Israel Institute for Advnaced Studies - Annual Report 2011-2012

ISRAEL INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES

ANNUALREPORT2011/2012

Academic Director: Eliezer RabinoviciAssociate Director: Lea PrawerAdministrative Sta!: Ofer Arbeli, Dalia Aviely,Smadar Bergman, Ronit Forer,Shani Freiman, Sarah Gabison,Hanoch Kalimian, Batia Matalov,

Efrat Shvily, Rachel Wiesen,Shoshana Yazdi, Livnat YehoshuaProduction Manager: Smadar BergmanEditor: Rachel WiesenDesign and Production: Zvi Orgad

Photographs: Ido AlgomOfer ArbeliYuval Back Smadar BergmanFlash 90Oren GrossHanoch Kalimian

Photo captions indicate people from left to right

Yuval Eylon, Sergio Tenenbaum and Ruth Weintraub

Table of ContentsDirector’s Report ........................................................................................................................... 4

Advanced Schools ......................................................................................................................... 12

IAS-ISF and IAS Conferences ............................................................................................... 18

Summer Institute .......................................................................................................................... 26

Summer School in Jewish Studies ........................................................................................ 27

Research Group Reunions ....................................................................................................... 28

Research Group Conferences ................................................................................................. 30

Additional Conferences ............................................................................................................. 32

Group Reports:

!e Migration of Criminal Law Principlesfrom National to International Law ................................................................................... 35

Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study ...................... 44

Bounded Rationality: Beyond the Classical Paradigm ................................ 52

Jewish Physicians in Medieval Christian Europe:Professional Knowledge as a Cultural Change ............................................ 60

Integrability and Gauge/String Duality ...................................................... 70

Molecular Electronics ................................................................................. 78

Israel Institute for Advanced Studies .......................................................... 88

Groups in Residence 2012/13 .................................................................... 90

Groups in Residence 2013/14 .................................................................... 91

Academic Calendar .................................................................................... 92

Director's Report

Peter Goddard and Eliezer Rabinovici

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Israel Institute For Advanced Studies - Annual Report 2011/2012

S even years have passed since I first entered the Institute as Director. It seems like yesterday and yet I need to accept that seven years is not

a short period to be responsible for an Institute. It is not just seven years of writing the Director's report; it is also a period in which processes can reach maturity.

In this report I will look at what happened last year through these spectacles. It will be my longest report.

When I assumed my position, the support for higher education in Israel was in the midst of undergoing an irresponsible series of cuts which presented a clear and present danger to its future. !ese dire circumstances increased the responsibility of the Institute to play an important role in fostering excellence in academic research. With this in mind we aimed to maintain the IAS as a home for the best qualified scientists and scholars. !is in turn required increased visibility, both nationally and internationally.

!e IAS, as one of the first institutes of advanced study, obtained recognition of its high level of academic performance when it was accepted into the SIAS Consortium of Institutes of Advanced Study, as I shared with you in 2007. !is year the annual meeting of SIAS directors took place at the IAS in Jerusalem. It was attended by the directors of Radcli"e IAS at Harvard University, IAS Princeton, Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin, National Humanities Center in North Carolina, NIAS-KNAW Wassenaar, CASBS at Stanford, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences at Uppsala, and the IAS in Jerusalem.

We discussed issues of common academic interest as well as o"ering our visitors a taste of local heritage and culture; from a tour of the Old City of Jerusalem guided by Professor Ronnie Ellenblum, to a late night performance of the opera Carmen at the foothills of Masada.

!e successful meeting was an a#rmation of the leading role of the IAS among institutes of advanced study. While the leading institutes of advanced study

continue to conduct their mission, many universities all over the planet are experimenting with founding university-based institutes. A forum in which the more mature institutes can share their knowledge and learn about the new initiatives are the UBIAS meetings. !e next one is scheduled to take place March 2013 at the IAS in Jerusalem.

I believe the IAS should play a key role in maintaining a meeting ground between the younger and the more mature Institutes. Joining consortiums of institutes of advanced study not only increases the international visibility of the IAS, but allows one to tap into the available European funding for research.

Joining the NetIAS network enabled us to enjoy extra financial support from the CoFund fellowship program led by Professor Olivier Bouin. !is year, for the first time, we have fellows supported by this fund, with secured funding for next year’s fellows as well.

!is experience has led to an additional benefit. !e CoFund has its own external referees, therefore providing quality control of our own decisions as to the choice of fellows, as well as an indication of the number of faculty worldwide who are interested in applying for a fellowship at the IAS.

We have hosted activities that merge our national and international goals. As a result of my visit to China, we held several joint Chinese - Israeli meetings. !ey ranged from a joint workshop on the nature of memory held with the IAS of Nanjing, through discussions about the common interests of China and Israel in a workshop on solid state physics (I am a particle physicist) which was organized by Assa Auerbach of the Technion, and Aharon Kapitulnik of Stanford University. !e meeting was attended by leading Israeli scientists (from Tel Aviv University, Ben-Gurion University, Weizmann Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Technion and !e Hebrew University) and prominent Chinese scientists (from Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Hong Kong

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University, Tsinghua University, Nanjing University, Fudan University and the University of Science and Technology of China). !e participants included Enge Wang, Rector of the University of Peking in Beijing.

!e IAS also hosted the third Indian-Israeli joint conference in string theory. We have discovered that almost all the younger leading Indian scholars in the field have attended the Physics Winter School at the IAS in the past, while the more senior scholars were lecturers at the same school. !ese meetings were intended to serve as incubators in which researchers from both countries would identify common interests. Some results have already been obtained.

!e IAS is also attracting national scientific delegations. Both Mariastella Gelmini, the Italian Minister of Education and Scientific Research, and Professor Fernando Ferroni, Director of Research at INFN (Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics) visited at the IAS, and !e Israeli Committee for High Energy Physics signed a collaboration agreement with the INFN at the IAS. One more manifestation of the Institute's role.

!e joint IAS-ISF meetings have continued, they are of a very high academic level and they help to introduce many hundreds of leading Israeli and international academics to the possibilities that the IAS o"ers.

In the same spirit I am happy to announce that the Michael Bruno Memorial Awards will now be the responsibility of the IAS, and in particular of its newly founded Board of Directors. !ese prizes are

sometimes referred to as the Israeli version of the MacArthur Fellows Awards. We are proud to be part of this tradition. In addition to awarding appropriate recognition to outstanding young (by some definition) researchers, it introduces them to IAS activities. In 2014 we expect to host two research groups that will be led by Bruno laureates who attended a Bruno laureates meeting which was held at the IAS. !e IAS will do its very best to be worthy of the trust given to us. !e same goes for the Rothschild Fellows Alumni Colloquium which was held this year at the IAS.

Another testament to the recognition of the IAS as a center of excellence is that this year we hosted a research group in Mathematical Physics, where both the principal investigators were from abroad. !is is a field of knowledge in which beautiful results are obtained, and it allowed young Israelis to be introduced to these fascinating developments by the leading scientists in the field. !e focus of the group was on a currently intensively-studied model in theoretical physics, which has been termed by some the “hydrogen atom of the 21st Century.”

!e IAS is a place to celebrate and nourish the mind, yet even the most brilliant mind still needs a body. !is year we have made major renovations to the physical premises. !e lecture hall itself is finally equal to the level of the lectures delivered there. !e seminar rooms have been renovated and interaction areas have been put in place. We should now refill them with scholarly divrei tora.

!is was only possible thanks to the generous, on any scale, and in particular in this day and age,

Peter Sarnak, Haym Soloveitchik, Roger Kornberg, Eliezer Rabinovici, Eric Maskin, David Gross, Lea Prawer, Kenneth Arrow

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contributions of both Yad Hanadiv and !e Hebrew University. I wish to thank Yad Hanadiv, Billy Shapira, Lea Prawer, the university’s Division for Construction and Infrastructure and many, many others for the wonderful work that was done.

For many years the Institute has derived its power from the ideas and proposals brought to it by hundreds of scholars. !e Institute's ability to peek beyond the horizon has been significantly enhanced by the formation, for the first time, of a Board of Directors. I wish to welcome and thank Peter Goddard (IAS Princeton), Shaul Shaked (!e Hebrew University), Barbara Grosz (Radcli"e IAS at Harvard), David Shulman (!e Hebrew University), Margalit Finkelberg (Tel Aviv University) and Hermona Soreq (!e Hebrew University) for agreeing to share their wisdom as well as their experience with the Institute.

!e appointment of this distinguished board and two academic evaluation committees concludes the implementation of the recommendations of the 2010 evaluation committee chaired by Professor Barbara Grosz.

I will now review most of the activities held this past year at the IAS.

Research GroupsLaw and philosophy signaled the start of our visiting

research groups. !e Migration of Criminal Law from National to International Law closely examined the development of criminal law principles and basic

notions in order to evaluate the process of migration of criminal law norms from national to international law. Organized by Miriam Gur-Arye (!e Hebrew University), the group attempted to provide a better understanding of the potential and shortcomings of international criminal law at the beginning of the 21st century, and serve as the basis for normative and institutional reform proposals. Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study, organized by Ruth Weintraub (Tel Aviv University), systematically studied the similarities and di"erences between practical and theoretical rationality, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the relationship between them and of the nature of reason in general.

Four additional research groups arrived at the Institute in March 2012. !e research group on Bounded Rationality: Beyond the Classical Paradigm was organized by Elchanan Ben-Porath (!e Hebrew University). !e goal of the research group was twofold; to develop theoretical models of decision making that take into account the cognitive limitations that are demonstrated in experimental and empirical research and to then use these models to examine the possible implications of bounded rationality on economic interactions. Jewish Physicians in Medieval Christian Europe: Professional Knowledge as a Cultural Change set out on a comprehensive inquiry into the catalytic role Jewish physicians played in the processes of change which Jewish cultures underwent in southern Europe during the Middle Ages. !e group studied how and what Jewish physicians contributed to the reception

Eliezer Rabinovici with a delegation from China

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and development of the rationalist, mainly Greco-Arabic culture, among the Jews of Southern France in particular and Christian Europe overall. !e organizers were Gad Freudenthal (CNRS, University of Geneva) and Reimund Leicht (!e Hebrew University).

Integrability and Gauge/String Duality focused on the exact solution of AdS/CFT type systems, which exhibit the phenomenon of gauge/string duality !e research group, organized by Romuald Janik (Jagiellonian University) and Matthias Staudacher (Humboldt University), was comprised of a complementary mix of European specialists in gauge/string theory integrability, and Israeli experts on the physics and mathematics of gauge and string theories. Molecular Electronics, a research group organized by Amnon Aharony (Ben-Gurion University) brought together physicists and chemists, experimentalists and theoreticians, as well as senior and young scientists, all aiming to understand existing experiments in this field, and to propose new experiments (possibly combining various experimental tools) and new technological devices, using combinations of various and experimental methods.

We continued our tradition of lunch talks to fellows, guests and sta" at the Institute, and outreach lectures to the public at large. !is year’s outreach lecture was Germany’s Trial against John Demjanjuk (2009-2011), !e Verdict and the Voices of the Victims. !e lecture, presented by Cornelius Nestler, took place February 2, 2012. Professor Nestler, who represented the children of Sobibor victims in the trial against John Demjanjuk, said "I wanted to use my professional knowledge for

something 'good,' ...Representing the victims was one of the most rewarding experiences of my life." !e lecture was organized as part of the research group on the Relations between International Criminal Law and Domestic Criminal Law.

Victor Rothschild Memorial Symposia: Advanced Schools

!e 19th Jerusalem School in Life Sciences, Molecular Medicine: Cancer Biology and !erapy, took place September 11 – 16, 2011. !e School was led by Director Roger Kornberg (Stanford University School of Medicine, Nobel laureate 2006), and Codirectors David Engelberg (!e Hebrew University), Yossi Orly (!e Hebrew University) and Yosef Yarden (Weizmann Institute of Science).

Current Trends in Particle Physics and Cosmology was the focus of the 29th Jerusalem Winter School in !eoretical Physics. It was held December 27, 2011 – January 5, 2012. !e General Director was David Gross (KITP, UC Santa Barbara, Nobel laureate 2004) together with Director Eliezer Rabinovici (!e Hebrew University).

In June of this year the IAS hosted two Advanced Schools. !e 16th Midrasha Mathematicae, on Words and Growth, was directed by Peter Sarnak (IAS Princeton) and Aner Shalev (!e Hebrew University). It took place June 10 – 15, 2012. !e 23rd Jerusalem School in Economic !eory was held June 18 – 27, 2012. !e topic was Intertemporal Public Economics, and the School Directors were Eric Maskin (Harvard

Sergio Bertolucci, CERN Research Director with Eliezer Rabinovici

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University, Nobel laureate 2007) and Eyal Winter (!e Hebrew University).

!e fifth and final School was the 20th Jerusalem School in Life Sciences. Taking place July 22 – 26, 2012, Roger Kornberg (Stanford University School of Medicine) and Yossi Gruenbaum (!e Hebrew University) were the School Directors. !e topic was Nuclear Organization, Dynamics and Activity.

Jointly SponsoredIAS-ISF Conferences

ICAZ FRWG 16th Meeting: Fish and Fishing: Archaeological, Anthropological, Taphonomical and Ecological Perspectives organized by Naama Goren-Inbar, Irit Zohar and Rivka Rabinovich (!e Hebrew University)

On !e Move: !e Middle East and the “First Modern Globalization” (1880-1940) organized by Liat Kozma (!e Hebrew University), Avner Wishnitzer (!e Hebrew University), Johann Büssow (University of Halle) and Valeska Huber (German Historical Institute of London)

!e !ird Indian-Israeli International Meeting on String !eory – Holography and its Applications organized by Ofer Aharony (Weizmann Institute of Science), and Jacob Sonnenschein (Tel Aviv University)

Models and Methods for Analysis of Lymphocyte Repertoire Generation, Development, Selection and Evolution – 2 organized by Ramit Mehr (Bar-Ilan University)

Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China organized by Yuri Pines (!e Hebrew University)

Personality in Israel: Research Workshop on the Implications of Personality on Employee Relations and Organizational Processes and Outcomes organized by Shaul Oreg (!e Hebrew University), Yair Berson (University of Haifa) and Lilach Sagiv (!e Hebrew University)

Sacrifice and Death in Modern Islam: History, Ethos and Politics organized by Meir Hatina (!e Hebrew University) and Meir Litvak (Tel Aviv University)

On the Syntax and Semantics of Resumptive Pro-nouns organized by Ivy Sichel and Luka Crni$ (!e Hebrew University)

Molecular Electronics in Jerusalem, International Meeting organized by Amnon Aharony (Ben-Gurion University), David Cahen (Weizmann Institute of Science),Yoseph Imry (Weizmann Institute of Science), Abraham Nizan (Tel Aviv University) and Oren Tal (Weizmann Institute of Science)

IAS Conferences!e First China-Israel Meeting on Strongly Correlated

Electron Matter organized by Assa Auerbach (Technion – Israel Institute of Technology) and Aharon Kapitulnik (Stanford University)

Modern Arab Literatures in Hebrew organized by Hanan Hever and Omri Grinberg (both of !e Hebrew University)

Collective Memory organized by Vered Vinitsky-Seroussi (!e Hebrew University)

From J"hiliyya to Islam organized by Yohanan Friedmann, Ella Landau-Tasseron and Shaul Shaked (!e Hebrew University)

Research Group ReunionsMedieval Hebrew Terminology in the Making

organized by Resianne Fontaine (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and Gad Freudenthal (CNRS, University of Geneva)

Encountering Scripture in Overlapping Cultures: Early Jewish, Christian and Muslim Strategies of Reading and their Contemporary Implications organized by Meir Bar-Asher (!e Hebrew University) and Mordechai Cohen (Yeshiva University)

Personal and Institutional Religion: Christian !ought and Practice from the Fifth to the Eighth Century organized by Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony (!e Hebrew University) in collaboration with the Center for the Study of Christianity at !e Hebrew University

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Research Group Conferences!e Migration of Criminal Law Principles from

National to International Law organized by Miriam Gur-Arye (!e Hebrew University)

Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study organized by Ruth Weintraub (Tel Aviv University)

Integrability in Gauge and String !eory: Spectrum, Correlation Functions and Amplitudes organized by Romuald Janik (Jagiellonian University) and Matthias Staudacher (Humboldt University)

Bounded Rationality organized by Elchanan Ben-Porath (!e Hebrew University)

Summer Institute!e Political, Social and Intellectual History of the

Mamluk and Mongol Empires: A Comparative Perspective convened by Reuven Amitai (!e Hebrew University) and Sabine Schmidtke (Freie Universität, Berlin) and coordinated by Leigh Chipman (!e Hebrew University)

Advanced Summer School in Jewish StudiesMingled Identities: Rethinking the Notion of Identity

in Jewish Culture directed by Israel Yuval (!e Hebrew University) and David Ruderman (University of Pennsylvania)

Additional ConferencesRothschild Fellows Alumni Colloquium organized by

Yad HanadivSIAS Conference organized by Eliezer Rabinovici and

Lea Prawer (!e Hebrew University)

IAS Advanced Schools Directors Meeting organized by Eliezer Rabinovici and Lea Prawer (!e Hebrew University)

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Seven years at the Institute has transmuted many of the collegial interactions into personal ones, so I will end on a personal note.

!e Institute’s scientific value is determined by its fellows, conferences and advanced schools. However, this is all held together by a rather small group (fellows/sta" ratio at the IAS is the lowest, for example, among all SIAS members) of very dedicated workers.

!is community acts in a way like a family – mostly functional – and we have passed together through the trials of death, illness, divorce and internal disagreements. We have also celebrated Bar Mitzvahs, weddings, and the birth of children and grandchildren. We have shared the many words of kindness showered on the Institute by most of the fellows who have been at the Institute, as well as the displeasure and harsh critique of others. In most cases we deserved both.

I wish to express my deepest appreciation to each of the administrative sta" members I had the honor to work with; to the two associate directors – the late Pnina Feldman and tibadel lechaim arrukim Lea Prawer. Both have done an outstanding job. !eir di"erent administrative styles have each served as a shining example of how to run a lively academic

SIAS directors at the IAS

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center. To my assistants Shani, Efrat and Livnat, who tolerated my many demands with dignity – it was a pleasure to work with you, Batia for always being there to help, Smadar for the beautiful artistic touch she brings to every poster – I simply love her work, Dalia for her dedication, Hanoch for his help, Ofer for his never-ending help in time and place – I have no words to express my gratitude, Rachel for challenging and improving my writing again and again, Sarah for keeping our finances right, Ronit for being the giant on whose shoulders all the schools and conferences stood, and last but not least Shoshana, for feeding me and us for years. Each of you has given me immeasurable help.

I wish to thank Menachem Magidor, Menahem Ben-Sasson and Ariel Weiss for the trust they placed in me and Asher Ragen for his always extended arm to help when needed.

Professor Beni Kedar for being my tutor for years.I wish to thank all the members of the academic

committees, past and present that I had the honor to work with during my tenure, from those with whom I have spent a full seven years of meetings and frank exchange of opinions to those who have recently joined. Some of them were recalled for reserve duty at the committee meeting during 2012 and they rose to the occasion. !ank you to Joanna Aizenberg, Ruth Arnon, Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Margalit Finkelberg, William Chester Jordan, Yosef Kaplan, David Kazhdan, Ada

Rapoport-Albert, Sara Stroumsa, Menahem Yaari and Oded Yarden.

I also wish to thank the Advanced School Directors – Kenneth Arrow, David Gross, Roger Kornberg, Eric Maskin, Bert Sakmann, Peter Sarnak, Guy Stroumsa and Haym Soloveitchik – who, with their dedication agreed to form a band of brothers to help the Institute, pushing us to higher levels of achievement, and inspired us all.

!e recognition of the cardinal importance of curiosity-driven research has been partly restored in the last couple of years. I hope this trend is stable and the IAS can continue to serve as an oasis for the best of scholars. Institutes of Advanced Study in general provide a rather conservative arena in which the fellows themselves bring about innovations and breakthroughs. !is framework should be constantly examined, keeping its merits in mind.

A major challenge, in addition to the obvious ones, is to secure a substantial endowment for the Institute and thus ensure, as much as possible, that it can continue to play a pivotal role in Israel and internationally.

I will dearly miss the Institute and its sta". I am happy that the Institute is now is the hands of its new Roshat Machon, Professor Michal Linial. I can already see how her enormous energy has turned into a mass of actual improvements for the IAS. I wish her success and also pleasure in her position. I look forward to watching her vision unfold as the Institute continues to evolve.

Advanced Schools

Roger Kornberg at the School in Life Sciences

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T he 19th Jerusalem School in Life Sciences took place September 11 – 16, 2011. The topic of the School was Molecular Medicine: Cancer

Biology and Therapy. The School director was Roger Kornberg (Stanford University School of Medicine, Nobel laureate in Chemistry 2006), assisted by codirectors David Engleberg (The Hebrew University), Yossi Orly (The Hebrew University) and Yosef Yarden (Weizmann Institute of Science).

Dramatic progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer has significantly improved our capabilities in treating some types of cancer, as well as the ability to a"ord a longer life to patients dealing with these types of cancer. Yet, for many other cancers, intensive and exhaustive research is still required, because the basis of the disease is not yet understood, making these types of cancer the number one killers in Israel.

!e focus of the School presentations and discussions was concentrated both on the major progress achieved to date, as well as the many challenges still facing researchers and physicians. Various treatment strategies were explored, together with attempting to understand and locate the path to developing new anti-cancer drugs. We also attempted to shed light on why we can understand and treat some cancers, but are still quite confused and limited in our progress in understanding others. !e question we pursued was – what makes some cancers more complex and more sophisticated to fight than others.

Lecturers at the School were world leaders in cancer research and cancer treatment, including Ron Levy (Head of the Oncology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine) and Larry Norton (Harvard Medical School). More than 200 students, both M. Sc. and Ph. D. students, attended the lectures.

