ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 6, Number 1

March 2014

2014

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Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2014

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 6, Number 1March 2014

Sulfo technology for multiplication of sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron methyl-based herbicides

1 2 1 1 3Cr. Meluca *, N. Pirvu , T. Nistor , R. Sturzi , A. Stoilova

1Agricultural Research and Development Station, Teleorman, Romania2S.C. Quality Crops, Romania3Field Crops Institute, 6200 Cirpan, Bulgaria

Abstract. Certain experiments with sunflower hybrids realized through Sulfo technology, resistant to tribenuron methyl 75% based herbicides were performed at Agricultural Research and Development Station(ARDS)Teleorman, Romania. There is a response to the hypothesis that the herbicide application (4–6 real leaves) when night temperatures (after application) are lower than 12°C could provoke higher damages at green tissue level. Damages were registered of 6.5–11.8% and decreased to 0.8–5.6% when temperatures were higher than 12°C. The yielding ability of these sunflower hybrids is not affected as compared to the conventional check hybrid Favorit, its level was, on three year average, of 3652–4985 kg/ha, versus 3735 kg/ha achieved by the Favorit hybrid. It may emphasize that the hybrid Toro showed the highest gain in yield versus the check hybrid Favorit (1250 kg/ha, respectively 33.5%). The yielding ability of the hybrid Toro exceeded by 774 kg/ha (11.8%) the yield achieved by the hybrid PR 64 LE20 (Pioneer registration).

Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., hybrids, herbicides, resistance, phytotoxicity, productivity.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, No 1, pp , 201444 - 49

Introduction sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron methyl-based herbicides, the phytotoxicity effects as a result of treatment, and to evaluate the adaptability of theapplied Sulfo technology under the local Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the most important conditions.oilseed crop, grown on a total of over 22 million hectares worldwide

(Škoric et al., 2008). The oil has various food and industrial uses. It is superior edible oil, due to high unsaturated fatty acid content

Мaterial and methods (85–91% linoleic and oleic acids). As all oils with melting point below 50°C, it has complete digestibility (Vrînceanu, 2000). The sunflower is a very valuable fodder crop, especially for silos, and a honey plant, In 2010–2012 at Agricultural Research and Development too. Station (ARDS) Teleorman, Romania a series of experimental plots

2Breeding of sunflower in the world had more stages, of 20 m was performed inthe field, by arandomized block method, in determined by the achieved progresses in genetic and breeding three replications, with classical and „turbo” hybrids (resistant to researches. In the first years of VII decade of the last century,a stage tribenuron methyl-based herbicides) released by S.C. QUALITY of F hybrids released by inbred crossing began,ongoing process of AGRO S.R.L. The experiments included recognized „sulfo”-1

resistant hybrids – Toro and Amigo, and new entries – PR 64 LE20 classical sunflower hybrid breeding. At the current stage sunflower (Pioneer signature), La Pampa, Sulfosol, Zorba, Bravo, Bond, herbicide resistant hybrids are developed and introduced Rambo, Toledo and Colorado (sulfo-resistant), the check Favorit through:”clearfield” technology (IMI – resistant hybrids) and ”sulfo” hybrid (conventional), and „IMI”-resistant Goldimi hybrid. technology (hybrids resistant to 75% tribenuron methyl–based

at differentherbicides).st stThe Sulfo technology of sunflower breeding involves the 21 31 May. Treatment

ndresistance of hybrids to 75% tribenuron methyl-based herbicides (during cold nights, night temperatures <-12°C) thduring vegetation. These are referred to the sulfonylureas (SUs) (higher night temperatures)

(Kramer and Schirmer, 2007; HRAC: Herbicide classification, Jan. a new and improved tribenuron-methyl-based 2002) and are found to be efficient in controlling a wide range of herbicide manufactured by Du Pont (DuPont Crop Protection broadleaved weeds in cereal crops including wheat, barley, oats and Sulfonylurea Herbicides). It is applied once or twice per growing rye (Tsyuganov and Potarenko, 2011; Delchev, 2010a; 2010b; season at a maximum seasonal rate of 30 g/ha. The 2012). SU compounds interfere with a key enzyme required for weed phytotoxicity was visually assessed on a scale from 1 to 5 cell growth – acetolactate synthase (Kolkman et al., 2004).The first (note 1– resistant, note 5-susceptible). The results were subjected to registered SU resistant sunflower genetic stocks were developed in ANOVA (Ceapoiu, 1968).USDA-Fargo, North Dakota – SURES-1 and SURES-2 (Miller and Al-Khatib, 2004). From these original populations SU resistance was transferred into a large number of sunflower hybrids (Jocić et al., Results and discussion 2008; 2011).

