‘ISLANDS AND BEACHES’: THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS IN THE LONG

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Convenor: Dr. Sujit Sivasundaram, Gonville and Caius College, sps20@cam.ac.uk

Sailing Chart of the Marshall Islands, donated to the Royal Colonial Institute, 1875, now in the Royal Commonwealth Society Collection

at Cambridge University Library.

‘Oceania is vast. Oceania is expanding. Oceania is hospitable and generous. Oceania is humanity rising

from the depths of brine and regions of fire deeper still. Oceania is us. We are the sea, we are the oceans,

we must wake up to this ancient truth and together use it to overturn all hegemonic views that aim

ultimately to confine us again, physically and psychologically, in the tiny spaces which we have resisted

accepting as our sole appointed place, and from which we have recently liberated ourselves. We must not

allow anyone to belittle us again, and take away our freedom.’

From ‘Our Sea of Islands’ in Contemporary Pacific, 1994, by Epeli Hau’ofa (1939-2009), Tongan writer and

anthropologist.

Islands were critical in birthing our modern world, and yet they have often been

forgotten in our accounts of world history. Because of their rigid boundaries and small

territories, islands were subject to intensive processes of cultural encounter, political

annexation and settlement, making them particularly revealing and tragic places to

observe the impact of colonialism and globalisation. This paper returns to the history of

the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the long nineteenth century, by viewing these large

expanses of water as constellations of islands. In these seas, islands served amongst

other things as garrison states, laboratories of science, sites for the exclusion of the

diseased and penal colonies. They were violent spaces: connected to regimes of labour

servitude and with narratives of depopulation and extinction.

The teaching for this paper starts with the age of exploration at the end of the

eighteenth century, which was characterised by an obsession with island cultures and

peoples, because of prevalent notions of romanticism, noble savagery, utopianism and

scientific inquiry. It picks up on the impact of the global age of revolutions on these

islands and seas, where islands were staging points for discourses of rights and

freedom, and republican protest as much as imperial rivalry. At the mid-point of its

chronology, the paper will construct a connected history of anti-colonial rebellions at

the mid nineteenth-century between far flung islands. Along the way, students will

study the impact of the law, war, religion, and trade in zoning these oceans and defining

island spaces. They will also turn to literary accounts and consider why islands were

peculiarly interesting to novelists and artists. The paper will study how islands were

important as environmental laboratories and for the origins of ideas of nature

consciousness. The narrative of labour, indenture and slavery is critical here, as new

systems of plantation labour emerged in these spaces after the abolition of Atlantic

slavery. From the perspective of a maritime and technological history, islands were

critical nodes in a world of increasing globalisation; these were the points of access to

landmasses, via ships and telegraphs, which allowed global forces to do their work,

while erasing the islands’ place in the map as the century proceeded. The paper will end

with the years before the first World War, when new notions of cosmopolitan

nationalism, heritage and attachment emerged on these islands. This marked the

demise of the age of the island colony, as Europeans took over the interior of continents,

for instance in the Scramble, and as geo-political power was theorised as linked to land

routes, rather than sea-lanes. The analytical arc of the paper therefore marks the rise

and fall of islands as colonies in world history.

Why look at islands to study world history? In historiographical terms, world history is

now awash with a rich literature on oceanic histories which maps connections across

water and traces transnational and transregional relations. At the same time, world

history is characterised by a highly distinguished tradition of work in area studies,

evident in other offerings in the Specified Papers at the Faculty in Indian history, Middle

Eastern history, African history and Latin American history. The current paper is an

attempt to find a middle plane of analysis, between the globe and the region. It takes the

importance of locality firmly into view whilst avoiding the grand generalisations that

sometimes characterise world history. It also begins with a commitment to the fact that

tiny places have had significant impacts on the broader contours of world history. For

students, it provides an innovative method of understanding how extra-European

peoples were caught in the middle of global forces, whilst making them their own.

Focusing on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans also offers a way of thinking in

comparative terms about empires. Yet it is important to underscore that the island

histories considered here will open up broader themes, rather than allowing students

‘to island’ their own knowledge. In other words and in summary, this is an attempt to

see the world in an island, to see seas as islands, and to see islands as worlds in worlds.

The teaching of this paper will be structured into two parts. In Part A, which will involve

a course of 10 core lectures, students will be introduced to themes in nineteenth-

century oceanic history which touch on islands. In Part B students will attend 10 1.5

hour Faculty classes devoted to particular islands, and some of these classes will be held

alongside primary materials in the Archaeology and Anthropology Museum (on Fiji), in

the Royal Commonwealth Society Collections (on Sri Lanka) and the Darwin

Correspondence Project (on Tierra del Fuego). The examination paper will have c. 24

questions which take on board broader themes as well as individual case studies. A

model exam is attached at the end of this reading list. Supervisions for this paper will be

arranged by Sujit Sivasundaram. Students will be advised to divide up their supervision

topics across Part A and Part B, ensuring coverage and an integrated understanding of

the whole paper.

There will be a total of five or six supervisions for this Paper, and students will be asked

to choose their supervision topics in advance, so that the right arrangements for

teaching can be put in place. A student’s supervision pattern for this paper will include

single, paired and grouped supervision, and students will be able to chose from within

the wide menu of topics on offer below.