!e progress to date in cancer research and therapy is reflected in the title we chose for the School. Given our advances in recent years to fight and even cure some types of cancer, we dared adding the words "cancer therapy"

to it. Indeed, the School was unusual in the sense that it was not simply a formal school with lecturers and students in a classic teaching environment, but also a learning experience which created an environment for the dynamic exchange of views and ideas between experienced investigators and physicians and the young students taking their beginning steps in their careers.

!e integrative character of the School was also unusual. Naturally, many of the 28 lectures were provided by oncologists and cancer researchers, but there were also presentations given by mathematicians, computer scientists, chemists and pharmacologists, reflecting the broad and diverse e"orts devoted to this subject from many di"erent disciplines and directions.

Some of the School’s activities were devoted to marking the achievements of Alexander Levitzki (!e Hebrew University). Professor Levitzki was awarded the Israel Prize in life sciences in 1990, and in 2005 he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine for pioneering signal transduction therapy and for developing tyrosine kinase inhibitors as e"ective agents against cancer and a range of other diseases. Professor Levitzki, a former director of the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, is considered to be a pioneer in the development of anti-cancer drugs and in revealing critical aspects in the biochemical basis of the disease. Many of the lecturers in this year’s Advanced School were colleagues and former students of Professor Levitzki, who together with him have advanced our understanding of the disease and our abilities to fight it.

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Current Trends in Particle Physics and Cosmology was the focus of the 29th Jerusalem Winter School in !eoretical Physics. Directed by David Gross (Nobel laureate 2004, KITP, UCSB) and Eliezer Rabinovici (!e Hebrew University), the School took place December 27, 2011 – January 5, 2012.

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!e School experience was distinctive and memo-rable. For the first time in many years the discovery of a new particle was imminent. !ree years ago, at the Jerusalem Winter School in !eoretical Physics, Fabiola Giannoti (CERN), the spokesperson of the Atlas Ex-periment, presented the road map for how the Large Hadron Collider planned to trap new particles in its giant detectors

!is year Maria Spiropulu (CERN and Caltech) from CMS described how the experimentalists have found strong evidence for a new particle at a Mass of around 126 Gev. A few months after the School ended, Giannoti confirmed the discovery. Eilam Gross (Weizmann Institute of Science) de-scribed in detail the methods developed by theorists that made it possible to find the particle in a large haystack of events. All evidence points to the fact that the particle found is indeed the one which en-forces the BEH (Brout-Englert-Higgs) method for mass generation for the carriers of the weak forces.For several years a large amount of data has been col-lected and presented from experiments in cosmology. Viatcheslav Mukhanov (Ludwig-Maximilians-Univer-sität München) reviewed the standard theory of cos-mology which emerged with the data.

!e confirmation of a BEH scalar is an enormous experimental achievement, yet theorists also crave new particles which at this stage are just figments of their thoughts. Michael Dine (UCSC) described the world of superparticles which could (or could not) be waiting around the corner.

While this was the year of the experimentalists, some amazing and unexpected theoretical results emerged as well.

Zvi Bern (UCLA) and Nima Arkani-Hamed (IAS Princeton) described the immense simplifications discovered in what used to be thought of as highly complicated theories with and without gravity. !ey also wondered about the following question; what is the symmetry hiding behind this apparent simplicity of scattering amplitudes?

Zohar Komargodski (IAS Princeton and Weizmann Institute) reviewed recent results and proofs which shed light on what the degrees of freedom are in both weakly and strongly coupled field theories. He described a proof by Adam Schwimmer (Weizmann Institute) and himself, a proof which they found after several decades in which it had evaded many researchers. !e proof explains how the number of degrees of freedom changes as they are measured at di"erent scales.

Nikita Nekrasov (IHES and Stony Brook) described beautiful mathematical structures revealed in various supersymmetric theories. In the future, nature will let us know if it appreciates and endorses them.

Erik Verlinde (University of Amsterdam) outlined his pioneering ideas on how gravity is emergent. His original line of thought exposed the students attending the School to how new paradigms may look as they evolve.

Eliezer Rabinovici (!e Hebrew University) described new insights gained in understanding how classical gravitational singularities may be resolved in string

David Gross at !e Albert Einstein Archives

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theory, as well as on some information loss issues in the presence of black holes.

As the lecture hall of the IAS was undergoing renovation when the School was in session, the lectures were held at another venue on the Givat Ram campus. Participants recall the struggle between the modern means of presentation and the need for blackboards. !e blackboards barely won.

!e school was attended by 82 students, with 38 of them coming from universities outside of Israel.

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!e 16th Midrasha Mathematicae on Words and Growth was held on June 10-15 2012, under the direction of Peter Sarnak (IAS Princeton) and Aner Shalev (!e Hebrew University).

It focused on recent significant developments in Group !eory and related areas.

Number theory has always fascinated mathematicians, and has vast implications in mathematics, computer science and communication. In a way, roots of the work presented in this School come from Additive Number theory. Lagrange showed that every positive integer is a sum of 4 squares, and Waring conjectured a similar result with 9 cubes, 19 fourth powers, etc. In 1909 Hilbert showed that every positive integer is a sum of g(n) nth powers.

Recently non-commutative analogs of this phenom-enon were discovered in group theory, where powers are replaced by general words, namely (non-trivial) elements

of free groups. Group words occur naturally in impor-tant mathematical contexts, such as Burnside problems, combinatorial group theory, Serre's problem on profinite groups and finite simple group theory.

Many talks given at the school (by Avni, Larsen, Liebeck, Lubotzky, Nikolov, O'Brien, Puder, Schul, Segal, Shalev and Zelmanov) focused on word maps of groups, their images and their distribution, with emphasis on finite simple groups, linear groups and profinite groups. Ring theoretic analogues were also described (by Plotkin).

Another major topic of the School was that of growth in groups and approximate groups. Gromov's celebrated theorem on groups with polynomial growth and extensions of it were discussed by several speakers (Breuillard, Grigorchuk, Hrushovski, Mann). !e notion of words is again central here, as one counts the number of words of given length in a group. !e more recent topic of representation growth was also discussed by Tiep.

!e fascinating theory of approximate subgroups with its remarkable developments was the content of several lectures. Again the roots of this theory lie in Additive Number !eory, namely Freiman's !eorem on sets with small doubling, and important non-commutative analogues were recently obtained. Breuillard and Pyber described general structure theorems, while Freiman and Herzog dealt with ordered groups, and Hrushovski with extensions to approximate equivalence relations.

Various aspects of Cayley graphs, such as expanders, diameters and girth, were presented (by Gamburd, Gu-ralnick, Lindenstrauss, Linial, Roichman, Seress, Varju).

Partha Dasgupta, Kenneth Arrow and Menahem Yaari

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On the whole it was a successful interdisciplinary School, bringing its participants to state of the art results. !ere were around 30 speakers, 40 additional registered participants (graduate students, postdocs and researchers) from all over the world, as well as many local mathematicians who attended various talks.

!e lectures were recorded, posted on YouTube, and were viewed by many others around the world. !e School also inspired new mathematical works, which is another indication of its success.

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!e 23rd Jerusalem Summer School in Economic !eory took pace June 18 – 27, 2012. Eric Maskin (Nobel laureate 2007, Harvard University) directed the School together with Eyal Winter (!e Hebrew University). !e topic was Intertemporal Public Economics.

A distinguished roster of lecturers addressed the School participants, with Partha Dasgupta (University of Cambridge), Emmanuel Farhi (Harvard University), Roger Guesnerie (Paris School of Economics), Ilya Segal (Stanford University), Eytan Sheshinski (!e Hebrew University) and Aleh Tsyvinski (Yale University) raising the pertinent issues of the day.

Some of the most interesting and challenging issues in public economics are inherently dynamic in nature: Should we tax capital and, if so, how much? At what rate should we discount the costs and benefits of future public goods? How can we ensure a viable social security system? What can we do to mitigate and adapt to the e"ects of climate change? All these questions – and many others – were addressed in the course of the Summer School.

!e lectures covered a variety of issues, including Taxation, Social Security, Retirement and Multi-

Generational Accounting. We were honored to have Partha Dasgupta present the 2012 Arrow Lecture, speaking about Sustainable Development and the Drivers of Personal Consumption.

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!e 20th Jerusalem School in Life Sciences took place July 22 – 26, 2012. !e focus of the School was Nuclear Organization, Dynamics and Activity. !e School was directed by Roger Kornberg (Nobel laureate 2006, Stanford University School of Medicine), together with codirector Yosef Gruenbaum (!e Hebrew University).

Chromatin structure, organization and dynamics underlie every aspect of genome function. Over the past few years, the combined use of novel imaging tools with structural, cell biological, biochemical, genetic and genomic analyses have led to major progress in our understanding of the relationships between chromatin structure and dynamics and its functions in replication, transcription and mitosis. Importantly, the progress in basic research in this field also finds increasing application in human medicine.

!e aim of the Advanced School was to bring together leading scientists, Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows working on chromatin structure, dynamics and functions. We established an informal and intimate atmosphere for the 25 speakers and 130 graduate and post-doctorate students, ~30 of whom came from abroad. !e poster presentations by students and postdoctoral fellows complemented the talks from the leading researchers in these areas. !e success of the School was partially due to the generous contributions of COST NANONET, the Israel Science Foundation and the Janine and Ueli Aebi Foundation.

Students at the Summer School in Economic !eory

IAS-ISF andIAS Conferences

Adi Stern at the Strongly Correlated Electron Matter Conference

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total of twenty conferences were held this year at the IAS. Nine of the conferences were jointly hosted with the Israel Science Foundation.

!e first conference, ICAZ FRWG 16th Meeting: Fish and Fishing: Archaeological, Anthropological, Taphonomical and Ecological Perspectives, took place October 23-27, 2012. !e organizers were Naama Goren-Inbar, Irit Zohar and Rivka Rabinovich (all of !e Hebrew University). !is was the first archaeozoological meeting ever held in Israel.

Surrounded by diverse aquatic habitats, coastal and inland archaeological sites dating from the Lower Palaeolithic, Israel presents an ideal place for a thorough discussion on the role of fish and aquatic habitats in human evolution and fish based economies. !e meeting drew together a diverse group of sixty-four scholars from twenty-four countries, with training in archaeology, zoology, palaeontology, geology, history, and anthropology. A total of forty oral presentations and a session with twelve posters were of great interest to the conference participants. A special session was dedicated to the memory of Prof. Oscar Polaco, from Mexico, who passed away in October 2009.

!e topic of fish exploitation, fishing and seafaring along the Mediterranean Sea included a visit to Mount Carmel caves and an ichthyological workshop, by Dr. Dani Golani. !is allowed the participants to collect fish for their reference collections. !e Red Sea ichthyofauna was explored by a visit to the Dolphin Reef and the Underwater Marine Parkin Eilat.

!e goals for this meeting were achieved as the organizers encouraged rich and productive formal and informal dialogues among the participants and across disciplines; students were exposed to new advances in the study of fish remains; the fidelity of research methods used was discussed and, above all, the interactions throughout the conference were lively, engaged, and productive.

Conferences like these, that include both formal and informal interactions, are the ones that organizers and participants treasure and remember. !e success of this conference was in no small part thanks to the financial help received from !e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Israel Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) at !e Hebrew University, the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), and the Wenner-Gren Foundation.

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On the Move: !e Middle East and the "First Modern Globalization" took place January 16-19, 2012. !e conference organizers were Liat Kozma (!e Hebrew University), Avner Wishnitzer (!e Hebrew University), Johann Büssow (University of Halle) and Valeska Huber (German Historical Institute of London).

!e later decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth century witnessed major economic, political, social and cultural transformations that are often referred to as "the first era of modern globalization." !e conference held at the IAS was an attempt to place the Middle East within these wider processes through one specific perspective – that of movement. Across the globe, unprecedented movements of people, commodities, and ideas radically changed every aspect of life. Commercial patterns and warfare, urban space and religious life, eating manners and family relations, leisure culture and house interiors, immigration and education; nothing was left untouched. !is seemingly uncontrolled movement dialectically brought about e"orts to inhibit, or at least to limit the flow of this transit. As humans and objects began to circulate more freely, local and colonial governments sought to channel, contain, and control these movements more e"ectively. !e destabilizing movement and the e"orts to contain it were not limited to the political sphere. !e flux of the first globalization threatened to sweep entrenched concepts and systems

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of ideas and thus generated anxieties at least as much as it brought about new hopes. !erefore, in the cultural realm too, intensified movement necessitated the formulation of new conceptual tools that would o"er a measure of order, stability, and security.

!e conference featured seventeen papers and eight poster presentations by participants from Turkey, Israel, the United States, Britain, Italy, Canada, Germany and Switzerland. !e poster presentations were meant to add a visual dimension to the discussions, and o"ered a unique stage for both Israeli and international graduate students to present their preliminary findings. An additional angle on the main theme of the conference was o"ered through a walking tour in Jerusalem, which focused on the ways that early globalization a"ected Jerusalem's cityscape during the later decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth.

Immediately after the successful conclusion of the conference, the organizing committee began working on an edited volume featuring the most important papers presented at the conference, to be published in a leading academic press in Europe or the United States.

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!e !ird Indian-Israeli International Meeting on String !eory - Holography and its Applications took place February 1 - 8, 2012. !e organizers were Ofer Aharony (Weizmann Institute of Science) and Jacob Sonnenschein (Tel Aviv University), as well as Justin David (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore), Shiraz Minwalla (TIFR, India), and Spenta Wadia (TIFR, India).

!is was the third installment in a series of conferences bringing together the Israeli and Indian communities working on theoretical high-energy physics, after the first one took place at the Dead Sea in 2006, and the second one at the Kanha tiger reserve, India, in 2009.

India and Israel both have strong researchers in theoretical high-energy physics, which share similar interests and are both somewhat distant from the other centers in the field, so it is natural to bring these two communities together. As in the previous conferences in this series, the conference included five 2-hour review talks in which topics of wide current interest were reviewed. In addition, all the participants gave regular seminars of 40 minutes, and there were short 10-minute talks by Israeli students and post-docs.

!e conference also included several discussion sessions, to share opinions on what are the interesting open problems in the field. !e themes of the conference were quite wide, involving various topics in quantum field theory (the theoretical basis for particle physics), string theory (the leading candidate for a theory unifying quantum physics with gravitational physics) and black hole physics.

Particular topics that were reviewed and discussed in detail were the latest results from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and how they are related to theoretical developments; the relation between generalizations of gravity involving higher spin fields and quantum field theories; the applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to condensed matter physics and to describing quark-gluon plasma; and the counting of microstates of black holes. !e social program of the conference included a dinner at Abu Ghosh, a tour of the Old City of Jerusalem, and a bus tour of Ja"a, Caesarea and Haifa.

!e discussions at the conference have already contributed to the study of field theories with approximate high-spin symmetries – three coordinated papers on this topic were recently submitted by researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science and from India. Research work is still continuing on many other topics presented and discussed at the conference.

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!e IAS-ISF conference, Models and Methods for Analysis of Lymphocyte Repertoire Generation, Development, Selection and Evolution – 2, took place February 19 – 23, 2012. !e organizer was Ramit Mehr (Bar-Ilan University).

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that take part in the immune response. !e three major types of lymphocytes are T, B and NK cells. Each of these populations exhibits a large diversity of phenotypes and functions, and is thus referred to as a "repertoire." Studying the generation, development, selection and function of lymphocyte repertoires is essential for understanding immune responses in healthy individuals and in immune deficient, autoimmune disease or cancer patients. !e recent development of high-throughput methods for data collection enables us now, for the first time, to analyze and compare large samples of lymphocyte repertoires in health, aging and disease. !e increasing amount of data however, challenges the immunological community to develop new tools and methods for organizing the data and extracting meaningful information. Furthermore, the need to test hypotheses regarding immune function, and generate predictions regarding the outcomes of medical treatments and vaccines, necessitates the development of complex mathematical and computational models. !ese models cover processes on multiple scales, from the genetic and molecular to the cellular and system scales.

!e conference was a multidisciplinary meeting of clinicians, experimentalists, mathematicians and computational biologists. !e various topics discussed included, among others: the dynamics of lymphocyte migration between di"erent tissues, the dynamics of lymphocyte repertoire activation during viral or bacterial infections (such as infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV), and various methods for the analysis of lymphocyte repertoire diversity.

!e talks given during the conference emphasized that, on the one hand, we are only beginning to understand the forces which direct the immune

response – from the geography of the system as a whole to the selection of individual lymphocyte clones. On the other hand, based on the tremendous progress over the last few years, we are already able to conceive and test medical interventions, "in order to restore self-tolerance in autoimmunity, remodel the repertoire to accommodate neo-self antigens introduced through transplantation and gene therapy, or expand repertoire diversity to reveal novel, therapeutically useful specificities" (quoting participant Prof. Michael Cancro from the University of Pennsylvania). !e enthusiasm of the participants was expressed in the many letters received following the conclusion of conference, which was described as "informative and interesting." Another participant wrote, "It was a great workshop, there was a really good mix of familiar faces and new investigators and the standard of talks was superb. I had a very enjoyable and productive week."

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!e conference on Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China was organized by Yuri Pines (!e Hebrew University) and Paul Goldin (University of Pennsylvania), and took place May 1 – 6, 2012.

Early Chinese intellectual history is dominated by political argumentation. Questions such as the nature of the monarch's authority, proper relations between an intellectual and the throne, state-society relations and the like stand at the center of a vast majority of texts produced before and in the immediate aftermath of the imperial unification of 221 BCE. Yet while this overt political orientation of early Chinese thought is widely recognized, the majority of studies in the West in recent decades have tended to discuss China's intellectual history from a philosophical angle while paying much less attention to their political content. !is tendency has impeded our understanding of many pivotal issues in the history of Chinese thought.

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To amend this situation, we gathered twenty leading scholars of early China (and a few colleagues dealing with other major civilizations who brought in a comparative perspective). Scholars from China, Europe, Israel and the US, experts in philosophy and literature, paleography and history, linguistics and political thought, brought forth their novel understanding of Chinese texts to address anew fundamental issues in China’s early ideological history.

Five days of intensive discussions yielded a series of excellent papers, some of which will be published in the near future. !e conference was hugely successful inasmuch as it required leading scholars in the field to rethink fundamental issues concerning the nature of early Chinese texts. It was also a significant contribution toward bridging the di"erences between Western and Chinese academies in one of the crucial fields of common interest.

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!e conference on Personality in Israel: Research Workshop on the Implications of Personality on Employee Relations and Organizational Processes and Outcomes, was held May 29 – 31, 2012. !e conference organizers were Shaul Oreg (!e Hebrew University), Yair Berson (University of Haifa) and Lilach Sagiv (!e Hebrew University).

!e research conference – the implications of personality for employee reactions and organizational processes and outcomes – was designed to develop a community of researchers in the field of personality at work. !e conference included six sessions, with a total of 21 presentations. Participants were twenty researchers and five PhD students in the field of organizational behavior, with a focus on personality research. Seven of the researchers were leading scholars from the United States.

Each of the presentations in the conference covered a di"erent aspect within the conference’s theme, name-ly, aspects of how organization members’ personality

manifests itself through their attitudes and behaviors at work. Sessions included discussions of research address-ing the nature and measurement of personality, linking personality and leadership, and presentations of work on how people’s personality influences their interper-sonal interactions at work. !roughout the three days of the conference participants were engaged in in-depth discussions of the research covered, and familiarized themselves with one another’s fields of expertise.

!anks to the conference, several research connections have been made between the Israeli and US researchers, and our plan is to maintain this research community through additional workshops and conferences in the future.

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!e conference on Sacrifice and Death in Modern Islam: History, Ethos and Politics, took place June 11 – 13, 2012. !e organizers were Meir Hatina (!e Hebrew University) and Meir Litvak (Tel Aviv University).

Over the past several years, the concept of jihad in modern Islamic discourse has captured the lion’s share of interest and attention in the research literature, with barely any deliberation on the theme of sacrifice and death. Scholars who did address this issue focused mainly on "suicide" attacks, a new phenomenon of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. !e three-day conference aimed at filling this gap in the extant literature on the evolving notion of martyrdom in modern Islam. It o"ered a thematic and comparative discussion, reflected also in the composition of the participants, and highlighted the a#nity between history, ethos and politics. Among the issues discussed were martyrdom and social networks, martyrdom and gender relations, violence and ethics, and historical memory and commemoration.

!e conference explored the following three dimensions: a historical framework linking the

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classical and middle periods to the modern era, thereby allowing us to trace patterns of continuity and change; an integrative discussion of cross-sectional themes, ideological trends and geographic spaces extending as far as Chechnya, Pakistan and Indonesia; and a comparative perspective of Shi‘a and Sunna. In intertwining these three dimensions – historic, integrative and comparative – the conference made a distinctive contribution to an understanding of Islamic martyrdom, and its proceedings are scheduled to be published in the near future.

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!e conference On the Syntax and Semantics of Resumptive Pronouns, Celebrating 30 years to the paper by Edit Doron, took place at the IAS July 2 – 4, 2012. !e conference organizers were Ivy Sichel and Luka Crni$ (the Linguistics Department and the Language Logic and Cognition Center at !e Hebrew University).

!e research on resumptive pronouns has seen many interesting developments since Edit Doron’s pioneering paper on resumptive pronouns in Hebrew in the early eighties. Resumptive pronouns are those pronouns which occur in relative clauses in many languages, including Hebrew, as in, for example, "ha-ish she-pagashti oto" (= "the man who I met him," which in English, of course, would be rendered without "him," the resumptive pronoun). !e paper by Edit Doron was the first study to point out that these pronouns can a"ect meaning, an idea which was further developed by

subsequent studies on pronouns in Hebrew and in other languages. At the same time, there have been a number of key developments in the fields of Syntax and Semantics which are directly relevant to our understanding of the grammar and interpretation of resumptive pronouns. !e goal of our conference was therefore to examine how the accumulating empirical findings on the interpretation of resumptive pronouns could be integrated into contemporary theoretical frameworks.