The aim of this study was to examine the performance of To demonstrate the resistance of Sulfo hybrids compared to the

Express-50 herbicide (30 g/ha) was applied on plots sown time – on April and on was made in phase 4–6 true leaves, on 12 Mayand on 16 June , respectively. Express-50 herbicide is

quotation

* e-mail: melucacristina@yahoo.com;

44

45

conventional check hybrid (Favorit) and IMI check-hybrid (Goldimi) The reaction of Sulfo resistant hybrids to thermic and hydric the results obtained after Express 50 herbicide application (30 g/ha), stress is presented in Тables 2 and 3. The yielding ability of Sulfo-4-6 real leaves, on plots sown at different times, are presented. The resistant hybrids was between 3652–4985 kg/ha.Except the hybrids

st th Bravo and Toledо, which registered alevel of average yields as with first case that was sown on 21 April emerged on 29 April, herbicide nd the conventional check Favorit, the tested hybrids achieved application was on 12 May (lower night temperatures). The second

st th statistically distinctly significant and very significant yield gains of one that was sown on 31 May, emerged on 6 June, herbicide th 264–1250 kg/ha (7.1–33.5%), compared to theconventional check. application was on 16 June (higher night temperatures) (Table 1).

One can especially underline the hybrid Toro, with the highest yield The percentage of affected plants of Sulfo–resistant hybrids is gain (1250 kg/ha, respectively 33.5%). The yielding ability of the 6.5–11.8% at the first sowing stage (night temperatures after hybrid Toro exceeds by 774 kg/ha (11.8%) the yield achieved by the herbicide application were 9.0–12.1°C), respectively 0.8–5.6% at hybrid PR 64 LE20 (Pioneer registration) (Table 2).The productivity the second sowing stage (night temperatures were 14.7–18.4°C elements, the TKW (g)and TW (kg/hl) were not influenced by the after herbicide application). With the classical hybrid Alvarez, the effect of the herbicide Express-50, their values being traits of percentage of destroyed plants was 100% at both momentsof hybrids. The hybrids Bond, with the highest TKW (57.8g) and La application, while with IMI hybrid Goldimi, at both application times, Pampa, with the highest value of TW (41.6 kg/hl) are registered in three plants resisted, with high degree of branching (asan effect of Table 2. The Sulfo resistant hybrids had a good reaction after theherbicide). The percentage of destroyed plants at check is herbicide Express-50 application, from the lack of toxicity (note 1) to 98.8–99.4% (it is possible that these six IMI–resistant plants could a slight modification of green tissue color (note 2). With the hybrid contain the gene resistant to tribenuron methyl).

,

Table 1. Behavior of sunflower hybrids regarding the resistance to Express 50 herbicide application, ARDS, Teleorman, 2012

* at resistant hybrids, the plants were affected at chlorophyll level, having various yellowing degrees followed by recoveringduring two weeks

Hybrid

Early sowingstSown: 21 April

thEmergence: 29 April thHerbicide application: 12 May

Late sowingstSown: 31 May

thEmergence: 6 June thHerbicide application: 12 June

No ofrows

No ofrows

No of total plants

No of total plants*

No ofaffected*

plants

No ofaffected*

plants

%affected*

plants

%affected*

plants

La pampaToledoToroAmigoSulfosolColoradoAlvarez Mt. ClasicGoldimi Mt. Imi

1515151515151515

474610600551559448542516

315280656240

542513

6.58.5

10.011.811.18.9

100.099.4

55555555

248251250249245249250250

65

141326

250247

2.41.95.65.30.82.4

100.098.8

Table 2. Yielding ability and productivity elements of Sulfo-resistant sunflower hybrids, ARDS, Teleorman, 2010–2012

LSD 5% 188 5.0LSD 1% 251 6.7LSD 0.1% 330 8.8

Hybrids

PR 64 LE20

Amigo

Toro

La Pampa

Sulfosol

Zorba

Bravo

Bond

Rambo

Toledo

Favorit Mt.clasic

Goldimi Mt. IMI

4211

4114

4985

3999

3920

4136

3888

4122

4140

3652

3735

4201

+476

+379

+1250

+264

+185

+401

+153

+387

+405

-83

Mt.

