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ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
ISS-detectors
“Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems with a view to defining a baseline set of detection systems to be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase” “Provide a research-and-development program
required to deliver the baseline design Funding request for four years of detector R&D
“2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”)
The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more than one detector on the same beam line!
Missions:
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Organization
Detector ‘council’ (i.e. steering group) role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives
Alain Blondel (Geneva)Alan Bross (Fermilab)Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR)Paolo Strolin (INFN)Paul Soler (Glasgow)Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)
http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Water Cerenkov DetectorsKenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne
Magnetic Sampling DetectorsJeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cerverahttp://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm
TASD Malcolm EllisLarge Magnet Alan Bross
Liquid Argon TPC http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/
Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’)
Emulsion Detectors http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html
Pasquale Migliozzi
Near Detectors http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html
Paul Soler
Working groups
Detector Technology will be associated with detector type for now dedicated detector technology session at ISS2 in KEK Jan06.
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Executive summary: I. baseline detectors
beam Far detector R&D needed
sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)
Megaton WC photosensors!cavern and infrastructure
1-2 GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB, WBB)
no established baselineTASD (NOvA-like)or Liquid Argon TPCor Megaton WC
photosensors and detectorslong drifts, long wires, LEMs
Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)
~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden)
+ ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver)
straightforward from MINOSsimulation+physics studiesibid vs OPERA
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Executive summaryII. beyond the baseline, (but should be studied)
beam Far detector R&D needed
sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)
Liquid Argon TPC(100kton)
clarify what is the advantage wrt WC?
1-2 GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)
no established baseline
Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)
platinum detectors! large coil around TASDLarg ECC
engineering studyfor magnet!simulations and physics evaluation;photosensors, long drift, etc…
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Executive summary: III: near detector, beam instrumentation
beam BI, ND R&D needed
sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT
for precision measurements?
concept simulationstheory
1-2 GeV BB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)
NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements?
ibid
Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)
beam intensity (BCT)beam energy +polarizationbeam divergence meastshieldingleptonic detectorhadronic detector
need study--need studyneed conceptsimul+studysimul+study+Vtx det R&D
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Without calling specifically for candidate far detector sites we received two contributions of far sites that would welcome a neutrino factory beam
1. Pihäsalmi Finland (Juha Peltoniemi)
2. INO Indian Neutrino Observatory (PUSHEP at Tamilnadu) Naba Mondal
we also know of Canary Islands
This is a subject that will need to be pursued
FAR SITES
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Highlights
1. WATER CHERENKOV -- First cost estimate of Frejus Megaton detector-- T2KK idea
2. MAGNETIZED IRON CALORIMETER -- realistic design and cost estimate -- revision of golden analysis ==> much better efficiency at low Energy
3. LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME -- a new concept -- MECC detector could demonstrably do platimum channel
4. Liquid Argon -- impressive R&D efforts (long drift, long wires)
5. systematic related discussions-- matter effect for NUFACT-- nuclear effects for Low Energy beam
6. Began first simulations of NuFACT near detectors
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
review of far detector options
-- Water Cherenkov
-- Liquid argon (non magnetic)
-- magnetized iron calorimeter
-- ECC
-- large magnetic volumes -- for TASD -- for ECC -- for liquid argon
-- detector technology
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Water Cerenkov
-- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton)-- very well known technology-- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos, atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzook, etc…
-- cannot be magnetized easily-- pattern recognition limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos)-- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos.
-- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS-- community organized and coordinated in its own
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
The MEMPHYS Project
65m
65m
Fréjus
CERN
130km130km
4800mweExcavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5
shafts
Water Cerenkov modules at FréjusCERN to FréjusNeutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Possible experimental set-upPossible experimental set-up
JPARC
Off-axis angle
2.5deg.off-axis beam @Kamioka
Distance from the target (km)
2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis2.5 deg. off axis
Total cost must be similar to the baseline design.
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
MEMPHYS: Main results of the preliminary study
Best site (rock quality) in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe
Cylindrical shafts feasible: = 65 m and a height h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m3)
215 000 tons of water (4 times SK) - 4 m from outside for veto and fiducial cut 146 000 tons fiducial target
3 modules would give 440 kilotons Fid. (like UNO) BASELINE
estimated excavation cost ≈ 80 M€ X Nb of shafts
this number should be >~ doubled for photo-detectors, electronics and other infrastructure
(--> >~500 M€ for three shafts = 440 kton fiducial) -- >~G€ for a megaton --
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
NB about 300 Oku-Yen should be included for the beam upgrade
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
-- Liquid Argon TPC:
This is the particle physics equivalent of superstrings: DOE (detector of everything)it can do everything, can it do anything BETTER? (than a dedicated standard technique)
to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case.
impressive progress from ICARUS T600
recent highlights -- effort at FERMILAB (FLARE) -- 2 efforts in EU ICARUS and GLACIER -- observation of operation in magnetic field-- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires
talks by Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia
INFN ICARUS were contacted and added to mailing list with no further result.
