name:________________________________________per_____

ISN IV: Bonding Chemicals # Item Check INCheck IN Value Lost

Text Pages 119-129 4

3-7 Circle Graph/Rockets’ Red Glare/Notes 4

8 Lab: ionic Bonding Chips 10

Text Pages 130-135 4

9-10 LAB: IONIC COMPOUNDS SAMPLER 21

Text Pages 136-7 2

11 Review of Ionic Bonding

12-14 Types of Bonding /Electron Dot Diagrams no check for thisno check for thisno check for thisno check for this

Text 138-142 4

15-16 LAB: MOLECULAR MODELS 20

17 Review of Matter 2

Online Household Chemicals 6

18-19 LAB: CHROMATOGRAPHY 12

Text 143-145 2

20 DEMO: DECOMPOSITION OF SUGAR 6

21 Photons 2

Text 146-147 2

Text 148-151 2

22 Formula & Names Review 2

25-27 Mind Map(5pt) & Outside Reading(10 pt) 15

Parent signature and Date 4

TotalTotalTotal 124

1

Parent signature ___________________________________date_______________

Updated Things 2 Know1. SAFETY FIRST!!

2. You are required to have a pencil or erasable pen, ISN with cover, and calculator everyday.

3. Any missed labs or in class work should be made up during lunch or X-Block or tutorial

4. Sato’s email address: asato@northbrook28.net

5. Sato’s web site: www1.northbrook28.net/~asato

6. Matter is anything with mass and volume

7. Matter is made of tiny particles that are always in some motion.

8. Matter can exist in several states(or phases), the most common are solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

9. Temperature is how fast the particles are vibrating

10.Matter can be described by physical and chemical properties

11.The Metric System is used to measure matter. Some common measurements are length, mass, volume and density.

12.An element is the most basic type of matter that is still unique.

13.Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons.

14.The number of protons(atomic number) determines the identity of an element

15.Matter is described my its physical and chemical properties.

16.The periodic table is organized on several levels, including by: atomic number, electron arrangement, and similar properties.

2

Circle Graph(aka PIE Chart) for text 119

The Rockets’ Red GlareThe basic fireworks unit is called a shell,and it is packed with chemicals that produce light, smoke, and noise when they burn. The effects depend on which chemicals are packed into the shell and how they are arranged.

A simple shell is shown at the right. When the gunpowder is at the bottom of the shell is lit, it explodes and lifts the shell into the air. By the time the shell has reached the high point of its path, a second fuse ignites the other chemicals. Some shells explode all at once. Others are made of smaller shells that burst apart and explode separately. Time delays can be used to make a shell explode in stages.

The table below lists some chemicals and the effects they produce.

1.Which groups of the periodic table do the majority of the elements listed in the table above belong to?

2.Why do you think elements in these groups are used in making fireworks?

3.Which group of elements could you not use in making fireworks?

4.Why would you want to have two or more separate fuses in a rocket?

Element Effectstrontium or lithium red color

barium green color

copper blue color

sodium yellow color

magnesium or aluminum white color

potassium or sodium whistling sound

potassium and sulfur white smoke

3

SatoVision Productionspresents

1 1

Bobby Blue & PinkyA special bond

22

Bobby Blue• Meet Bobby Blue.

• He is a sad boy.

• His favorite

thing in life is to

look good,

• but his outfit is

missing a

sleeve...

• Poor Bobby

33

Pinky• Meet Pinky.

• She is a sad girl.

• Her favorite

thing in life is

to look good,

• but she has a

mismatched

sleeve...

• Poor Pinky

4 4

The Meeting

One day Bobby Blue and Pinky

meet up at their friend

Ellie Mint’s Party

5 5

Pinky’s Big Idea

Pinky has a great idea!

66

Pinky’s Big Idea

Bob, take my blue

sleeve!OK Pinky!

77

The Exchange

88

4

Underneath it All

• Hey! I had a

complete

outfit just

under the

surface!

•

99

Sweet Threads

• And Now my

outfit is the

bomb!

1010

Magnetic Attraction

• You and I are

opposites but....• I am really

attracted to you

• And I am attracted

to you!