+466

112.7

110.1

133.5

107.1

105.0

110.7

104.1

110.4

110.8

97.8

100.0

112.5

41.6

44.8

46.0

40.4

54.4

48.8

47.2

54.8

44.0

45.6

44.0

48.5

36.3

37.0

37.0

41.6

37.1

34.6

36.2

37.0

39.0

35.5

35.0

37.9

***

***

***

**

***

***

***

***

***

Average yield,kg/ha

Diff. ± check,kg/ha

Relative yield,%

Significant TKW, g TW, kg/hl

46

Toledo, a more pronounced phytotoxic effect was registered (note direction (notes 4–6), a shape which excludes the occurrence of 3), but the plants recovered with no other secondary effects (Тable Botrytis cinerea and an adequate head diameter (19–20 cm) (Table 3). 3). All tested hybrids were resistant to lodging, in both vegetation and

The susceptibility to diseases, expressed by the percentage of harvesting stages. The hybrids Bond and Rambo register percent of affected plants, has registered values of 0% for Plasmo- 3.4%, respectively 5.7% with plant breaking under head, with no parahelianthi, 0% for Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, 1–2% for losses at harvesting. The hybrid height is medium (159–169 cm), Phomahelianthiand 1–2% for Phomopsishelianthi, compared to close to conventional hybrid Favorit (165 cm). The shortest hybrid hybrid IMI-resistant Goldini, which registers 2% for was la Pampa (155 cm) and the highest one was IMI-resistant Plasmoparahelianthi , 3% for Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, 4% for Goldimi (210 cm). , the vegetation period of Sulfo-Phomahelianthi and 1–2% for Phomopsishelianthi. The tested resistant hybrids is 106–115 days as in Favorit, except the hybrids hybrids had a good position of the head versus stem vertical Toro, La Pampa, Sulfosol and Bond, which reach maturity 3–7 days

On average

Table 3.Phenological observations and biometrical determinations of sunflower Sulfo resistant hybrids, ARDS, Teleorman,2011–2012

Note: 1 – there is no suffering of plants; 2 – slight yellowing of plants; 3 – obvious yellowing of green tissues, with no necrosis of apycal meristem; 4 – pronounced yellowing of green tissues, necrosis, inhibition of apycal meristems, which lead to plants branching; 5 – large necrosis of green tissues and apycal meristem destroyed, which lead to plant death

Hybrids

Susceptibility to diseases(% affected plants)

PR 64 LE20

Amigo

Toro

La Pampa

Sulfosol

Zorba

Bravo

Bond

Rambo

Toledo

Favorit

Mt.clasic

Goldimi

Mt. IMI

108

108

111

112

111

106

108

115

108

106

108

111

0

2.2

0

0

0

0

0

3.4

5.7

1.3

1.0

1.5

0

0

1.2

0

0

0

0

1.1

0

0

1.8

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

19

20

20

19

20

19

20

18

21

18

19

20

5

5

5

5

4

5

5

4

4

4

5

5

6

6

6

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

4

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

5

7

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

3

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

169

156

159

155

165

164

162

152

166

167

165

210

10.08

10.08

13.08

14.08

13.08

8.08

10.08

17.08

10.08

8.08

10.08

16.08

27.06

27.06

30.06

1.07

30.06

26.06

29.06

30.06

30.06

25.06

29.06

2.07

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

3

-

-

Veg

eta

tion

perio

d, d

ays

Bro

ken

plan

ts

unde

r he

ad,%

Pla

nts

lodg

ed to

harv

est I

ng, %

Res

ista

nce

to

lodg

ing

in p

.v.

Hea

d di

amet

er,

cm

Hea

d sh

ape

Hea

d po

sitio

n

Em

pty

seed

s %

Pla

nt h

eigh

t,cm

Phy

sio

logi

cal

mat

urity

tim

e

Flo

wer

ing

time

50%

Not

e of

phyt

otox

icity

(no

te)

Pho

mop

sis

sp.