Indicative general bibliography:

C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (2004).

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in an Age of Global Empire (2006).

Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-century Mauritius

(2005).

Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean (2012).

Abdul Sheriff and Engseng Ho (ed.) The Indian Ocean: Oceanic Connections and the

Creation of New Societies (2014).

David Igler, The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush (2013).

David Armitage and Alison Bashford (eds.) Pacific Histories: Ocean , Land, People (2014).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World (2013).

Matt K Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (2012).

Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches: Discourses on a Silent Land, Marquesas, 1774-1880

(1980).

Donald Freedman, The Pacific (2009).

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the

Origins of Environmentalism (1995).

Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of

Migrants (2013).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean

Colony (2013).

Pier Larson, Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in the Indian Ocean Diaspora

(2009).

Thomas Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920

(2008).

Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (2003).

Marshall Sahlins, Islands of history (1995).

Anne Salmond, Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010).

Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific: In the Wake of the Cook Voyages (1992).

Vanessa Smith and Rod Edmond eds. Islands in history and representation (2003).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).

Engseng Ho, The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean

(2006).

E. Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (2014).

Reference

Students will find the seventeen-volume series edited by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo

Giraldez, The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 (Ashgate

Press) of use. They may also wish to consult the Oxford History of the British Empire and

its Companion Series. The following journals will be directly relevant to this course, and

students are encouraged to keep an eye on recent articles: The Journal of Pacific History;

The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History; Itinerario; Journal of Global History;

Comparative Studies in Society and History; Comparative Studies of South Asia, the Middle

East and Africa; Modern Asian Studies; Modern Intellectual History; South Asia; Journal for

Maritime Research.

Novels and travel literature:

Lady Isabelle Burton, Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel (1879)

J L Buckhardt Travels in Arabia, (1829)

Joseph Conrad, Typhoon and other Tales (1902).

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1714).

George Windsor Earl, The Eastern Seas, or Voyages and Adventures in the Indian

Archipelago in 1832-4 (1837)

Frederick Marryat, The Naval Officer (1829).

Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (1869).

Robert Fitzroy, The Narrative of the ‘Beagle’ Voyage, 1831-6 edited by Katharine

Anderson (2011).

Mark Twain, The Great Revolution in Pitcairn (1879) or Following the Equator: A Journey

Around the World (1897).

Mizar Abu Taleb Khan, Travels in Asia, Africa and Europe during the years 1799 to 1803

(first published 1814, republished 1972).

Herman Melville, Typee: A Peek at Polynesian Life (1846); Moby Dick (1851).

Jehangeer Nowrojee and Hirjeebhoy Merwanjee, Journal of a residence of two years and

a half in Great Britain (1841), authors are Parsi naval engineers.

Fanny Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque (1850)

Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island (1887).

G. L. Sullivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the Eastern coast of Africa:

narrative of five years suppression of the slave trade (1873).

H. G. Wells, The island of Doctor Moreau (1924).

Amitav Gosh, The Hungry Tide (2005); Glass Palace (2000).

PART A

THEMES, linked to core lectures

1. THEORETICAL VIEWS ON OCEANIC HISTORIES

a. What is attractive about the ocean as a framework for historical study?

b. What differences have appeared thus far in the writing of the histories of the

Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans?

c. Why have imperial historians turned to the study of the oceans?

d. Why has oceanic historiography thus far been concerned primarily with the period

before 1750?

*The American Historical Review 111.3 (2006). Forum on ‘Oceans of History’,

Introduction by Karen Wigen and essays by Alison Games and Matt K Matsuda.

Indian Ocean general reading:

*Markus P.M. Vink, ‘Indian Ocean Studies and the new thalassology’ in Journal of

Global History (2007) 2, pp. 41–62

Sugata Bose, ‘Space and Time on the Indian Ocean Rim: Theory and History’, in

Leila Tarazi Fawaz & C. A. Bayly (eds.), Modernity & Culture: From the

Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (2002),365-388

K. N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from

the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1990).

J.de V. Allen, ‘A Proposal for Indian Ocean Studies’ in Historical Relations across the

Indian Ocean (Paris, 1980), pp.137-151.

*Michael Pearson, ‘Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems’ Journal of World

History, Volume 17, no. 4 (December 2006).

Special issue, Journal of Social History (2011), ‘Marginal Centres: Writing Life histories

in the Indian Ocean World’, especially introduction.

Special issue, History Compass (2013), ‘Tracks and Trails: Indian Ocean Worlds as

Method.’

Isabel Hofmeyr, ‘The Complicating Sea: The Indian Ocean as Method’ in Comparative

Studies of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa (2012).

Nile Green, ‘Maritime Worlds and Global History: Comparing the Mediterranean and

Indian Ocean through Barcelona and Bombay’, History Compass (2013).

Anne Bang, ‘Reflections on the history of the Indian ocean’, Transforming Cultures

eJournal (2009).

Pacific ocean general reading:

*Greg Dening, Islands and beaches: Discourses on a silent land, Marquesas 1774-

1880 (University of Hawaii Press, 1990)

*Epeli Hau’ofa, ‘Our Sea of Islands’ in Contemporary Pacific, 1994

Alison Bashford and David Armitage eds. Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2013).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).

Matt K Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (2012)

Brij Lal ed. Pacific islands history: journeys and transformations (1992).