!e workshop was a unique opportunity to bring together linguists from all over the world who are engaged in related questions in di"erent languages, and from di"erent perspectives. !ere were lectures on resumptive pronouns in Hebrew, English, Jordanian Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Swiss German, Welsh, Turkish, Greek, Italian, and French. Lectures devoted to the Syntax and Semantics of the pronouns were complemented by lectures about the development and acquisition of pronouns by children, the online processing of resumptive pronouns, and the encoding of knowledge about resumptive pronouns in the brain, providing a broad context for discussion.

To facilitate interaction between the junior and senior researchers, the conference included poster presentations given by graduate students from Israel and abroad. Another special feature of the conference, in addition to presentations and lectures, was a commentary lecture which followed each talk, and this too provided additional perspectives and opportunities for interaction.

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Syntax and Semantics Conference

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Molecular Electronics in Jerusalem 2012 – International Conference took place at the IAS July 16 – 20, 2012. !e conference organizers were Amnon Aharony (Ben-Gurion University), David Cahen (Weizmann Institute of Science), Yoseph Imry (Weizmann Institute of Science), Abraham Nitzan (Tel Aviv University) and Oren Tal (Weizmann Institute of Science).

!e conference brought together approximately one hundred leading international scientists from di"erent disciplines, such as physics chemistry and electrical engineering. !e scientists discussed the latest advances in the field of molecular electronics, with a special focus on electronic transport across individual molecules. !e conference included thirty-six lectures presented by the invited scientists. Special attention was given to promoting an exchange of knowledge and fostering new collaborations by having three poster sessions, as well as leisurely breaks in a co"ee lounge following some of the lectures.

We received a significant amount of positive feedback from the participants during and following the conference, regarding the scope and quality of the lectures and an atmosphere that encouraged the exchange of new ideas. !e conference was generously funded by the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, the Israel Science Foundation, the Albert Einstein Minerva Center for !eoretical Physics, the Gerhardt M.J. Schmidt Minerva Center on Supramolecular Architecture, and the Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Nanoscale Science.

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Four IAS Conferences took place this year.

!e First China-Israel Meeting on Strongly Correlated Electron Matter, organized by Assa Auerbach (Technion – Israel Institute of Technology) and Aharon Kapitulnick (Stanford University), took place November 16-19, 2011.

!e rapidly developing fields of topological insulators and unconventional superconductivity were used as an opportunity to bring together Chinese and Israeli physicists for the first time. !e participants had previously met in person only in Europe and the US. One of the conference goals was to initiate direct contact and inspire future collaborations.

Many of the speakers were young and active researchers who are internationally recognized as the driving forces in their disciplines. !e Chinese delegation was composed of researchers from the most prominent institutions in China including !e Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Tsinghua University, !e University of Hong Kong, Nanjing University and Fudan University. !e Director of IOP, and Provost of Peking University, reported on the massive Chinese thrust in recent development of experimental facilities and human resources.

!e Israeli delegation included representatives from the physics departments of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Bar-Ilan University, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann Institute of Science, !e Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Ben-Gurion University. !e 35 invited talks focused on timely developments. Posters of graduate and postdoctoral students showcased Israel's future researchers. Social interactions permitted informal exchanges between all participants.

In summary, the meeting can be considered a success: !e prospects of future sharing of experimental facilities, materials, and theoretical ideas are high. An avenue for selecting Chinese postdoctoral and graduate students to work in Israel, as well as young Israeli researchers in China, was formed. Email exchanges after the conference expressed satisfaction and a willingness to follow up with another conference of the same communities in the near future.

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!e conference on Modern Arab Literatures in Hebrew took place November 23-24, 2011. !e conference organizers were Hannan Hever and Omri Grinberg (!e Hebrew University).

!e aim of the conference was to discuss the manner in which Arab culture(s) and Arabic are present in modern Hebrew literature, and how the former critically influences the latter. Within the context of the current turmoil in and around the Middle East, and despite the ongoing struggle for social justice in Israel, it appears that in Israel, the gaps between Arab society and culture and Hebrew culture are becoming ever more drastic. Recent attempts at racist and nationalistic legislation – some of which succeeded – together with media discourse, are worsening the already present everyday tensions. Historically, Hebrew literature has continually sought to emphasize its own uniqueness, and its ability to not only endure but also develop, in the Diaspora as well as in Israel.

Acknowledging these complex contemporary and historical realities, the conference tried to demonstrate and discuss how Arabic and Hebrew (languages and cultures) influenced each other, and at times functioned together in a manner that nullified the attempt to dichotomously separate the two intermingled traditions.

Each of the eight panels highlighted a di"erent aspect of this tense and often overlooked relationship between Arabic and Hebrew, as it is displayed in Hebrew literature. Some of the topics dealt with were: Anton Shammas' novel "Arabesques" and its ongoing influence, twenty-five years after its publication; ethnic and national tensions and the poetic e"orts aimed at easing them; the young generation of "Mizrahi" Jewish-Israeli authors and their confrontations with Arabic and Arab traditions; the unique contexts and challenges of translating from Arabic to Hebrew; identities in conflict; and historical representations in texts translated from Arabic to Hebrew.

Among the participants were authors Ronit Matalon and Salman Natour, prominent Israeli literary scholars such as Sidra Ezrahi and Sasson Somekh, younger scholars and authors such as Huda Abu-moch, Almog Behar and Naama Tsal, and two scholars from the US: Shai Ginsburg and Eric Zakim.

!e conference was funded and supported by the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, !e Center for Literary Studies, Mandel Institute of Jewish Studies, and !e Hebrew University Faculty of the Humanities. !e conference organizers are currently working on a publication of a collection of essays based on the papers presented at the conference.

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!e conference on Collective Memory took place February 28 – March 2, 2012 and was organized by Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi. While collective memory is hardly a new topic, both as an intellectual endeavor and as a scholarly challenge, it still raises new and timely theoretical questions while presenting new cultural frontiers and empirical realities. With that in mind, and with the anticipation of enhancing and even establishing a necessary shared language among di"erent disciplines and various cultures whose interest lies in and around collective memory, it was decided to convene this conference at the IAS.

Indeed, the conference that was held on the Edmond J. Safra Campus of !e Hebrew University in Jerusalem, in the midst of a winter storm, hosted young and senior scholars from three continents (Asia, Europe and North America) and six disciplines (Geography, Sociology, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, History and Egyptology). !e richness and diversity of the disciplines and cultural contexts from which the presenters came, generated exciting three-day discussions.

!e range of the lectures and discussions was both broad and focused. !e participants discussed the

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realms of collective memory and amnesia, cultural traumas, as well as various artifacts through which and in which the past evolves, is constructed and maintained. In addition, we took advantage of the site in which the conference took place. Conducting a conference on collective memory in Israel is in many ways about visiting one (if not the one) of the most significant capitals of mnemonic sites in the world. In between a field trip to Masada (hosted by Prof. Nachman Ben-Yehuda from !e Hebrew University, who has written two books on the collective memory of the site) and a visit to the archive of ancient maps of Jerusalem drawn up in the 16th century, both theory and practice intersect. Of special importance was the visit of our colleagues from Nanjing University in China who shared with us both their knowledge of the field and the special case studies they chose to present (i.e. the case of Tao Bouin and the case of Sun Yat-sen). In light of the success of the conference, we are hoping to develop scientific collaborations. !e next meeting is scheduled to take place in China sometime next year.

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!e Twelfth International Conference, From J"hiliyya to Islam, was held at the Israel Institute of Advanced Studies, June 24 - 28, 2012. !e organizers were Yohanan Friedmann, Ella Landau-Tasseron and Shaul Shaked (!e Hebrew University).

!e opening session of the conference took place at the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and it was dedicated to the memory of Professor M.J. Kister, who was a member of the Academy and initiated the conference series "From J%hiliyya to Islam" in the early 1980s. Professor Angelika Neuwirth of the Free University of Berlin and Professor Uri Rubin of Tel Aviv University presented their papers at this session, with greetings by Professor E. Rabinovici, the Director of the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies.

As with previous meetings, the conference dealt with various aspects of Islam in its formative period, as well as with the pre-Islamic background and the relationship between Islam and the neighboring civilizations. Twenty-five scholars presented original papers which were discussed during the conference sessions and will be published in a special volume of Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. !e participating scholars hailed from Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.

In addition to the sessions, the conference participants visited a number of Islamic archaeological sites from the Umayyad period in Tiberias and its environs. !e excursion was guided by Dr. Katia Cytryn-Silverman and Dr. Tawfiq Da'adli. At the conference dinner, Professor Shaul Shaked gave a brief account of the Afghan Geniza, an extremely important find of mediaeval documents, mainly in Judaeo-Persian.

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Summer Institute !e Political, Social and Intellectual History of the

Mamluk and Mongol Empires: A Comparative Perspective, was held at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies on September 18-23, 2011. !e inaugural program of the New Frontiers in Islamic Studies German-Israeli Summer School was funded by the Einstein Foundation, Berlin. Convened by Reuven Amitai (!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and Sabine Schmidtke (Freie Universität, Berlin), and coordinated by Leigh Chipman (!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem), the Summer School was an opportunity for twenty-eight senior and junior scholars, mainly from Israel and Germany, but including representatives from the UK, Belgium and France, to present and discuss various aspects of the intellectual and social history of the region between the Nile and Oxus in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries (not forgetting the political background).

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Following a keynote address on "Why Study the Later Middle Period of Islamic History? Perspectives and Debates," given by Judith Pfei"er (University of Oxford), the participants heard an overview on "Mamluks and Mongols: Political, Cultural and Military Parallels and Di"erences" from Reuven Amitai. Amalia Levanoni (University of Haifa) dealt with the relations between military and civilian elites, while trade and travel were discussed by Patrick Wing (Ghent University) and Kurt Franz (University of Halle). Intellectual history was particularly well covered at the Summer School, with contributions from Tzvi Langermann and Livnat Holtzman (Bar-Ilan University), Sabine Schmidtke and Heidrun Eichner (Universität Tübingen). Aspects of medical history were discussed by Leigh Chipman and Keren Abbou-Hershkovits (Independent Scholar). Art history, an oft-neglected resource, was dealt with by Bilha Moor (University of Haifa).

As the Summer School was conceived of as a workshop, students were asked in advance to choose one presentation and be the first to respond to it, thus ensuring their involvement in discussions. !ese responses in turn encouraged other students to participate in the lively debates that followed the presentations.

In addition to the formal academic program, members of the Summer School enjoyed a visit to the Old City of Jerusalem, led by Kate Raphael, an archaeologist specializing in the Mamluk period, who introduced us to gems of Mamluk architecture still clearly visible in the Muslim Quarter. !e Summer School concluded with another visit to a Mamluk site, the castle of Arsuf (Appolonia), giving the participants a view of military architecture in contrast to the civilian and religious architecture of Jerusalem.

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Summer School in Jewish Studies!e Summer School for Graduate Students in

Jewish Studies, Mingled Identities: Rethinking the Notion of Identity in Jewish Culture, took place July 8 – 17, 2012. !e School Directors were Israel Yuval (!e Hebrew University) and David Ruderman (University of Pennsylvania).

!e faculty of the Summer School, Israel J. Yuval (medieval Jewish history), and David B. Ruderman (early modern Jewish history and thought), Richard I. Cohen (!e Hebrew University; history of modern Jewish culture), Ada Rapoport-Albert (University College London; Kabbalah, Sabbateanism and Hasidism), Isaiah Gafni (!e Hebrew University; history of rabbinic culture) and Marina Rustow (Johns Hopkins University; medieval middle eastern history, interactions between Judaism and Islam), probed the meaning of Jewish identity across the sweep of Jewish history.

Recent scholarship on the history of Judaism as well as the history of western religions in general has moved away from the narratives of religious conflict and separation (e.g., the "the parting of the ways"). Instead of border maintenance, scholars increasingly speak of border crossings, socio-cultural mixing, hybridity, and mingled identities when examining the histories of interaction between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Such explorations have challenged the meaning of Jewish culture itself.

Some of the questions addressed were: What elements in specific Jewish cultures can we speak of as enduring or internal, and how are these ideas themselves created and disseminated? Is it not more productive to examine Jewish cultures at their borders, at their sites of cultural contact and exchange with other cultures, rather than merely to study them in isolation in search of their essential nature?

!rough an intense seminar format of reading primary texts and contexts, students explored these

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questions with a seasoned faculty of distinguished scholars and teachers representing variegated fields and approaches to Jewish studies, as they emerge from close readings in original languages and open discussion.

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Research Group Reunions!e IAS hosted three research group reunions

this year.!e first of these reunions, Medieval Hebrew

Terminology in the Making, took place December 19 – 20, 2011. !e organizers were Resianne Fontaine (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and Gad Freudenthal (CNRS, University of Geneva).

Contrary to the poet J.W. von Goethe, who was confident that "Denn eben wo Begri"e fehlen, da stellt ein Wort zur rechten Zeit sich ein," medieval Arabic-into-Hebrew and Latin-into-Hebrew translators (as well as the few translators from vernaculars) usually had to think long and hard before they chose a Hebrew term to render a philosophical or scientific term in the source language. Our reunion was devoted to an attempt to elucidate, as far as possible, the considerations and motives that guided their terminological choices. Some of the salient issues presented at the reunion were: • Translators were often aware of existing Hebrew

terms, but chose alternate ones. A classic example is Samuel Ibn Tibbon’s decision to prefer the term sekhel to da‘at (Maimonides’ term) as a translation of the Arabic term ‘aql. What motivated his decision

to deviate from the Master’s choice? How did later translators decide when it came to choose between these terms? Moses Ibn Tibbon in turn did not follow his father in some terminological choices: can his reasons be gauged?

• At times translators deliberated and hesitated before choosing a term. Can their decision process be reconstructed?

• When it came to choosing between loan translations and Hebrew equivalents there were obviously individual di"erences: Abraham Bar Hiyya preferred loan translations, his contemporary and homonym Abraham Ibn Ezra preferred Hebrew equivalents. Can something be said about the motives behind these preferences? Who among the scholars of the next generations preferred which terminology and why?

• How did Karaite translators choose terms? Why were their choices often so di"erent from the Rabbanite ones?

• Can systematic di"erences in vocabulary coining be discerned between translators from Arabic, from Latin, and from vernaculars?

• What were the translators’ "reservoirs" for terms (in addition to canonic texts, also: poetry, Hebrew dictionaries, books of grammar...).

In sum, throughout our seven sessions, each including three presentations of 20 minutes and a 30-minute discussion at the end of each session, we examined the translation process at instants in which the creativity

Encountering Scripture in Overlapping Cultures group reunion

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of translators gave birth to Hebrew philosophical terminology. All sessions were open to the public.

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A Reunion Conference of the Research Group Encountering Scripture in Overlapping Cultures: Early Jewish, Christian and Muslim Strategies of Reading and !eir Contemporary Implications was held at the IAS July 2 -4, 2012. !e conference, organized by Meir Bar-Asher (!e Hebrew University) and Mordechai Cohen (Yeshiva University), was dedicated to the memory of Pnina Feldman, IAS Associate Director, 2000-2010. Ten of the fourteen members (fellows and visiting scholars) who gathered in Jerusalem in Fall 2010/11 reconvened for this conference. !e purpose of this meeting was to harvest the fruits of the interdisciplinary research of the group represented by the scholarly volume that its members are producing jointly. Over the past year, all group members submitted chapter drafts, and these are being reviewed by the editors, Mordechai Cohen and Adele Berlin, with Meir Bar-Asher, Rita Copeland and Jon Whitman serving as consulting editors.

!e conference included new presentations on subjects that emerged from a comparative reading of the chapter drafts submitted for the group volume. Meir Bar-Asher and Robert Gleave presented papers on Qur’an 3, 7 and its implications for scriptural interpretation, particularly the Muslim value placed on arriving at clarity in understanding the intention of God (mur"d all"h)—which stands in opposition to the Christian proclivity to regard the Bible as multivalent. Mordechai Cohen proposed a new theory for assessing the plain sense (peshat) exegesis of the medieval Jewish interpreter Rashi in light of the distinctive literary interpretive mode of his contemporary St. Bruno the Carthusian, the subject of Andrew Kraebel’s chapter. (Kraebel, who joined the group as a visiting scholar, wrote his chapter for the volume on Bruno and other interpreters in the Cathedral

school at Rheims who applied a distinctive aesthetic hermeneutic to the Psalms.) Rita Copeland presented a paper explicating how the medieval application of classical rhetoric to Scripture can be compared with other such hermeneutical systems, such as modern rhetorical criticism, and medieval Jewish interpretation—the subject of prepared responses by Meira Polliack and Mordechai Cohen. Meir Bar-Asher, whose chapter discusses the Muslim views on the permissibility of translating the Qur’an, chaired a session that explored how the challenges of scriptural translation raised in Islam are addressed elsewhere. Whereas Adele Berlin demonstrated how modern scholars seek to overcome the di#culties of Bible translation, from issues of accuracy to those of stylistic felicity, Rita Copeland discussed objections in fourteenth-century England to translating the Vulgate for fear of promoting heresy, and Stephen Prickett explored the post-Reformation sentiment that welcomed the translation of the Bible into multiple languages to bring out its manifold potential meanings. In a session chaired by James Kugel, a presentation on the special conceptions and terminology of Syriac typological interpretation was given by Sidney Gri#th. !e conference concluded with a presentation by Jon Whitman on the relationship between typological and allegorical interpretation in the Christian West.

Plans are underway to incorporate the insights produced by the conference into the revised chapters and editorial introductions of the group’s scholarly volume, thereby crystallizing its unified vision of the nexus of Jewish, Christian and Muslim scriptural interpretation in relation to the humanities at large.

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A Reunion Conference for the Research Group, Personal and Institutional Religion: Christian !ought and Practice from the Fifth to the Eighth Century, took place July 8-11, 2012. !e title of the conference was

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!e Religious Experience of Crisis in Eastern Christianity (4th – 7th Centuries). !e conference was organized by Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony (!e Hebrew University) in collaboration with the Center for the Study of Christianity at !e Hebrew University.

!e reunion opened with an extraordinary event: Lorenzo Perrone (University of Bologna), in an inaugural lecture open to the public, presented his initial impressions on the exciting, newly discovered collection of Origen's Homilies on the Psalms.

!e two-day conference—which brought together the members of the original group as well as additional guests from the US and Europe—addressed various issues regarding the religious experience of crisis in the Mediterranean world of the 4th-7th centuries. !e goal of the conference was to discuss the following questions: What was the impact of theological controversies on the social and intellectual life of Late Antiquity? Is it possible to approach the Eschatological reactions in Judaism and Christianity from this angle, namely, as a religious experience of crisis? To what extent has the perception of political and theological crisis a"ected changes in the theological outlook and the spiritual life? How did the religious communities in the Mediterranean world perceive this crisis?

!e participants suggested several answers to these questions. Derek Krueger (University of North Carolina at Greensboro) opened the conference with a keynote lecture on the interior lives of Biblical figures in Early Byzantine hymns.

!e ascetic aspect of the fourth and fifth centuries’ crisis in the Syriac Church was discussed by Columba Stewart (Saint John’s University, Collegeville, Minnesota), focusing on the development of asceticism and monasticism in Antioch, Edessa, and Nisibis across the crises. Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony analyzed the function of the imaginary in the Messalian controversy and the formation of Syriac asceticism. Alberto Camplani (La Sapienza, Rome) devoted his paper to the images of religious

crisis in Egyptian historiography and hagiography. !e role of the late antique theological controversies

was central to this conference: David Satran (!e Hebrew University) reassessed the first Origenist controversy (393-403), Yonatan Moss (Yale University) stressed the Christological and political dilemma in the Chalcedonian crisis, Aryeh Kofsky (University of Haifa) and Serge Ruzer (!e Hebrew University) together presented !eodore of Mopsuestia's endeavor in face of contemporaneous challenges, Ritta Lizzi (University of Perugia) examined the impact of theological controversies on the intellectual life of Late Antiquity, and Sergey Minov (!e Hebrew University) traced the Christological crisis through the eyes of the East-Syrian historian, John bar Penkaye.

Several central crises of the sixth century have been reconsidered: Roger Scott (University of Melbourne) re-evaluated the sixth-century turning point, and Philippe Blaudeau (University of Angers) re-examined the views of the Emperor Justinian and Pope Vigilius on the Ecclesiastical situation on the eve of the "!ree Chapters Controversy" (AD 540).

!e apocalyptic and political impact of crises were presented by István Perczel (Central European University, Budapest), who introduced a new apocalyptic text found in India, Hillel Newman (University of Haifa) tackled problems of dating Jewish apocalyptic texts, and Lutz Greisiger (!e Hebrew University) discussed the last Roman-Persian war of 602–628.

We are preparing a publication of the papers in a special issue of the peer-review Journal Adamantius, scheduled to be published in the fall of 2014.

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Research Group Conferences Four research groups held conferences at the IAS.

Miri Gur-Arye, the organizer of the research group on !e Migration of Criminal Law Principles from

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National to International Law, hosted a conference on December 21-22, 2011. !e international conference, titled !e Relations between National Criminal Law and International Criminal Law, examined the overall concept of migration between domestic and international criminal law. Group members, pursuing their individual and collective research, provided a venue to further spread their ideas, to receive important evaluations and assessments from the commentators assigned for each paper and to share their understanding and discussions with a more varied and broader local audience.

!e following papers were presented:• "What is the Point of International Criminal Law"?

