ISSN: 0975-766X CODEN: IJPTFI Available Online through ... · and local anesthetic properties. Cyproheptadine is used to treat allergic reactions (specifically hay fever), has shown

S.P.Chaudhari* et al. /International Journal Of Pharmacy&Technology

IJPT | Oct-2012 | Vol. 4 | Issue No.3 | 4645-4662 Page 4645

ISSN: 0975-766X CODEN: IJPTFI

Available Online through Research Article www.ijptonline.com

IMPROVING THE SOLUBILITY OF CYPROHEPTADINE BY SOLID DISPERSIONS D.S. Suryavanshi, S.P.Chaudhari*, M.P.Ratnaparkhi

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Kalewadi, Pune, MH, India. Email:[email protected]

Received on 28-07-2012 Accepted on 10-08-2012

Abstract

The aim of this study was to increase the solubility of Cyproheptadine (CYT) in water. solid dispersions with

polyethyleneglycol 6000 (PEG 6000), poloxamer 188 (P188) and poloxamer 407 (P407) prepared by various

techniques solvent evaporation method , solvent melt method , spray drying ,and freeze drying The interaction of CYT

with the hydrophilic polymers was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformation-

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results from DSC, FTIR and SEC analyses of

solid dispersions showed that CYT might exist as an amorphous state or as a solid solution. On the other hand, the

SEM images of the physical mixtures revealed that to some extent the drug was present in a crystalline form. The

influence of various factors (type of polymer, ration of the drug to polymer) on the solubility and dissolution rate of the

drug were also evaluated. The solubility and dissolution rates of CYT were significantly increased by solid dispersions.

The improvement of solubility using polymers was in the following order: P407 > P188 > PEG 6000.

Keywords: cyproheptadine; Polyethylene glycol 6000; Poloxamer 188; poloxamer 407; Solid dispersion,

1. Introduction

Cyproheptadine HCl is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic,

and local anesthetic properties. Cyproheptadine is used to treat allergic reactions (specifically hay fever), has shown

effectiveness in the treatment of nightmares including nightmares related to post traumatic stress disorder it is used as

an appetite stimulant and as an adjunct in the treatment of asthma20,21. Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)

23 is a fundamental guideline that is associated with the drug dissolution and absorption model, identifies the key



parameters controlling the drug absorption and bioavailability and classified the drugs in four classes based solely on

its solubility and intestinal permeability. cyproheptadine is class II drug having low solubility and low permeability ,.

In class II, solubility enhancement is a genuine challenge for formulators. About 40% of marketed drugs are classified

as “practically insoluble,” according to Takagi, one third of drugs in development are poorly soluble and two thirds of

synthesized drugs have low solubility. Many techniques have been developed to overcome these solubility issues and,

by association, bioavailability when associated with good permeability. Solid dispersion is one of these techniques5.

Cyproheptadine is highly liphophilic drug, so its HCl salt is used which is slightly soluble in aqueous medium and the

solubility decreases in acidic medium (stomach fluid) due to counter ion effect. Hence this study aims to enhance the

aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of cyproheptadine by forming solid dispersion and their physico-chemical

properties were investigated.

Materials and methods

Materials

Cyprohepatdine HCl was obtained from Medibios Pharmaceutical Ltd. Biosar . Poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 was

purchased from sigma Aldrich Mumbai and PEG 6000 was purchased from S.D.fine chemicals Mumbai (India). All

other materials were of analytical or HPLC grade commercially available.

Determination of solubility7

An excess of drug was dissolved in 10 ml of solvent until saturation point occurs and was continuously shaken for 7

hours at room temperature with the help of magnetic stirrer. The total quantity of drug added was recorded. After 7

hours sample was filtered and diluted appropriately. The absorbance was measured using UV visible spectrophotometer

and drug content was determined triplicate.