11 11

The Happy Compound

The End

12 12

5

NOTES

6

Positive and Negative Ions List

Diatomic Molecules: H2 O2 I2 N2 Cl2 F2 Br2

Positive 1+

Potassium KLithium LiSilver AgSodium NaCopper (I) CuMercury(I) HgHydrogen HCesium CsAmmonium NH4

Hydronium H3O

Positive 2+

Barium BaBeryllium BeCadmium CdCalcium CaCobalt(II) CoCopper(II) CuIron(II) FeLead(II) PbMagnesium MgMercury(II) HgNickel(II) NiStrontium SrTin(II) SnZinc Zn

Positive 3+

Aluminum AlChromium(III) CrIron(III) FeBoron B

Positive 4+

Tin(IV) SnManganese Mn

Negative 1-

Acetate C2H3O2Bicarbonate HCO3Bisulfate HSO4Bromide BrChloride ClChlorate ClO3Chlorite ClO2Cyanide CNFluoride FHydroxide OHHydride HIodide INitrate NO3Nitrite NO2Permanganate MnO4

Negative 2-

Carbonate CO3

Chromate CrO4

Dichromate Cr2O7

Oxide OSulfate SO4

Sulfide S

Negative 3-

Nitride NPhosphate PO4

7

Lab: Ionic Bonding Chips Write the chemical formula for each compound:1. potassium hydroxide ___________________

2. potassium chloride _____________________

3. potassium oxide _____________________

4. potassium sulfate___________________

5. potassium nitride_____________________

6. potassium phosphate___________________

7. sodium hydroxide _____________________

8. sodium chloride _____________________

9. sodium oxide_____________________

10. sodium sulfate_____________________

11. sodium nitride_____________________

12. sodium phosphate_____________________

13. calcium hydroxide_____________________

14. calcium chloride_____________________

15. calcium oxide_____________________

16. water* _____________________

17. iron (II) hydroxide_____________________

18. iron (III) hydroxide_____________________

19. aluminum oxide_____________________

20. hydrochloric acid*___________________

*These are not ionic compounds, but make anyway.

8

LAB: Ionic Compounds SamplerGalileo

1.Describe copper(II) sulfate:

Name and Describe each of the three elements that make up copper sulfate(HINT: look up sulfate on the IONS LIST on ISN page 7)2.

3.

4.

5. What is the formula for copper(II) sulfate?________________________Curie

6. Describe ammonium dichromate

7. What four elements make up ammonium dichromate?

______________________ _______________________

______________________ _______________________

8. Describe ammonia

9. Describe chromium

10. What is the formula for ammonium dichromate?___________________Hawking

11. Describe calcium carbonate:

12. Name and Describe each of the three elements that make up calcium carbonate. (HINT: look up sulfate on the IONS LIST on ISN page 7)! 1-

! 2-

! 3-

13. What is the formula for calcium carbonate? _______________________

9

LAB: Ionic Compounds continuedCarson

14. Describe lead oxide

15.Name and Describe each of the two elements that make up lead oxide?! 1-

! 2-

16. What is the formula for lead oxide?____________________________Carver

17.What two elements make up hydrogen hydroxide? ! ! ! ! _________________&___________________18.What is the formula for hydrogen hydroxide? ____________________________19. Figure out the common name of hydrogen hydroxide? __________________(hint:use your brain)

20. What is the common way to write the formula for hydrogen hydroxide? ________________

Newton's Questions:21. What are some common characteristics of ionic compounds due to their crystal structure? (see Text 136-137)

22. What happens to electrons in ionic compounds?

23. What is the overall charge of an ionic compound?

10

REVIEW of IONIC BONDING

Use your Ions List to answer these questions

1. How many electrons does sodium lose in a chemical reaction? ______

2. How many electrons does phosphorous gain in a chemical reaction? _______

3. Name two metals that do not always lose the same number of electrons.

4. How can you tell that those two do not always lose the same number of

electrons?

5. Name four nonmetals that could take the electron(s) that lithium loses in a

chemical reaction.

6. In a chemical compound, would you expect an oxide ion to be joined with one

atom of calcium or one atom of potassium?

7. A compound of sodium nitride would contain how many sodium ions?

8. Predict the number of atoms of each element that would be needed to form a

compound of cadmium sulfide.