Kai Ambos (University of Göttingen) • Gendered Harms and their Interface with

International Criminal Law: Norms, Challenges and Domestication (Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, (University of Minnesota and University of Ulster)

• Hierarchy in !eory and Practice (George Fletcher, Columbia University)

• !e Mistake of Law and Advisors' Responsibility in International Criminal Law (Yoram Shachar, !e Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya)

• !e Use of Domestic Norms in International Criminal Courts: Legitimacy Implications (Yuval Shany, !e Hebrew University)

• Some Reflections on the Jurisdictional Relations between the International Criminal Court and National Judiciaries: Distinct Realms or Constituents of an "International Criminal Law System"? (Gilad Noam, Doctoral Candidate at !e Hebrew University)

• Should Duress be Treated Di#erently under ICL? Prosecutor v. Erdemovic as a Test Case (Miriam Gur-Arye, !e Hebrew University)

• When Machines Kill: Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes Committed by Lethal Autonomous Robots (Oren Gross, University of Minnesota)

!e conclusion of the conference was accompanied by a distinctly encouraging and a#rmative awareness of all that had been accomplished during the two days of presentations and discussions, with fellows and participants acknowledging the exceptional range and depth of issues covered.

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Ruth Weintraub (Tel Aviv University), organized the conference on Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study, which took place January 10 – 12, 2012. !e general topic of the conference was !eoretical and Practical Rationality.

!e conference brought together some of the most influential researchers in both these areas. A number of the papers defended views that had direct implications to both fields. So, for instance, John Gibbons’ paper, "Guidance By Reasons," discussed a distinction between motivating reasons (reasons determined by your mental states) and normative reasons (reasons determined by the facts) that applies both to the theoretical and to the practical realm.

Hagit Benbaji’s paper provided an answer to the question "Why can’t we believe at will" (why can’t we, for instance, just decide that today we will believe that the sun is blue instead of yellow?). Benbaji’s answer also serves to explain more generally whether other attitudes such as intentions can be adopted at will. Even the papers that focused more exclusively on either practical or theoretical rationality were relevant for work in both areas. For instance, James Pryor’s paper on the relation between well-supported beliefs and good reasoning can also potentially illuminate the relation between good practical reasoning and well-grounded action.

!e discussion of these insightful papers continued through the conference dinner and our exciting tour of the Old City.

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!e Research Group, Integrability and Gauge/String Duality, held a conference during their three-month stay at the IAS. !e conference, titled Integrability in Gauge and String !eory: Spectrum, Correlation Functions and Amplitudes, took place April 2-5, 2012. !e conference organizers were Romuald Janik (Jagiellonian University) and Matthias Staudacher (Humboldt University). Many IAS fellows, short-term visitors and visiting scholars from abroad participated in the conference, including Janos Balog (Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest).

!e conference program brought together the many di"erent strands of research ideas which constituted the focus of the research group, in particular the spectral problem of AdS/CFT and current progress on its exact formulation with talks by J. Balog and S. Frolov (Trinity College, Dublin), correlation functions with presentations by N. Gromov (King's College, London), D. Serban (CEA Saclay) and P. Vieira (Perimeter Institute), and novel applications of integrability to the quark-antiquark potential in N=4 Super-Yang-Mills theory with talks by N. Drukker (King's College, London) and A. Sever (IAS Princeton).

In addition, local Israeli colleagues presented a series of interesting lectures on further solvable systems, which aroused interest for exploring potential applications of integrability. In particular, C. Sonnenschein (Tel Aviv University) gave a talk on the solvable Penrose limit of confining backgrounds, M. Berkooz (Weizmann Institute) o"ered a presentation on degenerate black holes and quasi-normal modes, G. Gur-Ari (Weizmann Institute) spoke about novel duals for 3D vector models, A. Babichenko (Weizmann Institute) presented constructions of S-matrices, and B. Kol (!e Hebrew University) gave a talk on issues in scattering theory.

Importantly, one of the aims of the conference was to introduce the research topics of the research group to a broader audience of Israeli theoretical physicists, hence the introductory opening lecture by one of the fellows,

Konstantin Zarembo (Nordita, Stockholm) on Recent Advances in Integrability.

!e conference brought together fellows and short-term visitors, directly engaged in the activity of the research group, as well as a wider community of Israeli physicists, which proved to be quite stimulating.

Last but not least, we would like to thank the sta" of the IAS for their assistance in organizing all the practical aspects of the conference. In particular, as the IAS lecture hall was still under reconstruction, they found us a pleasant alternative conference venue in Beit Bretter on the Givat Ram campus.

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!e Bounded Rationality Conference, held May 29-June 4, 2012, was organized by Elchanan Ben-Porath (!e Hebrew University). !e conference brought together twenty-two leading scholars in economic theory whose research focuses on bounded rationality.

!e papers that were presented demonstrated the wide range of possible applications of models of bounded rationality. Di"erent models of partial and limited reasoning were discussed in a variety of contexts such as, political competition, principal-agent models, asset pricing, financial reporting, mechanism design, and repeated games.

Other work addressed more general issues such as choice with limited attention, rule rationality versus act rationality, and learning with limited memory.

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Additional Conferences:IAS Advanced School Directors Meeting

Directors of the five Advanced Schools, together with the director and associate director of the IAS, convened on November 20, 2011. !e Advanced Schools Directors Meeting, organized this year by Eliezer

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Rabinovici, director of the IAS, and Lea Prawer, the associate director, met at Stanford University to review the accomplishments of the IAS to date, and to chart its direction for the future. !e meeting is a biennial event.

!e participants in this year’s meeting were Kenneth Arrow (Stanford University), David Gross (UCSB), Roger Kornberg (Stanford University), Eric Maskin (Harvard University), Peter Sarnak (Princeton University) and Haym Soloveitchik (Yeshiva University). Joining the School directors for an informative lunch talk was Aron Rodrigue, Director of the Stanford Humanities Center.

Rothschild Fellows Alumni Colloquium!e first Rothschild Fellows Alumni Colloquium

took place at the IAS April 29-30, 2012, and was organized by Yad Hanadiv. !e colloquium brought together alumni, as well as current holders of Rothschild postdoctoral fellowships, together with colleagues, peers and mentors, which included Rothschild Prize and Bruno Award recipients.

!e Rothschild fellowship program was established to help young scholars of outstanding academic merit and potential to advance in their respective fields. Beginning in the 1979-1980 academic year, over 500 fellowships have been awarded to date. !e majority

of the fellows have pursued their academic careers in Israel, with many of them becoming leading figures in their respective fields.

SIAS Conference!e SIAS (Some Institutes for Advanced Study) was

held, for the first time, in Jerusalem. !e conference took place June 5 – 8, 2012. !e conference organizers were Eliezer Rabinovici and Lea Prawer of !e Hebrew University. Participants included Lizabeth Ann Cohen (Dean, Radcli"e IAS), Michael Gehret (Associate Director for Development and Public A"airs, IAS Princeton), Luca Giuliani (Rector, Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin), Peter Goddard (IAS Princeton), Geo"rey Harpham (Director, National Humanities Center, North Carolina), Joachim Nettelbeck (Past Secretary, Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin), Aafke Hulk (Director, NIAS), Robert Scott (Associate Director Emeritus CASBS Stanford), Judith Vichniac (Director, IAS Radcli"e) and !orsten Wilhelmy (Secretary, Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin).

In addition to working sessions devoted to evaluating procedures and programs at various Institutes for Advanced Study, the participants enjoyed a guided visit to the Einstein Manuscripts, a tour of the Old City of Jerusalem, and a unique excursion to the performance of Carmen in the amphitheater at Masada.

!e Migration of Criminal Law Principles from National to

International Law

group report

George Fletcher and Yoram Shachar

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In this group report we wish to present our stay at the IAS as experienced by some of the group members.

!e Research ProjectAcademic Aims (Miri Gur-Arye)

International criminal law (ICL) is a unique branch of law, as it addresses the gravest crimes of concern to the international community as a whole through the imposition of criminal responsibility directly upon individuals (rather than upon states). ICL has become more prominent in recent years. New institutions have been created (most notably, the International Criminal Court [ICC]) and a growing number of international norms have penetrated national laws and are now applied more frequently by national courts (e.g., through the universal jurisdiction doctrine). Still, the theoretic basis of international criminal law is weak and its relationship to national criminal law is less than clear.

!e aim of the research group was to examine closely the development of criminal law principles and basic notions in order to evaluate the process of migration of criminal law norms from national to international law. Our hope is that the research will provide a better understanding of the potential and shortcomings of international criminal law at the beginning of the 21st century, and serve as the basis for normative and institutional reform proposals.

!e Weekly Discussions (Yuval Shany)!e weekly meetings of the study group were one of

the intellectual highlights of the group's stay at the IAS. !e format of the meetings was quite traditional: a paper presentation by a speaker, followed by a lively discussion.

!e presentations a"orded members the opportunity to present their work at a relatively early stage of the writing – thereby harnessing to the writing process the cumulative creative and academic capabilities of the group members.

!e weekly meetings enabled the group members to familiarize themselves to a greater extent with the manner of thinking employed by other members of the group. !is has been a particularly significant aspect of the group's work – as the group was composed of two main subgroups: international lawyers and criminal lawyers. It also included human rights experts and comparativists. Such groups are often skeptical of each other – in particular, they doubt the level at which their subdiscipline is familiar to outside critics belonging to other subdisciplines.

Another benefit of the weekly meetings was the strengthening of relations between group members. !e increased familiarity with the work of the other members – as well as their method, style and approach – has helped us all to identify areas of common interest and laid the ground for future cooperative relations, as well as for personal friendships.

!e weekly meetings also served as a framework for presenting the work of the group to an outside audience, as well as introducing outside stimulants to the work of the group, through presentations by guests from overseas and Israel. Short-term visitors to the IAS included Harmen van der Wilt (Amsterdam Center for International Law), Guyora Binder (SUNY Bu"alo Law School) and !omas Weigend (University of Cologne). Another category of presentations included research students working on topics related to the work of the group.

group organizer: Miriam Gur-Arye (!e Hebrew University)

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!e weekly meetings played a critical part in supporting the research conducted under the auspices of the study group, in consolidating the group socially and intellectually, and in strengthening its interactive dynamics as well as its interaction with outside speakers at di"erent levels of scholarship, and hailing from a wide diversity of academic perspectives.

!e Conference (Fionnuala Ní Aoláin)!e research group held an international

conference entitled !e Relations between National Criminal Law and International Criminal Law. !e conference sought to further explore the general ideas of migration between domestic and international criminal law systems that the group developed during their months in residence. !e driving force of the conference lay in the research undertaken by group members, providing a forum to disseminate those ideas further, to receive critical feedback from the commentators assigned for each paper and to share insights and deliberation with a widerlocal audience.

!e following papers were presented:• "What is the Point of International Criminal Law"?

Kai Ambos (University of Göttingen) • Gendered Harms and their Interface with

International Criminal Law: Norms, Challenges and Domestication (Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, (University of Minnesota and University of Ulster)

• Hierarchy in !eory and Practice (George Fletcher, Columbia University)

• !e Mistake of Law and Advisors' Responsibility in International Criminal Law (Yoram Shachar, !e Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya)

• !e Use of Domestic Norms in International Criminal Courts: Legitimacy Implications (Yuval Shany, !e Hebrew University)

• Some Reflections on the Jurisdictional Relations between the International Criminal Court and National Judiciaries: Distinct Realms or Constituents of an "International Criminal Law System"? (Gilad Noam, Doctoral Candidate at !e Hebrew University)

• Should Duress be Treated Di#erently under ICL? Prosecutor v. Erdemovic as a Test Case (Miriam Gur-Arye, !e Hebrew University)

• When Machines Kill: Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes Committed by Lethal Autonomous Robots (Oren Gross, University of Minnesota)!e conference ended on a decidedly upbeat and

forward looking note, as fellows and participants assessed the range and depth of issues covered over the course of two days.

Contribution to Community and Sta" (Miri Gur-Arye)!e Outreach (A Public Lecture)

On February 2, 2012 Professor Cornelius Nestler gave a public lecture on Germany's trial against John Demjanjuk (2009-11).

!e Nuremberg trials are considered to be the cornerstone of international criminal law, which has

Miri Gur-Arye and Fionnuala Ní Aoláin

37


become more prominent in recent years following the enactment of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). !e lecture on the Demjanjuk trial in Germany for crimes against humanity during the Holocaust is, in a way, closure.

Cornelius Nestler is a professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure at the University of Cologne. Professor Nestler represented children of victims who had been murdered in Sobibor when John Demjanjuk was a guard there as co-plainti"s in the trial against Demjanjuk.

!e group held a lively follow-up discussion the following day.

Lunch TalksTwo talks over lunch were given by the group's fellows.Miri Gur-Arye gave a talk (in Hebrew) to the IAS

administrative sta" on "Moral Panic concerning Hit and Run Tra#c Accidents." Fionnuala Ní Aoláin gave a talk (in English) to fellows and guests of the IAS on "Gender, War and the Post-Conflict Process."

!e FellowsHuman Relations (George Fletcher)

We had much in common. We were all academics, all professors in Israel, Germany, or the United States or, as in the case of Natalie and Gallia, we worked for professors and shared their values. !us, entering the Israel Institute of Advanced Studies on the Edmond J. Safra Campus of !e Hebrew University at Givat Ram was like coming home – or better, going home because we were going there from foreign places.

I suppose we all have distinctive impressions of entering the campus. Crossing the security line made us realize that this was a serious place. We turned right and had to resist the temptation of entering the campus store, with all its attractive buys, in the administrative building. We continued on to the IAS, the second building to the right.

Arriving on the second floor, you start down the green quarter kilometer. We walked back on forth on this stretch all the time, first to visit each other, and second to collect each other for lunch at the far end of the building on the first floor.

!e first o#ce belonged to students, Natalie and Gallia. !ey each had an independent program of studies but were eager to assist us in our research. Continuing down the green stretch, the first smiling face to greet you was Miri, our benevolent chairwoman. With Miri there you knew that all signals were go, this was a day to get something done.

Next came Fletcher’s o#ce. You would see him if you came in around 11. He usually worked mornings at home. He was delighted to be distracted into a conversation, preferably consisting of friendly gossip.

!en you would encounter Fionnuala and Oren, the star couple on our team. Sometimes they would be accompanied by one of their children. Either Finn or Oren would have something amusing to say.

Further down Kai would be waiting. !e only German in our group, he brought a distinctive perspective. He also reeked with originality. He bought a bike in his first week and rode it to campus. He

Group Excursion to the Kinneret

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showed up later with his entire family, including several grown children, thus making us all wonder how old he and his very young-looking Brazilian wife really were.

!e Israelis, Gilad, Yuval and Yoram, played anchor. Gilad ably represented the younger generation of Israelis well-versed in international law. Yuval, the supreme diplomat, maintained a sober tone in the corridor. !is played well against Yoram’s playful spirit. Yoram, who has been at the IAS three times before, is probably the most widely informed among Israeli law professors. If there was a question about the Katsav scandal or anything else in Israeli politics, he was the "go to" guy.

With a mixture as rich as this, the IAS program in international criminal law could not have been anything but a stimulating and productive adventure.

A Foreigner's Perspective (Kai Ambos) Bringing together a group of scholars from di"erent

countries, with di"erent cultural and educational backgrounds, is always a good idea. What better venue than an Institute for Advanced Studies, part of a renowned university in an even more renowned city? !ere are an infinite number of Institutes for Advanced Studies all over the world, mainly in the USA and ("old") Europe, but none of these Institutes can compete with the IAS in Jerusalem in terms of historical and geographical location, in a holy place at the intersection of three continents. As if this were not enough, the Institute is situated not far from the city center and Jerusalem’s famous Old City.

As a foreigner, away from family and the comfortable structure of a German Lehrstuhl, there is hardly a better place for a sabbatical. !e IAS becomes very quickly the Archimedean point of reference for one’s life, not only because there is a lot of mathematical intelligence around, but also because of its warm, embracing atmosphere. Within the Institute’s life the daily lunch is certainly the internal focal point. Here one meets not only the colleagues of one’s own group but also those of other research groups, as well as members of the Center for Rationality, which shares its home with the IAS.

Of course, the Institute is not only about food, cookies, co"ee and other pleasant things in life. One also pursues a strict research agenda under the leadership of the group’s research coordinator. In the case of my group, this job was marvelously done by Miri Gur-Arye. She quickly turned into our "mother commander" who managed to combine strictness with a caring sensitivity for the needs of the group members when it came to enforcing the rules regarding weekly meetings, deadlines for papers and the group’s conference.

Last but not least, the IAS administration deserves to be mentioned. !anks to all its support regarding our housing, travel, funding and various small things (from getting a sweater fixed to important tips on restaurants and cultural events) we were able to concentrate on our research, almost completely undisturbed by the daily a"airs of life. Let me finish my contribution to this report by naming the ones (in alphabetical order) who helped me most to make my stay as pleasant as possible away from family and patria: Batia, Efrat, Hanoch,

Yoram Shachar, Yuval Shani and Fionnuala Ní Aoláin

39


Livnat, Smadar. !anks to all of you and all the others working so diligently at the IAS.

!e Research Assistants' Perspective Natalie Rosen: I was invited to be one of the two

research assistants of this research group. My role was to assist the group’s members and to research matters of international and comparative law relevant to their papers. Apart from learning new topics and broadening my knowledge on familiar ones, being a research assistant at the group allowed me the opportunity to take part in a professional forum, and to observe and participate in the process of creating a paper. As a young scholar, such an opportunity to observe the making of an academic paper in a fertile, friendly and supportive environment was of great value and I am very grateful for that.

Gallia Daor: As an undergraduate student, the work at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies was my first experience of real academic research, especially one of diverse methodologies, perspectives and approaches. Other than that, I greatly enjoyed the friendly and supportive atmosphere in the group, and the warm welcome of the Institute's sta".

!e Trip (Yoram Shachar) Our two-day group trip was dedicated to the diversity

of life and dreams in the historic mountains of the Galilee. We combined Christian churches, a Muslim mosque, a Druze shrine, a Jewish Kibbutz, a museum of art, excellent food and the quiet beauty of the lake of Galilee at sunset.

Co"ee in the Art Museum of Kibbutz Ein Harod in the Jezreel Valley was a fitting start. I volunteered to describe the complicated realities of the Kibbutz movement in the 1920s. My presentation was complemented by the animated account of life in the Kibbutz by two of the museum guides, who later led us through the artworks.

We had our first communal lunch in one of the historic stone buildings of nearby Merhavia, where one of the earliest experiments in pre-kibbutz cooperation in the Valley took place in the mid-1910s. True to the spirit of the place, our group of 25 fellows and families shared a light meal around a single communal table.

We next moved to Nazareth, the focal point of our trip. We established camp in the charming family-run Al Mutran guest house in the old part of the town. Here we were first introduced to the unique charisma of Tal, our guide for the rest of the trip. She first brought us to the Catholic Basilica of the Annunciation. Tal then led us from the Basilica into the winding narrow streets of the Suk, the traditional old local market, and on to the austere and much quieter White Mosque, the oldest and finest Muslim place of worship in Nazareth, dating back to the 18th century. As evening fell, we walked together to the Greek Orthodox Church above Mary’s well, where the Annunciation took place according to the Greek Orthodox tradition. !is older and much smaller Greek Church impressed us with the intimate beauty of ornamented screens and dark colorful murals. A final visit to a traditional long-established herb and spice shop set the tone for a sumptuous four-course dinner in the best Christian-Arab tradition of the Galilee at Tishrin Restaurant. True to the spirit of the holidays, Santa Claus appeared at the end of the feast in full gear, to ho-ho-ho the children and distribute traditional sweets.

Divine intervention enabled the majority of the group to consume a hearty breakfast at Al Mutran the next morning. Tuesday morning was designated by our inimitable Tal to exploring the archaeological site of Sepphoris (Zippori ) near Nazareth. Rich in multilayered history, the former town of Seppohris features a variety of cobbled streets, private villas and public edifices.

A light lunch was served in the small Rish Lakish olive press in the modern village of Zippori. Run by a family of idealists (originating from Wales!) who seem

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to integrate well in the age-old tradition of utopianism in the Galilee, Rish Lakish combines environmentally sensitive building methods and organic methods of olive oil production.

!e Church of the Beatitudes overlooking the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) was our next stop in the search for utopia. !e presumed site of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount in praise of poverty and humility now hosts a modern octagonal church of perfect proportions, surrounded by a beautiful garden. A rare treat was a passionate sermon delivered in the church to a group of Polish pilgrims in their native language.

Pressed for time, we could only briefly touch the waters of the lake at sunset, near the Church of the Primacy of Peter. It was dark (and cold!) when we arrived at Nabi Shu'ayb, our last religious site of the trip.

!e impressive hilltop shrine dedicated to the Prophet Jethro is one of the most important places of worship in the mysterious Druze religion whose followers are scattered throughout the Middle East.

Our final (huge!) meal was served in the warm and hospitable farm-restaurant of the Shavit family in the village of Arbel. Wine was served, toasts were exchanged, songs were sung and we embarked on the long trip back to Jerusalem, tired, enlightened and grateful for a wonderful trip.

Special !anksSpecial thanks to the administrative sta" without

whose help, devotion and support both the academic and social activities of the group could not have taken place.

Group excursion to the Galilee

Yoram Shachar

Miriam Gur-AryeFaculty of Law!e Hebrew University, IsraelResearch Interests: Criminal law. Justifications of punishment. !eoretical foundation of criminal liability. Criminal law defenses. Constitutional restraints on criminal liability. Human dignity and the criminal law. !e overuse of the criminal law in time of crisis. International criminal law.

Selected Publications:With !omas Weigend, "Constitutional Control of Criminal Prohibitions A"ecting Human Dignity or Liberty: German and Israeli Perspectives." Isr. L. Rev. 44, 1 (2011). "Justifying the Distinction between Justifications and Excuses," Journal of Criminal Law and Philosophy (2011). Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Should Duress be Treated Di"erently under International Criminal Law? Prosecutor v. Erdemovic as a Test Case," submitted to the Journal of International Criminal Justice.

George P. Fletcher Columbia Law School, USAResearch Interests: Criminal law. Torts. Comparative law. Legal philosophy.Selected Publications:Tort Liability for Human Rights Abuses, UK: Hart Publishing, 2008.

With Jens David Ohlin, Defending Humanity: When Force is Justified and Why, USA: Oxford University Press, 2008.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Hierarchy in !eory and Practice," submitted to the Journal of International Criminal Justice.

