ISSN 1996-4196

Chemistry&

Chemical Technology

Volum e 9 • N um ber 4 2015

Founder and PublisherLviv Polytechnic National University

Address for contacts:Lviv Polytechnic National University12, Bandery str., Lviv, 79013, U kraine Tel.: + 38 032 258 2166 e-mail: m bratych@ polynet.lviv.ua h ttp ://lp .edu .ua/joum als/jcct/

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© Lviv Polytechnic N ational University, 2015

ІТауково-технічний ж урнал "Хімія та хімічна технологія"

№ 4 (35) • 2015

Виходить щ оквартально з вересня 2007 року.

Засновник і видавець Національний університет “Львівська політехніка"

Контактна адреса:Національний університет “Львівська політехніка"вул. Бандери, 12, Львів, 70013, Україна Тел.: + 38 032 258 2166 e-mail: m bratych@ polynet.lviv.ua h ttp ://lp .edu .ua/joum als/jcct/

М ова видання англійська.

Свідоцтво про держ авну реєстрацію Ne 13066-1950Р від 25.07.2007 р.Рекомендовано Вченою радою Національного університету "Львівська політехніка”(протокол №11 від 24.03.2015 р.)ISSN 1996-4196

© Н аціональний університет "Львівська політехніка”. 2015

Editorial Board

Prof. Michael Bratychak, Lviv P o ly tech n ic N atio n al U niversity , U k ra in e — E dito r-in -C h ief

Prof. Volodymyr Starchevsky, Lviv P o ly techn ic N atio n al U niversity , U kra ine — D ep u ty E d ito r-in -C hief

Dr. Olena Shyshchak, Lviv P o ly tech n ic N atio n al U niversity , U k ra in e — E xecu tive S ecre tary

Prof. Zoryan Pikh, U kra ine

Prof. Stanislav Voronov, U k ra ine

Prof. Victor Yavorskiy, U k ra ine

Prof. Miroslav Malyovaniy, U k ra ine

Prof. Volodymyr Novikov, U k ra ine

Prof. Iosyp Yatchyshyn, U k ra ine

Prof. Roman Gladyshevskiy, U kra ine

Prof. Boris Zimenkovskiy, U kra ine

Prof. Anatoliy Starovoit, U kra ine

Prof. Witold Brostow, USA

Prof. Georg Broza, G erm any

Prof. Victor Castano, M exico

Prof. Elizabete Lucas, Brazil

Prof. Witold Waclawek, P o land

Prof. Oleh Suberlyak, U kra ine

Prof. Cemil Ibis, T u rk ey

Prof. Omari Mukbaniani, G eo rg ia

Program Board

Prof. Stepan Kuchmiy, U k ra ine

Prof. Sofia Pinchuk, U k ra ine

Prof. Mikhailo Burmistr, U kra ine

Prof. Marc J. M. Abadie, F rance

Prof. Vratislav Duchacek, C zech R epublic

Prof. Jacek Namiesnik, P o land

Prof. Gennady Zaikov, R ussia

Prof. Oleg Figovsky, Israel

Prof. Dusan Berek, S lovakia

Prof. Ulf Gedde, S w eden

Prof. Vera Kovacevic, C roa tia

Prof. Poonam Tandon, Ind ia

Prof. Roald Hoffmann USA

A d a o w k d m a ts

Larysa Pidlisetskc zr i Dt * : •

CONTENTS

Chemistry

Maralla Yadagiri, Singuru Ramakrishna, Gundeboina Ravi, Palla Suresh, Kurra Sreenu,Dodle Jaya-Prakash and Muga Vithal

Preparation, Characterization and Photocatalytic Studies of Cr2(M o04)3and Nitrogen-Doped Cr2(Mo04)3 391

Maria Smolinska, Olga Korkuna, Teodozia Vrublevska and Grigory TeslyarEriochrome Black T - a New Analytical Reagent for Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulphanilamides 401

Ostap Ivashkiv, Piotr Bruzdziak, Olena Shyshchak, Jacek Namiesnik and Michael BratychakDetermination of Hydroxy Groups in the Modified Epoxy Oligomers Using IR-Spectroscopy 411

Rohan Ravindranath, Soon Mog So and Jik ChinEvaluating Binol- Aldehyde as a Chiral Derivatizing Agent for Diamines 417