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
considerable noise reduction can be obtained by gas amplification
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
height is limited by high voltage 1kV/cm 2 MV for 20m…
field degrader in liquid argon tested (Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
An ideal detector exploiting a Neutrino Factory should:
Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden channel”) with high accuracy
Identify and measure the charge of the electron with high accuracy (“Platinum channel”)
Identify the decays (“silver channel”)
Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order to increase the signal/back ratio
Migliozzi
NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
-- Magnetic segmented detector:
this is a typical NUFACT detector for EGeV
GOLDEN CHANNEL
experience from MINOS &NOvAdesigns prepared for Monolith and INOiron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out
proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$.
e
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Magnetized Iron calorimeter(baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson)
B = 1 T = 15 m, L = 25 m
t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm
Fiducial mass = 100 kT
Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV
Baseline
3500 Km
732 Km 108
4 x 106
2 x 108
7.5 x 106
3.4 x 105
3 x 105
CC e CC signal (sin2 13=0.01)
Event rates for 1020 muon decays (<~1 year)
(J-PARC I SK = 40)
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
New analysis (Cervera) OLD: P> 5 GeV
NEW: L > Lhad + 75cm
(shown for three different purity levels down to << 10-4 )
old analysis
new analysis
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
supermodule
8 m
Target Trackers
Pb/Em. target
ECC emulsion analysis:
Vertex, decay kink e/ ID, multiple scattering, kinematics
Extract selected brick
Pb/Em. brick
8 cm Pb 1 mm
Basic “cell”
Emulsion
trigger and locate the neutrino interactions muon identification and momentum/charge measurement
Electronic detectors:
Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p
Link to muon ID,Candidate event
Spectrometer
p/p < 20%
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME
Observing the platinum channel
or the silver channel for more decay channels
requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector
immersed in a large magnetic volume
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
3rd International Scoping Study Meeting Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
14
1.2 Totally Active Scintillation Detector 1.2 Totally Active Scintillation Detector
turns
10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . 5Meuros.Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).
Problem: Periodic coil material every 15m:Increase length of solenoid along beam?
How thick?
Possible magnet schemes for TASD Camilleri, Bross
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
8
Cost Extrapolations for Baseline NF Detector ONE Magnet
Cost via stored energy Stored energy 340 MJ From Green and Lorant
C(M$) 0.5(340)0.66224M$
Cost via Magnetic Volume From Green and Lorant
C(M$) 0.4(.5 X 3400)0.63545M$
Reference Point –CMS Solenoid C(M$) 0.5(2700)0.66293M$ (Stored energy) C(M$) 0.4(4 X 370)0.63541M$ (Magnetic volume)
Most Optimistic Extrapolation Use stored energy and conclude formula overestimatesby factor
of 1.7 (93/54) based on CMS caseThen NF magnet extrapolated cost –14M$
Most Pessimistic Extrapolation Use magnetic volume and conclude formula underestimatesby a
factor of 1.3 (54/41) based on CMS caseThen NF magnet extrapolated cost –60M$
X 10 Magnets=140-600M$conventional SC magnet:
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Magnetized ECC structure
We have focused on the “target + spectrometer” optimization
Electronic det:e//µ separator
&“Time stamp”
Rohacell® plateemulsion films35 stainless steel plates
spectrometer
target
shower absorber4.5 cm, 2 X0
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
µ end electron momentum resolution: 3 gaps (3cm thick) and 0.5 T
For the electron only hits associated to the primary electrons u sed in the parabolic fit (Kalman not used)Given the non negligible energy loss in the target, the electron energy is taken downstream for the comparison of true against reconstructed
µ electron
FIRST CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD BE USED!
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
A revealing comparison:
A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds
-- GLOBES was used.
-- T2HK from LOI: 1000kt , 4MW beam power, 6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years neutrinos. systematic errors on background and signal: 5%.