Doug Munro, ed., Reflections on Pacific Island Historiography, Special Issue, Journal

of Pacific Studies 20 (1996).

*Damon Salesa, ‘The Pacific in Indigenous Time’, in Armitage and Bashford, (eds.) Pacific

Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014); also introduction by Armitage and Bashford.

* Margaret Jolly, ‘Imagining Oceania: Indigenous and Foreign Representations of a Sea

of Islands’, The Contemporary Pacific (2007).

On oceanic histories and imperial histories:

David Armitage, ‘The elephant and the whale: empires of land and sea’ in Journal of

Maritime Research, July 2007.

Peter N. Miller, ed. The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography (2013).

Tony Ballantyne, ‘Mobility, empire, colonisation’ in

*David Cannadine, ed. Empire, the Sea and Global History: Britain’s Maritime

World, c.1760-c.1840 (2007), Introduction by Cannadine and

chapter by Drayton.

Special issue on the ‘Historical geographies of the sea’ Journal of Historical Geography 32

(2006), edited by David Lambert, Luciana Martins and Miles Ogborn.

Martin Lewis and Karen Wigen, The myth of continents: a critique of metageography

(1997).

Atlantic ocean general reading:

*David Armitage, ‘Three Concepts of the Atlantic’ in David Armitage and Michael J.

Braddick eds. The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (2009).

*Bernard Bailyn Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours (2005).

Joce C. Moya, ‘Modernization, Modernity, and the Transformation of the Atlantic

World in the Nineteenth Century’ in Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra and Erik Seeman eds.

The Atlantic in Global History, 1500-2000 (2007).

Mediterranean history:

Ferdnand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip

II 2vols.

David Abulafia, ‘What is the Mediterranean?’, in Abulafia (ed), The Mediterranean in

History (k, 2003), and ‘Mediterraneans’ in W Harris (ed), Rethinking the Mediterranean

(2005); also David Abulafia, The Great Sea (2012).

Cyprian Broodbank, The Making of the Middle Sea (2013)

Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A study of Mediterranean

History (2000).

2. PACIFIC ISLANDERS AND HISTORIES OF NAVIGATION AND EXPLORATION AFTER

1750

a. How did Pacific islanders define the Pacific ocean before Europeans?

b. To what extent was there a meeting of traditions of navigation and exploration in

the Pacific?

c. How did European voyagers come to terms with the accounts of the migration of

islanders?

On Pacific islanders’ traditions of navigation:

*David Turnbull, Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers. (Taylor and Francis, 2000).

Chapter 4 on Pacific navigation.

*Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011)

David Turnbull, Mapping The World in the Mind: An Investigation of the Unwritten

Knowledge of the Micronesian Navigators (Deakin University Press, 1990)

D. Lewis, We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific, (2nd

ed., Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1994).

*Damon Salesa, ‘The Pacific in Indigenous Time’ in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific

Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014).

On European voyagers in the Pacific ocean after 1750:

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (Oxford,

2005).

John West-Sooby ed. Discovery and Empire: The French in the South Seas (2013).

*Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011).

Simon Werrett, 'Russian Responses to the Voyages of Captain Cook' in Captain

Cook: Explorations and Reassessments, Glyn Williams, ed. New York: Boydell &

Brewer Press, November 2000).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

*Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific 1768–1850: A Study in the

History of Art and Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969 [1960]).

Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific: in the Wake of the Cook Voyages (New Haven,

Yale University Press, 1992)

Glyndwr Williams, ‘Pacific: Exploitation and Exploration’ in P.J. Marshall, ed.

Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.2

Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the Pacific Islands

(Honolulu, 1998)

*Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty

(Cambridge: Canto, 1994).

Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Chicago, 1987)

European views of Pacific migration and race:

*B. Douglas and C. Ballard (eds.), Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race

1750–1940 (Canberra: ANU E Press, 2008). Especially chapters 3 and 6.

Jane Samson, ‘Ethnology and Theology: Nineteenth-Century Mission Dilemmas in

the South Pacific’ in Brian Stanley, ed., Christian Missions and the Enlightenment

(London: Curzon Press, 2001), pp. 99-122

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Ideas of the ‘Native’ in the Rise of British imperial heritage’ in Peter

Mandler and Astrid Swenson eds. From Plunder to Preservation: Britain and the Heritage

of Empire. c.1800-1940 (2013).

On the meeting of epistemologies ‘across the beach’:

*Anne Salmond, 'Tute: The Impact of Polynesia on Captain Cook', in G. Williams

(ed.), Captain Cook: Explorations and Reassessments (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell

Press, 2004), 77–93. You might also read her highly readable biography: Anne

*Gananath Obeyesekere, ‘British Cannibals’: Contemplation of an Event in the Death and

Resurrection of James Cook, Explorer.’ Critical Inquiry 18, 630-55

Marshall Sahlins, 'Cosmologies of capitalism: the trans-Pacific sector of the world

system', Proceedings of the British Academy 74 (1988), 1-51, online at

www.proc.britac.ac.uk

A. Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The Remarkable Story of Captain Cook’s

Encounters in the South Seas

Bronwen Douglas, ‘Voyages, Encounters, and Agency in Oceania: Captain Cook and

Indigenous People’ in History Compass, Vol.6, June 2008 or ‘In the Event: Indigenous

Countersigns and Ethnohistory of Voyaging’ in Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkezoff, Darrell

Tyron eds. Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence (2009).