Pho

ma

sp.

Scl

erot

inia

scle

rotio

rum

Pla

smop

ara

helia

nthi

Figure 1. Unwanted effects to application of tribenuron methyl–based herbicides: lack of head; modification of head shape

47

later. The latest hybrid proved to be Bond (115 days), while the 2013).hybrids Zorba and Toledo reached maturity 2 days earlier versus Achieving hybrids adequate to Sulfo technology, resistant to conventional hybrid Favorit. 75% tribenuron methyl-based herbisids, depends on the dominant

The advantages of the method are: the problem weeds as gene S, discovered in USA. The F (SS) hybrids are completely 1

Cirsiumarvensis L. and Xanthium strumarium L. are controlled and resistant. Kukorelli (2012) reported that the homozygous types had in the soil. Disadvantages of the method are higher level of resistance than the heterozygous ones.Hybrids

occurring of phytotoxicity phenomena when herbicide is applied released through Turbo technology, resistant to tribenuron methyl-during cold nights (night temperatures <-12°C) as well as mistakes based herbicides, in F hybrid generation, gene S, which confers 1

in herbicide application (inadequate adjustment of equipment, lack resistance, is heterozygous Ss (F is completely resistant) (Figure 1

of washing, application of another herbicideat a shorter interval) 3). There are some difficulties in Sulfo resistant hybrid multiplication. (Figures 1 and 2). Due to foreign pollination beside F Ss hybrids, s s sterile or fertile 1 u u

Many researchers conclude that the growing of Sulfo-tolerant plants could occur. Kukorelli (2012) also reported certain types of sunflowers resulted in effective herbicidecontrol of broadleaved herbicide-tolerant varieties thatshowed adifferent level of weeds (Zollinger, 2003; Malidža et al., 2006; Kukorelli et al., 2008, resistance.2011a, 2011b, 2012; Delchev, 2013a, 2013b; Pirvu, 2013). Our The discovery of a wild Helianthus annuusL. population (in research confirms that by growing sunflower hybrids resistant to Kansas, USA) resistant to a sulfonylurea herbicide (tribenuron 75% tribenuron methyl-based herbicides the risk is reduced to a very methyl) (Al-Khatib et al.,1999) and the creation of the first hybrids on low level, phytotoxicity was very weak and yields were not affected in this basis (Miller et al., 2000; Jocic et al., 2001;Miller et al., 2004) is a comparison with conventional and IMI– hybrids. Low toxicity of 75% good prerequisite for the development of new modern and improved tribenuron methyl-based herbicides in sunflower hybrids was sunflower hybrids possessing tolerance to tribenuron methyl-based reported by other authors (Kukorelli, 2010; Delchev, 2013a; Pirvu, herbicides (Figure 4).

absence of remains

Figure 2. Unwanted effects in the case of 75% tribenuron methyl–based herbicides: inhibition of peak growth andsubsequent branching of affected plants; leave modification (foliar thickening, plant dwarfing, and finally their death)

Figure 3. Inheritance of gene S (which confers resistance) in F1 hybrids released through Turbo technology, resistant totribenuron methyl-based herbicides

T1

Form ♂ (SS) x Form ♀ (ss)F (Ss) – complete resistance1

T1T2 T2M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8

48

grain quality of durum wheat. Field Crops Studies, 6, 2, 331-336.ConclusionsDelchev G, 2010b. Stability valuation of some mixtures between foliar fertilizers and anti-broadleaved herbicides for the grain yield of Introduction of sunflower hybrids resistant to 75% tribenuron durum wheat. Soil Science, Agro-chemistry and Ecology, 44, 2, 41-methyl-based herbicides proves the practical and economic 46.importance of Sulfo technology for effective control of the problem Delchev G, 2012. Impact of some mixtures between foliar fertilizers broadleaved weeds and its adaptability under our conditions.and anti-broadleaved herbicides on the sowing properties of the Hybrids released through Turbo technology, resistant to durum wheat sowing-seeds. Plant Science, 49, 1, 53-58.tribenuron methyl-based herbicides, in F hybrid generation, gene S, 1