Preparation of Cyproheptadine HCL Solid Dispersion with Polymers:

1. Lyophilization of solid dispersions30:

The process of Lyophilization takes in three stages: freezing, primary drying (ice sublimation) and secondary drying

(water desorption) 14. The selected solid dispersions were dissolved in a minimum amount of Methanol (1:1) with

water. In this method solid dispersion were prepared by using different ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5,1:2,1:2.5) of

cyproheptadine HCl and carrying agent ( Poloxamer 407& Poloxamer188 and PEG 6000) . The weighed amount of



drug sample and polymers mixed properly and then dissolved in 1:1 proportion of Methanol and water then solution

kept in freeze dryer for 24 hr at

–210C.To get completely freeze product. Then lyophilize this product by using lyophilizer for complete 48 hr to get

complete dried product of solid dispersion. Lyophilized preparations were stored in desiccators at room temperature.

2. Spray drying method of solid dispersions30:

In this method solid dispersion were prepared by using different ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5,1:2,1:2.5) of cypreoheptadine

HCl and carrying agents (Pluronic F127,Pluronic F68 and PEG 6000 ).The weighed amount of drug sample and

carrying agent dissolved in Methanol and perform spray drying as inlet high temp.- 2200c ,outlet high temp-

1000C,flow rate- 4ml/min debloking on/off – 10 , aspirator 45 nm2/sec atomizer 2.5bar . Then melted dispersion kept

in desiccators at room temperature.15

3. Solvent melts method of solid dispersions30:

In this method solid dispersion prepared by dissolving the drug cyproheptadine HCl & carrying agent such as

(Poloxamer 407 &Poloxamer 188) in ethanol various proportion such as (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5,1:2,1:2.5), which is then

evaporated until a clear, solvent free film is left. Then this dispersion is further dried to constant weight.

4. Solvent evaporation of solid dispersion30:

The first step in the solvent evaporation method is the preparation of solution containing both carrying materials and

drug .The next step is involves the evaporation of solvent to get solid dispersion. Mixing of two molecules should be

considered at molecule level so we get proper solubility. So according that drug (cyproheptadine HCl) and carrying

agent taken in various proportions such as mention above then solvent (Methanol) added to dissolve completely both

ingredient. After that solvent get evaporated complete, then dried product stored properly for further characterization.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 3:

Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the thermal behavior of the cyproheptadine HCl,

Poloxamer 407, Poloxamer 188 and PEG 6000. Accurately weighed samples (2 mg) were transferred to aluminium

pans and sealed. All samples were run at a heating rate of 10O/min over a temperature range 30-3000C using Shimadzu

DSC-60 Thermal Analyzer.



Fourier transforms infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy 3:

Infrared spectrophotometry is a useful analytical technique utilized to check the chemical interaction between the

cyproheptadine HCl and other excipients used in the formulation FTIR spectra of the samples were obtained on a

SHIMADZU FTIR−8400 s spectrometer (Japan). The scans were obtained from 4000 to 400 cm−1 at resolution of 1

cm.

X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) 3:

To determine the sample powder characteristics, X-ray powder diffraction studies of drug and polymer alone as well as

solid dispersion was performed. X-ray powder diffraction patterns were recorded on Brukar AXS, DH Advance, and

Germany. The scanning rate employed was 6° min–1 over 10 to 50°diffraction angle (2θ) range.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 9:

The images of the samples were analyzed by SEM (AKASHI SX-40, Japan). Samples were mounted on a double-faced

adhesive tape, sputtered with platinum prior to analysis. The pictures were taken at a magnification of 600-fold or

2000-fold.

In vitro dissolution 9:

The dissolution studies of cyproheptadine HCl and different drug– polymer combinations were performed in water at

37±0.5 ◦C according to the dispersed amount method. Samples equivalent to 500 mg of cyproheptadine HCl. In vitro

dissolution studies will carried out by USP II dissolution test apparatus at 50 rpm. The dissolution medium consisted of

900 ml of 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) medium which is maintained at 37±0.50 C. Aliquots of 5 ml were withdrawn every two

minutes and equivalent amount of fresh dissolution medium is added. Aliquots withdrawn were diluted suitably,

filtered and analyzed at 286 nm spectrophotometrically. All the release studies were conducted in triplicate and the

mean values were plotted versus time with standard deviation less than three indicating reproducibility of result.

