iso

1 ISO/CS, Global Relevance and IT-toolsTC 67/SC 4 session, Buzios (BR)© ISO 2006

www.iso.orgwww.iso.org

International Organization International Organization for Standardizationfor Standardization

N358


ISO/CS updateISO/CS update

by Alain Samneby Alain Samne

Technical Group ManagerTechnical Group ManagerEngineering, Machinery and EnergyEngineering, Machinery and Energy

TPM for ISO/TC 67TPM for ISO/TC 67

Buzios (BR), 2006-05-10/11Buzios (BR), 2006-05-10/11


Topics covered:Topics covered:

ISO Central Secretariat

Introduction

Mission, roles, developments and regional partners

Standards development time-frames

ISO deliverables

ISO IT-tools

Global Directory version 2 – GD 2

Electronic Balloting version 3 – EB 3

Submission Interface version 1 – SI 1


The ISO systemThe ISO system

At 15 February 2006

• IT tools• Standards

development procedures

• Consensus building

• Dissemination

156 national members

177 active TCs3 000 technical bodies50 000 experts

Central Secretariatin Geneva150 staff


ISO Key mission statementISO Key mission statement

To be the leading value adding platform and partner for the production of global and market relevant International Standards covering products, services, good conformity assessment, management and organizational practices


Multiple rolesMultiple roles

An individual may wear different hats

In different groups. For example as

a head of delegation can also be

a project leader and/or

a working group convenor and/or

an expert

However, due to a need for neutrality, a chairman cannot also be a representative for a national delegation in the same committee for which they are chairman


ActivityActivity

NP submissionvote

NP submissionvote

WG participationWG participation

TC/SC meetingsTC/SC meetings

CD commentsAcceptance as DISCD commentsAcceptance as DIS

Enquiry (DIS) voteEnquiry (DIS) vote

Approval (FDIS) voteApproval (FDIS) vote

P- member

P- member

M

M

MM

MM

MM

MM

O- member

O- member

Othernational bodies

Othernational bodies

A B DA B D

Liaisons

M = obligation = right

Participation in TC/SC Activities [1.7]Participation in TC/SC Activities [1.7]


New publicationNew publication

My ISO Job


COPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQCOPANT

CEN

AIDMO

ARSO

EASC

PASC PASC

PASC

MO/LDE9606B.CDR2003-03-19

ACCSQACCSQACCSQ

Regional standards bodiesRegional standards bodies


Regional standards bodiesRegional standards bodies

ACCSQ (ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality)

AIDMO (Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization)

ARSO (African Regional Organization for Standardization)

CEN (European Committee for Standardization)

COPANT (Pan-American Standards Commission)

EASC (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)

PASC (Pacific Area Standards Congress)


Standards in the real world – ExamplesStandards in the real world – Examples

For everyoneFor everyoneIn the Oil and Gas sectorIn the Oil and Gas sector

ISO/CS’s monthly information magazine

An excellent resource for business, industry, consumer and government

Facilitates communication in all spheres


Global relevance of ISO StandardsGlobal relevance of ISO Standards


World Trade Report 2005World Trade Report 2005

Exploring the links between trade, standards and the WTO

Six essential elements for International Standards defined in 2nd Triennial Review of TBT Agreement, 2000 (Annex 4):

1. Transparency – easily accessible information

2. Openness – non-discriminatory

3. Impartiality and consensus – fair practices

4. Effectiveness and relevance – market demand

5. Coherence – no overlap

6. Development dimension – technical assistance to participate

= the ISO system is fully compliant


Non-tariff barriers affecting market accessNon-tariff barriers affecting market access


““Effective and relevant” StandardsEffective and relevant” Standards

ISO Definition

Global Relevance is the required characteristic of an International Standard that it can be used/implemented as broadly as possible by affected industries and other stakeholders in markets around the world

““Effective and relevant” StandardsEffective and relevant” Standards

WTO“Effectiveness and relevance”

=ISO

GlobalRelevance


Prescriptive vs. PerformancePrescriptive vs. Performance

ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, Clause 4.2 Performance approach

“Whenever possible, requirements shall be expressed in terms of performance rather than design or descriptive characteristics. This approach leaves maximum freedom to technical development.”

Annex 3 of the WTO/TBT Agreement

“Wherever appropriate, the standardizing body shall specify standards based on product requirements in terms of performance rather than design or descriptive characteristics.”