L. Russell, 'The singular transcultural space': Networks of ships, mariners, voyagers and

'native' men at sea, 1790-1870’, in Jane Carey and Jane Lydon eds. Indigenous Networks:

Mobility, Connections and Exchange (2014), pp. 97-113.

3. THE TRADING WORLD OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BEFORE AND AFTER 1800

Which groups dominated the trade of the Indian Ocean world until 1800 and how far

was this domination changed by 1850?

General overviews:

K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the

Rise of Islam to 1750 (1985) and Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the

Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1990).

*Prasannan Parthasarathi, Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia did not: Global economic

divergence 1600-1850 (2011); read with Prasannan Parthasarathi and Giorgio Riello

‘The Indian Ocean in the Long Eighteenth Century’ in Eighteenth Century Studies (2014).

*Tom Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920

*Sugata Bose, A hundred horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire

(2006).

MN Pearson, The Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (2003).

*Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean

(2014).

A. Das Gupta, The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500–1800: Collected Essays of

Ashin Das Gupta (2001).

A Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson eds. India and the Indian Ocean (1987), in particular

essay by Das Gupta on maritime trade of Indonesia.

Claude Markovits, The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947, Traders from Sind

from Bukhara to Panama (2000).

*E. Tagliocozzo, ‘Trade, Production, and Incorporation: The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600-

1900’ in Itinerario (2002).

Mark Frost, ‘Emporium in imperio: Nanyang networks and the Straits Chinese in

Singapore, 1819-1914’ in Journal of South East Asian Studies (2005).

Raja Kanta Ray, ‘Asian capital in the age of European expansion: The rise of the bazaar,

1800-1914’, Modern Asian Studies, 29, 3 (1995): 449-554.

Om Prakash and D. Lombard eds. Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal 1500-1800

(1999).

Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in pre-colonial India (1998).

Jos Gommans, ‘Trade and Civilisation around the Bay of Bengal, 1650-1800’ in Itinerario

(1995).

*Special issue of South Asia (1996), ‘Asia and Europe: Commerce, Colonialism and

Culture: essays in honour of Sinnapah Arasaratnam. In particular essay by Anthony Reid

and Radin Fernando.

Janet J Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the north-

west Indian ocean, c.1750-1914’ in American Historical Review 2000.

Sanjay Subrahmanyam ed. Merchant networks in the early modern world (1996).

John Middleton, A History of Swahili, an African mercantile civilisation (1992).

Niels Steensgaard, ‘The Indian Ocean network and the emerging world economy c.1500-

1750’ in Satish Chandra eds. The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and

Politics (1987).

E. A. Alpers and H P Ray eds. Cross-Currents and Community Networks: The

History of the Indian Ocean World (2007)

Ashin Dasgupta, Malabar in Asian Trade, 1750-1800 (1967).

Christine Dobbin, Asian entrepreneurial minorities: Conjoint communities in the making

of the World-Economy, 1570-1940 (1996).

4. THE UTOPIAN ISLAND

a. Why was the island a ground of intensive cultural encounter in c.1760-1840?

b. How was the island mythologised and imagined, and did this representation change

after 1840?

c. How was the Pacific imagined in the Cook voyages?

Theoretical work on tropicality and utopianism:

Srinivas Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804 Ch2 esp

Michael D. Gordin, Hellen Tilley and Gyan Prakash, Utopia/Dystopia: Conditions of

Historical Possibility (2010).

Traditions of travel c.1760-1840: the picturesque, romanticism, utopianism

Tim Fulford et al eds. Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004)

Felix Driver and Luciana Martins eds. Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (2005) esp.

Ch5 by Peter Hulme and also chapter by Leonard Bell, ‘Eyeing Samoa.’

Elizabeth Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992).

Nigel Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, 1770-1840 (2002).

David Arnold, The Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape and Science, 1800-

1856 (2006).

Islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and Britain as an island

Anne Salmond, Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010).

Harry Liebersohn, The Travelers World: Europe to the Pacific (2006).

Rod Edmond, ‘Abject Bodies/abject sites: Leper islands in the high imperial era,’ in Rod

Edmond and Vanessa Smith, eds. Islands in History and Representation (New York:

Routledge, 2006), 133-145. See other chapters in this book.

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the

Origins of Environmentalism (1995).

Pamila Gupta, ‘Islandedness in the Indian Ocean’ in Michael Pearson, Isobel Hofmeyr

and Pamila Gupta eds. Eyes across the Water (2010).

Roxani Margariti, ‘An Ocean of Islands, Insularity and Historiography of the Indian

Ocean’ in Miller ed. The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography (2013).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean

Colony (2013).

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Science’ in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific Histories (2014).

Lauren Benton, A Search for Sovereignty (2010), sections on islands.

Captain Cook in the Pacific:

Captain James Cook The Journals of Captain Cook, abridged edition, Penguin Classics

(2003).

Johann Reinhold Forster (1778 / 1996) Observations made during a voyage round the

world. Ed. N. Thomas, H.Guest, M. Dettelbach (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press).