Luiz F. Rocha, Leonardo C. Ferreira and Maria F. MarquesSynthesis and Evaluation of Arylimino Pyridine Nickel (II) Catalysts: Influence of Substituents on Polyethylene Structure 421

Oleh Suberlyak, Oleksandr Grytsenko and Victoria KochubeiThe Role of FeS04 in the Obtaining of Polyvinylpirrolidone Copolymers 429

Halyna Zubyk, Marta Plonska-Brzezinska, Olena Shyshchak, Olena Astakhova and Michael BratychakStudy of Phenol-Formaldehyde Oligomers Derivatives Structure by IR- and NMR-Spectroscopy 435

Der Liaw, Ying Huang, Cheng Chang, Boris Rumyantsev, Tat'yana Lozinova, Vitaly Zubov,Anatoly Olkhov, Victor Bagratashvili, Gennady Zaikov and Anatoly Ischenko

Photoelectron Properties and Paramagnetism of Polyimides Based on N,N,N',N'-substituted p-Phenilenediamine and Dianhydrides 445

Olga Shevchenko, Anastasiia Schastlyvets, Kateryna Burenkova, Igor VoloshanovskySynthesis and Initiating Activity of Co(II)-Mn(II) Bimetallic Macroinitiators of ß-Diketonate Type 453

Talkybek Jumadilov, Zharylkasyn Abilov, Ruslan Kondaurov, Huangul Himersen,Gaukhar Yeskalieva, Moldir Akylbekova and Auez Akimov

Influence of Hydrogels Initial State on their Electrochemical and Volume-Gravimetric Properties in Intergel System Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogel and Poly-4-vmylpyridine Hydrogel 459

Chemical Technology

Galina Fomenko, Alexander Nosenko, Viktor Goleus, Nataliia Ilchenko and Alexandra AmelinaGlass Formation and Properties of Glasses in Mg0-Ba0-B20 3 System 463

Lyudmila Melnyk, Oleksandr Bessarab, Svitlana Matko and Myroslav MalovanyyAdsorption of Heavy Metals Ions from Liquid Media by Palygorskite 467

Victor Yavorskiy and Andriy HeleshTheoretical Analysis of Efficiency of Horizontal Apparatus with Bucket-like Dispersers in the Dust Trapping System 471

Abdulhakim Alamaria and Ghazali NawawiDehydration Pervaporation of Ethyl Acetate-Water Mixture via Sago/PVA Composite Membranes Using Surface Methodology 479

Iryna Kolesnyk, Victoriia Konovalova and Anatoliy BurbanAlginate/K-Carrageenan Microspheres and their Application for Protein Drugs Controlled Release 485

Dmytro Symak, Volodymyr Atamanyuk and Jaroslaw GumnitskyAnalysis of Dissolution Kinetics Based on the Local Isotropic Turbulence Theory 493

Oleg Nagursky, Jaroslaw Gumnitsky and Victoria VaschukUnsteady Heat Transfer during Encapsulation of Dispersed Materials in Quasi-liquefied State 497

Victor Yavorskiy, Yaroslaw Kalymon and Olga RubaiKinetics of Ferrum(II) Ions Oxidation by Air Oxygen in Water in Horizontal Absorberwith Bucket-like Dispersers 503

IV

CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Vol. 9r No. 4, 2015 Chemical Technology

Lyudmila M elnyk1, Oleksandr Bessarab1, Svitlana M atko1 andM yroslav M alovanyy2

ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS IONS FROM LIQUID MEDIABY PALYGORSKITE

National University of Food Technologies, 68, Volodymyrska str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; plqaz@ukr.net 2Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandery str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine

received: September 18, 2014 / Revised: September 27, 2014 / Accepted: January 25, 2015

Melnyk L., Bessarab О., Matko S., Malyovanyy M., 2015

\bstract. The process of heavy metals adsorption by natural mineral palygorskite from wastewater and food (apple juice) -.as been investigated. The purification processes of copper, .admium, lead, mercury and zinc have been studied. The rational technological parameters of these processes have -een determined. The mechanism for heavy metals adsorbtion from juice by palygorskite has been defined.

Keywords: adsorption, palygorskite, heavy metals, wastewater, apple juice.

1. Introduction

The problems of environment pollution by heavy metals became more urgent with the development of human activity and the spread of pollution in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.