BASE DELIVERABLESBASE DELIVERABLESISO TMB Guidelines on global relevanceISO TMB Guidelines on global relevance

International Standard shall to the extent possible represent a unique international solution, but where justified may present options to accommodate differences

The commitment to participate in the development of and the feasibility of preparing International Standards shall be demonstrated at the outset of a standards development project.

Preference shall be given to preparing performance rather than prescriptive standards.

An IS may pass through an evolutionary process, with the ultimate objective being to publish, at a later point, an International Standard that presents one unique international solution in all of its provisions.


BASE DELIVERABLESBASE DELIVERABLESISO TMB Guidelines on global relevanceISO TMB Guidelines on global relevance

Essential differences consistent with Annex 3 to the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade can be included in International Standards, but specific rules shall be applied if a committee wishes to introduce such differences and special authorization needs to be given by the TMB in instances not covered by these rules.

Committees can only ensure the global relevance of the International Standards they produce if they are aware of all the factors that may affect a particular standard's global relevance.


Standards’ development timeframeStandards’ development timeframe


Timeframes – Selection criteriaTimeframes – Selection criteria

Market relevanceExpectations from industry and other stakeholders must be taken into account.

PriorityThere should be a clear understanding at what point in time the International Standard will be needed by the market.

ResourcesThe identification of a project champion and a clear commitment from stakeholders that they are prepared to allocate the resources for meeting the selected timeframe.


Timeframes – NWIP ConsiderationsTimeframes – NWIP Considerations

Prior to accepting to circulate NWIPs, keeping in mind ISO’s policy of consensus building voluntary Standards, the committee must:

Justify market relevance, priority, and required resources;

Identify an available champion (project leader);

Propose a suitable development Track on the NWIP form;

Confirm the selected Track and assign corresponding target dates on the AWI form.


Timeframes – ProgressionTimeframes – Progression

Project stage

Milestones Default Accelerated Extended (months)

Preparatory (20.00)

Registration of approved new work item (AWI)

0 0 0

Committee (30.00)

Registration of Committee Draft (CD)

12 Stage skipped

12

Enquiry (40.00)

Registration of draft International Standard (DIS)

18 6 24

Approval (50.00)

Registration of final draft International Standard (FDIS)

30 18 42

Publication (60.60)

Publication of International Standard (IS)

36 24 48

Committee secretariat to manage target stage-date flexibility

Possibility to register NWIs or downgrade active projects as PWIs


Launch Ballot results Finalization Publication

DIS/FDIS process flow in STANDDIS/FDIS process flow in STANDE

valu

atio

nP

rodu

ctio

nB

allo

t

Technical Editorial Drawings Procedural

Editorial Drawings Composition Proofreading

Submission of DIS/FDIS files on ISOTC server by TC/SC

1

4

2

3

Co

mm

ittee time

ISO

/CS

time

DIS

FDIS

5


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 +

Years

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

sta

nd

ard

s

% of standards published vs. processing time% of standards published vs. processing time (start-to-finish – 2001 compared with 2005)(start-to-finish – 2001 compared with 2005)

2001

2005

Last update : 2006-01-01


ISO deliverablesISO deliverables


ISO deliverablesISO deliverables

International Standard (IS)

Technical Specification (TS)

Technical Report (TR)

Guides policy committees only

Publicly Available Specification (PAS)

International Workshop Agreement (IWA)


Base (useful) deliverableBase (useful) deliverable

International Standard (IS)International Standard (IS)

[normative]

document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context [and] that is adopted by an international standardizing/standards organization and made available to the public

Source: ISO/IEC Guide 2:1996 (combination of definitions 3.2 & 3.2.1.1)



Technical Specification (TS)Technical Specification (TS)(was Technical Report types 1 & 2)(was Technical Report types 1 & 2)

[normative]

document addressing work

still under technical development, or

where for any other reason there is the future, but not immediate, possibility of agreement on an International Standard


Technical Specification (TS)Technical Specification (TS) (fall-back situation)

[normative]

document originally intended to be an International Standard, but

where the required support cannot be obtained for approval as an International Standard; or

for which there is doubt on whether consensus has been achieved

Published in order to make available its content for use by interested parties

BASE (USEFUL) BASE (USEFUL) DELIVERABLEDELIVERABLE



BASE DELIVERABLESBASE DELIVERABLESBase (useful) deliverableBase (useful) deliverable

Technical Report (TR)Technical Report (TR)

[informative]

document containing information of a different kind from that normally published in a normative document

NOTE Such data may include, for example, data obtained from a survey carried out among the national bodies, data on work in other international organizations or data on the “state of the art” in relation to standards of national bodies on a particular subject


(QUICKER) DELIVERABLES(QUICKER) DELIVERABLES(quicker) Deliverables(quicker) Deliverables

Publicly Available Specification (PAS)Publicly Available Specification (PAS)

[normative]

A document representing the consensus within a working group

NOTE Competing PAS offering different technical solutions are possible provided that they do not conflict with existing International Standards. (A TC/SC may decide to revise an ISO standard to allow conflicting PAS.)