Results and Discussion

Solubility studies

The solubility of Cyproheptadine in water and other solutions is as shown in Table 1. The solubility of in water at 25 ◦C

was found to be 0.29 mg/100ml. the highest solubility of cyproheptadine was found to be in methanol as 64 mg /100

ml. therefore the methanol is used as a solvent for preparation of solid dispersions.



Table-1: Solubility of cyproheptadine HCl.

S.no. Solvent Solubility (mg/100 ml )

1 Water 0.29 ±0.01*

2 Chloroform 33 ±0.02

3 Methanol 64± 0.01

4 Acetone 22.1± 0.03

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC:

From above (Fig.3 ) All the DSC graphs of solid dispersions prepared by different techniques and different

polymers showed sharp endothermic peaks that’s there was no interaction between drug and polymer but slight

displacement of peaks indicate the dispersion of drug in polymer

Fig .3 DSC of SD of cyproheptadine

Fig-3: DSC of solid dispersions



Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy:

In FTIR spectra , characterizatic absorption peaks of cyproheptadine was observed at 3240,3380 cm-1 (N-CH3)

streaching and 1590 aromatic phenyl streaching and 1640 c=c streaching at C10-C11 and same peaks were observed in

solid dispersions with polymers indicating absence of chemical interaction between drug (cyproheptadine ) and carriers

(poloxamer 188,poloxamer 407 and PEG 6000).

X-ray powder diffractometry (XPRD):

Cyproheptadine x-ray diffration shows various diffration peaks due to its crystalline structure . however ,the solid

dispersions shows a loss of drug crystallinity due to drug loading in to polymers and surfactant surface .

The XRD profile of solid dispersion revealed significant decrease in intensities of the major peakes characterictic to

the crystaline nature of cyproheptadine , indicating partial loss of crystallinity .

The different proportions of solid dispersions shows different degree of amorphization . it shall be noted that the XRPD

of poloxamer 407 in the ratio of 1:2 (cyproheptadine : poloxamer 407 ) indicating more amorphization as compare to

poloxamer 188 and PEG 6000 as shown in fig 9.

Fig-9: XPRD of cyproheptadine HCl.



Fig-10: XPRD of solid dispersions.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM):

SEM Photomicrograph reveal the surface morphology of the sample are shown in fig-11 the characteristic discrete

elongated needle shaped crystals was observed in the photomicrograph of pure drug cyproheptadine .

Fig-11: SEM of solid dispersions.

FDP407D FDP188D FDPEGC

SDP407 SDP188D SDPEGC



SEP407D SEP188D SEPEGC

SM407D SMP188D SMPEGC

A prominent change in the surface morphology was observed in case of solid dispersions.

The SEM of solid dispersions of various polymers like poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, PEG 6000 in diffrent

ratios and by using different techniques like solvent evaporation technique , solvent melt technique ,spray drying

technique and lyophilization technique , the poloxamer 407 in 1:2 ratio prepared by Lyophilization technique

(FDP407D) shows better change in surface morphology as compare to pure drug and also other polymers prepared by

different techniques.

Figures 1: DSC of Cyproheptadine:



Fig. 2 DSC of polymers :

Dissolution studies:

The release rate profiles were plotted as the percentage Cyproheptadine HCl dissolved from the solid dispersions and

pure drug versus time. Fig.12 showed the dissolution profiles of cyproheptadine HCl with polymers (Poloxamer 407,

Poloxamer 188 and PEG 6000) at different drug-to-carrier (w/w) ratios prepared by Lyophilization method, spray

drying method, solvent evaporation method, solvent melt method and cyproheptadine HCl alone. It was evident that the

rate of dissolution of pure cyproheptadine HCl was slow, less than 40 % of cyproheptadine HCl being dissolved within

60 min. Comparing with that of solid dispersions, the dissolution rate of solid dispersion prepared with poloxamer 407

(1:2 ratio) shows 96.7 % drug release within 60 min as compare to pure drug and solid dispersions with other polymers.

From in-vitro drug release studies shows that the maximum drug release was found by poloxamer 407 compared to

other polymers ,within different techniques the Lyophilization technique shows maximum drug release as it forms

uniform dispersion of drug in poloxamer 407 in a 1:2 ratio.