9. What is the formula for hydronium carbonate?

Determining Ionic,Covalent or Metallic Bonding

11

From the name of a compound, can we determine whether it is ionic or covalent or metallic Bonding?

Yes, from the name of the compound, you have to be able to figure out whether you have metal bonding with metal, non-metal with non-metal, or metal and non-metal. Remember, metals are on the left side of the “stair-case” non-metals are on the right.

Fe (Iron), the metal iron with metal iron so it is metallic bondingH2O (water), is non-metal hydrogen with non-metal oxygen is covalent bondingNa2O (sodium), metal sodium with non-metal oxygen so it is ionic bonding

There are some exceptions to those rules. The exceptions involve the polyatomic ion ammonium. Ammonium(NH4) is a polyatomic positive ion and contains only non-metals. So it is possible to have nonmetals that are found in ammonium(nitrogen and hydrogen) in the form of NH4 with a positive charge. When combined with negatively charged non-metal you get an ionic compound but you have no metal atoms contained in it!

QUESTIONS: Which of the following compounds are ionic and which are covalent?

1. ammonia(NH3) ________________ 2. potassium nitrate ________________

3. tin(IV) oxide _________________ 4. hydrogen (H2) _______________

12

Electron Dot DiagramsAlmost all chemical reactions occur between electrons in the outer energy level of atoms. For that reason, the outer energy level will be the only one considered here. 1. In the most stable atoms, the noble gases- their outer energy level is full2. In somewhat stable atoms - the sub-levels of their outer energy level are about

half-filled, like Carbon3. Octet Rule -the maximum number of electrons in the outer energy level is 8.

(a)Atoms will combine to form compounds in order to reach eight electrons in their outer energy level.

(b)Atoms with less than 4 electrons in their outer level tend to lose electrons to form compounds.

(c)Atoms with more than 4 electrons in their outer level tend to gain electrons to form compounds.

4. Electron-dot diagram - a way of drawing the outer energy level electrons of an atom.

5. The chemical symbol for the atom is placed in the center of an imaginary rectangle. The symbol represents the nucleus and all electrons of the atom, except the valence electrons. Each side of the imaginary box around the symbol represents an electron energy sub-level.

6. Electrons are represented by "dots".

Examples of Electron-dot diagrams

Lewis Dot Diagrams of Selected

Elements

Lewis Symbols Electron Configuration into Shells

Index

Chemical concepts

Chemistry of the

Elements

Periodic Table

*****HyperPhysics Quantum Physics R NaveGo Back

3/22/05 10:05 AMLewis Dot Diagrams of the Elements

Page 1 of 4http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pertab/perlewis.html#c1

13

Electron Dot Diagrams continued

1. Draw the electron-dot diagram for calcium.

2. Draw the electron-dot diagram for sodium.

3. Draw the electron-dot diagram for chlorine.

4. Draw the electron-dot diagram lithium fluoride

5. Draw the electron-dot diagram for a water molecule.

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

14

Lab:

Mol

ecul

ar M

odel

s M

ater

ials

: 1 M

olecu

lar m

odel

kit pe

r 2 st

uden

ts, Co

lored

Penc

ils, P

eriod

ic Ta

blePr

oced

ure :

1. De

termi

ne th

e nam

e or f

ormu

la as

nece

ssary,

Coun

t and

reco

rd th

e # of

atom

s in e

ach f

ormu

la.2.

Using

your

kit, m

ake m

odels

of ea

ch fo

rmula

.3.

Draw

and c

olor t

he m

odel

you h

ave c

reated

. Use

the c

olor k

ey to

the r

ight

4. Re

pres

ent t

he bo

nding

using

dot s

tructu

re.

5. Us

ing th

e Peri

odic

Table

, dete

rmine

if th

e bon

d is i

onic

or co

valen

t.

Nam

eF

orm

ula

Co

un

t A

tom

sD

raw

& C

olo

rD

ot

Dia

gra

mT

yp

e o

f B

on

d

wat

er

hyd

roge

n p

ero

xid

eH2O2

hyd

roge

nH2

sod

ium

ox

ide

15

Carb

on

- B

lack

Nit

roge

n-

Blu

eH

yd

roge

n-

Ye

llo

wO

xyge

n-

Re

dC

hlo

rin

e-

Gre

en

So

diu

m -

Ora

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Po

tass

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- P

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Bo

nd

s- W

oo

d P

egs

Nam

eF

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& C

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f B

on

d

hyd

roch

lori

c ac

id

po

tass

ium

ch

lori

de

KCl

NaCl

KOH

chlo

rin

e

NH4OH

16

magnetic attraction and chromatography.

Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in theright column on the line beside the term in the left column

a. shows the elements and ratio of atoms in a compound

b. a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

c. a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio

d. a substance that cannot be broken down into anyother substance

e. two or more substances together in the same place but not chemically combined

f. the basic particle of any element

g. the force of attraction between two atoms

1. atom

2. chemical bond

3. molecule

4. element

5. chemical formula

6. compound

7. mixture

17

LAB: Paper Chromatography Chromatography is used to separate mixtures into the substances they are made of. All forms of chromatography work on the same principle. They all have a stationary phase (usually a solid, or a liquid supported on a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas). The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the mixture with it. Different parts of the mixture travel at different speeds. The greater the affinity (called the Rf) the part of the mixture has for the mobile phase, the further it will travel.In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is a very uniform absorbent paper. The mobile phase is a suitable liquid for the mixture, we will use water. The ink will wick up the paper.

Purpose: To use physical means(chromatography) to separate a

mixture.

Vocabulary: affinity, wick, mobile phase, stationary phase

Materials: 2 50 mL test tubes, beakers, test tube rack, filter paper,

markers, toothpicks

Procedure:

1.Use pencil to write your initials at the top of the strip.

2.Make a small black dot 2.5 cm from the other end of the

paper strip with marker

3.Poke toothpick through the other end 1 cm from top.

4.Fill the test tube to a depth of 6 cm.

5.Hang paper into tube, resting on the toothpick

6.Observe several until colors have separated

7.Repeat steps 1-6 for a green dot.

8.When instructed to, remove strips and allow to dry 24 hours on your class tray.

Hypothesis: If the black ink is separated using chromatography then it will be

composed of these colors:________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Definitions:

affinity-

to wick(verb)-

2.

3.

4.

1. A.S.

18

LAB: Chromatography ContinuedDefinitions:mobile phase-

stationary phase-

Questions:

1. Describe the chromatography process using the 4 new vocabulary.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. What are the 3 primary colors of pigment in black ink? (use internet

research)___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

_______

4. What are the real life uses of chromatography? (use internet research)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

19

LAB: Decomposition of Sugar,Separation of a Compound

Purpose: To demonstrate chemical means to break down a compound (sugar)

Materials: sugar(C12H22O11), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Petri dish, wood splint, goggles, fume hood,

Hypothesis: If we remove water from sugar then ___________________ will be left over.

Procedure:

1.Fill the Petri Dish with 30 g of sugar

2.Pour sulfuric acid on sugar

3.Mix with splint(optional)

4.Observe and sketch Before Acid After Acid

Questions:

1. What element was left after the water was removed?

2.What caused the great expansion of volume from small pile to large mass?

3. The experiment was exothermic. What does that mean?

20

Excited Atoms and Photons In 1913 Niels Bohr had a theory that the electrons of atoms exist in only certain locations at specific distances from the nucleus. These locations are called energy levels. If the electrons are in their specific energy levels, they stay in orbit around the nucleus by a type of centripetal force. That is, under normal conditions atoms are stable. Their electrons do not lose energy and fall into the nucleus, just as planets do not lose energy and crash into the sun. However, an atom can gain energy rather easily. If it does so, its electrons will absorb the energy; then they will jump up to higher levels, farther away from the nucleus. These energized atoms are very unstable. They quickly return to their more stable condition when the electrons fall back to their lower energy levels. As electrons fall back to these more stable levels closer to the nucleus, they give off a certain amount of energy. The tiny burst of energy released by a falling electron is called a photon This emitted energy can also be called radiation. Light is actually one type of radiation. If an electron falls a great distance, such as that from an outermost to an innermost level , a high-energy photon (high-energy radiation) is released. However, if an electron falls only a short distance, such as from a nearby level, the photon released has much less energy. The type of photon that is radiated is determined by the distance the energized electron falls when it returns to a more stable condition. Examples of high-energy photons are X rays , gamma rays, and ultraviolet light. Examples of low-energy photons are microwaves, infrared light, and visible light.