Oren Gross University of Minnesota Law School Director, Minnesota Center for Legal Studies, USAResearch Interests: National security law. International law. International trade.

Selected Publications:With Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, "Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers," in !eory and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 2006. "'Control Systems' and the Migration of Anomalies," in Sujit Chowdhury (ed.), Migration of Constitutional Ideas, Cambridge University Press, 2006. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"When Machines Kill: Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes Committed by Lethal Autonomous Robots" (work in progress).

Fionnuala Ní AoláinUniversity of Minnesota Law School, USATransitional Justice Institute, University of Ulster, Ireland Research Interests: National security law. International law. International human rights. Feminist legal theory. Selected Publications:With Dina Haynes and Naomi Cahn, On the Frontlines: Women, War and the Post-Conflict Process. Oxford University Press (2011)."Emergency Jurisprudence" in Hamilton & Buyse (eds.), Transitional Jurisprudence and the ECHR, Justice Politics and Rights. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:Books (forthcoming):With David Weissbrodt, Development of International Human Rights Law. Ashgate Publishing (forthcoming 2012). With Cahn, Haynes and Valji, Gender and Conflict Handbook. Oxford University Press, (forthcoming 2014).Articles and Book Chapters (forthcoming):"International Law, Gender Regimes and Fragmentation: 1325 and Beyond," in C. M. Bailliet (ed.), Women in Non-State Actors, Soft Law and Protective Regimes: From the Margins, Cambridge University Press, 2012. "Advancing Feminist Positioning in the Field of Transitional Justice," in International Journal of Transitional Justice, (2012): 205-228."Close Encounters of the Female Kind in the Land of Counter-Terrorism," in Margaret Satterthwaite and Jayne Huckerby (eds.), Gender, National Security and Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Perspectives, NYU Press, 2012.

participating fellows

Gilad NoamFaculty of Law, !e Hebrew University, Israel Research Interests: International law. International criminal law. International human rights law.Selected Publications:With Dafna Barak-Erez et al, (eds.), "Feminist Analysis of Public International Law." In Studies on Gender, Law and Feminism (2007) (Hebrew).

"!e Legal Battle against the Financing of Terrorism in Israel," !e Israel Democracy Institute, Policy Paper 79, Jerusalem, September 2009 (supervised by Yuval Shany) (Hebrew).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Some Reflections on the Jurisdictional Relations between the International Criminal Court and National Judiciaries: Distinct Realms or Constituents of an 'International Criminal Law System'?" submitted to the Journal of International Criminal Justice.

Yoram Shachar Radzyner School of Law – Herzliya, IsraelResearch Interests: Criminal law. Israeli Supreme Court. Israel Declaration of Independence. Comparative law.Selected Publications:With M. Gross and C. Goldshmidt, "100 Leading Precedents – A Quantitative Analysis," Mishpat U’Mimshal Haifa University Law Review, 2003.

"Early Drafts of the Israeli Declaration of Independence," Studies in Law, TAU Law Review, 2003. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"!e Mistake of Law and Advisors' Responsibility in International Criminal Law," submitted to the Journal of International Criminal Justice.

Kai AmbosGeorg-August Universität GöttingenJudge Landgericht Göttingen, GermanyResearch Interests: International and comparative criminal law and procedure. International humanitarian law. !eory of law. Selected Publications: Der Allgemeine Teil des Völkerstrafrechts, Berlin (Duncker & Humblot) 2002.

!e Colombian Peace Process and the Principle of Complementarity of the International Criminal Court, Berlin et al. Springer Publishing, 2010. Internationales Strafrecht. 3rd ed. München (Beck) 2011.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Toward a Consistent !eory of ICL: Concept, ius puniendi and Overall Function" (work in progress).

Yuval Shany Faculty of Law, !e Hebrew University, IsraelResearch Interests: International law. International humanitarian law. International human rights. Selected Publications: Regulating Jurisdictional Interactions between National and International Courts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

With Cesare Romano and Ruth Mackenzie, Manual on International Courts and Tribunals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Seeking Domestic Help: Legitimacy Implications of the Use of Domestic Criminal Law Doctrines by International Criminal Courts" (work in progress).

!e Migration of Criminal Law Principles from National to International Law

Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study

group report

Miri Gur-Arye, David Enoch and Sergio Tenenbaum

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T heoretical and practical rationality are concerned with reasons, and aim to respond to normative questions: "What ought one

to believe?" and "What should one do?" Theoretical rationality answers its question by assessing and weighing reasons for belief and the (internal) relations among the beliefs. Arguably, theoretical reason aims at the truth of propositions. Accordingly, reasons for belief are considerations that speak in favor of propositions being worthy of acceptance insofar as one’s aim in belief is the truth.

!e reasons which practical rationality invokes are considerations that speak in favor of performing particular actions or adopting particular intentions and ends. And the internal relationships it appeals to are those between means and ends on the one hand and intentions and actions on the other.

Philosophers have always studied theoretical and practical rationality, and both topics continue to present vexing and philosophically significant questions. Many suggestive comparisons and distinctions between the two can be found in the philosophical literature. However, these insights are usually random and piecemeal; a sustained study of the relationships and di"erences between the two kinds of rationality is rarely conducted. Our aim was to study the similarities and di"erences between the two areas in a systematic way, so as to apply insights gleaned from one realm to the other, and gain a better understanding of the relationship between them and of the nature of reason in general.

!e group held weekly seminars, in which work (in progress) of the members was discussed, and members also interacted informally, exchanging ideas related to the group’s project. !ese (formal

and informal) interactions were quite productive and interesting inasmuch as the fellows represented diverse – sometimes even opposed – views and philosophical sympathies within each of the areas of theoretical and practical reason, while still sharing enough by way of methodology. Friendships also developed between the group members, with the promise of ongoing, future collaboration.

!e highlight of our activity was an in-depth and productive conference devoted to the group’s topic of research, with the participation of four additional guest scholars: David Owens (University of Reading), Jonathan Way (University of Southampton), Ulrike Heuer (University of Leeds) and Arnon Keren (University of Haifa). (For the program see

http://www.as.huji.ac.il/content/theoretical-and-practical-rationality)

Following are some of the questions which our group studied:• We aimed to achieve a better understanding of two

kinds of reason thought by philosophers to apply in the two realms (theoretical and practical). Some philosophers require reasons for action to be true. If I run to the railway station because I falsely, albeit rationally, believe that the train is about to depart, my action is not based on a good reason. But in the theoretical realm, a false belief, most philosophers think, may provide adequate justification. !us, if I falsely believe that a reliable meteorologist predicted that it will rain tomorrow, and consequently form the belief that it will rain tomorrow, my belief is justified (although it is based on false evidence). We considered some interesting questions which this apparent asymmetry between practical and

Group Organizer: Ruth Weintraub (Tel Aviv University)

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theoretical reasons raises: is the asymmetry real – are theoretical and practical reasons di"erent from each other in this regard? If so, how is the asymmetry to be explained? Are there, perhaps, two distinct notions of "a good reason" operative in the two realms? If so, what – if anything – do they have in common? And why is a univocal notion insu#cient? Perhaps, alternatively, the asymmetry is only apparent. !is was the suggestion defended in a paper given to the group by Jonathan Dancy (University of Texas at Austin), who spent two weeks at the Institute as the group’s guest.

• Epistemological skepticism, the view according to which our beliefs cannot be justified, is a familiar doctrine, with which epistemologists have been grappling ever since antiquity. But practical skepticism that engages philosophers has a di"erent form. Whereas the theoretical (epistemological) skeptic thinks there is a notion of justification which beliefs do not (cannot) satisfy, the practical skeptic denies that there is a standard relative to which such assessments can be made; that the notion of practical justification makes sense. Does the fact that we have two di"erent kinds of skepticism indicate that we operate with two di"erent notions of reason?

• !e principle of su#cient reason enjoins us not to choose an alternative unless it is better than all the others. In the case of practical reason, the principle seems obviously false. Buridan’s fabled ass, which starved in the face of two identical haystacks between which it could not choose, is thought to

be a paradigm of irrationality. But the principle seems eminently plausible in the case of belief. If a statement and its negation are equally supported by evidence, it seems arbitrary to opt for one, and the rational thing to do when faced with such a tie is to suspend judgment. Is the asymmetry real? If so, what features of practical rationality, absent in the case of its theoretical counterpart, allow for arbitrariness? If the asymmetry is not real, how can we explain it away? Ruth Weintraub’s paper on these questions engendered lively informal discussions.

• Can disagreement between "epistemic peers," people who are equally competent at reasoning and in possession of the same evidence, be rational, or does the disagreement show that at least one of the "peers" is unreasonable? !is question is of special (quasi-practical) interest to philosophers, since – in marked contrast with science – every philosophical question engenders (deep) disagreement. If – as one prominent view has it – the rational response to disagreement is to suspend judgment, philosophers should radically change their philosophical practice, and weaken their confidence in the correctness of their views.

• Can emotions be assessed as (more or less) rational? If so, how are such evaluative judgments to be understood given the distinction between practical and theoretical rationality? !e answer partly depends on the metaphysics of emotions. If emotions involve a cognitive element (belief ), their rationality will be explicated (at least partly) by reference to principles of theoretical rationality.

Levi Spectre and James Pryor

47


If they involve a desire, their rationality will be (at least partly) answerable to principles of practical rationality. If both elements are present, how do the two kinds of considerations interact? Perhaps, alternatively, the rationality of emotions is not reducible to the two kinds of rationality already recognized. A related question is the following: If emotions include a judgment – fear of a lion requiring the belief that it is dangerous, e.g. – how can we account for "recalcitrant emotions," i.e., emotions without the appropriate judgment (fear of a mouse one knows to be harmless, e.g.)? If, alternatively, emotions do not include a judgment, how can they be assessed as (more or less) rational? !e analogy between emotions and actions, Hagit Benbaji argued in a paper presented to the group, shows that rational assessment does not require a judgment.

• Knowledge is thought to be valuable; indeed, more valuable than (mere) true belief. But this is doubly

puzzling. First, justification, which is taken to be a necessary condition of knowledge (in addition to truth), seems to have only an instrumental value: it is a means to truth, rather than an intrinsically valuable goal. !erefore, it does not add to the value of a true belief. So where does knowledge gain its added value? Second, not all truths are valuable: who cares how many times the letter "z" appears in the phone book? In response to these two challenges, Christian Piller argued, in a paper he presented at the group's conference, that justification is conditionally intrinsically valuable: to believe with justification is to believe well, and success in a worthwhile endeavor is intrinsically valuable.

!e group’s members (and guests) found their stay at the Institute tremendously valuable. It enabled us to encounter interesting new problems and to gain new insights about familiar ones. We will continue to collaborate even when our stay at the IAS comes to an end.

Research Group Conference participants

Hagit BenbajiDepartment of PhilosophyBen-Gurion University, IsraelResearch Interests: Philosophy of mind. Metaphysics. Practical rationality.Selected Publications:"Constitution and the Explanatory Gap,"Synthese 161, 2 (2008):183 - 202.

"Token Monism, Event Dualism and Overdetermination," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, 1 (2010): 63-81.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:How Recalcitrant Emotion is Possible (work in progress).What Can't We Do at Will and Why? (work in progress).

David EnochDepartment of Philosophy and Faculty of Law!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Moral, political and legal philosophy. Epistemology.

Selected Publications:"Not Just a Truthometer: Taking Oneself Seriously (but not Too Seriously) in Cases of Peer Disagreement," Mind, 2010.Taking Morality Seriously: A Defense of Robust Realism, Oxford University Press, 2011.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Statistical Evidence in Epistemology, Morality and Law" (work in progress)."Moral Deference and Expertise" (work in progress).

Yuval EylonDepartments of History, Philosophy, and Judaic Studies!e Open University, IsraelResearch Interests: Ethics. Meta-Ethics. Political philosophy. Interpretation.Selected Publications:"Virtue and Continence," Ethical !eory and Moral Practice 12, 2 (2008):137 - 151.

"Just !reats." Journal of Moral Philosophy 6, 1 (2009): 94-108. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Blaming and Knowing" (submitted for publication)."Deliberative Democracy and Fairness" (work in progress).With Amir Horowitz, "Fairness in Sports" (work in progress).With Alon Harel, "Rights and Directionality" (submitted for publication).

Jennifer NagelDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Toronto, CanadaResearch Interests: Epistemology. Metacognition.Selected Publications:"Epistemic Anxiety and Adaptive Invariantism," in Philosophical Perspectives 24, 1 (2010): 407-35. "!e Psychological Basis of the Harman-Vogel Paradox," in Philosopher's Imprint 11, 5 (2011): 1-28.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction (under contract at Oxford University Press).

"Knowledge as a Mental State" (forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Epistemology)."Intuitions and Experiments: A Defense of the Case Method in Epistemology" (forthcoming in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research)."Gendler on Alief," contribution to a book symposium on Tamar Gendler's Intuition, Imagination and Philosophical Methodology, (forthcoming in Analysis)."Knowledge and Reliability," (forthcoming in Hilary Kornblith and Brian McLaughlin (eds.), Alvin Goldman and his Critics, Blackwell Press.


Christian PillerDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of York, UKResearch Interests: Practical philosophy. Epistemology.Selected Publications:"Desiring the Truth and Nothing but the Truth," in Nous 43 (2009): 193-213. "Valuing Knowledge: A Deontological Approach," in Ethical !eory and Moral Practice 12 (2009): 413-428.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"!e Bootstrapping Objection" (work in progress)."Knowledge and Achievement" (work in progress)."Taurek's Challenge: What is Goodness Good For" (work in progress).

James PryorDepartment of PhilosophyNew York University, USAResearch Interests: Epistemology. Philosophy of language.Selected Publications:"!e Skeptic and the Dogmatist," Nous 34 (2000): 517-49."What's Wrong With Moore's Argument?" in Philosophical Issues 14, 1 (2004): 349 – 378.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Problems for Credulism""Deliberating, Concluding, and Entailing""Hypothetical Oughts"(All three are drafts of epistemology papers, and will also make up part of an epistemology book being co-authored with Tom Kelly)

Levi SpectreDepartments of History, Philosophy, and Judaic Studies !e Open University, IsraelResearch interests: Traditional and formal epistemology. Selected Publications:With Assaf Sharon, "Mr. Magoo's Mistake," in Philosophical Studies 139, 2 (2008): 289 – 306.

With Karl Karlander, "Sleeping Beauty meets Monday," in Synthese 174, 3 (2010): 397 – 412.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Actual World Skepticism" (work in progress)."Evidence and Inference" (work in progress).With David Enoch, "Statistical and Individual Evidence" (work in progress).

Sergio TenenbaumDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of Toronto, CanadaResearch Interests: Ethics. Practical reason. Kant.Selected Publications:Appearances of the Good, Cambridge University Press, 2007."!e Idea of Freedom and Moral Cognition in Groundwork III," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2012.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS: "Vague Projects and the Puzzle of the Self-Torturer" (work in progress)."I Can Get Much Satisficing," in Veronica Rodriguez Blanco (ed.), Practical Normativity and the Law."Moral Faith and Moral Reason," in Timothy Chappel (ed.), Intuition, !eory, and Anti-!eory, Oxford University Press, (pending final referee report).Indeterminate Ends, Extended Actions, and Instrumental Rationality, Book Manuscript.

Practical and !eoretical Rationality: A Comparative Study

Michael !ompsonDepartment of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh, USAResearch Interests: Ethics. Philosophy of action. Practical reason. History of ethics. Political philosophy. Logic.Selected Publications:"What Is It to Wrong Someone?," in R. Jay Wallace, Philip Pettit, Samuel Sche&er, and Michael Smith (eds.), Reason and Value: !emes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz, USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Life and Action: Elementary Structures of Practice and Practical !ought, Harvard University Press, 2008 (Reprint edition 2012).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"I and You,"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, forthcoming."Practical Knowledge and Practical Naturalism," Internationaler Hegel-Kongreß 2011 Proceedings (forthcoming).Book manuscript; !e First and Second Person and Justice.

Ruth WeintraubDepartment of Philosophy Tel Aviv University, IsraelResearch Interests: Epistemology. Decision theory. Paradoxes. David Hume.Selected Publications:!e Sceptical Challenge, Routledge, 1997."Logic for Expressivists," Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 2010.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Can Peer Disagreement be Rational?" (work in progress)."Induction and Inference to the Best Explanation" (submitted for publication).

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Ruth Weintraub

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Bounded Rationality:Beyond the Classical

Paradigm

group report

on the right: Tomasz Strzalecki

T he classical model in economic theory assumes that the economic agent is fully rational. In particular, it is assumed that the agent is

aware of the set of actions that is available to him and has a correct model of the environment in which he is operating. In particular, he understands the relationship between his actions and outcomes. Any calculation or consideration that is relevant to achieve this complete understanding of the environment can be done without mistake, with no delay, and without cost. In addition, the agent has a complete and consistent preference over the set of possible outcomes and chooses the action that leads to the best outcome with respect to his preference.

!is model is clearly unrealistic. A human agent is often unaware of actions, contingencies, and considerations that are relevant for the decision problem that he is facing. He often finds it di#cult to form a preference (for example, to determine his trade-o" between price and quality, or the trade-o" between current pleasure and future welfare), and there are significant limits on his ability to process information (specifically, attention, memory, and thinking are bounded and costly). Economists have of course realized that people are subject to these limitations; however, until they were exposed to the research in cognitive psychology they did not have a concrete sense of the systematic deviations of human decision making from the rational model.

!e research agenda of our group consisted of two main components:

(1) Studying models of decision making that depart from the standard model and in particular take into account cognitive limitations and non-standard preferences.

(2) Studying the implications of bounded rationality

in multi-person interactions, in particular, games and market economies.

!e activity of the group was organized around a weekly in-depth seminar. Each week a member of the group presented a paper, with a discussion following the presentation. In addition to our weekly seminar, we held a conference with the participation of 22 of the leading scholars in the field, for a week of lectures and discussions. It was an exciting event that demonstrated the growing breadth of the field and the wide range of issue that it addresses.

Following are specific research topics that were presented at our weekly seminars:

Yusufcan Masatlioglu (University of Michigan) presented a model of choice where the decision maker has limited attention. !e choice function is defined by two elements, an attention function that specifies for each set of choice alternatives S, a subset of S to which the decision maker pays attention, and a preference relation on the set of alternatives, so that the choice from the set S is the maximal element according to the preference in the subset of S to which the decision maker pays attention. Yusufcan also presented an interesting model of choice where the decision maker has two conflicting preferences; a preference that represents the overall well-being of the agent and a "temptation preference" that represent immediate pleasure.

Eric Eyster (London School of Economics) presented a simple model of asset pricing where agents have incomplete theories that give statistically correct estimations about market prices in the next period, conditional upon information contained in their theories in the current period. It turns out that agents with more complete theories do not necessarily

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Organizer: Elchanan Ben-Porath (!e Hebrew University)

earn more than those with less complete theories. Tomasz Strzalecki (Harvard University) discussed a model of a competitive exchange economy where agents are restricted to crude consumption plans, that is, where there is a restriction on the extent to which the consumption plan of an agent can vary with changes in the state of the environment. !is restriction is motivated by considerations of bounded rationality, such as an inability to form a complex plan or a di#culty in information processing. !e research demonstrates that consumption plans are more risky and prices are more volatile compared with a classical competitive economy in which there is no restriction on the consumption plans.

Larry Samuelson (Yale University) presented a model of a repeated game between a long-run player and a sequence of short-run players, where a short-run player has a simplified and incorrect model of the behavior of the long-run player. Specifically, a short-run player has

a correct estimation of the average behavior of the long-run player, but does not recognize that the behavior of the long-run player may vary across histories. !is research characterizes the set of equilibrium payo"s and equilibrium behavior in this game. In particular, it highlights the way in which the long-run player can manipulate the beliefs of the short-run player.

In addition to our group members, two guest scholars gave presentations;

Ariel Rubinstein (Tel Aviv University and New York University) presented a principal-agent model where the agent is boundedly rational in the sense that his ability to come up with a false description of his type is limited and depends on his true type. !e analysis characterizes the conditions under which the principal’s goal can be achieved, and in particular demonstrates that the revelation principle does not hold in this case. Ran Spiegler (Tel Aviv University and University College London) presented a labor market search

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Yusufcan Masatlioglu talking to a conference guest

model in which workers have non-standard preferences. Specifically, a worker has a reference wage; he is willing to exert unobserved, intrinsically motivated e"ort as long as his wage does not fall below the reference wage. !is model generates an equilibrium that fits the empirical data. In particular, the equilibrium wage for

existing workers displays downward rigidity and new workers are paid a wage below the existing workers.

I would like to conclude the report by thanking the IAS for its hospitality and for providing our research group with such a unique opportunity for an in-depth exchange of ideas.

Larry Samuelson (on the right) with a colleague


Elchanan Ben-PorathCenter for the Study of RationalityDepartment of Economics !e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Economic theory, especially game theory and information economics. Distributive justice.Selected Publications:"Cheap Talk in Games with Incomplete Information," in Journal of Economic !eory 108 (2003): 45-71.

With Barton Lipman, "Implementation with Partial Provability," in Journal of Economic !eory 147 (2012): 1689-1724. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Eddie Dekel and Barton Lipman, "Optimal Allocation with Costly Verification" (work in progress).

Eddie DekelDepartment of Economics, Northwestern University, USA!e Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University, IsraelResearch Interests: Game theory. Decision theory. Voting theory. Mechanism design.Selected Publications:With Matthew O. Jackson and Asher Wolinsky, "Vote Buying: General Elections," in Journal of Political Economy

116 (2008): 351-380.With Barton L. Lipman, "Costly Self-Control and Random Self-Indulgence" in Econometrica 80 (2012): 1271-1302. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Ady Pauzner, "Job Satisfaction and the Wage Gap" (work in progress).With Elchanan Ben-Porath and Barton Lipman, "Optimal Allocation with Costly Verification" (work in progress).