Nicholas Thomas Discoveries: the voyages of Captain Cook (London: Penguin)

Gananath Obeyesekere, ‘British Cannibals’: Contemplation of an Event in the Death and

Resurrection of James Cook, Explorer’ in Critical Inquiry 1992

B. Douglas, ‘Voyages, Encounters and Agency: Captain Cook in Oceania’ in History

Compass 2008.

Vanessa Smith, Intimate Strangers: Friendship, Exchange and Pacific Encounters (2010).

Anne Salmond, Two Worlds: First Meetings between Maori and Europeans. Auckland:

Viking (1991) and also her Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The remarkable story of Captain

Cook’s encounters in the South Seas (2008).

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific. London: Yale UP (1985).

Glyndwr Williams eds. Captain Cook; Exploration and Reassessments (2004).

Kate Fullagar, The Atlantic World in the Antipodes: Effects and Transformations since the

Eighteenth Century (2012).

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Comparative Atlantic material and Britain as island:

Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race; Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth

Century (2003).

John Gillis, ‘Islands in the Making of an Atlantic Oceania, 1500-1800’, in Jerry Bentley,

Renate Bridenthal, and Kären Wigen, eds. Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures

and Transoceanic Exchanges (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007). See also

Karen Wigen’s introduction to this volume.

Peter Hulme, Remnants of Conquest: The Island Caribs and Their Visitors, 1877-1998

(2000).

5. THE OCEANIC AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

a. What does it mean to speak of an age of revolutions in the Indian and Pacific oceans?

b. Was the legacy of the age of revolutions in these seas: authority or liberty,

enlightenment or parochialism?

*David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global

Context, c.1760-1840 (2010).

The global age of revolutions:

C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914 (2004) Chapter 3.

John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empire (2007) Chapter 4.

Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of a Modern

World Economy (2000).

Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall eds. War, Empire and Slavery, 1770-1830 (2011),

especially chapter by Bayly on camtools.

V. T. Harlow, The Founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793 (2 vols. 1952-3).

P. Linebaugh and M. Rediker, The many-headed hydra: sailors, slaves, commoners and the

hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. (2000), for comparison.

Pacific and Indian ocean histories:

Richard B. Allen, ‘Creating Undiminished Confidence: Free Population of Color and

Identity Formation in Mauritius, 1767-1835’ in Slavery And Abolition (2011).

Adrian Carton, ‘Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in

French India, 1790-1792’ in French Historical Studies, (2008).

Special Issue in International Review of Social History (2013) on ‘Mutiny and Maritime

Radicalism in the Age of Revolution.’ Chapters 4, 6, 8, 9 and 11.

Alan Frost, The Global Reach of Empire: Britain’s Maritime Expansion in the Indian and

Pacific Oceans (2003).

Kate Brittlebank, ‘Curiosities, conspicuous piety and the maker of time’ in South Asia:

Journal of South Asian Studies, (2007).

P.J. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires (2005).

M.C. Ricklefs, Mystic Synthesis in Java: A History of Islamization from the fourteenth to the

early nineteenth centuries (2006).

Peter Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an Old Order in

Java, 1785-1830 (1989).

Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850 (2006).

Lynn Hunt et. al. eds. French Revolution in Global Perspective, (2013), Introduction.

6. PIRACY AND LEGALITY IN THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

a. Who counted as a ‘pirate’ in the Indian ocean and why?

b. Which description best serves the status of mutineers and beachcombers in the

island world of the Pacific: nativised interlopers or colonial brokers?

c. How did the exercise of the law create zones of control in the Indian and Pacific

oceans?

Piracy in the Indian Ocean:

J.L. Anderson, ‘Piracy and World History: An Economic Perspective on Maritime

Predation,’ in Journal of World History 6, no. 2 (1995), 175-199.

Simon Layton, ‘Discourses of Piracy in an Age of Revolution’ in Itinerario, 25, 2011 and

‘Hydras and Leviathans in the Indian ocean world’ in International Journal of Maritime

History (2013).

Nicholas Tarling, Piracy and politics in the Malay World: A study of British imperialism in

the Nineteenth Century (1963)

Eric Tagliacozzo, Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and states along a Southeast

Asian Frontier, 1865-1915 (2005)

James Francis Warren. The Sulu Zone 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade,

Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (1981).

Muhammad al-Qasimi,. The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. (1988).

Charles E. Davies, The Blood Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy 1797-

1820 (1997).

Carl Trocki, Prince of pirates: the Temenggongs and the development of Johor (2007)

Joseph N.F.M. à Campo, ‘Discourse without Discussion: Representations of Piracy in

Colonial Indonesia 1816-25,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34, no. 2 (June 2003),

199-214.

Ota Atsushi, ‘Pirates or Entrepreneurs? Migration and Trade of Sea People in Southwest

Kalimantan, c. 1770-1820,’ Indonesia 90 (2010), 67-96.

Anne Pérotin-Dumon, ‘The Pirate and the Emperor, Power and the Law on the Seas,

1450-1850,’ in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade

1350-1750, ed. James D. Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 196-

227.

Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and

the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750. (1987).

L Subramanian, ‘Of Pirates and Potentates: Maritime Jurisdiction and the Construction

of Piracy in the Indian Ocean,’ in UTS Review: The Indian Ocean 6, no. 2, ed. Devleen

Ghosh and Stephen Muecke (2000), 14-23.