Delchev G, 2013a. Efficacy and selectivity of vegetation-applied which confers resistance, is heterozygous Ss (F is completely 1

herbicides and their mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol resistant).premium at oil-bearing sunflower grown by conventional, Clearfield The yielding ability of sunflower hybrids released through Turbo and ExpressSun technologies. Agricultural Science and Technology, technology, resistant to tribenuron 75% methyl-based herbicides, is 5, 2, 200-205.not affected compared to the conventional check Favorit, on three Delchev G, 2013b. Efficacy and selectivity of anti-broadleaved years average, its level being 3652–4985 kg/ha, the Favorit has herbicides at durum wheat against volunteers of coriander, realized 3735 kg/ha.Clearfield canola, Clearfield sunflower and ExpressSun sunflower. The hybrid Toro is distinguished especiallythrough the highest Agricultural Science and Technology, 5, 3, 299-314.gain yield compared to the check Favorit (1250 kg/ha, respectively DuPont Crop Protection Sulfonylurea Herbicides. Our 33.5%). The yielding ability of Toro hybrid exceeds by 774 kg/ha Commitment to Quality. K-05825 (09/05) Printed in the USA.(11.8%) the yield achieved by the hybrid PR 64 LE20 (Pioneer Jocic S, Škoric D and Malidža G, 2001. Sunflower breeding for signature). resistance to herbicides. Proceedings of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 35, 223-233(Sr).Jocic S, Miklic V, Malidza G, Hladni N and Gvozdenovic S, 2008.

References New sunflower hybrids tolerant of tribenuron-methyl. In: Proceedings, 17th InternationalSunfl. Conference, Cordoba, Spain,

Al-Khatib K, Baumgartner JR and Currie RS, 1999. Survey of 505-508.common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) resistance to ALS inhibiting Jocic S, Malidža G, Cvejic S, Hladni N, Miklic V and Škoric D,

stherbicides in northeast Kansas. In: Proceedings of 21 sunflower 2011. Development of sunflower hybrids tolerant to tribenuron research workshop. National Sunflower Association, Bismark, N.D., methyl. Genetika, 43, 1, 175-182.210-215. Kolkman MJ, Slabaugh BM, Bruniard MJ, Berry S, Bushman BS, Ceapoiu N, 1968. Statistical methods applied in experimental Olungu C, Maes N, Abratti G, Zambelli A, Miller FJ, Leon A and agriculture and biology. Ed. Agro-Silvică, Bucureşti (Ro). Knapp JS, 2004. Acetohydroxyacid synthase mutations conferring Delchev G, 2010a. Influence of some mixtures between foliar resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides in sunflower. fertilizers and anti-broadleaved herbicides on the grain yield and Theoretical and Applied Genetic, 109, 1147-1159.

B.RO.054A x SU 447/011

B.RO.054A x SU 424/011 (left)B.RO.054A x SU 481/011 (right)

Figure 4. New sunflower Sulfo resistant hybrids

B.RO.054A x SU 432/011 (left)B.RO.054A x SU 459/011 (right)

B.RO.054A x SU 447/011 (stg.)B.RO.054A x SU 435/011 (right)

B-RO-01A x SU 413/011 (left)B-RO-01A x SU 415/011 (right)

B.RO.054A x SU 460/011 (left)B.RO.054A x SU 465/011 (right)

49

Kramer W and Schirmer U, 2007. Modern Crops Protection p rec i s i on ag r i cu l t u ra l me thods ” Doc to ra l Schoo l , Compounds, 3. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA, Weinheim. Mosonmagyaróvár.Kukorelli G, Nagy S andReisinger P, 2008. Comparative Malidža G, Jocic S, Škoric D and Orbovic B, 2006. Weed control experiments with imidazolinone and tribenuron methyl tolerant of sunflower tolerance to tribenuron-methyl (In Serbian). sunflower hybrids. Hungarian Weed Research and Technology, 8, 1, Proceedings of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 42, 323-67-74. 331.Kukorelli G, 2010. Examining phytotoxicity in tribenuron-methyl Miller FJ and Al-Khatib K, 2000. Development of herbicide resistant sunflower hybrids. Hungarian Weed Research and resistant germplasm in sunflower. Proceedings of 15th International Technology, 11, 1, 61-73. Sunflower Conference, Toulouse, June 12-15, Tome II, 37-42. Kukorelli G, Reisinger P, Torma M andÁdámszki T, 2011a. Miller FJ and Al-Khatib K, 2004. Registration of two oilseed Experiments with the control of common ragweed (Ambrosia sunflower genetic stocks SURES-1 and SURES-2, resistant to artemisiifoliaL.) in imidazolinoneresistant and tribenuron-methyl- tribenuron herbicide. Crop Science, 39, 301-302.resistant sunflower. Herbologia, 12, 2, 15-23. Pirvu N, 2013. Symposium "Technologies bearing"/“Tehnologiipe Kukorelli G, Reisinger P, Torma M andÁdámszki T, 2011b. rod”, Braşov, 4.04.2013.Experiments with the control of common ragweed (Ambrosia Škoric D, Jocic S, Lečič N and Sakač Z, 2008. Genetic possibilities artemisiifoliaL.) in imidazolinone resistant and tribenuron-methyl- for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils. Canadian