Erik EysterDepartment of EconomicsLondon School of Economics, UKResearch Interests: Microeconomic theory. Psychology and economics. Political economy. Errors in strategic decision making.Selected Publications:With Matthew Rabin, Rational and Naïve Herding, London: CEPR, 2009.

With Matthew Rabin, "Naïve Herding in Rich-Information Settings," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2 4, (2010): 221-243.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Georg Weizsacker, "Correlation Neglect in Financial Decision-Making."

Bounded Rationality: Beyond the Classical Paradigm

Dean Foster!e Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, USAResearch Interests: Machine learning. Game theory. Variable selection.Selected Publications: With Alexander Rakhlin, "No Internal Regret via Neighborhood Watch," in AI-STATS 2011.With Alekh Agarwal, Alexander Rakhlin, Daniel Hsu and Sham Kakade, "Stochastic Convex Optimization with

Bandit Feedback," in NIPS 2011 (a longer version will appear in SIAM Journal on Optimization).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Sergiu Hart, "Weak Calibration, Finite Recall, and Nash Equilibrium."

Sergiu HartCenter for the Study of RationalityDepartment of MathematicsDepartment of Economics!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Game theory. Economic theory. Rationality.Selected Publications:"Adaptive Heuristics." Econometrica 73 5 (2005): 1401-1430.

"Comparing Risks by Acceptance and Rejection," in Journal of Political Economy 229 4, (2011): 617-638.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Dean Foster, "Weak Calibration, Finite Recall, and Nash Equilibrium."

Yusufcan MasatliogluDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of Michigan, USAResearch Interests: Individual decision theory. Microeconomic theory. Experimental economics.Selected Publications: With E. A. Ok, "Rational Choice with Status Quo Bias," in Journal of Economic !eory, 121 1, (2005): 1-29.With D. Nakajima and E. Ozbay, "Revealed Attention," in American Economic Review, (forthcoming).

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With E. A. Ok, "A Canonical Model of Choice with Initial Endowments" (submitted to Review of Economic Studies).With N. Uler, "Understanding the Reference E"ect" (submitted to Games and Economic Behavior).With D. Nakajima and E. Ozdenoren, "Revealed Willpower" (work in progress).

Ady Pauzner!e Eitan Berglas School of EconomicsTel Aviv University, IsraelResearch Interests: Game theory. Economic theory.Selected Publications:With Vincent P. Crawford, Tamar Kugler and Zvika Neeman, "Behaviorally Optimal Auction Design: Examples and Observations," in Journal of the European Economic Association 7, 2-3, (2009): 377-387.

With Ran Eilat, "Optimal Bilateral Trade of Multiple Objects," Games and Economic Behavior, 71, 2 (2011): 503-512.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Eddie Dekel, "Job Satisfaction and the Wage Gap" (work in progress).

Larry SamuelsonDepartment of EconomicsYale University, USAResearch Interests: Microeconomic theory. Game theory. Repeated games. Evolutionary foundations of economic behavior.Selected Publications:Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selection,MIT Press, 1997.With George J. Mailath, Repeated Games and Reputations: Long-Run Reputations. Oxford University Press, 2007.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Richard O. Prum, "!e Hairy-Downy Game: A Model of Interspecific Social Dominance Mimicry" in Journal of !eoretical Biology 313 (2012): 42-60.

With George J. Mailath and Andrew Postlewaite, "Pricing and Investments in Matching Markets" in !eoretical Economics (forthcoming).With Philippe Jehiel, "Reputation with Analogical Reasoning" in Quarterly Journal of Economics (forthcoming).With Martin W. Cripps, Je"rey C. Ely and George J. Mailath, "Common Learning with Intertemporal Dependence" in International Journal of Game !eory (forthcoming).With Qingmin Liu, George J. Mailath and Andrew Postlewaite, "Matching with Incomplete Information" (working paper, August 2012).

Joel SobelDepartment of EconomicsUC San Diego, USAResearch Interests: Game theory. Information economics.Selected Publications: With Ying Chen and Navin Kartik, "Selecting Cheap-Talk Equilibria," in Econometrica 76 1, (2008): 117-136.With Martin Dufwenberg, Paul Heidhues, Georg Kirchsteiger and Frank Riedel, "Other-Regarding Preferences in General Equilibrium" in Review of Economic Studies 78 2 (2011): 613-39.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Ten Possible Experiments on Communication and Deception" in Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (forthcoming).With D. Acemoglu, M. Arellano and E. Dekel (eds.), "Giving and Receiving Advice" in Advances in Economics and Econometrics (forthcoming 2013)."On the Relationship between Individual and Group Decisions" (submitted for publication)."Group Polarization in a Model of Information Aggregation" (work in progress).

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Tomasz StrzaleckiDepartment of EconomicsHarvard University, USAResearch Interests: Decision theory. Bounded rationality. Behavioral economics.Selected Publications: With Luca Rigotti and Chris Shannon, "Subjective Beliefs and Ex Ante Trade," in Econometrica 76 (2008): 1176-1190.

"Axiomatic Foundations of Multiplier Preferences," in Econometrica 79 (2011): 47 – 73. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Drew Fudenberg, "Recursive Stochastic Choice" (work in progress).

Asher WolinskyDepartment of EconomicsNorthwestern University, USAResearch Interests: Economic theory with much of the focus on game theoretic models of markets and institutions.Selected Publications: With Eddie Dekel and Matthew Jackson, "Vote Buying: General Elections," Journal of Political Economy, 116, 2 (2008): 351-380.With Eddie Dekel, "Buying Shares and/or Votes for Corporate Control," Review of Economic Studies, 79 1 (2012): 196-226.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:!e following four articles in progress:With Stephan Lauermann, "Search with Adverse Selection."With Stephan Lauermann, "Auctions with Endogenous Biddership."With Wojciech Olszewski, "Matching Objects with Multiple Attributes."With Diego Klabjan and Wojciech Olszewski, "Attributes."

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Jewish Physicians in Medieval Christian Europe:

Professional Knowledge as an Agent for Cultural Change

group report

Group visit to Hadassah Medical Library

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T he Middle Ages were a period of dramatic cultural changes in all European societies. Jewish culture in all its aspects was not exempt

from these processes. Beginning with the 9th century, Jewish intellectuals began to introduce the so-called Greco-Arabic sciences into Jewish culture, both in the Orient and in the Spanish peninsula. Although from the outset this was a major cultural change, it took place fairly smoothly, namely because the Jewish intellectuals were arabophone members in predominantly arabophone societies. The vivid intellectual exchange, hampered by religious borderlines only to a limited extent, led to a flourishing and innovative Jewish culture, which gave rise to new scientific disciplines such as Hebrew grammar, Bible exegesis, religious philosophy, and others. In addition, scientific works in other sciences such as medicine were written, copied and read by Jews in Arabic and Judeo-Arabic. The best-known and most influential representative of this culture is the Jewish philosopher, halakhist and physician Moses Maimonides (d. 1204).

If we turn our gaze northward, from the realm of Arabic-Muslim culture to Christian Europe, comparable processes of cultural transfer and transition can be identified, though under considerably di"erent conditions. During most of the three centuries when the Judeo-Arabic culture flourished, the Jews in Southern France pursued traditional Jewish culture, centered on the Talmud. Only in the 12th century, did the Jewish scientific and philosophical culture of al-Andalus (Arabic culture in Moorish Spain) begin to make inroads into the Midi (the southern area of contemporary France). !is meant the creation of a scientific literary corpus in Hebrew, inasmuch as the Jews in Christian lands were

not conversant in Arabic. Nor did they have access to, or interest in, the scientific and philosophical writings of the surrounding Christian-Latin culture. Beginning with the 12th century and continuing throughout the next four centuries, hundreds of works in all branches of science and philosophy were translated from Arabic into Hebrew. !is set of translated texts in turn gave rise to a full-fledged Hebrew rationalist culture, grounded in Greek and Arabic science, medicine, and philosophy. Between the 12th and 16th centuries the Hebrew rationalist culture of the Midi continued to import bodies of knowledge from Arabic.

In contrast, the religious and linguistic borders between Jews and the surrounding Christian culture always remained significantly less permeable than those in Muslim countries, and very little knowledge was appropriated from the neighboring Scholastic Christian culture. In the Midi hardly any philosophical or scientific works were translated from Latin into Hebrew. One could perhaps even go so far as to speak therefore of a "Latino-phobic" attitude on the part of medieval Jews of the Midi in general.

However, the field of medicine is an exception to this generalization. As far back as the 12th century, and again in the 14th and the 15th, scores of medical works were translated from Latin into Hebrew, concurrent with the translations from Arabic into Hebrew. By the same token, Jewish and Christian doctors frequently cooperated with each other and treated patients together. !e role played by medieval doctors in bringing about a cultural transfer from Latin into Hebrew cultures, or from Christians to Jews – this is the macro-phenomenon that our research group focused on.

Group Organizers: Gad Freudenthal (CNRS Paris, University of Geneva)and Reimund Leicht (!e Hebrew University)

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Doctors hold a singular position within the social system of knowledge for obvious reasons. All members of all religions and cultures have similarly constructed human bodies, and all human beings, regardless of their religious and cultural backgrounds, su"er from similar illnesses and seek to be healed from these illnesses. Patients always attempt to seek out the best possible medical treatment, thus putting the Jewish doctors in constant and direct competition with the environing non-Jewish health system. Medieval Jewish physicians were therefore placed under unrelenting pressure from patients to acquire the best available knowledge, as defined in local lay opinion. !erefore, medicine was usually a unified knowledge system in which Jewish doctors were compelled to keep up with the tendencies of medicine in the host societies. Whereas Jewish philosophers could a"ord to remain in a vase clos and depend on translations of works written in earlier centuries in Arabic, physicians lived in a dynamic context that constantly obliged them to "modernize." Inasmuch as they were in constant, intensive contact with the majority society, in particular with their gentile colleagues and patients, they contributed to the acculturation of values and cultural attitudes, in addition to sheer knowledge transfer. !is is what transforms the experience of medieval Jewish physicians into a "strategic research site," to use the term coined by the late sociologist Robert K. Merton. Our group studied how and what Jewish physicians contributed to the reception and development of the rationalistic, mainly Greco-Arabic culture, among the

Jews of Southern France in particular and Christian Europe overall.

!e study of the history of "Medicine and the Jews" as part of the development of Jewish culture in its Christian European environment is thus much more than the study of the appropriation of professional and scientific knowledge by one specific socio-religious group. It is rather a comprehensive inquiry into the catalytic role Jewish physicians played in the processes of change which Jewish cultures underwent in southern Europe during the Middle Ages. Accordingly, a profusion of di"erent yet related topics contributed to the joint focus of investigation of this research group. !e great variety of topics is reflected in the scholarly backgrounds of our group members, with academic backgrounds in fields as diverse as general history, Jewish history, cultural history, the history of medicine and science, Jewish thought, Classical Studies and Arabic, and the history of literature and linguistics. Enriched by this diversity, the group held regular seminars where comprehensive, in-depth discussions took place as to the appropriation of professional knowledge by Jewish physicians, their social and cultural status as reflected in historical and literary documents, translation processes and questions of cultural and linguistic identities. Interdisciplinary cooperation between the individual scholars in our group, each with their own unique area of expertise, helped the group to move forward in their understanding of this unique field.

In the past, the study of the history of medicine among Jews, or "Jewish medicine" as it is often improperly called, was quite popular. In recent decades

At the Hadassah Hospital Medical Library

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this interest has abated. !erefore we could not invite scholars who were already working in the domain of the history of medicine in Jewish cultures, as there are few such active scholars today. We recruited a number of young and talented researchers whose expertise spanned related yet di"erent disciplines. Our group followed the collateral aim of placing Hebrew medicine center stage on the scholarly agenda of medieval studies. !e purpose of our tenure at the IAS was twofold – to reach new understandings and insight, and to concomitantly attract scholars to our area of research and introduce them to it.

!ere were two veteran scholars – Joseph Shatzmiller (Duke University), the recognized leader in this field of study, and Gad Freudenthal (CNRS Paris and University of Geneva), one of the group organizers; two scholars in mid-career – Reimund Leicht, the second group organizer and Cyril Aslanov (both of !e Hebrew University); and four young scholars at the beginning of their careers – Michal Altbauer-Rudnik (!e Hebrew University), Tovi Bibring (Bar-Ilan University), Tamas Visi (Palacky University) and David Wirmer (University of Cologne). Joining our eight group members were five "associate members" who participated regularly in our meetings: Leigh Chipman (!e Hebrew University), Naama Cohen-Hanegbi (Tel Aviv University), Ofer Elior (University of Geneva), Donna Shalev (!e Hebrew University), and Hagar Kahana-Smilansky (!e Hebrew University).

We were fortunate to have had three visitors for various periods of time: Michael McVaugh (Duke University),

Resianne Fontaine (University of Amsterdam), and Carmen Caballero-Navas (University of Granada). With their diverse specialties and expertise, they each contributed significantly to our group discussions and research.

!roughout our stay at the IAS our group held two weekly seminars; one for informal internal meetings, and the second with invited guest speakers, mainly from Israel. !e first several internal meetings were devoted to detailed self-presentations. Members gave a detailed account of their intellectual and scholarly itinerary, describing the point of departure of their research – often their studies or doctoral dissertation – and went on to describe their methodological commitments, the results – both successes and failures – and the issues that they are currently focused on. !ese presentations proved to be very beneficial, not only so that we could know each other better, but also to help us recognize the variegated itineraries that brought us together, as well as the numerous perspectives from which our shared corpus of texts might be considered. Subsequent internal seminars were devoted to the shared study of texts. Meetings were led by various members, each of whom presented a text that she/he had distributed beforehand. We read the texts together and discussed the various issues raised by the texts. !ese sessions, being devoted to well-defined topics, were particularly productive. !e group’s subject was defined narrowly out of the conviction (based on experience) that interaction and collaboration between scholars are especially e"ective

Purim party at the IAS

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when all are familiar with a shared textual corpus. !is assumption, we feel, has proved its mettle.

!e work of the research group was intended to create a long-term network of international cooperation in the field of the study of the history of medicine, and of Jewish physicians. In an attempt to broaden international collaboration, a conference is scheduled to take place in 2013, focusing on the great Arabic philosopher and physician Avicenna (980-1037), whose medical magnum opus, the Qanûn

fî-l tibb, played a seminal role in the formation of professional medical, scientific and philosophical culture in all three Mediterranean cultures, including medieval Judaism.

!e group’s meetings were all very convivial and conducted in a pleasant atmosphere. !e same can be said of our group’s excursion to Acre. In addition to good souvenirs, the group’s tenure is certain to have enriched the work of all its members and we expect this to be reflected in their work in the coming decades.

Exhibit at the Medical Library

Group visit to the medical archives

Michal Altbauer-RudnikDepartment of History!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Social history of medicine. Cultural psychiatry. History of emotions. Early modern European social history.Two Selected Publications:"Love, Madness and Social Order: Love Melancholy in France and England in the Late Sixteenth and the Early Seventeenth Centuries," Gesnerus 63, 33-45 (2006).Prescribing Love: Italian Jewish Physicians Writing on Lovesickness in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Jerusalem: European Forum at !e Hebrew University, 2009.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"!e Changing Faces of Love Torments: Continuity and Rupture in the Medical Diagnosis of Lovesickness in the Modern West," in E. Cohen, L. Toker, O. Dror and M. Consoni (eds.), Knowledge and Pain, forthcoming by Rodopi."Love for All: Medical Discussion of Lovesickness in Jacob Zahalon’s !e Treasure of Life," in T. Herzig, A. Ben-Tov and Y. Deutsch (eds.), Religion and Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, forthcoming by Brill.Between Lust and Love: Medieval Hebrew Discourse on Lovesickness (project in progress).Avicenna’s Discussion of Lovesickness in Hebrew Translations of the Qanûn (project in progress).

Cyril Aslanov Department of Romance and Latin American Studies!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Historical linguistics.Comparative linguistics. Languages in contact. Jewish languages. Poetics.Selected Publications: Le provençal des Juifs et l'hébreu en Provence: le dictionnaire Sharshot ha-Kesef de Joseph Caspi, Leuven-Paris, Peeters, 2011.Sociolingüística histórica de las lenguas judías, Buenos Aires, Lilmod, 2011.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Latin in Hebrew Letters/ Latin into Hebrew: about the transliteration/ transcription/ translation of a compendium of Arnaldus de Villa Nova's Speculum Medicinae (Lyon BM ms. 15 hébreu)" in Resianne Fontaine and Gad Freudenthal (eds.), Latin-into-Hebrew – Studies and Texts. Volume 1: Studies, Leiden: Brill (forthcoming in 2013)."From Latin into Hebrew through the Romance Vernaculars: !e Creation of an Interlingua Written in Hebrew Characters," in Resianne Fontaine and Gad Freudenthal (eds.), Latin-into-Hebrew – Studies and Texts. Volume 1: Studies, Leiden: Brill (forthcoming 2013).

Tovi BibringDepartment of French CultureBar-Ilan University, IsraelResearch Interests: Medieval literatures and medieval studies.Selected Publications:"Le chemin corrigé : Moralités inédites dans la fable La souris et la grenouille de Marie de France et Rat avec Rainette et Aigle de Berekiah Hanaqdan," in Dominique Duché and Madeleine Jeay (eds.), Le Récit exemplaire (1200-1800), Paris : Garnier Classiques (2011): 37-58. "Would that My Words were Inscribed": Berechiah Hanaqdan’s Mishlei Shu$alim and European Fable Traditions," in Resianne Fontaine and Gad Freudenthal (eds.), Latin-into-Hebrew – Studies and Texts. Vol. 1: Studies,

Leiden, Brill, (forthcoming 2013).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Doctors and Patients in Medieval Hebrew, French and Latin Fable-Lore."With Tamás Visi, "Natural Sciences and Medicine in Medieval Hebrew Literature from France: Berechiah Hanaqdan’s Dodi Venechdi: Its Sources and Reception."With Tamás Visi, "Reevaluation of the Dodi Ve Nechdi Manuscripts: Towards a New Critical Edition."Critical Edition with Tamás Visi and David Wirmer, "A Rhymed Hebrew Introduction to Sciences and Philosophy from 13th Century Sefard: Ja’aqob Ben El’azar and His Pardes Rimmone Ha-hokma."


Gad FreudenthalCNRS – Paris, Franceand Department of PhilosophyUniversity of Geneva, SwitzerlandResearch Interests: History of Jewish thought and philosophy, especially history of science in Jewish cultures.Selected Publications:Science in the Medieval Hebrew and Arabic Traditions. Aldershot, Ashgate 2005.

Editor, Science in Medieval Jewish Cultures, Cambridge UP, 2011.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Resianne Fontaine, (eds.), Latin-into-Hebrew – Studies and Texts. Volume 1: Studies, Leiden: Brill (forthcoming 2013)."!e Father of the Latin-into-Hebrew Translations: Doeg the Edomite, the Repentant Convert (1197-1199)," in Resianne Fontaine and Gad Freudenthal, eds., Latin-into-Hebrew – Studies and Texts. Volume 1: Studies (Leiden: Brill, forthcoming in 2013).

Reimund LeichtDepartment of Jewish !ought!e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelResearch Interests: Jewish philosophy and science in the Middle Ages. Jewish cultural history in late Antiquity. Johannes Reuchlin and Christian Kabbala.Selected Publications: With G. Freudenthal (eds.), Studies on Steinschneider – Moritz Steinschneider and the Emergence of the Science of

Judaism in Nineteenth-Century Germany, Leiden/Boston 2011."Toward a History of Hebrew Astrological Literature: A Bibliographic Survey," in Gad Freudenthal (ed.), Science in Medieval Jewish Cultures, Cambridge 2011, pp. 255-291.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Once more between the Ghâya and Picatrix: !e Hebrew Translation of the Old Spanish version" (in preparation).

Joseph Shatzmiller History DepartmentDuke University, USA

Research Interests: Medieval history.Selected Publications:Jews, Medicine and Medieval Society, University of California Press, 1995.

Medicine et justice en Provence medieval: Documents de Manosque, 1262 – 1348, University of Provence Press, 1995. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:Cultural Exchange: Jews and Christians in the Medieval Marketplace, Princeton University Press: (forthcoming 2013).Medical Practice and Malpractice in the Middle Ages, (work in progress).

Jewish Physicians in Medieval Christian Europe: Professional Knowledge as an Agent for Cultural Change

Tamás VisiKurt and Ursula Schubert Centre for Jewish StudiesPalack" University of Olomouc, Czech RepublicResearch Interests: Medieval Jewish philosophy. Jewish intellectual history.Selected Publications:"!e Emergence of Philosophy in Ashkenazic Contexts – !e Case of Czech Lands in the Early Fifteenth Century," in Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts / Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook, vol. 8 Gottingen: Vendenhoeck & Ruprecht (2009): 213-243."!e First Instant of Creation: Jedaiah ha-Penini, Durandus of Saint-Pourçain, and the Ibn Ezra Supercommentary Avvat Nefesh," Recherches de !éologie et Philosophie Médiévales 77 (2010): 83-124.

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Berakhiah ben Natronai ha-Nakdan’s Dodi ve-Nekhdi and the Transfer of Scientific Knowledge from Latin to Hebrew in the Twelfth Century" (Aleph, forthcoming 2013)."!omas Aquinas' Summa !eologiae in Hebrew -- A New Finding," in Resianne Fontaine and Gad Freudenthal (eds.), Latin-into-Hebrew: Studies and Texts, Volume 1 Studies, Leiden:Brill (forthcoming in 2013). With Tovi Bibring, "Natural Sciences and Medicine in Medieval Hebrew Literature from France: Berechiah Hanaqdan’s Dodi Venechdi: Its Sources and Reception."With Tovi Bibring, "Reevaluation of the Dodi Ve Nechdi Manuscripts: Towards a New Critical Edition."Critical Edition with Tovi Bibring and David Wirmer, "A Rhymed Hebrew Introduction to Sciences and Philosophy from 13th Century Sefard: Ja’aqob Ben El’azar and His Pardes Rimmone Ha-hokma."