Legality and Legal regimes

*Lauren Benton, ‘Legal Spaces of Empire: Piracy and the Origins of Ocean

Regionalism,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (2005), 700-24.

Lauren Benton, Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400

1900. Cambridge University Press (2010) and Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes

in World History,1400-1900. Cambridge University Press (2002).

J. Kelly, ‘Gaze and Grasp: Plantations, Desires, Indentured Indians and Colonial Law in

Fiji,’ in Lenore Manderson and Margaret Jolly (eds), Sites of Desire, Economies of

Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific (Chiacago, 1997), pp. 72-98.

Charlotte Macdonald, ‘Crime and punishment in New Zealand, 1840-1915,’ New Zealand

Journal of History, XXIII (1989), 5-21.

P. Howell, 'Prostitution and the place of empire: regulation and repeal in Hong Kong and

the British imperial network', in Lindsay J. Proudfoot and Michael M. Roche (eds),

(Dis)placing Empire: Renegotiating British Colonial Geographies (Aldershot: Ashgate,

2005), pp.175-197.

Elizabeth Kolsky, Colonial Justice in British India: White Violence and the Rule of Law

(2009).

Lisa Ford, ‘Law’ in Armitage and Bashford, eds. Pacific Histories (2014).

Lisa Ford, Settler Sovereignty: Jurisdiction and Indigenous People in America and

Australia, 1788-1836 (2010).

Tracy Banivanua Mar, ‘Frontier Space and the Reification of the Rule of Law: Colonial

Negotiation in the Western Pacific, 1870-74’, Australian Feminist Law Journal, (2009).

Beachcombers, buccaneers and Europeans ‘gone native’

Glyndwr Williams, Buccaneers, Explorers and Settlers: British enterprise and encounters

in the Pacific, 1670-1800 (Burlington, VT, 2005)

HE Maude, ‘Beachcombers and Castaways’ in Journal of Polynesian Society 1964

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011)

Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh’s Bad language: Passion, power and theatre on the Bounty (1992).

Susanne Williams Milcairns, Native Strangers: beachcombers, renegades and castaways

in the South Seas (2006)

Vanessa Smith, Literary culture and the South Pacific: nineteenth-century textual

encounters (1989).

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin

(1997).

Michael Ellary, ‘Crossing the Beach: A Victorian Tale Adrift in the Pacific’ in Victorian

Studies 2005.

Richard Ewes, ‘Going Troppo: Images of White Savagery, Degeneration and Race in Turn

of the Century Colonial Fictions of the Pacific’ in History and Anthropology 1999, pp.351-

385

Alex Calder, ‘The Temptations of William Pascoe Crook: An Experience of Cultural

Difference in the Marquesas, 1796-98’ in Journal of Pacific History, 31, (1996), pp.144-

161.

I.C. Campbell, ‘Gone Native’ in Polynesia: Captivity Narratives and Experiences from the

South Pacific, (1998).

Angela Wanhalla, In/visible sight: The mixed descent families of Southern New Zealand

(2013).

L. Russell, Roving Mariners: Australian Aboriginal Whalers and Sealers in the Southern

Oceans, 1790-1870 (2012).

7. ANGLO-FRENCH RIVALRIES IN THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS

a. If Britain dominated the Indian Ocean World by 1815, how did France begin a new

programme of colonisation in the later nineteenth century?

a. How did Anglo-French rivalries accelerate the formal colonisation of the Pacific

islands?

b. What was the difference between French and British modes of engagement with the

Pacific in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The Indian Ocean

David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context,

c.1760-1840 (2010).

C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World; see also David Todd, ‘A

French Imperial Meridian’ in Past and Present (2011).

Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850 (2005).

Alan Frost, The Global Reach of Empire: Britain’s Maritime Expansion in the Indian and

Pacific Oceans, 1764-1815 (2003).

R. Aldrich, Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996).

Nicola Cooper, France in Indochina (2000).

S. Bayly, ‘French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina’, Modern

Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2000), pp. 581-622.

The Pacific

Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the Pacific Islands

(1998).

Robert Aldrich, The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842-1940 (1990).

Matt Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (2012).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2011).

John West-Sooby ed. Discovery and Empire: The French in the South Seas (2013).

Jane Samson ed. British Imperial Strategies in the Pacific 1750-1900

Fracois Peron, French Designs on Colonial New South Wales (2014). Introduction.

John Connell, New Caledonia or Kanaky? The Political History of a French Colony (1987).

Donald Denoon, The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders (1997).

W. P. Morrell, Britain in the Pacific Islands (1960).

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (2005).

A.Foucrier, (ed.), The French and the Pacific world, 17th-19th centuries: explorations,

migrations and cultural exchanges (2005).

J. D. Legge, Britain in Fiji, 1858-1880 (1958).

Nic Maclellan and Jean Chesneaux, After Moruroa: France in the South Pacific (1998).

Martyn Lyons, The Totem and the Tricolour: A Short History of New Caledonia since 1774

(1986).

Colin Newbury, Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945 (1980).

R. Aldrich and Isabelle Merle, eds., France Abroad: Indochina, New Caledonia, Wallis and

Futuna (1997).

Dorothy Shineburg, They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the

South-West Pacific, 1830-1865 (1967).