Fig . 12 % Release of SD in various ratios ( A- 1:0.5 ,B-1:1,c-1:1.5, D-1:2,E-1:2.5).





Table-2: % Release of S.D.by solvent melt method.

TIME 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 DRUG 0 3.2 8.9 12.4 18.3 22.5 28.3 32.7 39.2 1:0.5

P407 0 15.7 38.6 48.2 58.6 69.6 75.6 78.6 82.1 P188 0 13.4 31.1 47.8 55.2 64.3 69.6 74.2 82.2 PEG 0 13.6 28.1 46.6 54.8 63.8 68.3 71 83.1

1:1

P407 0 14.3 35.9 51.4 61.6 70.9 73.9 81 85.8 P188 0 13.6 34.1 51.2 60.5 69.7 69.8 78.2 87.6 PEG 0 14.2 31.2 53 61 67.2 67.7 76.4 83.2

1:1.5

P407 0 15.3 34.6 49.7 64.3 71.3 77.8 82.7 81.8 P188 0 14.9 33.7 53.3 62.2 68.9 73.2 78.1 86.2 PEG 0 15.8 36.8 51.1 61.4 63.4 71.8 84.3 87.3

1:2

P407 0 15.3 34.6 49.7 64.3 71.3 77.8 82.7 92.8 P188 0 14.9 33.7 53.3 62.2 68.9 73.2 78.1 83.2 PEG 0 15.8 36.8 51.1 61.4 63.4 71.8 84.3 84.3

1:2.5

P407 0 14.8 37.6 50.4 62.3 68.8 72.8 86.3 88.9 P188 0 13.7 35.2 54.2 60.4 65.9 70.9 84.3 83.3 PEG 0 13.4 35.8 48.8 61.1 64.8 67.8 78.7 85.2



Table-3: % Release of S.D.by solvent evaporation method.

TIME 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 DRUG 0 3.2 8.9 12.4 18.3 22.5 28.3 32.7 39.2 1:0.5

P407 0 14.7 33.6 46.2 59.6 68.6 72.6 78 81.1

P188 0 13.4 31.1 47.8 55.2 64.3 69.6 74.2 82.2

PEG 0 13.6 28.1 46.6 54.8 63.8 68.3 71 83.1 1:1

P407 0 14.3 35.9 51.4 61.6 70.9 73.9 81 85.8 P188 0 13.6 34.1 51.2 60.5 69.7 69.8 78.2 87.6 PEG 0 14.2 31.2 53 61 67.2 67.7 76.4 83.2

1:1.5

P407 0 15.3 34.6 49.7 64.3 71.3 77.8 82.7 89.8 P188 0 14.9 33.7 53.3 62.2 68.9 73.2 78.1 86.2 PEG 0 14.3 36.8 51.1 61.4 63.4 71.8 84.3 87.3

1:2

P407 0 15.8 37.5 55.7 67.3 73.2 78.2 88.5 93.7 P188 0 14.9 35.6 52.1 64.5 72.6 74.6 83.8 86.5 PEG 0 14.7 34.5 51.3 63.2 71.3 72.9 83.1 87.3

1:2.5

P407 0 14.8 37.6 50.4 62.3 68.8 72.8 86.3 90.8 P188 0 13.7 35.2 54.2 60.4 65.9 70.9 84.3 89.3 PEG 0 13.2 35.8 48.8 61.1 64.8 69.9 79.7 86.2

Table-4: % Release of S.D.by spray drying method.

TIME 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 DRUG 0 3.2 8.9 12.4 18.3 22.5 28.3 32.7 39.2 1:0.5

P407 0 13.8 33.6 51.2 58.8 67.6 70.6 75 81.1

P188 0 12.4 32.1 49.8 55.2 64.3 69.6 74.2 80.2 PEG 0 12.7 28.1 47.6 54.8 63.8 68.3 71 82.1

1:1

P407 0 14.3 34.9 53.4 61.6 70.9 73.9 84 86.2

P188 0 13.6 33.1 51.2 60.5 69.7 69.8 78.2 83.6 PEG 0 13.2 31.2 50.3 61 67.2 67.7 76.4 82.2

1:1.5

P407 0 15.3 36.6 51.7 64.3 71.3 77.8 87.7 91.8

P188 0 13.9 34.7 52.3 62.2 68.9 73.2 81.1 87.2 PEG 0 14.1 33.8 51.1 61.4 63.4 71.8 84.3 88.3

1:2

P407 0 16.4 38.5 54.2 67.3 73.2 78.2 88.5 95 P188 0 14.9 35.6 52.1 64.5 72.6 74.6 83.8 86.5 PEG 0 14.7 33.9 52.3 63.2 71.3 72.9 83.1 87.3