rd Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 86, 4, 215-221.resistant sunflower. 3 International Symposium on Weeds, Sarajevo, 2011. Vrinceanu V ,2000. Sunflower hybrids. In: Improving hybrids

sunflower. Publisher CERES, 514-519. Kukorelli G, 2012. Weed management of herbicide tolerant crops, ndand their position in the Hungarian crop production system. Theses Zollinger R, 2003. Innovations in weed control in sunflower. The 2

for PhD, University of West-Hungary Faculty of Agricultural-and Sunflower Congress in Argentina, 12-13 August 2003, Buenos Aires, Food Sciences, Plant Production Institute “Plant production using 20-28.

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Blue-green coloured eggs in Gallus gallus domesticusH. Lukanov

Investigation on the resistance of doubled haploid sunflower lines to some biotic factorsM. Drumeva, P. Yankov, N. Nenova, P. Shindrova

Usage of cluster analysis for grouping hybrids and evaluation of experimental mutant maize hybridsM. Ilchovska, I. Ivanova

Biological fertility and milk yield in Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population sheep according to breeding lineN. Stancheva, I. Dimitrova, S. Georgieva

In vivo digestibility of cereal-based diets supplemented with sunflower vs. rapeseed mealM. Yossifov, L. Kozelov

Histometrical parameters in third eyelid (Harderian) gland of the common pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus Colchicus)D. Dimitrov

Studies on some cherry clonal rootstocks in nurseryG. Dobrevska

Parameters of "yield – irrigation depth" relationship for sunflower grown in the region of Plovdiv A. Matev, R. Petrova

Optimization of thickness of thermal insulation for roofs of turkey's housesR. Georgiev, V. Dimova, K. Peichev, Р. Georgiev

Sulfo technology for multiplication of sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron metil-based herbicidesC. Melucă, N. Pîrvu, T. Nistor, R. Sturzu, A. Stoilova

Influence of universal liquid fertilizer MaxGrow on yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivar Progress G. Panayotova, A. Stoyanova

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Effect of different types of main soil tillage on the vertical distribution of maize seeds in the soil layer and on the development of the plantsP. Yankov, M. Drumeva

Analysis of energy consumption for artificial lighting of rooms for fattening of pigsV. Katsarov, K. Peychev

Influence of Herbagreen mineral fertilizer on seed production of cucumber, melon and zucchiniN. Velkov, V. Petkova

Soil properties and salt content of soil from Inland salt meadow near Radnevo townM. Todorova, N. Grozeva, D. Dermendgieva

Botanical composition of the main pasture types in Sakar and Strandja regionV. Vateva, K. Stoeva, D. Pavlov

New data for Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus (Agaricaceae) in BulgariaM. Lacheva

Development and characteristics of accessions of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter in the South DobrudjaH. Stoyanov

Possible adverse effects of tetracyclines on the human health and the environment

Y. Koleva, T. Dimova, G. Angelova

Contemporary assessment of the development of the genus Chaetoceros in the Bulgarian coastal watersD. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, G. Kostadinova

Ecological assessment of the phytoplankton community in the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters D. Petrova, G. Kostadinova, D. Gerdzhikov

Biopolymer matrix systems for incorporation of biologically active substancesS. Dyankova, A. Solak

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.EthicsStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 6, Number 1March 2014