1.What causes electrons to jump to higher energy levels?

2.What triggers the release of a photon?

3.The amount of energy a photon carries is determined by what factor?

4.What are two examples of high energy radiation?

photon

21

Formulas & Names ReviewInstructions:Use charges on the IONS LIST on ISN page 7 to give the formula and the name for each of the following compounds. NOTE: if there is no reaction possible between the ions indicate by writing “NR.”

Ions in Compound Formula Name

1. Mg O

2. Al Cl

3. Zn I

4. Li CO3

5. Al Ba

6. Fe(II) N

7. Ca PO4

8. K Cl

9. Na HCO3

10. Mn O

22

COMPOUNDS AND BONDING REVIEWCOMPOUND- ions combine chemically in a specific ratio, the ratio is indicated by a formula

CHEMICAL FORMULA - shows the ratio by using SUBSCRIPTS

examples: H2O CuCl2 Al(CO3)3

How atoms combine is determined by the electrons in the outer energy level (VALENCE ELECTRONS). The goal is to be STABLE with 8 electrons in the outer energy level. The exception to this is an atom that just has one energy level then the number would be 2. Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons with each other to do this.

BOND - the force that holds atoms together - this bond is electrical in nature (+ or -)

ION - is a charged particle - if an atom loses electrons it becomes a positive ion - if an atom gains electrons it becomes a negative ion

IONIC BONDING - bonding that occurs between opposite charged ions this happens as one atom transfers electron(s) to another atom forming ions. Ionic bonding usually occurs between metals and nonmetals

COVALENT BONDING - bonding that occurs between atoms as the share electrons to become stable. Covalent bonding usually occurs between nonmetalsHydrogen always covalently bonds

METALLIC BONDING - Occurs between metals. Metallic Bonding has free moving electrons or “sea of electrons”

MOLECULE - a name applied to substances that are formed with covalent bonding.

FORMULA WRITING

OXIDATION NUMBER = VALENCE=Charge number

This is the combining ability of an atom. It tells how many electrons an atom will gain, lose, or share when forming a compound. This is usually determined by the number of electrons in the outer energy level but it can vary.

The sum of the oxidation numbers in compounds must equal 0

All compounds are electrically neutral

23

COMPOUNDS AND BONDING REVIEW continuedWhen writing a formulas the metal or the element with the positive (+) oxidation number/is always written first

example: NaCl or table salt. Na is positive and Cl is negative

The “Old” FORMULA TRICK

1. write oxidation numbers above the symbols

2. check to see if you have a positive(+) and negative(-)

3. check to see if they already add to 0 - if not go to 4

4. cross oxidation numbers to determine subscripts.

note: the number 1 is always implied disregard negative sign

NAMING COMPOUNDS

BINARY COMPOUNDS - compounds made of 2 elements

IDE - in a binary compound, end the name of the second element with the ide suffix sodium and chlorine make sodium chloride

POLYATOMIC IONS• a group of atoms which act together as one charged particle called an ion. They

have their own name and oxidation number• when you name compounds that have polyatomic ions in them you just use the

name of the polyatomic ion

NOTE - you must use ( )when you have more than one in the formula

example: Al2(CO3)3 is correct. Al2CO33 is NOT correct

2+Mg

-1Cl

2+Mg

-1Cl

MgCl2

24

Mind MapUse following terms to create a mind map aka concept map: molecular compounds,

chemical bonding, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, ionic compounds, transfer electrons, share electrons

Mind Map15 cm wide x 17 cm tall

25

Outside Reading Article And Extended Response

Find a current article (2004-present)that relates to our current ISN.To find articles you can use these two great research resources:

1. Go to the NBJH homepage then Click on Library Resource Center and then use the data ---or---Use “Sato’s Science Search Engine” linked on Mr. Sato’s site

3. Write a Response should be one/two paragraphs that includes:KEY IDEAS from the article.CONNECTIONS from the article toThe current science chapterSomething from this unit we did in class or labYour own lifeEXTENSION OF IDEAsGOOD BALANCE of References and ConnectionsConclusion

4. Put into Quia

26