David Wirmer!omas-Institut University of Cologne, GermanyResearch Interests: Arabic and Hebrew philosophy. Medieval psychology and philosophy of nature. Relation of medical and physical knowledge.Selected Publications: "Avempace – ‘ratio de quiditate’. !omas Aquinas’s Critique of an Argument for the Natural Knowability of Separate Substances," in Andreas Speer and Lydia Wegener (eds.), Wissen über Grenzen. Arabisches Wissen und lateinisches Mittelalter, (Miscellanea Mediaevalia 33), Berlin–New York: de Gruyter (2006): 569–590.

Averroes, Über den Intellekt. Auszüge aus seinen drei Kommentaren zu Aristoteles’ De anima. Arabisch – Lateinisch – Deutsch, edited, translated, and annotated by David Wirmer (Herders Bibliothek der Philosophie des Mittelalters 15), Freiburg: Herder, 2008.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine in Hebrew: History of the Translations and Commentaries.Two Hebrew Translations of Taddeo Alderotti’s Practica de febribus.Critical Edition with Tovi Bibring and Tamás Visi, A Rhymed Hebrew Introduction to Sciences and Philosophy from 13th Century Sefarad: Ya‘aqov Ben El‘azar and His Parde' Rimmone Ha-Hokmah.

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Group members and their families at the Baha'i Gardens in Haifa

Integrability and Gauge/String Duality

group report

Elmer O#enbacher speaking with Romuald Janik and Nadav Drukker

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T he research group on "Integrability and Gauge/String Duality" was in session at the IAS in Jerusalem in the period March 1,

2012 - May 31, 2012. The focus of the group was on a currently intensively-studied model in theoretical physics, which has been termed by some the "hydrogen atom of the 21st century." The basic idea and goal was to construct a mathematically exact solution of an, admittedly idealized, quantum field theory of the general type as occurs in the description of the forces between our universe’s elementary particles, with the notable exception of the gravitational force.

Yang-Mills gauge theory is named for its inventors, Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills. !e word gauge refers to the fact, that at the heart of these theories lies a certain built-in redundancy in its mathematical description very hard to eliminate, while apparently necessary in order to properly record and understand the rules of the game. It is a bit like deciding on proper time zones for the earth: We require them in order to be able to communicate, their need is ultimately due to the spherical nature of Earth as well as its rotation around its axis, but the precise location of the zones is completely man-made. !e idealized system at the focus of our group is called N=4 super Yang-Mills gauge theory, where "super" does not mean super interesting (even though this is certainly true!), but rather refers to a beautiful symmetry not yet discovered in nature, which is called supersymmetry. It stipulates that in addition to our standard continuous ("bosonic") spacetime dimensions, certain hidden discrete ("fermionic") dimensions exist. !e number N=4 refers to the fact that this model has not just one but even four such curious symmetries. In fact, this is the maximum number that

mathematical consistency allows for a quantum field theory in four spacetime dimensions.

So in this sense, the N=4 gauge model is the most beautiful and simplest Yang-Mills theory one can come up with, even though it certainly does not directly appear in nature. It is also a deeply mysterious model, as it has become clear in recent years that it possesses further hidden symmetries as well as seemingly contradictory, alternative descriptions, which promise to allow for a complete solution of the model, at least for certain quantities and in certain limits. !is is precisely what we set out to achieve with our program at the IAS.

One such amazing, alternative description was hypothesized about 15 years ago by Juan Maldacena (IAS, Princeton). He suggested that our N=4 model can also be described by a system of vibrating chords moving and wiggling in ten spacetime dimensions, a string theory. Not approximately, but exactly. Confusingly, in this description gravitational forces are included, while there is no trace of them in the gauge theory, as we have already mentioned above. So it appears that the N=4 Yang-Mills theory is somehow hiding the gravitational force. !is explains much of the fascination the model has for today’s theoretical physicist: It promises to give insight into all forces between elementary particles, including the quantum mechanically elusive gravitational attraction.

A detailed qualitative and quantitative understanding of this -- on first sight rather crazy sounding -- marvelous duality between a gauge and a string theory is not easy to gain, however. Which is where the above-mentioned further hidden symmetries come in. !ey are of a type first discovered by the German-Jewish physicist,

Romuald Janik (Jagiellonian University, Poland)and Matthias Staudacher (Humboldt University, Germany)

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Hans Bethe in the early 1930s, just before his forced emigration to the United States. !ey lead to the so-called complete integrability of the model. !is means that it is possible to write down a system of equations, which encode various quantities of interest in the model in an exact fashion.

A simpler analog of such a secret symmetry allowing for a mathematically exact treatment is the so-called Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, which, unbeknownst to Isaac Newton, allowed him to find the exact solution for Johannes Kepler’s classical two-body problem of planetary motion, and Erwin Schrodinger and Wolfgang Pauli to determine the exact solution of the quantum mechanical hydrogen atom. !is analogy is the chief reason why the N=4 gauge theory has been called the hydrogen atom of the 21st century. However, while physicists are convinced that the analog of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector and the corresponding exact solution of the model exist also in the gauge theory case, finding it requires prolonged and intense work. Our research was meant to be an important stepping stone in this direction.

We have now briefly discussed the words in the title Integrability and Gauge/String Duality of our research group, and are ready to introduce its participants. !e core of the group consisted of seven foreign members and one long-term visitor, coming from such diverse places as Cracow, Berlin, Stockholm, Paris, Budapest, London, and Miami. Also visiting for various shorter periods were many additional prominent scholars, postdoctoral and doctoral students. As a Jerusalem

IAS research group it was rather special, as no fellow working at an Israeli institution could be recruited for continuous participation. !e two chief reasons for this were that this field of research is currently somewhat underrepresented in Israel, and that the local researchers working on closely-related fields were unfortunately all otherwise engaged with teaching and administrative duties. We nevertheless were delighted to notice considerable interest in our activities. We had on average one long pedagogical seminar per week, hosted primarily by group participants but also on a few occasions by scholars from Israel. It usually provided in-depth introduction to cutting-edge topics within our subject, aimed both at the group members as well as at visiting students and professors from Jerusalem, Rehovot, and Tel Aviv.

We also ran a successful three-day conference on our subject just before the Passover recess, which was very well attended. We are thankful for the support of the IAS, which helped us enormously with the practical organization, and above all allowed us to bring to Israel a considerable number of further specialists on the subject for the two-week period surrounding the conference. We should also mention that all group members presented one or even several talks in Israel during their stay, especially at the regular main seminar event of the Israeli string theory community in Neve Shalom-Wahat al-Salam, but also at the physics departments of !e Hebrew University, Tel Aviv University, and Ben Gurion University in Beer Sheva.

Now it is time to ask what the research group

Lea Prawer and Matthias Staudacher

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achieved, apart from providing the mentioned "educational" activities. Did we solve the conundrum of the hydrogen atom of the 21st century? !e short answer is: Not quite yet, as this is a very deep, long-term project, but we did make some significant, specific advances!

One of the most elusive and important physical questions in any gauge theory is the determination of the interactions between color sources (like a quark and anti-quark in QCD). On a more abstract level, this problem is a special case of the determination of so-called Wilson loop observables. !is topic remained at the focus of the research activities of various research group members. One of our research group fellows, Nadav Drukker (Kings College London), who recently made groundbreaking progress in the determination of the color interaction in the N=4 model, continued investigating this range of ideas, and in particular started a collaboration with Zoltan Bajnok (Institute for !eoretical Physics, Budapest) and Rafael Nepomechie (University of Miami) on an integrable, open, spin-chain model related to their results on the spectrum of open strings attached to a giant graviton.

!e same theme was pursued by Konstantin Zarembo (Nordita, Sweden), albeit from a quite di"erent angle, who performed very interesting computations showing how one can obtain exact strong coupling string theory answers for an appropriate Wilson loop from a direct computation on the gauge theory side of the AdS/CFT correspondence. !ese results were published in the Journal of High Energy Physics soon after he left the IAS.

Romuald Janik (Jagiellonian University), one of the two group organizers, in a work which was completed during the research group’s residence at the IAS, demonstrated a new way in which classical integrability may arise in the case of these Wilson loops at string coupling. !e theme of studying strings with boundaries at an exact level was pursued by Zoltan Bajnok and Rafael Nepomechie, who proposed a so-called Y-system description for the open string spectrum with a specific integrable boundary condition.

Another important theme investigated by the members of the research group was the study of correlation functions – a missing ingredient in the solution of the N=4 model. Zoltan Bajnok and Romuald Janik began a project while at the IAS, aiming to uncover the relation of some of these objects with so-called symmetric form-factors in integrable field theories.

Jan Plefka and Matthias Staudacher (one of the group organizers), both from Humboldt University in Berlin, found the time, usually not available while overburdened at home with teaching and administration, to begin thinking about the question of how to make the integrability program useful in the perhaps most important set of quantities of the N=4 model, the scattering amplitudes. In a joint work with postdoctoral researcher Tomasz (ukowski, the idea of how to introduce the so-called spectral parameter into the amplitude problem was born. !e existence of this parameter is the hallmark of quantum integrability. A publication on this topic initiated at the IAS is in preparation.

Romuald Janik and Nadav Drukker

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Last but not least, Vladimir Kazakov (École Normale Supérieure) investigated another physically important objective – high energy scattering and its potential interrelations with integrability. He also interacted with other members of the research group explaining the construction of a finite set of equations for the spectrum of the N=4 model.

We believe that apart from these concrete results, there are more subtle, long-term benefits of our activity in Jerusalem. We hope to have carried some

of the excitement for this field of research to Israel. We have learned a lot from our Israeli colleagues, working in similar directions with alternative methods and motivations. It was a pleasure to observe the profound interest of several Israeli students, some of whom regularly commuted from Tel Aviv to attend our program. Last but not least, it was a pleasure to be able to leisurely think about fundamental, mysterious and deep physics questions in the unique setting of this ancient cradle of human culture and thought.

Janos Balog and Jan Plefka

Integrability Conference Reception


Zoltan Bajnok!eoretical Physics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HungaryResearch Interests: Conformal field theories. Integrable models. Spin chains. AdS/CFT correspondence.Selected Publications:With Romuald A. Janik, "Four-Loop Perturbative Konishi from Strings and Finite Size E"ects for Multiparticle States," Nucl. Phys. B807 (2009) 625 [arXiv:0807.0399 [hep-th]].With Romuald A. Janik and Tomasz (ukowski, "Four Loop Twist Two, BFKL, Wrapping and Strings," Nucl. Phys. B816 (2009) 376 [arXiv:0811.4448 [hep-th]].

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Rafael I. Nepomechie, Laszlo Palla and Ryo Suzuki, "Y-system for Y=0 brane in planar AdS/CFT," JHEP 1208 (2012) 149.With Romuald A. Janik, "Six and Seven Loop Konishi from Luscher Corrections," JHEP 1211 (2012) 002.With Nadav Drukker, Arpad Hegedus, Rafael Nepomechie, Laszlo Palla, Christoph Sieg and Ryo Suzuki, "Twisting the Giant Graviton Open Spin-Chain" (provisional title), work in progress.

Nadav Drukker!eoretical PhysicsKing's College London, UKResearch Interests: String theory. Supersymmetric field theories. Exactly soluble models.Selected Publications:With David J. Gross, "An Exact Prediction of N=4 SUSYM !eory for String !eory," J. Math. Phys. 42 (2001) 2896 [arXiv:hep-th/0010274].With David R. Morrison and Takuya Okuda, "Loop Operators and S-Duality from Curves on Riemann Surfaces," JHEP 0909 (2009) 031 [arXiv:0907.2593 [hep-th]].

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Filippo Passerini and Takuya Okuda, "Exact Results for Vortex Loop Operators in Supersymmetric 3d !eories" (to appear).With Zoltan Bajnok, Arpad Hegedus, Rafael Nepomechie, Laszlo Palla, Christoph Sieg and Ryo Suzuki, "Twisting the Giant Graviton Open Spin-Chain" (provisional title), work in progress.

Romuald JanikInstitute of PhysicsJagiellonian University, PolandResearch Interests: Various aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence and string theory, in particular integrability and applications to quark-gluon plasma.Selected Publications:With Robert B. Peschanski, "Asymptotic Perfect Fluid Dynamics as a Consequence of AdS/CFT," Phys. Rev. D73 (2006) 045013 [arXiv:hep-th/0512162].

"!e AdS5)S5 Superstring Worldsheet S-matrix and Crossing Symmetry," Phys. Rev. D73 (2006) 086006 [arXiv:hep-th/0603038].Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Pawel Laskos-Grabowski, "Surprises in the AdS Algebraic Curve Constructions - Wilson Loops and Correlation Functions," Nucl.Phys. B861 (2012) 361-386.With Zoltan Bajnok, "Six and Seven Loop Konishi from Luscher Corrections," JHEP 1211 (2012) 002.

Integrability and Gauge/String Duality

Vladimir KazakovLaboratoire de Physique !éorique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, FranceResearch Interests: Various aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondences and string theory, in particular integrability and applications to quark-gluon plasma.Selected Publications:With Édouard Brézin, "Exactly Solvable Field !eories of Closed Strings," Phys. Lett. B236 (1990) 144.

With Nikolay Gromov and Pedro Vieira, "Exact Spectrum of Anomalous Dimensions of Planar N=4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills !eory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 131601 [arXiv:0901.3753 [hep-th]]Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Evgeny Sobko, "!ree-Point Correlators of Twist-2 Operators in N=4 SYM at Zero and One Loop" (to appear).With Nikolay Gromov, Sebastien Leurent and Dmytro Volin, "FiNLIE for AdS/CFT Spectrum as a Riemann-Hilbert Problem" (in progress).

Jan PlefkaInstitute of PhysicsHumboldt University, GermanyResearch Interests: Quantum field theory. String theory. Statistical mechanics. Matrix models. Integrability. AdS/CFT correspondence.Selected Publications:With Gleb Arutyunov, Sergey Frolov, and Marija Zamaklar, "!e O"-Shell Symmetry Algebra of the Light-Cone AdS5)S5 Superstring," J. Phys. A, Math. !eor. 40 (2007) 3583 [arXiv:hep-th/0609157].

With James M. Drummond and Johannes M. Henn, "Yangian Symmetry of Scattering Amplitudes in N=4 Super-Yang-Mills !eory," JHEP 0905 (2009) 046 [arXiv:0902.2987 [hep-th]].Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Livia Ferro, Tomasz (ukowski, Carlo Meneghelli and Matthias Staudacher, "Harmonic R-matrices for Scattering Amplitudes and Spectral Regularization" (to appear).With Konstantin Wiegandt, "!ree-Point Functions of Twist-Two Operators in N=4 SYM at One Loop," JHEP 1210 (2012) 177.

Matthias StaudacherInstitute of Mathematics and Institute of PhysicsHumboldt University, GermanyResearch Interests: Quantum field theory. String theory. Non-perturbative quantum gravity. Matrix models. Large N limit.Selected Publications:With Niklas Beisert and Charlotte Kristjansen, "!e Dilatation Operator of Conformal N=4 Super-Yang-

Mills !eory," Nucl. Phys. B664 (2003) 131 [arXiv:hep-th/0303060].With Niklas Beisert and Burkhard Eden, "Transcendentality and Crossing," J. Stat. Mech. 0701 (2007) P01021 [arXiv:hep-th/0610251].Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Livia Ferro, Tomasz (ukowski, Carlo Meneghelli and Jan Plefka, "Harmonic R-Matrices for Scattering Amplitudes and Spectral Regularization" (to appear).

Konstantin ZaremboNorditaStockholm, SwedenResearch Interests: Quantum field theory. String theory. Integrable systems. AdS/CFT correspondence, mainly the non-perturbative aspects of the relationship between gauge fields and strings, and on exact results in quantum field theory that can be obtained with the help of integrability.

Selected Publications With Joseph Minahan, "!e Bethe Ansatz for Superconformal Chern-Simons," JHEP 0809 (2008) 040 [arXiv:0806.3951 [hep-th]]."Holographic !ree-Point Functions of Semiclassical States," JHEP 1009 (2010) 030 [arXiv:1008.1059 [hep-th]]Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Dmitri Bykov, "Ladders for Wilson Loops Beyond Leading Order," JHEP 1209 (2012) 057.With Alessandra Cagnazzo, "B-field in AdS(3)/CFT(2) Correspondence and Integrability," arXiv:1209.4049.

Molecular Electronics

group report

Yoseph Imry (center) and Abraham Nitzan

Molecular electronics, one of the major fields in nanoscience, studies electronic devices based on single molecules or on molecular

networks connected to other electronic components. Its potential applications include sensors, displays, smart materials, molecular motors, logic and memory devices, molecular scale transistors and energy transduction devices. The quest for device miniaturization has reached the stage where molecules are able to bind to one another, recognize each other, assemble into larger structures, and exhibit dynamical stereochemistry. In addition to its technological potential, molecular electronics has raised many new fundamental questions, in particular concerning the interactions of molecular systems with their environment and their functioning far from equilibrium. At the moment there already exist several ingenious experimental realizations of transport through molecular bridges. There are also a variety of different theoretical tools (both in chemistry and in physics) which enable researchers to tackle the important issues mentioned above.

!e goal of this group was to bring together physi-cists and chemists, experimentalists and theoreticians, senior and young scientists, all aiming to understand the existing experiments, as well as to propose new ex-periments (possibly combining various experimental tools) and new technological devices, using combina-tions of various theoretical and experimental methods.

Our research group therefore, exhibited significant diversity in terms of experience, background, research direction and age. !e exchange of di"erent ideas between group members and our many guests was productive. !is exchange of ideas resulted in the formulation of new research directions and in the

establishment of new collaborations, for instance, between Roi Baer (!e Hebrew University) and Daniel Neuhauser (UCLA) on the calculation of the exchange energy, resulting in a new publication; between Abraham Nitzan (Tel Aviv University) and Spiros Skourtis (University of Cyprus) on electronic noise in molecular junctions; between Eran Rabani (Tel Aviv University) and Michael !oss (Institute for !eoretical Physics – Erlangen) on the multilayer, multiconfiguration, time-dependent Hartree approach, and others.

In addition to the regular fellows of the group, we also hosted several short-time visitors, including Mikio Eto (Keio University) and Akiko Ueda (University of Tsukuba) from Japan, Natan Andrei (Rutgers, !e State University of New Jersey) from the US, Gianaurelio Cuniberti (Dresden University of Technology) from Germany, and Vaclav Spicka (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) from the Czech Republic. We also hosted several experimentalists (e.g. Shahal Ilani and Ron Naaman from the Weizmann Institute, Israel).

Among others, the research topics covered during our stay at the Institute included: fundamental aspects of transport in nanoscale systems, density functional transport theories, electron transport through single-molecule junctions and molecular bridges, thermoelectric and vibrationally coupled electron transport in molecular junctions, spin selectivity in electron transmission through chiral molecules and through nanometric devices, and others.

From among the multitude of problems discussed by our group, two issues attracted particular attention: (a) the e"ects of inelastic processes due to molecular vibrations on the electric current, and (b) spin-orbit

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Group Organizer: Amnon Aharony (Ben-Gurion University)

coupling in carbon nanotubes and in DNA. !e first issue is of great importance in molecular electronics. Our discussions of this problem were extremely productive and resulted in the formulation of new approaches for its treatment. !e second problem was initiated by new experiments, demonstrating extremely large values of the spin-orbit coupling in helical molecules and in similar nano-structures. !ese experiments present a serious challenge to existing theories. !e discussions in our group concerning this challenge were beneficial and constructive as well, resulting in di"erent possibilities for the understanding of this phenomenon, which have not yet been considered in the literature.

!roughout our three-month stay at the IAS we held at least two weekly seminars, given by members of our research group or by additional guests, with the participation of graduate students. !e talks presented in these seminars included:• Fundamental aspects of transport Fin nanoscale

systems and ultra-cold atoms (Massimiliano Di Ventra)

• Optical phonon lasing in semiconductor double quantum dot (Mikio Eto)

• Fundamental aspects of density functional transport theories (Ferdinand Evers)

• Nanopolaritonics Transport (Daniel Neuhauser)• Electron transport in atomic and single-molecule

junctions beyond linear conductance (András Halbritter)

• !ermoelectric transport in three-terminal junctions (Ora Entin-Wohlman)

• Electron-vibration interactions in single-molecular junctions (Oren Tal)

• From molecular thermoelectrics till carbon-based nanophononics (Gianaurelio Cuniberti)

• !e role of molecular polarizability in tuning semiconductor interfacial electronic properties (Roie Yerushalmi)

• From the adiabatic to the anti-adiabatic regime of phonon-assisted tunneling (Avraham Schiller)

• Adsorbates in graphene: Impurity states in quantizing magnetic field (Peter Silvestrov)

• Straightforward quantum-mechanical derivation of the Crooks fluctuation theorem and the Jarzynski equality (Yoseph Imry)

• Time-dependent simulation of transport in molecular junctions using multiconfiguration wave-function methods (Michael !oss)

• Coupling of spin and orbital motion of electrons in ultra-clean carbon nanotubes (Shahal Ilani)

• Proteins: Biomolecular wires? (David Cahen)• Mechanics at the nanoscale (Ron Lifshitz)• Fast transients in molecular bridge systems (Vaclav

Spicka)• Full-counting statistics and the fluctuation theorem

in the quantum electric transport (Yasuhiro Utsumi)• Quantum-mechanical derivation of the n-resolved

Master Equations (Shmuel Gurvitz)A series of tutorial lectures geared primarily to

the graduate students was presented by Juan Carlos Cuevas on the fundamentals of the theory of electronic transport in single-molecule junctions, by Abraham

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Akiko Ueda with Amnon Aharony

Nitzan on electron transfer and electron conduction, and by Eran Rabani on real-time path integration for nonequilibrium quantum transport.

A special colloquium of general interest: "What was miraculous in Einstein's miraculous year?" was presented by Hanoch Gutfreund (!e Hebrew University).

