pepper, green peas, and wheat since they are good hosts of the nematode.

• Flood the field for two weeks after rice harvest or before land preparation to reduce nematode population in the soil.

• Use resistant rice varieties such as IR 72, IR 68, UPLRi-7, Lubang Red, Salumpikit, Vandana, and Toride. UPLRi-5 is very susceptible to M. graminicola.

• Increase nitrogen fertilizer application to improve plant growth and lessen nematode damage.

· • Remove weeds. Many dominant weeds in the ricefields serve as alternate hosts of this nematode, such as Echinocloa colona (jungle rice), E. glabrescens (barnyard grass), Ludwidgia octovalvis (long Echinocloa colona (jungle rice) with root galls

fruited primrose-willow), and Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese prangle top).

12

• Plow under rice stubbles.

• Practice good tillage. Prepare land thoroughly by plowing and harrowing the field twice or thrice allowing the soil to be exposed to the sun after each plowing. This will also reduce weed hosts of the nematode.

• Remove soil left in equipment when doing field operations.

Onion

• In growing transplants, apply vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (YAM) in the seedbed before sowing onion seeds. YAM can help the plants to tolerate the effect of soil borne pathogens including the rice root­knot nematode . YAM also enhance root growth and nutrient absorption. The fungi enter the roots Roots of Yellow Granex colonized by VAM fungi 's

vesicles and produce hyphae or growing structures that also extend outside the roots. These root "extensions" help the plants to absorb more nutrients in the soil, particularly phosphorous.

• Use healthy transplants. Ensure that transplants do not have galled roots.

13

• Practice solarization. Expose the soil to the sun before and after each plowing to kill the nematode and other soil­borne pathogens. Plow the field 15 to 30 em deep.

• Apply high amount of organic matter such as chicken manure and other composted materials from plants and animals. High organic matter support high populations of nematophagous fungi or fungi that feed on nematodes. Chicken dung also emits substances from the ammonification of nitrogenous compounds that are toxic to the nematodes.

Application of soil amendment in onion seedbeds

• Remove weeds such as Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge), C. iria (rice flatsedge), and Trianthema portucalastrum (horse purselane) which are good hosts of the nematode.

• Grow non-host crops after onion such as hot pepper, cucumber, mungbean, and bush beans. Other vegetables that are non-hosts to M. graminicola are batao, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, carrot , upland kangkong, pigeon pea, snap bean, sponge gourd, and radish.

14

• Practice fallow period for one or two seasons.

• After onion production, grow plants antagonistic to rice root-knot such as marigold.

• Apply plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Bacillus subtilis.

15

REFERENCES

Gergen, E. B. 2000. Host suitability of common field crops and weeds to rice root·knot nematode. Journal of Philippine Phytopathology.36 (1 & 2):16-31.

Gergen, E. B., S. A. Miller, and R. G. Davide. 2001. Occurrence and pathogenecity of rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) and varietal reaction of onion (Allium cepa L. ). Philippine Agricultural Scientists. 84 (1 ): 43-50.

Gergen, E. B., S. A. Miller, R. G. Davide, 0. S. Opina and S. R. Obien. 2001. Evaluation of cultural practices (surface burning, deep plowing, organic amendments) for management of rice root-knot nematode in rice-onion cropping system and their effect on onion (Allium cepa L.) yield . Journal of Pest Management 47(4): 265·272.

Gergen, E. B., M. B. Brown, C. Escaiio, G. E. Balagot, and S. A. Miller. 2001. Influence of mycorrhizal fungi and Meloidogyne graminicola interaction on growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. ). In Proceedings of the International Society of Root Research, November 11-15, 2001, Nagoya, Japan.

Gergen, E. B., S. A. Miller, J. M. Halbrendt, and R. G. Davide. 2002. Effect of rice root-knot nematode on growth and yield of Yellow Granex onion. Plant Disease 86:1339-1344.

Prot, J. C., Luciana M. Villanueva and Evelyn B. Gergen. 1994. The potential of increased nitrogen supply to mitigate growth and yield reduction of upland rice cultivar UPLRi-5 caused by Meloidogyne graminicola. Fundamentals of Applied Nematology. 17(5)445·454.

16

Subject Matter Specialist Evelyn B. Gergon, PhD

Managing Editor/Layout Artist Charisma Love B. Gado

Illustrations Carlita N. Bibal

Photos Evelyn B. Gergon, PhD

Editorial Advisers Leocadio S. Sebastian, PhD Kathleen D. Solis

For more information, contact:

Crop Protection Division Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija 3119 (044)456-0285loc 227

Published 2006 by the Philippine Rice Research Institute. 1st printing - 3,000 copies

Phil Rice PhiiRice is a government­

owned and -controlled corporation attached to the Department of Agriculture created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 to help develop high-yielding and cost­reducing technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all Filipinos.

It accomplishes this mission through research, development, and extension (RD&E) through Its central and branch stations coordinating with a network that includes 57 agencies and 101 seed centers strategically located nationwide.

PhiiRice R&D structure for 2006-2010 includes three programs and 16 major projects. Its Inte r disciplinary programs are irrigated lowland, rainfed lowland, and knowledge management and promotion. With these programs, PhiiRice aims to develop and promote ~echnologles that are ecosystem­based, location- and problem-specific, and profitable to the Filipino farmers.

PhiiRice has the following certifications: ISO 9001 :2000 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001 :2004 (Environmental Management System), and OHSAS 18001 :1999 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series).

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Phil Rice Central Experiment Station Science City of Munoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija Trunldines: 63 (44) 456-0394, -0426, -0649, -0651, -0652 Text: (0920) 9111398; 700RICE (7007423) E-mail: pni@philrice.gov.ph Website: http://www.Ohilrice,goy,ph OpAPA Website: htto:/fwww.wenacademy.ph

PhiiRice Batac Batac, 2906 llocos Norte Tel: (77} 792-4714 Tel/Fax: 792-4702; -2544 E-mail: batac@philrice.gov.ph

PhiiRice lsabela San Mateo, 33181sabela Tel: (78) 664-2280. -2954 Tel/Fax: 664-2953 E-mail: san_mateo@philrice.gov.ph

PhilRjce Los Banos UPLB Campus, College, 4031 Laguna Tel: (49} 536-3631 to 33 Fax: 536-3515; -0484 E-mail: los_baoos@philrice.gov.ph

PhiiRice Negros Cansilayan, Murcia, 6129 Negros Occidental Tel/Fax: (34} 446-3403 E-mail: negros@philrice.gov.ph

PhHRice Agusan Baslllsa, RTRomualdez, 8611 Agusao del Norte Tel: (85) 818-4477; 343-0778 Tei!Fax: 343-0768 E-mail: agusan@philnce.gov.ph

PhiJRice Midsayap Bual Norte, Midsayap, 9410 North Cotabato Tel: (64) 229-8178 Tel/Fax: 229-7242 E-mail: midsayap@philrice.gov.ph