Example: ISO/PAS 18873 International protocol for doping control


(QUICKER) DELIVERABLES(QUICKER) DELIVERABLES(quicker) Deliverables(quicker) Deliverables

International Workshop Agreement (IWA)International Workshop Agreement (IWA)

[normative]

A document which does not rely on the customary technical committee structures. Essentially this will be through an open workshop mechanism whereby market players will be able to negotiate in a workshop setting the contents of particular normative documents


Special deliverableSpecial deliverable

GuideGuide

[informative]

document giving orientation, advice or recommendations on non-normative matters relating to international standardization

NOTE 1 Guides may address issues of interest to all users of International Standards

NOTE 2 Guides are not prepared by technical committees or subcommittees, but by policy committees or directly or indirectly by the TMB


Stages ISO

Standard ISO/TS ISO/PAS

ISO Amendment

ISO Technical

Corrigendum ISO/TR ISO/IWA

Proposal

Acceptance criteria:

– 5 P-members participating

– Simple majority of the P-members in the committee







Preparatory


Draft accepted for Committee stage


Simple majority of P-members of the committee


Secretariat and Chair

(+ P-members if necessary)


Committee


Consensus or support of 2/3 majority of the P-members voting



Simple majority of P-members of the committee

Enquiry


– 2/3 majority of the P-members voting

– Less than 1/4 of negative votes



Approval






Rules decided by worshop

itself

Publication Review 5 years 3 years

6 years max.

3 years

6 years max.

5 years

Incorporated in ISO

Incorporated in ISO

3 years

6 years max.

Comparison of procedures for different ISO Comparison of procedures for different ISO deliverablesdeliverables


Stan

dard

s develo

pm

ent p

rocesses

Stan

dard

s develo

pm

ent p

rocesses

and

deliverab

les sum

mary

and

deliverab

les sum

mary

Industry Technical Agreement

ISO International StandardReview: 5 years

Final text of International

Standard

Final text for processing as FDIS (Final Draft International Standard)

2/3 Maj of P-members less than 1/4 negative votes

DIS or ISO/TS (Technical Specification).

• 2/3 Maj of P-members• Review: 3 years – Max 6

ISO/TR (Technical Report) for non-normative documents

• Simple Maj of P-members• No review

First CD (Committee draft)or ISO/PAS (Publicly

Available Specification)• Simple Maj of P-members• Review 3 years – Max 6

Publication of International Standard

STAGE STAGE 66

Publication of International Standard

STAGE STAGE 66

Formal vote on FDIS (proof check by

secretariat)STAGE STAGE

55

Formal vote on FDIS (proof check by

secretariat)STAGE STAGE

55

NP(new work item proposal)

STAGE STAGE 11

NP(new work item proposal)

STAGE STAGE 11

Building expert consensus

STAGE STAGE 22

Building expert consensus

STAGE STAGE 22

Consensus building within TC/SC

STAGE STAGE 33

Consensus building within TC/SC

STAGE STAGE 33

Enquiry on DIS (Draft International

Standard)STAGE STAGE

44

Enquiry on DIS (Draft International

Standard)STAGE STAGE

44

STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND DELIVERABLESPROCESSES AND DELIVERABLES

Workshop routeWorkshop route

TC/SC routeTC/SC routeTC/SC routeTC/SC route DeliverablesDeliverablesDeliverablesDeliverables

FASTFASTTRACKTRACK


Adoption of ISO StandardsAdoption of ISO Standards


New edition of Guide 21 (2005)New edition of Guide 21 (2005)

A new version of ISO/IEC Guide 21 has been revised in 2005. The new version consists of two parts:

ISO/IEC Guide 21-1:2004 Regional or national adoption of International Standards and other International Deliverables – Part 1: Adoption of International Standards

ISO/IEC Guide 21-2:2004 Regional or national adoption of International Standards and other International Deliverables – Part 2: Adoption of International Deliverables other than International Standards

Part 2 addresses specially the regional or national adoption of International Deliverables other than Standards such as Technical Specifications (TS), Publicly Available Specifications (PAS), Guides, Technical Reports (TR), International/Technical Workshop Agreements (ITA/IWA) and Technology Trend Assessments (TTA).