The purification of wastewater with the aim of prevention of the hydrosphere contamination by heavy metals is very important. It is even more important to clean drinking water and food, because in case of of these products consumption a direct threat to human health is created. This report is dedicated to investigation of heavy metals removal from wastewater and contaminated fruit juice.

Contaminated with heavy metals wastewater is formed as a result of human activities. While getting into the environment, it causes pollution of the hydrosphere and soil, and getting into drinking water and food is transferred further to animals and humans. Existing methods of heavy metals removal from wastewater do not provide the required degree of purification; therefore we investigated the possibility to treat such wastewater with natural sorbents, including palygorskite.

In this regard, important challenge faced by the food industry is to provide the population with high- quality products and ecologically safe beverages that meet the state standards of Ukraine.

Fruit and berry juices, including apple juice, are source of vitamins (C, D, E, B6, B2, Вь PP, carotene, folic and pantothenic acids), pectin substances, valuable micro­elements, salts of potassium, calcium, copper, iron, mag­nesium sodium and organic acids [1,2]. However, impurities harmful for health of the population, including heavy metal ions, could be found in the contents of this product.

Nowadays for the purpose of demetallization the canning industry applies chemical methods using silicon dioxide, potassium ferrocyanide (PF), citric acid and disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Trilon B), which have several disadvantages, including: toxic reagents, multi-stage treatment, the probability of repeated feculence, changes in juice pH during process of its purification. The application of chemical methods to remo­ve heavy metals from apple juice is undesirable, especially in the production of juices for infant nutrition [3,4].

With the building of settlements, the problem of treatment of domestic and industrial effluents from the pollutants requires finding and implementing new effective solutions. One of these solutions is the use for sewage treatment of disperse natural sorbents (zeolites, bentonit, palygorskite, glauconit), which stocks a large number of mineral resources in the bowels of Ukraine. This report presents data about using palygorskite as a sorbent.

The pressing problem for modem manufacture of fruit and berry juices is to search the effective methods and reagents to remove these heavy metal ions, which would simultaneously provide both high stability and quality of the finished product.

In the authors’ opinion, one of the most effective ways to improve the ecological safety of apple juice is additional adsorptive purification of semi-finished juice from heavy metal ions. For this purpose the authors have used palygorskite from the Cherkassy deposit as an adsorbent, which has layered and banded structure and

468 Lyudmila Melnyk et al.

belongs to minerals with rigid crystal grid. Previous studies proved its environmental safety and high adsorption properties with regard to pectin substances and harmful microorganisms [5, 6]. Palygorskite has high specific surface area, which defines large aggregate stability and adhesion ability with respect to juice that in turn prevents repeated feculence of the finished beverage and deterioration of its quality.

2. E xperim ental

In this study the palygorskite of the Dashava deposit (Cherkasy region) was used.

2.1. W astewater TreatmentWe studied the effectiveness of wastewater

treatment from the ions of lead, cadmium and copper. The mineral was sieved and the fraction with particles size of 1.5-2 mm was selected. The concentration of palygorskite in the synthetic wastewater was 5 wt %. The initial concentration of metals in synthetic sewage was selected in such way that after obtaining the equilibrium concentrations the isotherms could be built correctly. The experiments were carried out in a stirred reactor, thermostated at 298 K, with a contact time that allowed reaching the equilibrium state. The concentration of metals was determined by the methods of solid-phase spectrophotometry (SPS) [10] and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS ) [11].

2.2. Apple Juice TreatmentThe apple juice was treated by palygorskite (the

fraction of 3.0-2.0 mm) which was thermoactivated at 453—463 К for 1.5 h. Palygorskite in amount of 2-5 wt % was added to the apple juice heated to 333-343 К under constant stirring for 20-40 min. The presented technological parameters were determined as the best ones on the basis of previous studies [9]. The resulting mixture was filtered and contents of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) were determined in the filtrate by the methods of solid-phase spectrophotometry (SPS) [10] and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS ) [11] with the help of S-115-M1 device. Discrepancy between the results obtained the two methods was 2-5 %, that demonstrates high precision of each method.

3. R esu lts and D iscu ssion

3.1. W astewater TreatmentFig. 1 shows sorption isotherms of Pb2+, Cd2' and

Cu2 ions from the solutions with the same initial concentration.