S. Firth. New Guinea under the Germans (1983).

8. THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY DUTCH EMPIRE STRADDLING OCEANS

How far did the Dutch empire retain its status as a maritime empire in the nineteenth

century?

F. Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline (2003).

J. van Goor, eds. Prelude to colonialism: The Dutch in Asia (2004).

Nigel Worden eds. Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC

World (2007).

N. Tarling ed. The Cambridge History of South-East Asia, Vol.2 19th and 20th centuries

K. Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (2009).

J.H. Bentley, R. Bridenthal and K. Wigen eds. Seascapes: Maritime histories, littoral

cultures and trans-oceanic exchanges Chapters by Gaynor and Ward

Eric Tagliocozzo, ‘Hydrography, technology, coercion: Mapping the sea in South-east

Asian imperialism, 1850-1900’ in Rigby, Lincoln, Killingray eds. Maritime empires

Eric Tagliocozzo, ‘Kettle on a slow boil: Batavia’s threat perception in the Indies’ Outer

islands, 1870-1910’ in Journal of South-east Asian Studies, 2000.

P. Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an Old order in Java

L. Blusse, Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans

R Betts and R. Ross eds. Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context essay by

Blusse on Batavia and Ross on Cape Town.

N H Schulte, The Spell of Power: A history of Balinese Politics, 1650-1940 (1996).

A. Schrikker, Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780-1815

A Singh, Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Conditions of a Dutch Community in

an Indian Mileu (2010).

R Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, A Tragedy of Manners (1999).

U Bosma and R. Raben, Being Dutch in the Indies: A history of creolisation and empire

(2008).

J G Taylor, The Social World of Batavia

L. Blusse and W. Remmelink, I Smits, eds. Bridging the Divide: 400 years of Netherlands-

Japan (2000).

N Tarling, Anglo-Dutch rivalry in the Malay World 1780-1824 (1962).

J van Lohuizen, The Dutch East India Company and Mysore 1762-1790 (1961).

9. ‘SLAVERY’ IN THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

a. How far did unfree labour continue -- and even come to a new peak -- in the

nineteenth-century Indian and Pacific oceans?

b. What were the main types of ‘slavery’ practiced in the Indian and Pacific Oceans

in this era?

Pacific islanders as indentured labourers

Tracey Banivanua-Mar, Violence and Colonial Dialogue: The Australian-Pacific

Indentured Labour Trade. (2007).

H. E. Maude, Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Labor Trade in Polynesia 1862-1864

(1981).

Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration

1870-1914 (1973).

D. Munro, ‘The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland’ Journal of Social History,

(1995).

A. Curthoys, ‘Working for the white people: An historiographical essay on aboriginal and

Torres Strait islander labor’ Labour History, (1995).

O W. Parnaby, Britain and the Labour Trade in the Southwest Pacific, (1964).

J. Siegel, ‘Origins of Pacific Islands Labourers in Fiji’, Journal of Pacific History (1985).

J. Harris and W. Harris, ‘The struggle against Pacific island labour’ Labour History,

(1968).

L. Russell, ‘Procuring passage: Southern Australian aboriginal women and the early

maritime industry of sealing’, in Carol Williams ed. Indigenous Women and Work: From

Labor to Activism (2012), pp. 60-72.

Indian Ocean slavery

Gwyn Campbell, ‘Introduction: Slavery and other forms of unfree labour in the Indian

Ocean World’ in Slavery and Abolition 24, 2, 2003, pp.ix-xxxii

Marina Carter, ‘Slavery and unfree labor in the Indian Ocean’ History Compass 2006.

Patrick Manning, ‘The Slave Trade: A Formal Demography of a Global System’ Social

Science History, 1990.

Megan Vaughan, ‘Slavery and Colonial Identity in Eighteenth-century Mauritius’ in

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1998.

Patrick Harries, ‘Slavery, indenture and Migrant labour: Maritime immigration from

Mozambique to the Cape, c.1780-1880’ in African Studies (2014).

Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island (2005).

Janet J. Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the

northwestern Indian Ocean’ in American Historical Review, 2000.

J. Watson, ed. Asian and African Systems of Slavery (1980).

Richard B. Allen, Slaves, Freedmen and Indentured Labourers in Colonial Mauritius

(1999).

Edward A. Alpers, ‘Flight to Freedom: Escape from Slavery among bonded Africans in

the Indian Ocean World c.1750-1962’ in Slavery and Abolition 24,2,2003.

Edward Alpers and H.P. Ray, Cross currents and community networks: The history of the

Indian Ocean World (2007).

Pedro Machado, ‘A Forgotten Corner of the Western Indian Ocean: Gujarati Merchants,

Portuguese India and the Mozambique Slave Trade, c.1730-1830,’ in Gwyn Campbell

(ed.), The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (London: Routledge)

Richard B. Allen, ‘The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean

during the 18th and 19thC’ Slavery and Abolition 24,2 2003.

Richard B. Allen, ‘Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The illegal slave trade to

Mauritius and the Seychells during the nineteenth century’ Journal of African History,

2001.

William Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the

nineteenth-century

Indentured labour in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and beyond

Brij Lal, ‘Kunti’s Cry: Indentured women on Fiji’s plantations’ Indian Economic and

Social History Review 1985.