ISO/IEC Guide 21-1ISO/IEC Guide 21-1Main ContentMain Content

ISO/IEC Guide 21-1

provides methods for adoption of International Standards as regional or national standards,

defines a system for indicating the degree of correspondence between International Standards and regional or national standards so as to promote coherence in the way regional or national standards bodies adopt International Standards and indicate the degree of correspondence with International Standard

and contributes thereby to achieving greater uniformity in the indication of both correspondence and deviations among standards of different countries will aid communication, avoid confusion and facilitate trade.


ISO/IEC Guide 21-1ISO/IEC Guide 21-1Main applicationsMain applications

ISO/IEC Guide 21-1

applies directly to the adoption of international standards or deliverables, other than International Standards which have been developed by ISO and IEC, as regional or national standards.

is also used to in the adoption of standards other than International Standards (e.g. national standards of one country) as national standards of (another) country


ISO/IEC Guide 21-1ISO/IEC Guide 21-1What is an adoption?What is an adoption?

The adoption of an International Standard is defined as:“The publication of a regional or national normative document based on a relevant International Standard, or endorsement of the International Standard as having the same status as a national normative document, with any deviations from the International Standard identified.”


Three degrees of correspondence Three degrees of correspondence between standards in an adoptionbetween standards in an adoption

Degrees: Identical Modified Not equivalent

Identifiers: IDT MOD NEQ

Adoption: Yes Yes No


Methods of adoptionMethods of adoption

1. Endorsement method (via an endorsement notice)

2. Republication, which includes:

a. Reprinting

b. Translation (with or without reprint of the original)

c. Redrafting

Independent of which method of republication is chosen, a regional or national identifier of the organization adopting the International Standard shall appear on the cover page and all other pages of the regional or national standard.


Methods of adoptionMethods of adoptionChoices between different adoption methods Choices between different adoption methods

If no editorial changes or technical deviations are made, any method of adoption above is suitable, although reprinting of the full text is the method recommended for those countries whose language is one of the official ISO/IEC languages. Where a translation is involved, the country should consider binding the original text with the translation.

If editorial changes or technical deviations are inevitable, it is recommended that the reprint method or the translation method with the incorporation of deviations within the text or in an annex be used.

The redrafting of standards is not recommended.


Methods of adoption – Coversheet methodMethods of adoption – Coversheet method

Special note concerning the Cover sheet method:

The Cover sheet method, whereby a cover sheet with

regional or national bibliographical data (such as the regional

or national reference number, title, publication date, degree

of adoption etc.) is added to an original copy of the

International Standard, is no longer permitted.


Numbering of standardsNumbering of standards

Numbering of identical adoptions:

“It should be evident to the reader immediately, and not only after examination of the content, when regional or national standards are identical to the International Standards”

Two numbering options

1. Single numbering

2. Dual numbering


Numbering of standardsNumbering of standardsSingle numberingSingle numbering

1. Single numbering

Identical adoption of IEC 61642:1998becomes XYZ/IEC 61642:1998

with the acronym (represented here as “XYZ” for the regional or national standard) being added in front of the original reference number of the IS


Numbering of standardsNumbering of standardsDual numberingDual numbering

2. Dual numbering (1or 2 line)

Identical adoption of ISO 13616:1996becomes XYZ 87878:1998 / ISO 13616:1996

The adopted standard is composed of two individual numbers:

A leading national standards number, followed by

the original number of the International Standard

2-line Dual numbers are written as:

XYZ 87878:1998ISO 13616:1996


Numbering of standardsNumbering of standards

Note:

Modified adoptions only carry a national number and do not

include the reference number of the adopted International

Standard.


Dating of standardsDating of standards

There are two options for the dating of regional or national standards which are based on adoptions:

1. Dating based on the year of publication of the regional or national standard:

Example: XYZ IEC 61642:1998 (for an identical adoption of IEC 61642:1996)

2. Dating based on the year of publication of the International Standard:

Example: XYZ IEC 61642:1996 (for an identical adoption of IEC 61642:1996)

In Dual numbering each of the individual numbers may contain a separate publication year.

Example: XYZ 87878:1998 ISO 13616:1996


Adoption of IS versus other deliverables Adoption of IS versus other deliverables

International Standards shall only be adopted as regional or national standards and not as any another deliverable type.

International Deliverables other than International Standards (TS, PAS, Guides, TRs etc.) may be adopted either through an identical regional or national deliverable or through another type of deliverable.