Fig. 1. Isotherms of copper, cadmium and lead ions adsorption by paligorskite at 298 К

The position of the curves shows the highest cleaning efficiency of solutions from Pb2+ ion, then Cd2+ ion, and the least efficiency - from Cu2+ ion. The received experimental data are in a good agreement with the data of other researchers [7, 8]. Based on these studies, we can assert that the selectivity row concerning the removal of the studied cations from the solutions using palygorskite has the form of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II).

3.2. Apple Juice TreatmentThe content of heavy metals in the control sample

(untreated apple juice):Cu(II) = 4.5 mg/dm3 (Maximum Permissible

Concentrations, MPC = 5.0 mg/dm3)Pb(II) = 0.52 mg/dm’ (MPC = 0.3 mg/dm3)Cd(II) = 0.04 mg/dm3 (MPC = 0.02 mg/dm3)Zn(II) = 14.7 mg/dm’ (MPC = 10.0 mg/dm3)Hg(II) = 0.038 mg/dm3 (MPC = 0.01 mg/dm3).Adsorption capacity of the natural minerals with

regard to adsorbing heavy metals from the apple juice has been estimated by the purification effect, calculated according to the formula:

^ , 100- - K2)

where K\ and K2 - quantities of the polluter in untreated juice and the juice treated by the adsorbent, respectively.

The obtained results are represented in Figs. 2-6.It follows from Fig. 2 that the effect of apple juice

purification from copper in the experimental samples is growing rapidly during the first 20 min and stays within the range of 26—34 % with all concentrations of the adsorbent. During the juice treatment the copper removal still continues for the next 10 min, but then slows down.

The highest effect of juice purification from copper ions is observed in the samples with the concentration of

Adsorption of Ht avy Metals Ions from Liquid Media by Palygorskite 469

the adsorbent being 5.0 wt % and constitutes 37.8 % with a duration of processing attaining 30 min.

E,%

Fig. 2. Effect o f apple juice purification from copper ions by palygorskite

The nature of curves which describe the removal of cadmium ions from the apple juice (Fig. 3) varies depending on the duration of treatment. During the first 20 min the content of cadmium ions is reduced by 39-50 %, depending on the palygorskite concentration. This tendency of decrease in harmful impurities content also remains when the duration of treatment is increased, reaching the maximum level of purification effect - 61-62 % (for the adsorbent concentration of 3.3 and 5.0 wt %, with the treatment duration of 30 min). Further interaction between the adsorbent and apple juice is not feasible. Taking into account that the obtained results of the purification effect are almost identical while the concentration of the adsorbent in juice:palygorskite mixture is different, it is feasible to recommend commercial introduction of the adsorbent content being 3.3 wt%.

Analyzing data from Fig. 4, it is possible to state that adsorption of zinc ions from the apple juice is more effective when the palygorskite concentration is 5.0 wt % and treatment duration is 30-40 min. Effect of juice purification constitutes 36-38 %.

It follows from Fig. 5 that mercury ions are better adsorbed from the apple juice when adsorbent concentration in the mixture is 3.3-5.0wt% with treatment duration of 30 min, thus attaining the effect of purification at the level of 73-75 %. To save palygorskite, it is feasible to recommend commercial introduction of palygorskite with the concentration of 3.3 wt % and treatment duration of 30 min. When using palygorskite with the concentration of 2.0 and 2.5 wt % during 40 min of interaction the effect of purification from mercury ions attains only 38—40 %.

The outcomes of the research, presented in Fig.6, give grounds for conclusion that with duration of

interaction between the juice and the adsorbent being 30 min the effect of apple juice purification by palygorskite from lead ions is the following: 35.5 % (with the adsorbent content of 5.0 wt %); 34.5 % (with palygorskite concentration of 3.3 wt%); 32.5 and 30.5 % (when the adsorbent content in the mixture is 2.5 and 2.0 wt %, respectively).

E.%

Fig. 3. Effect o f apple juice purification from cadmium ions by palygorskite

E.%

Fig. 4. Effect o f apple juice purification from zinc ions by palygorskite

E,%

Fig. 5. Effect o f apple juice purification from mercury ions by palygorskite

470 Lyudmila Melnyk et al.

The mechanism of heavy metal ions adsorption can be explained by the structure of palygorskite surface which contains active centers due to nonstoichiometric isomorphism and broken links of О - Si О at the edges and ends of the crystals. The number of these centers during mechanical dispersion of palygorskite under humid condition sharply increases as a result of large number of chips and defects on the surface. Edges of palygorskite crystals are saturated by homogeneous OH-groups and that increases its total surface energy.