1:2.5

P407 0 14.8 37.6 50.4 62.3 68.8 72.8 86.3 91 P188 0 13.4 35.2 51.2 60.4 65.9 70.9 84.3 89.3 PEG 0 12.2 35.8 49.8 61.1 64.8 69.9 83.7 85.2



Table-5: % Release of S.D.by Lyophilization method.

TIME(min) 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 DRUG 0 3.2 8.9 12.4 18.3 22.5 28.3 32.7 39.2 1:0.5

P407 0 12.7 32.6 45.2 58.8 67.6 70.6 75 78.1 P188 0 12.4 31.1 47.8 55.2 64.3 69.6 74.2 85.2

PEG 0 12.6 28.1 46.6 54.8 63.8 68.3 71 80.1

1:1

P407 0 14.3 34.9 51.4 61.6 70.9 73.9 81 85.8 P188 0 13.6 33.1 51.2 60.5 69.7 69.8 78.2 87.6

PEG 0 13.2 31.2 53 61 67.2 67.7 76.4 84.2

1:1.5

P407 0 15.3 34.6 49.7 64.3 71.3 77.8 82.7 88.8

P188 0 13.9 33.7 52.3 62.2 68.9 73.2 78.1 84.2

PEG 0 14.3 33.8 51.1 61.4 63.4 71.8 84.3 88.3 1:2

P407 0 15.8 38.5 54.7 67.3 73.2 78.2 88.5 96.7 P188 0 14.9 35.6 52.1 64.5 72.6 74.6 83.8 86.5

PEG 0 14.7 34.5 51.3 63.2 71.3 72.9 83.1 87.3

1:2.5

P407 0 14.8 37.6 50.4 62.3 68.8 72.8 86.3 92.1 P188 0 13.7 35.2 54.2 60.4 65.9 70.9 84.3 89.3 PEG 0 12.2 35.8 48.8 61.1 64.8 69.9 79.7 86.2

Fig. 4 FTIR of pure drug Cyproheptadine HCl.

50075010001250150017502000225025002750300032503500375040001/cm

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

%T

Drug



Fig.5 FTIR of solid dispersion with drug & polymers (1:2) by Lyophilization method.

Fig.6 FTIR of solid dispersion with drug & polymers (1:2) by spray drying method.

Fig.7 FTIR of solid dispersion with drug & polymers (1:2) by solvent melt method.



Fig.8 FTIR of solid dispersion with drug & polymers (1:2) by solvent evaporation method.

Conclusion:

In this paper, the increased solubility and dissolution rate of Cyproheptadine HCl might be achieved by forming solid

dispersion with poloxamer 407 prepared by Lyophilization technique in a ratio 1:2. The Lyophilization technique is

best method for preparation of solid dispersion of cyproheptadine HCl as compare to solvent evaporation method,

solvent melt method and spray drying method and poloxamer 407 is best polymer for preparation of solid dispersion of

cyproheptadine HCl in a 1:2 ratio as compare to other polymers like poloxamer 188 and PEG 6000. The improvement

of solubility using polymers was in the following order: p407 > p188 > PEG 6000.

Acknowledgments:

We would like to Thaks Swati Panskar Q.C. head Medibios Pharmaceutical Ltd. for giving gift samples of drug

and excipients.

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Corresponding Author:

Shilpa P Chaudhari*,

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy

Thergaon, Pune-33.

Email: [email protected]

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ISSN: 0975-766X CODEN: IJPTFI Available Online through ... · and local anesthetic properties. Cyproheptadine is used to treat allergic reactions (specifically hay fever), has shown