In the middle of our stay at the IAS, we all participated actively in the research conference on Molecular Electronics (July 16-20, 2012). !is conference was directly related to the topic of our research group, and corresponded extremely well with our program. (see http://www.as.huji.ac.il/isf/molecular-electronics).

!ere were a number of social events organized by the IAS and the participants, such as a guided tour of

the Old City of Jerusalem, a visit to the Israel Museum, trips to the Dead Sea and Masada, and many others. Since some fellows were not present for the entire three-month period, we also had several joint outings for dinner at Jerusalem restaurants.

All the group fellows and guests expressed great satisfaction with the amount of information exchanged, with the stimulating discussions (both of the entire group and on an individual basis), and for the friendly and open atmosphere. !ey all found the research group experience to be beneficial, both personally and scientifically. !ere is no doubt that, as a result of our stay at the IAS, many personal interactions will continue for many years.

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A student at the poster presentation with Ferdinand Evers and Michael !oss


Amnon AharonyDepartment of PhysicsBen-Gurion University, IsraelResearch Interests: Nanophysics. Quantum electronic properties. Magnetism. Phase transitions. !eoretical physics of nanoscopic systems: small quantum devices, spin filters, quantum pumping, quantum interference.Selected Publications:With O. Entin-Wohlman (eds.), Perspectives of Mesoscopic

Physics, Singapore: World Scientific, 2010.With O. Entin-Wohlman and Y. Imry, "!ree-Terminal !ermoelectric Transport through a Molecular Junction." Phys. Rev. B 82, 115314 (2010). Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Y. Utsumi, O. Entin-Wohlman and A. Ueda, "Full-Counting Statistics for Molecular Junctions, the Fluctuation !eorem and Singularities," submitted to Physical Review B (arXiv:1210.1971).

Roi BaerInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science!e Hebrew University, IsraelResearch Interests: Elecronic structure of molecules, clusters and nanoclusters. Solar cells based on nanoclusters, organic molecules and nanotubes.Selected Publications:With T. Stein and L. Kronik, "Reliable Prediction of Charge Transfer Excitations in Molecular Complexes Using Time-Dependent Density Functional !eory," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, (2009): 2818-2820.

With E. Rabani, "Can Impact Excitation Explain E#cient Carrier Multiplication in Carbon Nanotube Photodiodes?" Nano Lett., 2010.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Daniel Neuhauser, "Monte Carlo Calculation of the Exchange Energy," !e Journal of Chemical Physics 137, 051103 (2012).

Juan Carlos CuevasDepartment of !eoretical Condensed Matter PhysicsUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, SpainResearch Interests: Mesoscopic physics and superconductivity. Molecular electronics. Electrical conduction in metallic atomic-sized contacts. Transport properties of superconducting nanostructures. Transport properties of hybrid nanostructures. Spintronics.Selected Publications:With Elke Scheer, Molecular Electronics: An Introduction to !eory and Experiment (Nanotechnology and Nanoscience) (World Scientific Series in Nanotechnology and Nanoscience). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010.

With Daniel R. Ward, Falco Hüser, Fabian Pauly and Douglas Natelson, "Optical Rectification and Field Enhancement in a Plasmonic Nanogap" in Nature Nanotechnology 5 , (2010): 732 – 736. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With M. Vadai, N. Nachman, M. Ben-Zion, M. Bürkle, F. Pauly, and Y. Selzer, "Plasmon-Induced Conductance Enhancement in Single-Molecule Junctions"(to be submitted to Nature Nanotechnology).With W. Lee, K. Kim, W. Jeong, L.A. Zotti, F. Pauly, and P. Reddy,"Nanoscale Atomic and Molecular Junctions: Where is the Heat Dissipation" (to be submitted to Science).

Molecular Electronics

Ora Entin-WohlmanDepartment of PhysicsBen-Gurion University, IsraelResearch Interests: Superconductivity. Electronic interactions with vibrations. Magnetic properties of transition-metal oxides. Mesoscopic systems.Selected Publications: With Y. Imry and A. Aharony, "Transport through Molecular Junctions with a Nonequilibrium Phonon Population." Physical Review B 81, 113408 (2010).

With A. Aharony, Y. Tokura and Y. Avishai, "Spin-Polarized Electric Currents in Quantum Transport through Tubular Two-Dimensional Electron Gases." Physical Review B 81, 075439 (2010).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With A. Aharony, Y. Utsumi and A. Ueda, "Full-Counting Statistics for Molecular Junctions, the Fluctuation !eorem and Singularities." (arXiv:1210.1971).With J. C. Cuevas, {Superconductivity in Small Normal-Superconductor-Normal Junctions}.

Ferdinand EversInstitute of Nanotechnology and Institut für !eorie der Kondensierten MaterieKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanyResearch Interests: Computational condensed matter theories of weakly correlated systems.Selected Publications:With P. Schmitteckert, "Exact Ground State Density Functional !eory for Impurity Models Coupled to External Reservoirs and Transport Calculations." Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 086401 (2008).

With S. Schmaus, A. Bagrets, Y. Nahas, T. K. Yamada, A. Bork, M. Bowen, E. Beaurepaire and W. Wulfhekel, "Magneto-Resistance through Single Molecules using a Spin-Polarized STM." Nature Nanotechnology 6, 185 (2011).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With P. Schmitteckert, "A Conductance Functional for the Single Impurity Anderson Model."With Alexei Bagrets, Oren Tal and Tamar Yelin, "Atomically-Wired Molecular Junctions: Connecting a Single Organic Molecule by Conducting Chains of Metal Atoms."With M. Walz, "Local Current Densities in Transport through Single Molecules and Molecular Materials."

Shmuel GurvitzDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science, IsraelResearch Interests: Quantum measurement and Decoherence. Zeno e"ect. Quantum transport in mesoscopic and molecular systems. Multi-dimensional tunneling. Deep inelastic scattering.Selected Publications:With Amnon Aharony, Ora Entin-Wohlman and Sushanta Dattagupta, "Retrieving Qubit Information Despite Decoherence," in Physical Review B 82, 245417 (2010).

With Yin Ye, Yunshan Cao and Xin-Qi Li, "Decoherence and the Retrieval of Lost Information," in Physical Review B 84, 245311 (2011).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:"Single-Particle Approach to Electron Transport" (work in progress)."Inelastic Processes in Electron Transport through Single-Molecule Junctions" (work in progress).

Yoseph ImryDepartment of Condensed Matter PhysicsWeizmann Institute of Science, IsraelResearch Interests: Mesoscopic and Nano-Physics. Disordered Systems.Selected Publications:Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics, Oxford University Press, January 1997 (out of print). Second (new) edition, January 2002.

With H. Bary-Soroker and O. Entin-Wohlman, "Pair-Breaking E"ect on Mesoscopic Persistent Currents," in Phys. Rev. B 80, 024509 (2009).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With D. Cohen, "Straightforward Quantum-Mechanical Derivation of the Crooks Fluctuation !eorem and the Jarzynski Equality," in Physical Review E 86, 011111 (2012) [arXiv:1202.4529]. With S. Skourtis and P. Silvestrov, "Localization of Interacting Particles and Energy-Transfer by Excitons" (work in progress).

Daniel NeuhauserDepartments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, USA Research Interests: Nanopolaritonics. Spintronics. Density functional theory.Selected Publications:With K. Lopata, R. !orpe and X. Duan, "Graphene Nanomeshes: Onset of Conduction Band Gaps," Chem. Phys. Lett. 498 (2010): 334-337.With C. Arntsen, K. Lopata, M. R. Wall and L. Bartell, "Modeling Molecular E"ects on Plasmonic Transport," J. Chem. Phys. 134, 084101 (2011).

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Roi Baer, "Monte Carlo Calculation of the Exchange Energy," !e Journal of Chemical Physics 137, 051103 (2012).With Christopher Arntsen, Randa Reslan, Samuel Hernandez and Yi Gao, "Direct Delocalization for Calculating Electron Transfer in Fullerenes," International Journal of Quantum Chemistry (submitted for publication).

Abraham NitzanSchool of ChemistryTel Aviv University, IsraelResearch Interests: !eoretical studies of activation. Relaxation and energy transfer processes in molecular systems. Transport phenomena in condensed phases and at interfaces. !eory of chemical reaction rates in condensed phases.

Selected Publications: Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases, Oxford University Press, 2006.With D. Rai and O. Hod, "Circular Currents in Molecular Wires." J. Phys. Chem C 114, 48 (2010): 20583-20594.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Philip Schi" and Mario Einax, "Electron Transmission with Partial Environmental Reorganization." With Spiros Skourtis, "Current Noise in Molecular Junctions: !e Interplay of Electronic Shot Noise and Stochastic Nuclear Motions."

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Eran RabaniDepartment of Chemical PhysicsSchool of ChemistryTel Aviv University, IsraelResearch Interests: !eory of nano-materials. Structure of nanomaterials. Self-assembly of nanoparticles. Optical and electronic properties of nanomaterials. Conductance and magnetoresistance in 1D structures.Selected Publications:With D. Mocatta, G. Cohen, J. Schattner, O. Millo and U. Banin, "Heavily Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dots." Science 332, (2011): 77-81.With T. E. Markland, J. A. Morrone, B. J. Berne, K.

Miyazaki and D. R. Reichman, "Quantum Fluctuations Can Promote or Inhibit Glass Formation." Nature Physics 7 (2011): 134-137.Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Michael !oss, "Bistability in the Holstein Model."With Michael !oss, "Reduced Dynamics Combined with MCTDH and the Long-Time Behavior of Nonequilibrium Inelastic Processes."With T.J. Levy, "Symmetry Breaking and Restoration Using the Equation-of-Motion Technique for Nonequilibrium Quantum Impurity Models," arXiv:1209.5099 (2012).

Spiros SkourtisDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Cyprus, CyprusResearch Interests: Modeling of charge and energy transport in biological and molecular systems. Interests (solution, molecular junction, single molecule settings). Open quantum systems theory for molecular rate processes in condensed phase environments. Chemical and biological tunneling phenomena. Structure-function and dynamics-function relationships for proteins.Selected Publications:With David N. Beratan, Ron Naaman, Abraham Nitzan and David H. Waldeck, "Chiral Control of Electron Transmission through Molecules" in Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 238103-4 (2008).

With David H. Waldeck and David N. Beratan, "Fluctuations in Biological and Bioinspired Electron-Transfer Reactions" in Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 61 (2010): 461-485. Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With Abraham Nitzan, "Current Noise in Molecular Junctions: !e Interplay of Electronic Shot Noise and Stochastic Nuclear Motions."Initiated and completed an invited book chapter with the title "Protein Electron Transfer" for a Cambridge University Press graduate textbook titled "Quantum E"ects in Biology."Initiated and completed an invited review article with the title "Probing Protein Electron Transfer Mechanisms from the Molecular to the Cellular Length Scales" for a special issue of Biopolymers Peptide Science on peptide-mediated electron and energy transport.

Peter Silvestrov Physics Department and Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum SystemsFreie Universität Berlin, GermanyResearch Interests: Mesoscopic physics. Graphene. Topological insulators.Selected Publications:With E. G. Mishchenko and A. V. Shytov, "Guided Plasmons in Graphene p-n Junctions" in Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 156806 (2010).

With P. W. Brouwer and E. G. Mishchenko, "Spin and Charge Structure of the Surface States in Topological Insulators," in Phys. Rev. B 86, 075302 (2012). Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With O. Entin-Wohlman and Y. Imry, "Wigner Crystal for Electrons with Strong Spin-Orbit Interaction" (work in progress).

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Oren TalChemical Physics DepartmentWeizmann Institute of Science, IsraelResearch Interests: Electronic transport across single molecule and atomic junctions.Selected Publications: With M. Krieger, B. Leerink and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, "Electron-Vibration Interaction in Single-Molecule Junctions: From Contact to Tunneling Regimes" in Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 196804 (2008). With M. Kiguchi, W.H.A. !ijssen, D. Djukic, C. Untiedt, R.H.M. Smit and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, "Molecular Signature of Highly Conductive Metal-Molecule-Metal Junctions" in Phys. Rev. B 80, 085427 (2009).

Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With T. Yelin, R. Vardimon, N. Kuritz, A. Bagrets, R. Korytar, F. Evers and L. Kronik, "Atomically-Wired Molecular-Junctions: Connecting a Single Organic-Molecule by Conducting Chains of Metal Atoms" (submitted). With R. Vardimon, T. Yelin and M. Klionsky, "Dynamics of Orbital Overlap as a Source for Conductance Oscillation in Atomic Chains" (in preparation).With N. Tsory, "!e E"ect of Molecular Asymmetry on the Conductance of Quasi-Ballistic Molecular Junctions" (in preparation).

Michael !ossInstitute for !eoretical PhysicsInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, GermanyResearch Interests: Charge and energy transport in nanostructures. Molecular Electronics. Ultrafast photoreactions in complex molecular systems. Quantum and semiclassical molecular dynamics.Selected Publications:With R. Härtle and C. Benesch, "Vibrational Nonequilibrium E"ects in the Conductance of Single-Molecules with Multiple Electronic States." Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 146801 (2009).

With R. Härtle, M. Butzin and O. Rubio-Pons, "Quantum Interference and Decoherence in Single-Molecule Junctions: How Vibrations Induce Electrical Current" in Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 046802 (2011).Publications Initiated or Completed while at IAS:With R. Härtle and M. Butzin, "Vibrationally Induced Decoherence in Single-Molecule Junctions" submitted to Phys. Rev. B (2012), (arXiv:1209.5619).

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Participants in the Molecular Electronics conference

Israel Institutefor Advanced Studies

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The Israel Institute for Advanced Studies at The Hebrew University, established in 1975, is a national science institution dedicated to the

advancement of research and learning at the highest level. It is open to scholars in all academic fields, from both Israel and abroad, and it is the only institution of its kind in Israel.

Each year the Institute hosts approximately 40 fellows. Fellows of the Institute are members of Collaborative Research Groups that convene for a period of up to 10 months. In any given year the Institute hosts three to six Collaborative Research Groups, composed of scholars from Israel and abroad in comparatively equal proportions. A wide range of disciplines has been represented by the research groups hosted at the Institute – from Convergence and Divergence in Pentateuchal !eory to Patterns and Processes in Organizational Networks, from Neo-Aramaic Dialectology to !e Influential Child.

Fellows at the Institute participate in the IAS programs, free of their normal teaching obligations and administrative duties. !e Institute attracts scholars who constitute the vanguard in their various disciplines. By encouraging long-term interaction, the Institute contributes to the interchange of knowledge and the vitality of academic life in Israel and throughout the world.

Any scholar may submit a proposed topic for a research group along with the names of those who will be part of the group. Research groups are composed of

eight fellows as well as additional guests. !e Institute o"ers specialized conferences for scholars in innovative, comprehensive topics, with an opportunity to share and explore the latest research and methodologies. !e IAS continues to co-host several joint conferences with the Israel Science Foundation. Given the success of these conferences, the joint sponsorship continues, and future plans include broadening the scope of these conferences. Additional programs at the IAS include conferences that are open to a wide academic audience. Some conferences are a reunion of past research groups convening to supplement their research.

In addition to research groups and conferences, the IAS annually hosts the Victor Rothschild Memorial Symposia, with the participation of five Advanced Schools representing the following disciplines: Jewish Studies and Comparative Religion, Economic !eory, !eoretical Physics, Life Sciences and Mathematics. !e Advanced Schools, each directed by a scholar of international standing, attract young doctoral and postdoctoral candidates from all over the world. !e candidates are given an opportunity to interact with leading scientists involved in pioneering research in their respective fields.

!e IAS also actively participates in the international programs conducted by SIAS, along with its unique exchange programs for scientists and scholars with the Collège de France. All those interested in our academic programs are invited to visit our website at www. as.huji.ac.il

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Convergence and Divergence in Pentateuchal !eory: Bridging the Academic Cultures of Israel, North America, and EuropeCoordinators: Bernard M. Levinson (University of Minnesota), Konrad Schmid (University of Zurich) and Baruch J. Schwartz (!e Hebrew University)September 1, 2012 – July 1, 2013

Neo-Aramaic Dialectology: Jews, Christians, and MandaeansCoordinators: Steven Fassberg (!e Hebrew University),Simon Hopkins (!e Hebrew University) and Hezy Mutzafi(Tel Aviv University)September 1, 2012 – July 1, 2013

Patterns and Processes in Organizational NetworksCoordinators: Amalya Oliver-Lumerman (!e Hebrew University) and Yuval Kalish (Tel Aviv University)September 1, 2012 – February 1, 2013

!e Influential Child: !e Role of Children's Psychobiology and Socialization in DevelopmentCoordinators: Ariel Knafo and Maayan Davidov(!e Hebrew University)March 1, 2013 – August 1, 2013

Groups in Residence2012 – 2013

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Chinese and Tibetan Tantric BuddhismOrganizers: Yael Bentor (!e Hebrew University) and Meir Shahar (Tel Aviv University)September 1, 2013 – June 30, 2014

Contextualizing the Cult of the Southern Levant in the Greco-Roman Period: Monotheism and Polytheism between Continuity and ChangeOrganizer: Zeev Weiss (!e Hebrew University) and Oren Tal (Tel Aviv University)September 1, 2013 – July 1, 2014

Arithmetic and DynamicsOrganizers: Peter Sarnak (Princeton University), Elon Lindenstrauss (!e Hebrew University) and Shahar Mozes (!e Hebrew University)September 15, 2013 – February 15, 2014

Groups in Residence2013 – 2014

Academic Calendar September 1, 2012 –

August 31, 2013

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September 2012September 3-7, 2012IAS-ISF Conference Forty Years of Black Hole !ermodynamicsOrganizers: Barak Kol, Re’em Sari and Ofer Biham (Racah Institute of Physics, !e Hebrew University)

October 2012October 15 - 19, 2012 IAS-ISF Conference Galaxy and Black Hole Evolution at High Redshift Organizer: Amiel Sternberg (Tel Aviv University)

October – November 2012October 28 – November 1, 2012 IAS-ISF Conference String Field !eory and Related Aspects V, SFT 2012Organizers: Michael Kroyter (Tel Aviv University), Yaron Oz (Tel Aviv University), Jacob Sonnenschein (Tel Aviv University), Adam Schwimmer (Weizmann Institute) and Oren Bergman (Technion)

December 2012December 10 – 16, 2012!e IAS Winter Academy in the HumanitiesAnalyzing Collapse: Destruction, Abandonment and MemoryOrganizers: Ronnie Ellenblum, Gideon Shelach, Nili Wazana, Sharon Zuckerman (!e Hebrew University) and Norman Yo"ee (University of Michigan)

December 2012 –January 2013December 31, 2012 – January 10, 2013 !e 30th Jerusalem Winter School in !eoretical Physics Early Galaxy Formation in LCDM CosmologyGeneral Director: David Gross (KITP, UCSB) Directors: Avishai Dekel (!e Hebrew University) and Reinhard Genzel (MPE Garching)

January 2013January 6 – 10, 2013IAS-ISF Conference Social Anxiety, Response to Social Stress: From Basic Research to Evidence-Based InterventionsOrganizers: Jonathan Huppert (!e Hebrew University) and Eva Gilboa-Schectman (Bar-Ilan University)

January 15 – 16, 2013Research Group ConferencePatterns and Processes in Organizational NetworksOrganizers: Amalya Oliver-Lumerman (!e Hebrew University) and Yuval Kalish (Tel Aviv University)

January 27 – 30, 2013IAS-ISF ConferenceResearching Policy Practice in Social Work: An International PerspectiveOrganizers: John Gal (!e Hebrew University) and Idit Weiss-Gal (Tel Aviv University)

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March 2013March 4-6, 2013UBIAS ConferenceOrganizer: Michal Linial (!e Hebrew University)

April 2013April 22-25, 2013IAS-ISF ConferenceEGFR Family: Structure, Biology and MedicineOrganizer: Professor Tony Burgess (Laboratory Head, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research)

May 2013May 5 – 7, 2013IAS ConferenceOcean Gateways: Past and Present: Significance for Ocean Circulation and Terrestrial ClimatesOrganizers: Alan Matthews (!e Hebrew University) and Miryam Bar-Matthews (Geological Survey of Israel)

May 19 – 23, 2013Research Group Reunion Conference Computation and the BrainOrganizers: Eli Dresner (Tel Aviv University) and Oron Shagrir (!e Hebrew University)

May 26 – 31, 2013IAS-ISF Memorial Conference for Joram LindenstraussBanach Spaces: Geometry and AnalysisOrganizers: Gideon Schechtman (Weizmann Institute of Science), Andrzej (Tomek) Szankowski (!e Hebrew University) and Benjamin Weiss (!e Hebrew University)

June 2013June 6 – 9, 2013IAS-ISF ConferenceSensory Substitution, Brain Plasticity and Visual RehabilitationOrganizers: Amir Amedi (Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada IMRIC) and !e Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences [ELSC] and Shelly Levy-Tzedek (!e Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences)

June 10 – 19, 2013Advanced School!e 24th Jerusalem School in Economic !eoryTitle TBADirectors: Eric Maskin (Harvard University) and Eyal Winter (!e Hebrew University)

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July 2013July 20-25, 2013Advanced School!e 21st Jerusalem School in Life SciencesRegenerative BiologyGeneral Director: Roger Kornberg (Stanford University School of Medicine)Codirectors: Yuval Dor (!e Hebrew University), Eran Meshorer (!e Hebrew University) and Jacob Hanna (Weizmann Institute)

July 26-27, 2013Research Group ConferenceNeo-Aramaic Dialectology: Jews, Christians and MandaensOrganizers: Steven Fassberg (!e Hebrew University), Simon Hopkins (!e Hebrew University),and Hezy Mutzafy (Tel Aviv University)

July – August 2013July 30 – August 14, 2013Sanskrit Summer Academy IIIMapping the World through Courier PoemsOrganizers: David Shulman (!e Hebrew University) and Yigal Bronner (University of Chicago)