E,<Mo

Fig. 6. Effect o f apple juice purification from lead ions by palygorskite

4. C on clu sion s

The nature of adsorption isotherms in the case of wastewater treatment by palygorskite from ions of copper, lead and cadmium was found.

The efficiency of adsorption purification of the apple juice from the heavy metals ions with the help of palygorskite has been proved. It has been determined that the selectivity row concerning the removal of the studied cations from the solutions with the use of palygorskitee has the form of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II).

As the result of the research the authors have established the following effect of apple juice purification

by palygorskite: from copper ions 27-38 %; cadmium 46- 62 %; lead 30-36%; mercury 73-75 % and zinc 36-38 %.

To improve ecological safety of the juice it should be recommended to introduce the following rational technological parameters of apple juice treatment by palygorskite into the industry: sorbent concentration in the juice:palygorskite mixture is 3.3 wt % with the duration of interaction constituting 30 min.

R eferences

[1] Savona N.: Bolshaya Kniga Sokov. Fair-Press, Moskwa 2008.[2] Genovese D. and Lozano J.: J. Food Sei., 2000, 4, 641.[3] Kiseleva T.: Technologiya Konservirovaniya. Prospect Nauki, Sankt-Peterburg 2011.[4] Sheiko T. and Melnik L.:The Annual World Conf. on Carbon, USA, Clemson 2010, 16.[5] Palygorskite dlya Vynorobnoi Promyslovosti [in:] Dergavni Standarty Ukrainy. Kyiv 1996, 13.[6] Mank V. and Melnyk L.: XVII Int. Conf. on Clay Mineralogy and Petrology, Prague 2004, 43.[7] Veli S. and Alyuz B.: J. Hazardous Mat., 2007, 149, 226.[8] Choy J., Choy S. and Park T.: Appl. Clay Sei., 2007, 36, 122.[9] Matko S., Mank V., Zhestereva N.and Melnyk L: IV Mezdunar. Conf. Studentov і Aspirantov “Technika I Technologiya Pishchevoi Promyshlennosti”, Belarus, Mogilev 2004, 182.[10] Kostenko E. andShtokaloM.: Zh. Anal. Khim., 2004, 59,1276.[11] EN 14627:2005. Foodstuffs. Determination of trace elements by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS).

АДСОРБЦІЯ ЙОНІВ ВАЖКИХ МЕТАЛІВ ІЗ РІДИННИХ СЕРЕДОВИЩ ПАЛИГОРСЬКІТОМ

Анотація. Досліджено процес адсорбції важких мета­лів природним мінералом палигорськітом із стічних вод та харчових продуктів (яблучного соку). Досліджені процеси очи­щення від йонів міді, кадмію, свинцю, ртуті, цинку та визна­чено раціональні технологічні параметри цього процесу. Вста­новлено механізм сорбції важких металів із соку палигорськітом.

Ключові слова: адсорбція, палигорськіт, важкі метали, стічні води, яблучний сік.

Advance in Petroleumand Gas Industry and Petrochemistry (APGIP-8)

Dear Colleagues,

We are happy to invite you to the 8lh International Scientific-Technical Conference "Advance in Petroleum and Gas Industry and Petrochemistry" (APGIP-8), to be held in Lviv Polytechnic National University (Lviv, Ukraine) on May 16-21, 2016.

THE CONFERENCE'S TOPICS ARE:

1. Oil and gas processing2. Petrochemistry and coal chemistry3. Chemmotology of lubricants and technical liquids4. Organic synthesis products, polymeric materials and composites5. Ecological aspects of refineries

You can find the detailed information about the venue and the conference organization on the website, http://apgip.org.ua/

We are looking forward to hearing from you and meeting you in Lviv

Best regards,Michael Bratychak,Prof., Dr of Chem Sei., Academician UPGAHead of Dpt of Chemistry and Technology of PetroleumLviv Polytechnic National University12, S. Bandery str., Lviv, 79013, Ukraine

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