-- The beta-beam 5.8 1018 He dk/year 2.2 1018 Ne dk/year (5 +5yrs) The Superbeam from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW.Same 500kton detectorSystematic errors on signal efficiency (or cross-sections) and bkgs are 2% or 5%.
--NUFACT 3.1 1020 + and 3.1 1020 + per year for 10 years 100 kton iron-scintillator at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km (e.g. INO). (old type!)The matter density errors of the two baselines (uncorrelated): 2 to 5% The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated.
all correlations, ambiguities, etc… taken into account
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
What do we learn?
1. Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases.
2. combination of BB+SB is really powerful.
3. for sin22below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone
4. for large values of systematic errors dominate. Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams.This is because we are at first maximum or above, CP asymmetry is small!
matter effect for NUFACT
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Errors in density
1.5%1.8%Oceanic 9000 km
1.7%2.0%Continental 9000 km
1.7%2.6%Oceanic 2500 km
2.9%4.7%Continental 2500 km
“best”“a priori”location length
Errors are ~2 sigma(errors not really Gaussian)
Recommendations
Avoid:
• Alps
• central Europe
• thick crust (e.g. Fenoscandia)
• Europe to Japan
Recommendations
Best profiles:
• Western Europe to Eastern US
• Atlantic Islands (Canaries, Maderia, Azores) to Portugal, western Spain, NW France, southern Ireland, western England
Such a study, in collaboration with geophysicistswill be needed for candidate LBL sites
ISS-3 at RAL Warner
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
-- Near detectors and flux instrumentation
-- flux and cross-section determinations -- other neutrino physics
a completely new, yet essential aspect of superbeam, beta-beam and neutrino factory
NO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHOULD BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY UNTIL THE NEAR DETECTOR CONCEPTS HAVE BEEN LAYED DOWN!
Soler, Sanchez tomorrow
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
near detector constraints for CP violation
= ACP sin2 solar term…
sinsin (m212 L/4E) sin sin P(e) - P(e)
P(e) + P(e)
Near detector gives e diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg
BUT: need to know and diff. cross-section* detection-eff
with small (relative) systematic errors.
knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required knowledge of flux!
interchange role of e and for superbeam
ex. beta-beam or nufact:
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
Bsig
need to know this:
sig
e
sig
sig
e
sig
/
/
experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background
and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*sig is measured in the near detector
this is not a totally trivial quantity as there is somethig particular in each of these cross-sections:
for instance the effects of muon mass as well as nuclear effects are different for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos
while e.g. pion threshold is different for muon and electron neutrinos
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
3.5 GeV SPL
beam
-- low proton energy: no Kaons e background is low--region below pion threshold (low bkg from pions)
but:low event rate and uncertainties on cross-sections
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
)(
)()(
)(
e
eDR
at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?)
Hope to improve results with e.g. monochromatic k-capture beam
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10-3
see NUFACT YELLOW REPORT
this was studied including
-- principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration-- principle design of angular divergence measurement-- radiative corrections to muon decay-- absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions (event number etc… considered)
this is true for
ee
e
e
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain BlondelInternational Scoping Study UC Irvine, 21 August 2006
18
5. Near Detector Beam Spectra5. Near Detector Beam Spectra
Near detector(s) are some distance (d~30-1000 m)
from the end of straight section of the muon storage ring.
Muons decay at different points of straight section: near detector issampling a different distribution of neutrinos to what is being seen by the far detector
storage ring
shielding
the leptonic detector
the charm and DIS detector
Polarimeter
Cherenkov d
Different far detector baselines:? 730 km, 20 m detector: ~30 rad
? 2500 km, 20 m detector: ~8 rad
? 7500 km: 20 m detector: ~3 rad
If decay straight is L=100m and
d =30 m, at 8 rad, lateral
displacement of neutrinos is
0.25-1.0mm to subtend same angle.
Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT
BCT
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
CONCLUSIONS -I
The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world.
A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined.
For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain. 1Mton~(0.5-1) G€
For medium energy (1-2 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
CONCLUSIONS II
For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a cost of <~200 M$ for the golden channel.
New analysis of low E muons should improve sensitivities.
An non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for tau detection can straightforwardly be added with a mass of >~5 kton
There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost are very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign determination up to 10 GeV has been demonstrated for MECC, and studies are ongoing for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector.
ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel
CONCLUSIONS III
Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements areabsolutely required. The precision measurements such as CP constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation.
For the super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented.
There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study.
NUFACT flux and cross sections should be calibrated with a precision of 10-3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy is unknown at this point)
Finally matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists.