Isotonic and isokinetic training effect on vertical jump

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Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School

1985

Isotonic and isokinetic training effect on vertical jump Isotonic and isokinetic training effect on vertical jump

performance performance

Sarah D. Novak The University of Montana

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ISOTONIC AND ISOKINETIC TRAINING EFFECT ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE

by

Sarah D. Novak

B.S ., Baylor University , 1978

Presented in p artia l fu lf i l lm e n t of the requirements

fo r the degree of

Master of Science

University of Montana

1985

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ïirperson. Board of Examint

_ _____________Dean, Graduate Sctibbl /

Datg/


UMI Number: EP38050

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Novak, Sarah D. Physical Education

Isotonic and Isokinetic Training Effect on V ertica l Jump Performance (51 pp.)

D irector: Dr. Kathleen M ille

The purpose of the study was to compare isotonic and isokinetic weight tra in ing and th e ir e f fe c t on leg power in women basketball players. A modification of the vertica l jump and reach test was the instrument chosen to measure the vertica l jumps of each subject in th is investigation. Fourteen women basketball players of the 1983-1984 Cornell College in te rc o lleg ia te team ranging in age from 18 to 21 years served as subjects.

Seven subjects were randomly selected fo r each experimental tra in ing group, isotonic and isokinetic. The programs were held over a consecutive six week period. Each subject's vertica l jump height was obtained just p rior to the s ta r t of the tra in ing period and again at the conclusion of the program. Six t r ia ls of vert ica l jump height fo r each subject were administered during the pre and post-test.

An average vertica l jump (in inches) of the f i r s t three t r ia ls and the las t three t r ia ls was used fo r computation of tes t- re tes t r e l ia b i l i t y . The correlation co e ff ic ie n t of the modification of the vertica l jump and reach tes t was found to be s ig n if ica n t.

A one-tailed t - t e s t fo r dependent samples was used to compare mean vertica l jump scores of both experimental tra in ing groups before and a f te r the six week tra in ing period. No s ign ificant difference was found in the isokinetic group. A s ign ificant difference at the .05 level and greatest vertica l jump gains were found in the isotonic exercise group. Each experimental exercise groups' mean vertica l gains were compared to those of the group as a whole and no s ign ificant difference was found. A f in a l s ta t is t ic a l analysis showed no s ign if ican t difference when the mean vertica l jump gains of the tra in ing groups were compared.

The testing instrument was found to be a re lia b le measure of explosive leg power. Vertical jump gains were evidenced in both tra in ing groups. The greatest gains were found in the isotonic tra in in g group, but neither group was shown to be more e ffe c t iv e in production of explosive leg power.

n


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A special thank you to the members of the committee. Dr. Kathleen

M il le r , Dr. Gary Nygaard, and Dr. John Hunt, fo r th e ir time spent and

professional expertise in the reviewing of th is investigation. A very

sincere appreciation to Dr. M i l le r , chairperson, fo r handling a l l

correspondence since I was away from campus and her time spent

reading.

The author wishes to thank my ty p is t , Lori Reihle, fo r her

prompt, accurate and professional work. Also, fo r spending the extra

time helping me learn how to use the word processor. To Ellen Whale,

a colleague, I am grateful fo r her encouragement, persistence and

b e l ie f in the study and investigator. A f in a l thank you to my

husband, Martin, fo r his active help with the study and his patience

and understanding during the period of the study.

111


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... i iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................i l iTABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................... ivLIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... vi

Chapter

I . INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM............................................................ 3DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................3THE HYPOTHESIS....................................................................................5IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................5LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.............................................................6DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY....................................................... 6

I I . REVIEW OF LITERATURE..........................................................................8ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTONIC

AND ISOKINETIC CONTRACTIONS............................................... 8EFFECTS OF RESISTIVE LOADS OF ISOTONIC AND

ISOKINETIC TRAINING ON STRENGTH GAINS........................ 10VERTICAL JUMP TEST AS A MEASURE OF POWER........................15EFFECTS OF ISOTONIC AND ISOKINETIC TRAINING

ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE........................................19SUMMARY...............................................................................................23

I I I . RESEARCH PROCEDURES .................................................................... 24SELECTION OF THE SUBJECTS...................................................... 24SELECTION OF THE EQUIPMENT..................................................... 25TESTING PROCEDURES........................................................................ 26TREATMENT OF THE DATA............................ 30

IV. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .................................................. 32ANALYSIS OF RESULTS................................................................... 32INTERPRETATION................................................................................. 37SUMMARY OF RESULTS....................................................................... 39

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... 40SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 40CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 43RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 45

iv


APPENDICES.................................................................................................................... 49A. SUBJECTS' DATA CARD........................................................................... 49B. ISOTONIC EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING GROUP

PROGRAM SHEET .................................................................................. 50C. ISOKINETIC EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING GROUP

PROGRAM SHEET .................................................................................. 51


LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. INDIVIDUAL TEST SCORES, GAINS. MEAN SCORES................................. 33

2. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS fo r WHOLE GROUP andEACH EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.................................................................. 35

3. t-TEST COMPARING the MEAN VERTICAL JUMP SCORESof ISOKINETIC and ISOTONIC EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS BEFORE TRAINING PERIOD to SAMEEXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AFTER TRAINING PERIOD.............................35

4. t-TEST COMPARING the MEAN VERTICAL JUMP SCORESof EACH EXPERIMENTAL GROUP'S GAINS AFTERTRAINING PERIOD to the GAINS of the GROUPas a WHOLE AFTER TRAINING PERIOD ....................................... 36

5. t-TEST COMPARING VERTICAL JUMP GAINS ofISOKINETIC EXPERIMENTAL GROUP and ISOTONIC EXPERIMENTAL GROUP ......................................................................... 37

V I


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

As the years progress and more people accept the fac t that women

can partic ip a te in a competitive manner in a th le t ic s , more in te re s t is

generated toward development o f greater opportunities fo r particpation.

With the leg is la tio n o f Federal T i t le IX, the i n i t i a l funding was

provided fo r these greater opportunities. This i n i t i a l funding,

consequently, increased opportunities and gave r ise to public exposure

and acceptance of women's partic ipation in a th le t ic s . Research evidence

has helped elim inate the early myths of physical in a b i l i t ie s ,

psychological characteris tics , structural and behavioral d ifferences,

and cu ltura l values th at kept female ath letes from th e ir sporting

a c t iv i t ie s .

These extended opportunities fo r highly s k il le d women in a th le t ic s

require e ffe c t iv e methods of tra in ing fo r competition a t high levels

(Van Oteghen, 1975). An increase in overall muscular strength at these

competitive levels has been shown to improve performance. In addition

to helping performance, continued in te re s t in strength tra in ing offers:

(1) a cosmetic value of a f i rm ly muscled body; and (2) strength

necessary fo r various tasks in day-to-day l iv in g (Hinson and

Rosentswieg, 1972).

Until recent years there were two popular methods of re s is tiv e

exercise, isometric and isotonic. Isometric or s ta t ic contraction,

means that tension is developed but there is no change in the external

length of the muscle (Mathew and Fox, 1976). Isotonic or dynamic


contraction produces a muscle shortening while l i f t i n g a constant

resistance with muscle tension varying somewhat over a fu l l range of

motion (Mathews and Fox, 1976). As each program has i t s advantages, i t

also has i t s disadvantages. The major concern with an isotonic program

is that i t is lim ited to a maximal tension demand on a muscle or muscle

group, which can only occur at the extremes in the range of motion

(Pipes and Wilmore, 1975). Isometric exercises permit the muscle to

development near maximum tension, but in only one position with no

mechanical work being performed and the speed controlled at zero (Hisiop

and Perrine, 1967).

I f the amount of resistance created is proportional to the amount

of muscular force exerted throughout the f u l l range of motion,

isok inetic exercise is performed (Moffroid and others, 1969 and Van

Oteghen, 1975). This allows fo r fu l l muscular force potential

throughout the range of motion, but without perm itting acceleration

(Hislop and Perrine, 1967). The amount o f resistance created can occur

at variable speeds. Research has shown that approximating the speed of

power tra in ing to the speed of the a th le t ic performance may prove

important in terms of s p e c if ic ity of tra in ing . Most isotonic procedures

ra re ly exceed 60 degrees per second, while most movements in a th le t ic

events require a limb speed in excess of 90 degrees per second (Pipes

and Wilmore, 1975). The d i f f i c u l ty comes in try ing to approximate speed

of tra in in g to the speed of performance.

Most of the research comparing isom etric , isotonic, and isokinetic

tra in in g methods have shown strength gain in a l l three, with a

preference fo r isokinetics (Rosentswieg and Hinson, 1972). L i t t l e


research has been completed with women as subjects u t i l i z in g the

Universal Gym leg press and Mini-Gym Leaper equipment. There also has

been l im ite d data collected indicating that a specific performance task

may benefit from power tra in in g , such as the ve rt ica l jump, which is

important to many a th le t ic events. The speed at which the task is

performed in re lationship to the tra in ing speed is also an area of

l im ite d research.

The purpose of th is study is to compare isotonic and isokinetic

weight tra in ing and th e ir e f fe c t on leg power with the speed of both

t ra in ing programs approximating the speed of women performing the

vertica l jump.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of th is study was to compare isotonic and isokinetic

weight tra in ing and th e ir e f fe c t on leg power in women basketball

players. The speed of both tra in ing programs approximates the speed of

the women performing the ve rtica l jump as i f rebounding. This

investigation sought to examine: Is the isotonic leg press performed on

the Universal Gym or the isokinetic jumping exercise on the Leaper by

Mini-Gym, Incorporated more e ffe c t iv e in improving vertica l jump?

D efin it ion of Terms

The following terms with common d efin it io n s from relevant

l i t e r a tu r e have been provided fo r c la r i t y in the study:

1) Progressive Resistance Exercise - resistance against the muscle

is increased throughout the course of the program as the muscle gains in

strength and endurance.


2) Isometric Contraction - tension is developed but there is no

change in the length of the muscle.

3) Isotonic Contraction - the muscle shortens with varying tension

while l i f t i n g a constant load.

4) Isokinetic Contraction - the tension developed by the muscle

while shortening is maximal over the f u l l range of motion.

5) Eccentric Contraction - muscle lengthens while contracting.

6) S ta tic Contraction - another term fo r isometric contraction.

7) Constant Resistance - resistance remains unchanged throughout

the range of motion.

8) Accommodating Resistance - resistance is adjusted to equate the

force applied by a muscle or muscle group throughout the range of

motion.

9) Overload - progressively increasing the in ten s ity of the

workouts over the course o f the tra in ing program as fitness capacity

Improves.

10) S p ec if ic ity of Training - a tra in ing program developed to achieve a

specific a c t iv i ty or s k i l l and tax the energy systems involved during

the performance.

11) Universal Centurion M u lt i-S ta tion Machine - an apparatus containing

a number of exercise stations designed to involve physical l i f t i n g or

pulling of an object to a predetermined position and then returning i t

to i t s o r ig in a l p o s it io n , thus producing is o to n ic c o n tra c tio n . The

leg press is one such exercise.

12) Mini-Gym (MGI) 16XB Leaper - an apparatus designed fo r the

development o f leg drive and speed through isok inetic contractions.


13) Vertical Jump and Reach Test - a tes t of power measuring the

difference between a person's standing reach and the height to which the

individual can jump and reach.

14) Power - performance of work expressed per unit of time.

15) Absolute Strength - the measurement is scored in terms of the

amount o f weight l i f t e d .

16) Set - a group of work and rest in terva ls .

17) Repetition - the number of work in te rva ls w ithin one set.

18) Repetition Maximum - maximal load that a muscle group can l i f t

over a given number of repetitions before fatiguing.

The Hypothesis

There is no s ig n if ica n t d ifference in vert ica l jump gains between

the experimental isotonic tra in ing group and the experimental isokinetic

tra in ing group of the 1983-84 Cornell College women basketball players.

Importance of the Study

Although strength gains have been shown to ex is t from both modes of

tra in in g , no s ig n if ican t correlation has been found between the two

modes as measured by ve rtica l jump gains. The lack of research

regarding tra in ing speed and the use of female subjects is also an issue

to be examined.

The desire of the investigator was to make a s ign if ican t contribu

tion to the research of the area of weight tra in in g and i ts re lationship

to v e rt ic a l jump gains in women. I f a precise weight tra in ing program

could be ascertained, including tra in ing speed and mode, p ro fitab le


gains In vertica l jumping a b i l i t y w i l l m ater ia lize . This re lationship

may also allow fo r coaches and players to enhance the s k i l l of

rebounding in the game of basketball. An opportunity may also be

provided fo r fu rther research in the inconclusive area of tra in ing

speed.

lim ita tio n s of the Study

The following l im ita t io n s should be considered when in terpre ting

the findings of th is study:

1) The sample size was small in comparison to the to ta l population

of women basketball players.

2) The subjects' d a ily a c t iv i t ie s were not controlled.

3) The time and s ituation under which the vert ica l jump tes t was

administered was not completely controlled. One subject was unable to

meet a t the prescribed time fo r the post-test. She was tested e a r l ie r

that same day. The testing area was not closed to other occupants

during both testing periods.

4) The subjects' actual workout period and the time in which i t

took place during the day was not controlled.

Delim itations of the Study

The study consists of the following de lim ita tions:

1) The subjects were women basketball players who competed fo r

Cornell College during the 1983-84 season (N=14).

2) Explosive leg power, evidenced by gains in vertica l jumping

a b i l i t y , was measured by a modification of the ve rt ica l jump and reach


te s t .

3) The sample was l im ite d to the 1983-84 women basketball players

at Cornell College.


CHAPTER I I

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Advantages and Pisadvantages o f Is o to n ic and Isokinetic C ontractions

As early as 1897 i t was s c ie n t i f ic a l ly shown, by Morpurgo, that a

d ire c t re lationship existed between increased muscle size and strength.

Increases in strength and muscle size are regulated by stim uli of

continued stress to the muscle groups. Stim uli o f muscle contractions

produced from normal d a ily a c t iv i t ie s may not be s u ff ic ie n t enough to

maintain strength l e t alone aid in the development o f maximum strength

(M uller , 1970 and Hinson and Rosentswieg, 1972). This overload

princ ip le was encountered as early as 1919 by Lange.

The res is tive load to develop maximum strength in an individual is

adjusted according to the amount of weight that that specific individual

can l i f t . Maximum strength is also influenced by the individual's

demands of a job or d a ily l iv in g habits. This concept of s p e c if ic ity is

also found in weight tra in ing . S p ec if ic ity in strength building must

simulate conditioning of the exercise program that w i l l be encountered

in a th le t ic a c t iv i ty (Councilman, 1969). The importance of s p e c if ic ity

is obvious because of the increase of functional capacities of f ib e r

types as well as strength development specific to jo in t angle of trained

muscle groups. "S p ec ific ity was fu rther evidenced by the fac t that

isometric programs w i l l increase isometric strength more than they w i l l

isotonic strength and vice-versa. The same applies to isometric versus

iso k in etic versus eccentric programs (Mathews and Fox, 1976)."

8


An isotonic program's major advantage to that o f an isometric

program is the e ffe c t of muscle shortening during contraction. The

fo llow ing are other noted advantages of an isotonic program:

(1) More strength gains shown

(2) Some aid to endurance performances

(3) Strength b u i l t a t a l l jo in t angles

(Corbin and others, 1981).

The newest type of weight tra in in g , iso k in e tic , appears to have a

number of favorable advantages over i ts predecessor, isotonic. The

major benefit is the accommodating resistance to muscular force. Others

include:

(1) Muscle soreness diminished

(2) Mechanical device fo r immediate reward

(3) Biomechanical factors

(4) Physiological factors

(5) Time saver

(Th is tle and others, 1967).

In conventional strength tra in in g , or free weights, a person is

l im ite d to maximum resistance that can be l i f t e d regardless o f the angle

of pu ll. Therefore, equal strength is not developed throughout a fu l l

range of motion. Variable isotonics provide additional resistance as

one's skeletal leverage improves (MGI Strength/Fitness Systems, 1980).

For example, the strongest range of the s i t t in g leg press is the

extended range. This concept provides l i t t l e e ffe c t on strength

development though, i f the middle ranges are the strongest.

The greatest strength development and gains as a result of


re s is t iv e exercise have been shown to p ara lle l functional a c t iv i ty . Too

much emphasis has been on isotonic methods fo r development of absolute

strength and not enough on isokinetic methods and the development of

power (Hailing and Dooley, 1979).

Strength gains are apparent in a l l the previously mentioned modes,

but isokinetic helps diminish muscle soreness due to the lack of

eccentric contraction allowing the muscles to relax between repetitions.

The equipment is safe, as the b u i l t - in governor automatically adjusts to

fatiguing muscles. I t also saves time because l i t t l e or no warm-up is

necessary and everyone can progress quickly through a workout because no

adjustment o f resistance needs to be made.

Since strength is specific and not general, isokinetic exercise can

be performed to simulate exact movements of one's sport a c t iv i ty . Every

sport has a combination of endurance and speed. More than any other

piece of tra in ing equipment, the MGI, with fas t speeded work tra ins the

muscle to react quicker and fas te r (MGI Strength/Fitness Systems, 1980).

Effects o f Resistive Loads of Isotonic and Isokinetic Training on Strength Gains

The e a r l ie s t and most successful attempt at organizing dynamic

resistance tra in ing loads was by Delorme and Watkins. I t simply involved

three sets of exercise at heavy resistance moved through a range of

motion 10 consecutive times (Delorme and Watkins, 1948, Pipes, 1977 and

Sharkey, 1979). Several other investigators followed with supporting

evidence as well as other e ffe c tiv e means to fu rther increase strength.

One such author was Berger.

His study showed that strength can be s ig n if ic a n t ly increased by a

10


progressive weight tra in ing program with maximum strength developed

fo llow ing six maximum repetitions fo r three sets, tr i-w e e k ly fo r 12

weeks (Berger, 1962). This suggests that the closer one works to his

maximal strength, results in strength gains are greatly enhanced.

A major problem incurred by Berger was that most athletes were ra re ly

able to maintain maximal contraction more than once. Therefore i t

became necessary to decrease resistance in order to increase repetitions

to enable the movement of the constant resistance through the fu l l range

of motion. To date, a popular isotonic program is two-thirds to three-

fourths of maximum fo r three sets of six to eight repetitio ns , three or

four times per week which continues to provide maximal results (Hinson

and Rosentswieg, 1972).

The accommodation resistance mode (iso k ine tic ) combines the best of

the other modes; maximal force and fu l l range of motion (Sharkey, 1979).

In addition, i t provides the opportunity to overload the muscle or

muscle groups near maximum resistance while contro lling the veloc ity

(Pipes, 1977). Both isotonic and isokinetic modes place demands on

absolute strength while the amount of resistance is controlled in

isotonic and speed is controlled in isokinetic . As mentioned e a r l ie r

the speed of tra in ing needs to match the speed of performance (Pipes and

Wilmore, 1975).

In conventional isotonic procedures, limb speed rare ly exceeds 60

degrees of movement per second, while during most a th le t ic events limb

speed exceeds 90 degrees of movement per second and some events exceed

200 degrees per second. Isokinetic equipment provides degree of limb

movement from zero to 270 degrees per second. A fas t set on isokinetic

11


equipment is an approximate two second completion fo r an exercise and a

slow set is approximately a four second completion (Van Oteghen, 1975).

In terms of degrees of limb movement, a fas t set is 136 degrees per

second compared to 24 degrees per second (Pipes and Wilmore, 1975).

Since the isokinetic mode is f a i r l y new, a lo t o f uncertainty s t i l l

exists as to the number of repetitions and sets to be performed.

L ite ra tu re from the middle 1970's seems to indicate that fas t speed sets

demonstrate s ig n if ican t increases in the exercise performed, but

re s is tiv e tra in ing loads are not as well defined. In Pipes' and

Wilmore's 1975 study with isokinetic re s is tiv e tra in ing loads, the fas t

set group performed 15 repetitions fo r three sets while the slow group

went eight repetitions fo r three sets tr i-w ee k ly . In one of the f i r s t

studies to involve females, the two isok inetic tra in ing groups, slow and

fas t speed, performed three sets of 10 repetitions three days a week fo r

eight weeks (Van Oteghen, 1975). An extensive study in 1977 involving

females used a tra in ing program of eight repetitions fo r three sets

three days a week (Copeland, 1977).

During a period from 1978-1980 a number o f new studies were

completed a f te r using isok inetic equipment. The number of sets and

weekly workouts remained s im ila r to past studies, but the number of

repetitions increased. Exercises were performed using 20 to 35

repetitions during a specified time frame (Spielman, 1978 and H elling ,

1980). This is an indication of the d i f f ic u l t y in try ing to

approximate tra in ing speed of a th le t ic performances.

Resistive tra in ing loads fo r the isotonic mode have brought fo rth

increases in some a th le t ic performances. Vertica l jumping a b i l i t y

12


demonstrated increases of one centim eter to 12 centimeters as measured

by the standing Sargent Jump & Reach and one to 14 centim eter gains

measured by the running Sargent (Chui, 1950). In 1963, two dynamically

weight trained (iso ton ic) groups showed s ig n ific a n t increases in

v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y as compared to a s ta t ic or isom etric , and

control groups (Berger, 1963). By means of a series o f exercises; bench

press, biceps c u rl, leg press, and bent rowing, increases in isotonic

s ta tic strength measurements were found in a l l exercise movements

although there was no s ig n ific a n t increase in motor performance (Pipes

and Wilmore, 1975).

Isok inetic and isotonic tra in in g have shown increases in strength

as well as motor performances. Strength gains, determined by e le c tr ic a l

a c t iv ity present in the muscle during contraction, on maximum

performance of the bicep brachii indicated s ig n ific a n tly more e le c tr ic a l

a c t iv ity during iso k in etic contraction, implying that more muscle work

was required to perform the exercise, therefore producing greater

strength gains (Hinson and Rosentswieg, 1972). Another study measured

to ta l work of the quadricep femoris muscle. Results showed higher

scores from accommodating re s is tiv e exercise than constant re s is tiv e

exercise (T h is tle and others, 1967).

Since speed is the most in d e fin ite concept in isok inetic tra in in g a

number o f authors have looked a t the idea in re la tio n to motor

performance. Based on a v e rtic a l jump te s t, the slow and fa s t mean

measurements were not great enough to d iffe re n tia te s ig n ific a n tly in

favor o f one speed although the two groups showed s ig n ific a n t superior

gains to the control group (Van Oteghen, 1975).

13


A s im ila r resu lt was seen in a 1980 study where iso k in etic torque

a t two speeds was re lated to the v e rtic a l jump. The group was tested on

an Orthotron Cybex, Three t r ia ls were given a t each speed, 30 degrees

per second and 180 degrees per second, w ith 15 second recovery periods

between t r ia ls . The best score was used fo r the s ta t is t ic a l analysis.

The fo llow ing exercises were performed: leg extension followed by leg

fle x io n , then p lantar flex io n . Each o f these were performed a t 30

degrees per second followed by 180 degrees per second. The highest

correlations found between v e rtic a l jump and iso k in etic torque involved

the fa s t speed. On leg extension a corre la tion c o e ffic ie n t of .587 was

found, .445 on leg flex io n and .502 on p lantar flex io n . Even though

these correlations were shown to be s ig n ific a n t, Genuario and Dolgener

questioned i f torque was fu n c tio n a lly re lated to ve rtic a l jumping

a b i l i t y (Genuario and Dolgener, 1980).

Pipes' and Wilmore's results showed a l l exercise movements were

Increased s ig n ific a n tly a t the .05 level in the high group (136 degrees

lim b movement per second) over the low group (24 degrees limb movement

per second). The iso k in e tic high speed indicated a s ig n ific a n tly

greater increase in the leg press exercise and v e rtic a l jump. Kehl

reaffirm ed th is concept in 1977 when he found 2.18 inches of increase in

v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y in a group performing two sets of 30

re p e titio n s fo r a s ix week exercise period performing two fe e t per

second compared to a 1.3 inch gain on two sets of 10 repetitions a t one

foot per second (Kehl, 1977).

High speed exercise produced increases in muscular force a t a l l

speeds of contraction unlike low speed (M offroid and Whipple, 1970).

14


High speed isok inetic exercises increased strength at a l l limb speeds

ind ica tin g that high speed appears to be the preferred method fo r

maximizing change (Pipes and Wilmore, 1975). Although lite ra tu re has

shown s ig n ific a n t strength gains and motor performance improvement

w ith constant and accommodating resistance, larger gains have been

accessed w ith accommodating.

V ertica l Jump Test as a Measure of Power

Sargent, in 1921, developed a new tes t called "The Physical

Test o f Man". Sargent was concerned th at the physical measure o f man

was not always an ind ication of his potentia l power (Sargent, 1921).

Other contributing factors lik e the "unkown equation", as termed by

Sargent, were found to influence The Physical Test of Man. Dr.

Sargent defined his jump as the a b i l i t y o f one's body to develop power

re la tiv e to the weight o f the individual him self (McCloy, 1932). The

scoring was based upon the amount of energy developed by man using the

constant factors of height and weight.

In 1924, L.W. Sargent reviewed the Sargent Jump and found no

s ig n ific a n t re lationsh ip between various anthropometric measures and

performance of the Sargent Jump, the height jumped, and the amount of

squat or dip preceding the actual jump. A corre la tion c o e ffic ie n t of

.39 was found between age (up to 16 and 17 years) and performance o f the

Sargent Jump.

The Sargent Jump was examined by Bovard and Cozens in 1928. They

correlated the jump w ith four a th le tic events; the running high jump,

standing broad jump, rope climb fo r speed and a 980 yard run. The

15


resu lts showed a corre la tion c o e ffic ie n t o f .55 between a l l variab les , a

r e l ia b i l i t y of .61, and a very small c o e ffic ie n t between age and the

jump (Bovard and Cozens, 1928).

These were not the end of the investigations on the Sargent Jump.

McCloy in 1932 became interested due to what he termed "the s im p lic ity

of the event, and the reasonableness of Dr. Sargent's arguments". Most

of the arguments against the jump as a te s t in physical education were

due to the lack of knowledge about the jump and i ts procedures. McCloy

saw the te s t as an ind ication of how fa s t one can work. With s u ffic ie n t

ra p id ity the momentum of the body could cause i t to leave the ground and

move upward, thus the work was being done in a shorter time frame with

greater power (McCloy, 1932). A number of a th le t ic performances are

power events, the Sargent Jump should be an excellen t tes t designed to

measure explosive leg power. McCloy f e l t th a t fa u lt in previous testing

was p rim a rily due to the lack of s k i l l , a b i l i t y and coordination to

perform the jump co rrec tly and the potential fo r one to do his best at

any given time (McCloy, 1932).

The Sargent Jump showed a r e l ia b i l i t y of .890 when associated with

a te s t battery including the 100 yard dash, running high jump, standing

broad jump and putting an eight pound shot. I t also showed

r e l ia b i l i t ie s from .65 to .80 when re lated to other track and f ie ld

events. When each best jump of a two series of three jumps of the

Sargent Jump, performed on d iffe re n t days, were correlated, the re su lt

was .854 (McCloy, 1932).

One o f the ea rly m odifications of the Sargent Jump was the Chalk

Jump. The subject in th is jump reached his dominant arm and hand as

16


high as possible and marked the wall w ith a piece of chalk ind icating

his reach height. He then jumped v e r t ic a lly and a t the peak o f his jump

he marked the w all. The major d ifference fo r the subject was learning

to swing only one arm downward at the peak of the jump instead of two.

This m odification was followed by another known as the jump and

reach. In th is p a rtic u la r jump the subject faced the wall and, with

both arms and fingers stretched fu l ly , marked his reach height w ith two

pieces of chalk or la te r w ith chalked fingers. Again the individual was

instructed th at his free arm be swung downward a t the top o f the jump.

In 1940, VanDalen attempted to c la r i fy and va lidate the various

te s t types of jumps in use to date. He found, when correlated w ith four

track events, the co rre la tion co e ffic ien ts were as follow s: the Sargent

Jump, .810; the Chalk Jump, .776; and the jump and reach, .780

(VanDalen, 1940).

As the years progressed the m odifications continued, p a rtic u la r ly

with the jump and reach te s t. Gray, S ta rt, and Glencross reported the

te s t-re te s t r e l ia b i l i t y of the jump and reach te s t to be .954 in

re la tio n to inches of the jump and .973 in terms of work (Gray and

others, 1962). The most common reported r e l ia b i l i t y and v a lid ity fo r

the jump and reach te s t are .93 and .78 respectively (Johnson and

Nelson, 1979 and Jensen and H irs t, 1980).

To date, varia tions of the jump and reach te s t are s t i l l being

found. The change in protocol fo r determining reach height has found

the subject facing the jump board, eyes s tra ig h t ahead, with fe e t f l a t

on the f lo o r d ire c tly below the board. The arms are then extended

upward and the height marked by how fa r one can reach. A number of

17


various approaches have been u til iz e d as w e ll, but the fundamental two

fo o t ta k e -o ff and arm swing remain re la t iv e ly unaffected.

Many of the m odifications found in recent l ite ra tu re re la te to the

areas o f th is study, mode of tra in in g , exercise protocol, c r ite r io n

measure and subjects. F ifteen high school g ir l basketball players

were tested using the Sargent Jump with a one-step approach fo llow ing a

six week weight tra in in g program. Their effectiveness in jumping and

rebounding was increased by the weight tra in in g program as s ig n ific a n t

gains were shown in th e ir mean height jumped (Callahan, 1965). A study

involving d iffe re n t modes of tra in in g and th e ir e ffe c t on the v e rtic a l

jump w ith the use of a two-step approach to Gray, S ta rt, and Glencross'

jump and reach m odification found improvement in v e rtica l jumping

a b i l i t y (H e llin g , 1980).

As e a rly as 1938, Carpenter found that power and muscular strength

have the most influence on a th le t ic performance of college women

(Carpenter, 1938). U ntil 1973, leg strength and leg power were often

used synonymously in the same sentence. In recent l ite ra tu re leg power

has been shown to be a separate e n tity consisting of a number of

fac to rs , namely strength, but i t is not the most prominent. Therefore,

leg power and leg strength did not bear a high re lationsh ip when the

v e rtic a l jump was u t il iz e d as the c r ite r io n measure fo r explosive leg

power (Considine and S u llivan , 1973). Although the results indicated no

s ig n ific a n t re lationsh ip between the two, fu rth e r l ite ra tu re to date has

not supported those findings. The v e rtic a l jump te s t continues to be

the c r ite r io n measure o f leg power.

18


Effects of Isotonic and Iso kinetic Training on V ertica l Jump Performance

Many studies have shown an increased a b i l i t y in performance of the

v e rtic a l jump by the use o f weight tra in in g programs. One such study by

Holmes put 33 jun ior high school boys on a 10 week program. Group I

performed a weight tra in in g program three days a week with normal

physical education class p artic ip a tio n on Tuesday and Thursday. Group

I I jumped a t a basketball standard set two to three inches above th e ir

highest recorded v e rtic a l jump, and Group I I I partic ipated in th e ir

regular physical education class. A ll three groups' mean scores showed

gains in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y as measured by the Sargent Jump Test

every two weeks. The largest gain was found in Group I with a mean

increase o f 3.01 inches, although there was no s ig n ific a n t increase at

the .05 level in jumping a b i l i t y between groups (Holmes, 1962).

One of the f i r s t meaningful studies involving iso k in etics , v e rtic a l

jump and women was by Copeland. Forty subjects were divided in to low

and high jumpers. They were then randomly put into one control and two

experimental groups. Each experimental group performed three sets o f

eight repetitions three days a week fo r f iv e weeks on an Orthotron

Exercise System.

The control groups were asked to re fra in from weight tra in in g but

continue w ith normal d a ily a c t iv it ie s . The subjects were tested at the

beginning and end of the f iv e week period using VanDalen's m odification

of the Sargent Jump and Reach Test. Isokinetics improved the v e rtic a l

jumping a b i l i t y o f the low jumping group, but did not improve th at o f

the high group, therefore ind icating th at the e ffe c t was dependent on

the in i t i a l jumping a b i l i t y of the subjects (Copeland, 1977).

19


Another study involving the effectiveness of isok inetic tra in in g

divided 48 male subjects in to three groups. Group I performed

is o k in e tic exercise on the Mini-Gym Model 16XB Leaper. Their program

included three sets of 10 repetitio ns over an eight week period. Group

I I was involved with plyom etric depth jumping. Each subject performed

three sets of 10 re p e titio n s from a 34 inch step w ith added resistance

during the th ird , f i f t h and seventh week. Respectively, 10, 15 and 20

pounds were added. The la s t group was the control group. Following a

b r ie f warm-up period, six t r ia ls of the jump and reach tes t were

administered. Each jump was separated by 30 seconds of rest. The mean

score of the t r ia ls three through six were then used fo r s ta t is t ic a l

analysis. Both experimental groups showed s ig n ific a n t improvement in

v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i ty . The greatest gain was found in the iso k in etic

group, 1.94 inches, but neither Group I or I I were shown to be more

e ffe c tiv e (B la ttner and Noble, 1979).

Haun investigated the e ffec ts o f isotonic and isokinetic exercise

on v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i ty . His resu lts indicated a s ig n ifica n t

increase in leg power in only the iso k in etic group as measured by the

modified ve rtica l power jump. No s ig n ific a n t increase was seen when the

groups were compared (Haun, 1975). This study was la te r duplicated with

minor a lte ra tio n s in the actual exercise program. Although minor gains

were seen in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t ie s , unlike Haun's study, neither

the isotonic or iso k in etic separately showed a s ig n ific a n t increase in

v e rtic a l jump performance (Spielman, 1978).

Haun and Spiel man's studies were conducted w ith male subjects.

Through 1980 a very small number of studies were conducted with female

20


subjects. One such study by Ruley looked a t the carry over value o f the

two modes of tra in ing . Five to seven re p e titio n maximums (RM) were

performed every 45 seconds by the isotonic group on the leg press. The

is o k in e tic group worked a t a fa s t speed doing three sets of 10

re p e titio n s . Each of the experimental and control groups ( f ie ld hockey)

partic ipated in an eight week program exercising a lte rn ate days. Pre-

and post-tests were measured by the jump and reach te s t given m ultip le

t r ia ls , three sets of three consecutive jumps, preceded by two warm-up

jumps. No s ig n ific a n t d ifference was shown between experimental groups

in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i ty . Resistive tra in in g produced e ffe c tiv e

improvement in v e rtic a l jump with the most s ig n ifica n t e ffec ts occurring

during the f i r s t four weeks of the program. There also appeared a

s ig n ific a n t de-tra in ing e ffe c t w ith in four weeks of post tra in in g

(R u ley , 1979).

An e a rly 1972 study by DeLateur and others was designed to assess

whether isok inetic or isotonic exercise was superior in quadriceps

strengthening. Forty-four female subjects were randomly selected fo r

iso k in e tic or isotonic exercise. The program lasted fo r 18 sessions.

One session was performed per day. The individual performed her

exercise u n til fa tig u e , as defined in the p ilo t study. At the end of

the 18 sessions, a set number from each exercise group changed roles.

A ll subjects performed eight more te s t t r ia l sessions to allow fo r any

delay trans fer between programs. The resu lts indicated th at both task

groups improved in strength, but not s ig n ific a n tly . Isokinetic exercise

offered no p a rtic u la r advantage over weights w ith quadricep

strengthening and the tra n s fe r of tra in in g programs was "immediate,

21


complete, and sustained throughout the tran s fe r period (DeLateur and

o th e rs , 1972)".

U n til the time of H elling 's 1980 study, the l ite ra tu re indicated no

s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the isotonic and iso k in etic modes as

measured by v e rtica l jumping a b i l i t ie s found p rim a rily in men. A six

week, three day per week program was designed fo r two exercise groups.

The Delorme-Watkins progressive resistance program was contrived fo r the

isotonic mode. F irs t , the maximum amount of weight th at each individual

could l i f t 10 times was determined fo r each exercise. Then 50 and 75

percent o f the maximum was figured. On exercise days, the subjects

performed three sets of 10 repetitio ns a t the various percentages of

maximum weight and maximum weight on leg press, toe raises and double

leg extension. The iso k in etic group performed a t a fa s t speed doing

four sets o f exercises w ith 30 repetitions w ith in 30 seconds.

Two pre-tests and two post-tests were given on separate days

establishing a r e l ia b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n t o f .92 - .97. The instrument

o f measure was a m odification of the v e rtic a l jump and reach tes t

where a two-step approach was allowed. A fte r three warm-ups the best

o f the fo llow ing three t r ia ls was the score used fo r s ta t is t ic a l

analysis. The results o f the study are c r i t ic a l as they give one of

the f i r s t results th a t show the mean scores of the isokinetic group

s ig n if ic a n tly higher than the isotonic group (H e llin g , 1980). A 6.5

percent increase in v e rtic a l jump was discovered w ith a 6.37

centim eter gain. Not only was th is study important in establishing

positive resu lts about the e ffec ts of isotonic and isokinetic weight

tra in in g , i ts subjects were female.

22


Summary

In summary, weight tra in in g has been shown to provide strength

gains in muscle and muscle groups. This strength gain is not only

benefic ia l in d a ily liv in g routines, but once i t is specified to an

a th le t ic a c t iv ity the functional c a p a b ilit ie s of the muscle are

increased.

These strength gains are best met in the isotonic mode by the

implementation of the Delorme-Watkins progressive resistance program

where four to e ight rep e titio n s fo r three sets are performed. Although

the resistance load is not as d is tin c t fo r the iso k in etic mode, the

speed o f the a c t iv ity should be approximated on the piece of equipment

fo r the production of maximal results.

As H ailing and Dooley reported, power is a product of strength, and

tra in in g fo r an increase in power w il l also increase absolute strength

(H a iling and Dolley, 1979). For a number o f years the emphasis in

weight tra in in g was on absolute strength. The strength developed in the

legs was measured by the Sargent Jump Test. This strength was la te r

referred to as power and the Sargent Jump Test was modified to a jump

and reach tes t which is the popular c r ite r io n measure fo r v e rtic a l

jumping a b i l i t y today.

V ertica l jump gains are evident in both modes of weight tra in in g .

Iso k in etic v e rtic a l jump gains appear more rap id ly during the program,

are fo r greater distance and have a longer las tin g a ffe c t than those

gains from isotonic. "Power tra in in g meets the demands of the sport

more s p e c ific a lly not only in terms of the required strength level but

in the actual ve lo c ity th at the strength is applied (Stevens, 1980)."

23


CHAPTER I I I

RESEARCH PROCEDURES

The purpose of th is study was to compare two specific weight

tra in in g programs, isotonic and is o k in e tic , and to determine i f a

s ig n ific a n t re lationsh ip ex ists between these programs and v e rtic a l

jump gains. Fourteen women basketball players served as subjects.

The programs were conducted p rio r to the opening day of basketball

practice , October 25, 1983, and were held over a consecutive s ix week

period. Each subject's v e rtic a l jump height was obtained ju s t p rio r

to the s ta rt o f the tra in in g period and again at the conclusion o f the

program.

Selection o f the Subjects

The selection of the subjects in th is study included those women

basketball players who indicated a preference to play on the 1983-1984

Cornell College in te rc o lle g ia te team p rio r to the s ta rt o f practice.

A to ta l o f 14 subjects, ranging in age from 18 to 21 years, were

ava ilab le fo r testing .

Seven subjects were randomly selected fo r each experimental

tra in in g group. Six o f the to ta l number o f subjects were also members

of the in te rc o lle g ia te vo lleyb a ll team, three were randomly selected

to each tra in in g group. One subject in the iso k in etic tra in in g group

was unable to complete the program due to an in ju ry suffered during

the vo lleyb a ll season.

The subjects were oriented to the purpose of the p ro ject, testing

procedures, and the importance fo r a maximal e f fo r t while tra in in g and

24


te s tin g .

Selection of the Equipment

A m odification of the v e rtic a l jump and reach te s t was the

instrument chosen to measure the v e rtic a l jumps of each subject in

th is investigation . The m odification was w ritten to approximate the

s k i l l o f rebounding in basketball and was based on the o rig ina l

v e rtic a l jump te s t by Sargent. M odifications of the Sargent Jump; the

chalk jump, the jump and reach, the squat jump, the v e rtic a l power

jump, and the m odification o f the v e r t ic ia l power jump have been

reported as acceptable measures of leg power (Gray and others, 1962;

VanDalen, 1940).

T es t-re te s t r e l ia b i l i t ie s indicated th at the m odification of the

v e rtic a l power jump had the highest r e l ia b i l i t y a t .977 and the lowest

was found in the squat jump a t .940 (Gray and others, 1962). The

squat jump, jump and reach, and m odificaiton o f the v e rtic a l power

jump were c la r if ie d and validated using the v e rtic a l power jump as the

c r ite r io n measure. The highest v a lid ity , .989, was shown fo r the

v e rtic a l power jump m odification. The v a lid it ie s fo r the squat jump

and jump and reach were .840 and .780 respectively. The chalk jump

was validated to four track and f ie ld power events; a six second run,

running high jump, standing broad jump, and the shot put. The

reported v a lid ity c o e ffic ie n t was .776 (McCloy and Young, 1954).

On the basis th at the s k il l of rebounding is a power event and

the above mentioned m odifications o f the Sargent Jump have proven to

be re lia b le and va lid tests fo r leg power, the instrument of measure

in th is investigation had face and content v a lid ity .

25


A four foot by 20 inch piece of chalk board was marked o ff every

inch w ith a f e l t marker. A hash mark was made between the inch lines

to ind icate every one-half inch. The chalk board was then backed by a

piece of 1 /4” plywood, f iv e foot by 20 inches. The ve rtica l jump

board was placed on the backboard of a rectangular fiberg lass basket.

I t was held in place by metal C-clamps and the bottom of the jump

board hung 6*5" above the flo o r. This board was used to measure each

subjects' reach height and th e ir jumped height p rio r to and a f te r the

tra in in g program.

Testing Procedures

Once the instrument and subjects were chosen and the equipment

and programs developed, a data card was constructed fo r each

ind ividual and used to record a l l te s t t r ia ls (Appendix A). The

fo llow ing data were obtained from each subject:

1) Reach height2) Six t r ia ls of height jumped from p re -te s t3) Six t r ia ls o f height jumped from post-test

These data were collected on 13 subjects.

The study was explained and questions were answered a t a pre

season meeting w ith the subjects. They were then n o tifie d by

telephone and/or in person of the date and tim e of the p re -tes t. Once

the subjects were assembled the fo llow ing instructions were given fo r

the m odification of the jump and reach tes t:

The subject shall stand facing the jump board with her toes on a lin e d ire c t ly below and p a ra lle l to the board.The middle fingers o f both hands are chalked. The subjectreaches as high as possible w ith both arms extended overthe head, eyes fixed s tra ig h t ahead, fe e t f l a t on the flo o r and makes a mark on the board w ith her chalked fingers.

26


She then assumes a position behind a prescribed sta rting l in e . The subject is allowed a one-step approach. This step is a r b i t r a r i ly lim ited between a two and three foot step fo r consistency among subjects. I f the foot of the f i r s t step should exceed the fu rth eres t l in e , or f a l l short of the two foot l in e , the subject shall be awarded another jump. I f any part o f the foot should f a l l on e ith e r o f the lin e s , the jump shall continue.

The subject takes the f i r s t step drawing the t r a i l foot forward gathering fo r a two-foot ta k e o ff. A crouch position is assumed with knees bent approximately 90® and arms swung downward and backward. The subject then jumps v e r t ic a lly as high as possible swinging her arms forward and upward vigorously w ith legs stretched downward. At the peak of the jump the board is touched w ith the chalked fingers o f both hands.

The measurement is taken to the nearest h a lf inch w ith each subject executing six jumps, marking each time on the board, w ith a 20-30 second rest between jumps. Maximum e f fo r t is requested with each jump.

The instructions were posted near the tes ting s ite and the

investigato r demonstrated what had been described. The f i r s t two

jumps were used as practice and the la s t four t r ia ls were averaged fo r

the te s t score. I f the marks by the fingers were of d iffe re n t

heights, the highest mark was recorded. These marks were read by

standing on a stepladder to avoid perceptual erro r.

Upon completion o f the p re-testing each subject was informed of

the tra in in g group fo r which she was selected. The investigator then

met w ith each experimental group.

The isotonic experiment group members were instructed on the

correct procedure fo r performance of the leg press on the Universal

Gym. As the subject took her position on the ch a ir, she was

instructed to place the b a ll o f her fe e t on the lower set o f pedals.

By glance, the chair was then adjusted so th at flex io n of the knee

27


jo in ts approximated 90°. During the performance of the exercise, the

knees were to be extended to a lock-out position. The weight was to

be moved to the above position over a two second period. Shortening

of the muscle by returning the weight to the s ta rtin g position took

place over a two to four second time frame. Subjects were reminded

to keep th e ir seats in the chair and cautioned not to hold th e ir

breath.

Instruction was also given to determine individual re p e titio n

maximum. Subjects were encouraged to determine th e ir re p e titio n

maximum p rio r to th e ir s ta r t o f the s ix week tra in in g program.

Repetition maximum (RM) was defined as the maximum load that could be

l i f t e d a given number o f times. An approximate beginning load fo r the

leg press was based on the subject's body weight. One-half to two-

th ird s was suggested as the portion o f body weight fo r a beginning

load fo r the exercise (G etchell, 1983). Once a suggested beginning

load was determined they were then asked to perform 10 rep e titio n s of

the exercise. I f the exercise could not be completed or was completed

with ease, the equipment was calib rated in f iv e pound increments, the

correct adjustments were made. Upon determination of the working

load, the subject then figured 50% and 75% of th a t maximum.

A program sheet was d is tribu ted to each subject (Appendix B).

The program was administered three days a week fo r six weeks. At the

beginning of each week the subjects rechecked th e ir maximum. The goal

was 10 repetitio ns a t RM. A fte r each check, they continued tra in in g

according to the Delorme p rinc ip le as described on the program sheet.

This allowed fo r muscle gains in strength and endurance throughout the

28


program.

The iso k in etic tra in in g group also received a program sheet

(Appendix C) and instructions on correct procedure fo r performance on

the leaper. As the subjects took th e ir position a t the 16XB Leaper

they were instructed to keep th e ir fe e t shoulder width apart and in a

s tra ig h t lin e d ire c tly below th e ir shoulders. The s ta rt o f each set

was from a squat position w ith knee flex io n approximately 90*. The

subjects were cautioned to keep th e ir head up, back s tra ig h t, and

maintain pressure from the arms on the shoulder pad to one's shoulders

to avoid loss o f contact and eventual soreness due to forcefu l thrust

in to the apparatus. During each re p e titio n the subject was to th rust

from the squat position to fu l l knee extension and p lantar flex io n of

the foot. On completion o f the eccentric contraction the s ta rtin g

position was resumed and the set completed according to the prescribed

time.

The subject's tra in in g program was delineated each week as

illu s tra te d on the sheet. According to recent studies, speed of

performance on iso k in etic equipment should approximate th at o f the

s k i l l . The program was designed fo r high speed work with a high number

of re p e titio n s .

Subjects were required to date th e ir program sheet on workout day

and record the weight l i f t e d fo r each set or pounds attained. Six

weeks to the date o f the p re -te s t the subjects reported fo r the

v e rtic a l jump and reach p ost-test. The instructions were read and

posted a t the s ite . The t r ia ls were administered and recorded on the

subjects' data cards.

29


Treatment o f the Data

The purpose of the s ta t is t ic a l treatm ent o f the data included in

th is study was to determine i f there was a s ig n ific a n t re la tionsh ip

between the experimental tra in in g groups and v e rtic a l jump gains o f

the subjects of the investigation . I t should be noted th at the

program studied is a n on -ath le tic scholarship NCAA Division I I I

school. The subjects' in te rests in p a rtic ip a tio n on the women's

basketball team were pleasure and personal. Program requirements

include practice and p artic ip a tio n in com petitive contests. Many of

the ath le tes in the program were two-sport a th letes and any other

demands are f u l f i l le d on a personal preference.

There were f iv e separate s ta t is t ic a l treatments performed in th is

study. F irs t , a Pearson product-moment corre la tion was computed to

determine te s t-re te s t r e l ia b i l i t y . An average v e rtic a l jump (in

inches) o f the f i r s t three t r ia ls and the la s t three t r ia ls was

obtained. Each subjects' average raw score was used fo r computation.

The re s u lt o f the group was tested fo r significance.

A Pearson product-moment corre la tion was also computed between

the v e rtic a l jump averages of each experimental tra in in g group. The

average raw scores were used in the computation. Results of each group

were tested fo r significance.

A th ird s ta t is t ic a l treatm ent, a one-ta iled t - te s t fo r two

dependent samples, was u t il iz e d to compare the mean v e rtic a l jump

scores of the iso k in e tic and isotonic groups before tra in in g to the

id e n tica l groups a fte r the s ix week tra in in g period. A one-ta iled t -

te s t fo r two independent samples was used to compare mean v e rtic a l

30


jump gains established by the group as a whole. These resu lts were

also tested fo r s ignificance.

In order to determine i f v e rtic a l jump gains derived from

iso k in e tic exercise d iffe re d s ig n ific a n tly from those of isotonic

exercise, a one-ta iled t - t e s t was used. The t - te s t tested fo r

significance the mean scores of v e rtic a l jump gains between the two

exercise groups. The resu lting t-va lu e was tested fo r significance.

31


CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Analysis o f Results

In analyzing the data o f th is investig atio n , the fo llow ing

questions were considered:

1) Does a s ig n ific a n t co rre la tion e x is t between the te s t-re te s t

of the m odification o f the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a

whole?

2) Does the m odification of the jump and reach te s t ind icate a

s ig n ific a n t corre la tion between the te s t-re te s t method of establishing

r e l ia b i l i t y w ith in the experimental groups?

3) Is there a s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jump gains and those subjects who performed isokinetic exercise on the

16XB Leaper?

4) Is there a s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jump gains and those subjects who performed isotonic exercise on the

Universal leg press?

5) Is there any s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jump gains and the iso k in e tic and isotonic experimental exercise

groups?

Mean scores were calculated and presented in Table 1 along w ith

ind ividual tes t scores and th e ir gains, before and a fte r the six week

weight tra in in g program. The appropriate subscript, the le t te r a

representing the 16XB Leaper and b the Universal leg press, id e n tif ie s

each subject's tra in in g program.

32


TABLE 1

Individual Test Scores, Gains, Mean Scores

SubjectsV ertica l Jump

(inches)V ertica l Jump

(inches a f te r 6 weeks)Gain

(inches)

\ 14.125 16.250 2.125

Bb 15.625 16.375 0.750

Cb 14.375 16.125 1.750

“a 14.750 14.250 -0 .500

Ea 11,000 13.500 2.500

Fa 17.000 17.625 0.625

% 10.250 10.500 0.250

"a 17.500 18.500 1.000

"b 14.125 16.875 2.750

Ja 15.500 15.625 0.125

Kb 15.250 15.875 0.625

l-b 16.000 17.750 1.750

"a 12.500 13.250 0.750

x=14.462 x=15.577 x=1.115

a 16X8 Leaper Xg=14.708 Xa=15.458 Xa=0.750

b Universal Leg Press

Xb=14.250 Xb=15.679 X5=1.429

33


In response to the f i r s t o f the above questions, the r e l ia b i l i t y

of the m odification o f the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a

whole was obtained by adm inistering a te s t-re te s t on the same day. A

Pearson product-moment co rre la tion was computed to te s t th is

hypothesis. An average was obtained from the f i r s t three t r ia ls .

Each average raw score was rounded to the nearest one-half inch to

comply w ith the procedure o f recording the scores to the nearest one-

h a lf inch. The same procedure was followed w ith the la s t three

t r ia ls . The Pearson product-moment corre la tion o f .92 was tested fo r

significance at the .05 le v e l, fo r 11 degrees o f freedom. In

conclusion, the r e l ia b i l i t y o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach

m odification fo r the group as a whole was s ig n ific a n t. T es t-re te s t of

the m odification w ith in the experimental groups also indicated

significance at the .05 le v e l. Table 2 is a summary of the Pearson

product-moment correlations of the te s t-re te s t r e l ia b i l i t y o f the

group as a whole and w ith in the experimental groups.

A comparison of mean v e rtic a l jump scores o f the iso kinetic

tra in in g group was made before and a fte r the tra in in g period. The

purpose of th is comparison was to determine whether a s ig n ifica n t

d ifference existed among the v e rtic a l jump gains of the iso k in etic

exercise tra in in g programs. A one-ta iled t - t e s t involving means

from two dependent samples was u til iz e d to compare the mean jump

scores before the iso k in e tic program w ith those scores at the end of

the s ix week tra in in g period. The same s ta t is t ic a l procedure was

u t il iz e d to compare the mean jump scores before the tra in in g period

34


to the mean jump scores a t the end of the tra in in g period fo r the

isotonic experimental group. Table 3 shows the results of the t -

te s ts .

TABLE 2

Pearson Product-Moment Correlations fo r Whole Group and Each Experimental Group:

Test-Retest

Test Group N Test-Retest t

Whole Group 13 0,92 7.79*

Experimental Group ̂ 6 0.94 5.51*

Experimental Group 7 0.96 7.67*

Whole Group: * t > 1.796 s ig n ific a n t a t « Experimental Group g: * t > 2.132 s ig n if i Experimental Group * t ̂ 2.015 s ig n if i

= .05cant a t a = cant a t a =

.05

.05

TABLE 3

t - te s t Comparing the Mean V ertica l Jump Scores o f Isokinetic and Isotonic Experimental Groups Before Training Period to

Same Experimental Groups A fte r Training Period

Subjects N X (inches) S t

Experimental Group ̂ (before) 6 Experimental Group ̂ (a f te r ) 6 Experimental Group ̂ (before) 7 Experimental Group ̂ (a f te r ) 7

14.7115.4614.2515.68

2.321.991.772.18

1.82

4 .61*

Experimental Group * t > 2.015 s ig n ific a n t a t a = .05Experimental Group * t > 1.943 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05

The next comparison of mean v e rtic a l jump scores was between each

experimental group's gains a f te r the six week tra in in g period and a l l

35


of those who partic ipated in the study a t the end of the six week

period. Again, a one-ta iled t - t e s t involving the means from two

independent samples was u t iliz e d . Table 4 presents the resu lts o f the

t - te s ts .

TABLE 4

t - te s t Comparing the Mean V ertica l Jump Scores of Each Experimental Group's Gains A fte r Training Period to the

Gains of the Group as a Whole A fte r Training Period

Subjects NX

(inches) S t

Experimental Group a 6 0.750 0.92 0.750Whole Group 13 1.115 0.94

Experimental Group b 7 1.429 0.85 -0.699Whole Group 13 1.115 0.94

Experimental Group a* * t > 1.740 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05Experimental Group y: * t > 1.734 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05

A one-ta iled t - te s t involving means from two independent samples

was also used to compare the mean v e rtic a l jump gains o f the

iso k in e tic group and those subjects who belonged to the isotonic

experiment group. The re s u lt o f th is t - te s t showed a non-sign ificant

difference between v e rtic a l jump gains between experimental tra in in g

groups as presented in Table 5.

36


TABLE 5

t - te s t Comparing V ertica l Jump Gains of Isokinetic Experimental Group and Isotonic Experimental Group

Subjects NX

(inches) S t

Experimental Group * 6 0.750 .920 1.280Experimental Group ^ 7 1.429 .850

* t > 1.796 s ig n ific a n t a t « = .05

In te rp re ta tion

A ll testing fo r the m odification of the v e rtic a l jump and reach

te s t was administered on the same day. The o rig in a l v e rtic a l jump and

reach te s t has been shown to be re lia b le in past research.

R e lia b il i ty c o e ffic ie n t of the group as a whole, .92, was s im ila r to

th at reported by Johnson and Nelson and Jensen and H irs t o f .93. Each

experimental group's r e l ia b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n t was s lig h tly higher, .94

and .96. Consequently, measurements generated by the jump and reach

te s t m odification were unquestionably consistent.

At the .05 level o f s ign ificance, the t-va lu e comparing the mean

v e rtic a l jump score before and a t the end o f the tra in in g period of

the experimental group th at trained on the leaper, was found to be

non-sign ificant. Those in the experimental group th at trained on the

leg press evidenced a t-v a lu e that was s ig n ific a n t a t the .05 lev e l.

Although v e rtic a l jump gains were found in f iv e o f the six subjects on

the leaper and in a l l seven subjects tra in in g on the leg press, the

greatest gains and s ig n ific a n t d ifference in v e rtic a l jump gains was

only found w ith the isotonic experimental tra in in g group. This may be

37


a ttr ib u te d to the implementation o f the DeLorme-Watkins progressive

resistance program.

These resu lts are contrad ictive to those reported by B lattner and

Noble, and Haun. S ig n ific an t improvement in v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y

with greatest gains, and s ig n ific a n t increase in leg power were a l l

found with iso k in e tic exercise. Spiel man found no s ig n ific a n t

increase in v e rtic a l jump performance in e ith e r isotonic or iso k in etic

exercise programs. Results reported by Holmes are s im ila r to those

found in th is investigation . The largest v e rtic a l jump gains were

found in isotonic weight tra in in g , but no s ig n ific a n t increase in

jumping a b i l i t y between experimental groups. E ither iso k inetic or

isotonic tra in in g w il l increase v e rtic a l jumping a b i l i t y but the

greatest s ig n ific a n t gains, almost tw ice those found from iso k in etic

tra in in g , were found w ith isotonic tra in in g .

The t-va lu e comparing mean v e rtic a l jump scores o f each

experimental group to the group as a whole were found to be non

s ig n ific a n t at the .05 le v e l. The iso k in e tic group's results showed a

non-sign ificant trend in the same d irection as the mean score compared

before and a fte r tra in in g . This indicates th at the gains resu lting

from isotonic tra in in g exceeded the gains of the iso k in etic tra in in g

group and those of the group as a whole.

The resu lts of the f in a l t - te s t showed non-significance at the .05

le v e l. This re s u lt agrees with those reported by Spielman, Haun, and

Ruley, who found no s ig n ific a n t d ifference between experimental

tra in in g groups in increasing v e rtic a l jump performance. But, i t

contradicts H elling who found mean v e rtic a l jump scores of the

38


is o k in e tic group were s ig n if ic a n tly higher than the isotonic group.

In th is study, the null hypothesis stated is retained. There is

no s ig n ific a n t d ifference in v e rtic a l jump gains between the

experimental iso k in etic and isotonic tra in in g groups. Neither

group was shown to be more e ffe c tiv e in improving v e rtic a l jumping

a b i l i t y .

Summary o f Results

The resu lts o f the investigation may be summarized as fo llow s:

1) The r e l ia b i l i t y co rre la tion c o e ffic ie n t was found to be s im ila r to

those previously reported fo r modified v e rtic a l jump and reach testing

fo r the whole group.

2) The corre la tion between the te s t-re te s t method of establishing

r e l ia b i l i t y w ith in each experimental group was found to be s lig h t ly

h igher than others previously reported.

3) There was no s ig n ific a n t d ifference found among the mean

v e rtic a l jump gains and those subjects who performed isokinetic

exercise on the 16XB Leaper.

4) There was a s ig n ific a n t d ifference found among the mean

v e rtic a l jump gains and those subjects who performed isotonic exercise

on the Universal Leg Press.

5) There was no s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jump gains and the iso k in e tic and isotonic experimental exercise

groups of the 1983-84 Cornell College women's basketball team.

39


CHAPTER V

SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

The purpose of th is investigation was to examine the re la tionsh ip

between two d is tin c t weight tra in in g modes, iso k in etic and iso ton ic,

as measured by v e rtic a l jump gains of the 1983-84 Cornell College

women basketball players. Subjects (N=14) were basketball players who

indicated a preference during pre-season to compete on the

in te rc o lle g ia te team fo r the 1983-1984 season.

A m odification o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach te s t was used as

the instrument to measure v e rtic a l jump gains. Guidelines were

established fo r tes ting procedures o f the m odification in a p ilo t

study. Exercise protocol guidelines fo r each tra in in g program were

constructed, d is tribu ted and interpreted to the subjects. The

subjects were tested p rio r to th e ir tra in in g program and again a t the

conclusion o f the s ix week program.

Summary

One of the resu lts o f th is study indicated th at a s ig n ific a n t

r e l ia b i l i t y corre la tion exists between te s t-re te s t o f the m odification

of the jump and reach te s t fo r the group as a whole. A fte r the f i r s t

three t r ia ls and la s t three t r ia ls were averaged and corre la tion

c o e ffic ie n t computed, the re su lt was a s ig n ific a n t t-va lu e a t the ,05

le v e l. Following the same procedure fo r each experimental group, i t

was also found th at a s ig n ific a n t t-va lu e a t the .05 level existed.

The m odification o f the jump and reach te s t used as the instrument in

th is investigation was found to be re lia b le . The very high

40


r e l ia b i l i t y co e ffic ien ts may have occurred because of same day

te s tin g , the delay between the two adm inistrations not of s u ff ic ie n t

tim e to n u l l i fy the re c a ll e f fe c t , or a combination o f these two

fac to rs .

V ertica l jump gains were evident in both exercise groups. When

mean v e rtic a l jump scores o f the iso k in etic tra in in g group before

and a f te r the tra in in g period were compared, no s ig n ific a n t d ifference

was found. Absence of s ig n ific a n t differences a t the .05 level may

be the smallness o f sample s ize , sampling e rro r , and/or chance.

A se lf-re p o rtin g statement by subjects E and H of the iso k in etic

group expressed extreme fatigue the la s t two weeks o f the tra in in g

period. Each subject indicated that the pounds atta ined on the 16XB

Leaper declined. This may be a ttrib u ted to the production o f gains

more quickly than isotonic tra in in g and the subjects were experiencing

a plateau or d e-tra in ing e ffe c t . Studies suggest that isok inetic

equipment reduces the chance o f muscle soreness due to the lack of

performance of eccentric contraction. None of the six subjects

reported any muscle soreness.

When the mean v e rtic a l jump scores of the isotonic tra in in g group

before and a fte r the tra in in g period were compared, a s ig n ifica n t

d ifference a t the .05 level was found. Nearly double the gain (in

inches) was seen in the isotonic tra in in g group. This may be

a ttr ib u te d to the established progressive resistance exercise protocol

fo r development o f leg strength and power by DeLorme-Watkins. The

greatest gains might also be accredited with s p e c if ic ity of tra in in g .

The isotonic tra in in g procedure more closely resembled the

41


m odification o f the v e rtic a l jump and reach te s t.

Each experimental groups' mean v e rtic a l jump gains were compared

to those o f the group as a whole. The resu lts indicated no

s ig n ific a n t d ifference between e ith e r the iso k in etic or isotonic

tra in in g group and the group as a whole. These non-sign ificant t -

values were assumed to be due to sampling errors and sampling size.

Another possible reason fo r the absence of s ig n ific a n t differences may

be the lack o f d iv e rs ity in the samples being compared. Women

basketball players in e ith e r experimental tra in in g group did not

d if fe r g rea tly from each other in v e rtica l jumping a b il i ty . Perhaps

differences w il l appear a t a s ig n ific a n t level when v e rtic a l jump

gains of subjects from a major D ivision I or I I program are compared

to those o f a D ivision I I I program.

A s ta t is t ic a l analysis comparing the mean ve rtic a l jump gains of

the iso k in e tic tra in in g group and the isotonic tra in in g group was also

computed. Again, no s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the means of the

two tra in in g modes was found.

I f the subjects and resu lts of th is study are representative o f the

general population of in te rc o lle g ia te women basketball p layers, i t

appears th at neither weight tra in in g mode is superior in production of

explosive leg power as measured by v e rtic a l jump gains using a

m odification of the v e rtic a l jump and reach tes t. Although v e rtic a l

jump gains were evident in 12 o f the 13 subjects tested at the

conclusion of the tra in in g period, a s ig n ific a n t d ifference between

the means did not e x is t. Acceptance of the null hypothesis indicates

evidence th at comparative research is ne ither substantiated nor

42


unsubstantiated.

Conclusions

Based on the resu lts obtained from th is study, the fo llow ing

conclusions were made:

1) The ve rtic a l jump and reach m odification was a re lia b le

tes ting Instrument to measure explosive leg power w ith th is p a rtic u la r

Investigation and sample.

2) V ertica l jump gains were evident In both exercise groups.

Greater v e rtica l jump gains can be obtained from Isotonic exercise.

3) There was no s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jumps when the correlations were computed w ith in the tra in in g group

before and a fte r the tra in in g period of those subjects who performed

Iso k in e tic exercise on the 16X8 Leaper. Therefore, Isok inetic

exercise has no advantage In Increasing explosive leg power as

measured by v e rtic a l jump gains.

4) There was a s ig n ific a n t d ifference between the mean v e rtic a l

jumps when the correlations were computed w ith in the tra in in g group

before and a fte r the tra in in g period of those subjects who performed

Isotonic exercise on the Universal leg press. Isotonic exercise

Improves explosive leg power as measured by v e rtic a l jump gains.

5) Practical s ignificance of Iso k in e tic exercise from s e lf -

reporting , discloses maximal v e rtic a l jump gains established In a

shorter length of time and muscle soreness diminished.

6) Isotonic equipment o ffe rs visual feedback as the exerciser

can see the amount of weight being l i f t e d , therefore serving as a

m otivational stimulus.

43


7) There was no s ig n ific a n t d ifference between mean v e rtic a l jump

gains by isotonic exercise and mean v e rtic a l jump gains by iso k in e tic

exercise when correlations were computed between the tra in in g groups

a f te r the tra in in g period. Neither iso k in e tic exercise nor isotonic

exercise appears to be superior in developing explosive leg power.

Recommendations

As a re su lt o f the im plications and conclusions of th is study, the

fo llow ing recommendations have been made:

1) Replication of th is study with a la rger sample.

2) Replication o f th is study using samples from d iffe re n t levels

of c o lle g ia te women's basketball programs and investigations where the

single sport a th letes (basketball) are the subjects.

3) Place more emphasis on maximum e f fo r t fo r each t r ia l .

4) Control the circumstances surrounding the subjects' actual

workout period and the tim e o f day i t took place to encourage maximum

e f fo r t and reduce errors in exercise technique.

5) Check v e rtic a l jump gains during designated periods o f the

tra in in g session to help determine length of time necessary fo r

maximal gains.

6) Repeat a s im ila r investigation w ith only isok inetic exercise,

emphasizing exercise protocol and speed of a c t iv ity to help form ulate

conclusiveness in the area o f tra in in g speed.

44


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48


A p pend ix A


NAME: ____________________________

VERTICAL JUMP AND REACH PRE-TEST

Reach Height: __________Jumped Height: T r ia l One:

Four:Two:Five:"

Three:Six:

AVG:

VERTICAL JUMP AND REACH POST-TEST

Jumped Height: T ria l One:Four:

Two:Five:'

Three:Six:

AVG:

49


A p pend ix B


DATE PROGRAM NAME _________________

ACTIVITY: LËG PRESSWE 1 Set/10 reps 0 1/2 lORMEK _______________________________ 1 Set/10 reps 0 3/4 lORM

1 1 set/10 reps 0 4 /4 lORM

2 min. re s t between sets

W PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCEE ___________________________E Check Maximum every weekK

1 1/2 min. res t between sets

W PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCEE ___________________________E Check Maximum every weekK ___________________________

3 1 min. re s t between sets

W PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCEE __________________________E Check Maximum every weekK

45 sec. re s t between sets

W PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCEE __________________________E Check Maximum every weekK _______________________________

5 45 sec. res t between sets

W PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCEE __________________________E Check Maximum every weekK _______________ ______

30 sec. rest between sets

50


A p p en d ix C


DATE PROGRAM NAME

EK

EK

EK

EK

EK

-------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITY: LÊAPÊd---------------------WE 3 sets/10 reps @ 35 sec.EK


WE ___________________________ 3 sets/20 reps @ 35 sec.


WE 3 sets/30 reps @ 45 sec.


WE 4 sets/30 reps 0 40 sec.


WE __________________________ 4 sets/35 reps @ 35-45 sec.


WE __________________________ 4 sets/35 reps @ 30-40 sec.

1 min. res t between sets

51


Documents

Isotonic and isokinetic training effect on vertical jump