The adoption processThe adoption process

InputInput OutputOutputProcess – Adoption rulesProcess – Adoption rules

International International DeliverablesDeliverables::

ISIS

TSTSPASPASIWAIWATRTR

GuideGuideetc.etc.

national or national or regionalregional

deliverablesdeliverables::

NS/RSNS/RS

OtherOthernationalnational

oror regional regional deliverables deliverables


Global Directory v.2Global Directory v.2GD 2GD 2


What is the ISO Global Directory ?What is the ISO Global Directory ?

A database to manage data related to;

users and their roles

participating in ISO committees, working groups & other functions (e.g. balloting)

in an electronic working environment


ObjectivesObjectives

Fundamental to all ISO applications related to standards development:

Consistent definitions of ISO business roles;

Decentralized management of the registration of users and their assignment to roles by ISO member bodies for their representatives;

Possibility to delegate the user registration and role assignments to other organizations (for certain committees);

“Ownership” of user data is with one organization (member body) only;


Global Directory: Single login to ISO applicationsGlobal Directory: Single login to ISO applications

Global Directory

TCs/SCs,WGs

on ISOTC server

Membre Body User Administrator

ISOSTD server

Electronic balloting

(CIB)

Electronicballoting

(DIS/FDIS)

ISODOC server

registers a user


User registration (before Global Directory)User registration (before Global Directory)

MB1

ISOcommittee secretary

TCs/SCs,WGs

on ISOTC server

User datarequested by secretary

Provided byMBs

User registration,

role assignment

MB2

MB3

MBn

Member Bodies

ISO/CS


User registration (with Global Directory)User registration (with Global Directory)

MBUA1

GlobalDirectory

TCs/SCs,WGs

on ISOTC server

User registration

Role assignment

Access for usersin assigned roles

MBUA2

MBUA3

MBUAn

Member BodyUser Administrators

ISO/CS


The main changesThe main changes

User & role data is maintained by member body user administrators

Committee secretaries are relieved from user registration and user maintenance BUT are responsible for ensuring accuracy in individuals’ representation

ISO/CS will support user & role management in the transition period (ends Dec. ‘06)


Responsibility for role registrationResponsibility for role registration

ISO/CS Member bodies

Secretaries

Chairs

Convenors

Project leaders

Liaisons

Committee members

DIS and FDIS ballotters

Committee-internal ballotters

Secretarial support team


Committee participation informationCommittee participation information


Committee-internal balloting applicationCommittee-internal balloting applicationEB 3EB 3


Features – Very flexibleFeatures – Very flexible

Multiple-questions ballots

Predefined ballots / Ad-hoc questions and answers

Automatic ballot life-cycle: Opening and closing at planned dates

Notifications: Authorized balloters are notified of opening/closing

Voting and changing votes/comments: Balloters/commenter can cast and modify a vote/submit a comment during ballot duration

Ballot results:

Details of votes cast and the comments submitted for closed ballots

Voting result statistics as PDF document (RTF possible)


Custom-creation of ballots (by Secretariat) Custom-creation of ballots (by Secretariat)

Ballots can be created by a committee secretary or the secretary support staff

From pre-defined ballot templates

By cloning existing ballots

From scratch: all questions and answers can be defined ad-hoc ( full flexibility)

NWIP, CD, resolutions, call for experts, convenorship, systematic reviews…


Selecting a ballotSelecting a ballot


Ballot pageBallot pageTo review, cast a vote & to submit a commentTo review, cast a vote & to submit a comment

Attributes Ballot document(s) Ballot question(s) & answer values Vote here


Voting screen Voting screen Casting a vote / submitting commentsCasting a vote / submitting comments


Closed ballot: votes & commentsClosed ballot: votes & comments

Attributes Summary

Votes

Com-ments


Closed ballot: result statisticsClosed ballot: result statistics

Download


Closed ballot: ZIP & PDF resultClosed ballot: ZIP & PDF result


Ballot page: participationBallot page: participation


Submission InterfaceSubmission InterfaceSI 1SI 1


Features of the submission interfaceFeatures of the submission interface

Allow the submission of files of DIS, FDIS, proofs, CD for review (will ultimately replace Folder 06)

Will allow to provide additional information necessary for the processing at ISO/CS

Possibility to see the status of all the projects in the work programme

Possibility to follow the progression of a document inside the ISO/CS and see the reason of pending if this happens


SI 1 screen-shotSI 1 screen-shot


Questions, comments…Questions, comments…

Thank you for your attention !

http://www.iso.org

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