John D. Kelly, ‘Coolie’ as a Labour Commodity: race, Sex and European dignity in colonial

Fiji’ in Journal of Peasant Studies, 19.3

Carol A. Trocki, Opium and Empire: Chinese society in colonial Singapore 1800-1910

(1992).

James Warren, Ricksham Coolie: A people’s history of Singapore (1986)

Marina Carter, ‘The transition from slave to indentured labour in Mauritius’ in Slavery

and Abolition 1993.

Marina Carter, Voices from Indenture (1996).

D. Northrup, Indentured labour in the age of imperialism 1834-1922

Hugh Tinker, A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labor overseas 1830-1920

(1974).

Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, Slavery and Indian indentured labor

migration to the British Caribbean (1998).

Clare Anderson, ‘Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth

Century’ in Slavery and Abolition 2009.

Brij Lal, ‘Approaches to the study of Indian indentured labour with special reference to

Fiji’ in The Journal of Pacific History, Volume 15, Issue 1, 1980.

Brij Lal, ‘Understanding the Indian indenture experience’ in South Asia: Journal of South

Asian Studies, Volume 21, Issue 1, Supplement 1, 1998, Pages 215 – 237

M. Carter, ‘Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate’, Itinerario 21,

1997.

Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change 1900-1936

Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal (2013).

10. CONNECTIVITY IN MID-NINEENTEENTH CENTURY REBELLIONS AND WARS AT

THE OCEAN RIM

a. ‘An opening for the extension of colonialism and the colonial state in particular.’

Discuss this view of mid-nineteenth rebellions and wars at the rim of the Indian and

Pacific oceans.

b. What was the connection – if any – between rebellions and wars at the edge of

the Pacific and Indian oceans?

C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World Chapter 4.

J. Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili

Coast 1856-1888 (1995).

The Java War, 1825-30

Peter Carey, ‘Waiting for the ratu adil: the Javanese community on the eve of the Java

War’ in Modern Asian Studies 1986.

Peter Carey, ‘Changing Javanese perceptions of the Chinese communities in Central Java,

1755-1825’ in Indonesia 1984.

Peter Carey, Peter Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an

Old Order in Java, 1785-1830 (1989).

C. A. Bayly, ‘Two colonial revolts: The Java War and the Indian Revolt of 1857’ in C Bayly

& DHA Kolff (eds), Two Colonial Empires

The New Zealand Wars, 1845-72

*James Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict

(1990).

Judith Binney, Stories without end (2010).

*Tony Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealand’s Colonial Past (2012), chapter

on ‘War, knowledge and the crisis of empire.’

P.M Smith, A concise history of New Zealand (2005) Ch5

T. Ryan, The colonial New Zealand Wars (2002).

J. Cowan, The New Zealand Wars (2 vols, 1922).

The Ceylon Rebellion of 1848 and other uprisings in 1848

Miles Taylor, ‘The 1848 rebellions in the British Empire’ Past and Present 2000.

Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean

Colony (2013).

K. M. De Silva, ed. Letters on Ceylon, 1846-50: The Administration of Viscount Torrington

and the ‘rebellion’ of 1848 (1965).

Taiping Rebellion

J. Spence Search for Modern China

Philip Kuhn and Susan Mann-Jones, 'Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion,' in

Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, pp. 107-62

R. Wagner, Reenacting the heavenly vision: The role of religion in the Taiping Rebellion

(1982).

R. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever Victorious Army of Nineteenth-century

China (1978).

Jen Yu-wen The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (1973).

Franz Michael and Chang Chung-li, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents

(Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1966— 1971, 3 vols).

The global/regional history of the Indian rebellion of 1857-8

C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information : Intelligence gathering and social communication in

India

Marina Carter and Crispin Bates, ‘Empire and locality: A Global Dimension of the 1857

Indian Uprising’ in Journal of Global History, (2010).

Marina Carter and Crispin Bates eds. Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the

Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume 3, Global Perspectives (2013).

Eric Stokes The Peasant and the Raj

Thomas Metcalf Aftermath of the Revolt.

Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives (2012).

11. RACE IN THE OCEANIC REPUBLIC OF LETTERS

a. Was the idea of race created across oceans?

b. What was distinctive about the imagination of race in the Indian and Pacific oceans?

Please read across on ‘Slavery’

Sujit Sivasundaram and Marwa Elshakry eds. Science, Race and Imperialism (2012), for

primary sources.

The Indian ocean circuit:

Tony Ballantyne, Race and orientalism: Aryanism in the British Empire (2002)

Shruti Kapila, “Race Matters: Orientalism and Religion, India and Beyond, c. 1770–

1880,” Modern Asian Studies (2007) 41: 471–513.

Ann L Stoler, ‘Making empire respectable: the politics of race and sexual morality in

twentieth-century colonial cultures’ in American Ethnologist 1989

Ann L Stoler, Carnal knowledge and imperial power: race and the intimate in colonial rule

(2002).

Harriet Deacon, ‘Racial categories and psychiatry in Africa: the asylum on Robben island

in the nineteenth century’ in Ernst and Harris eds. Race, science and medicine, 1700-

1960

Thomas Trautmann, Aryans and British India (Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1997).

Mark Harrison, “The Tender Frame of Man’: Disease, Climate, and Racial Difference

in India and the West Indies, 1760–1860,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine (1996)

70: 68–93.

P. Scully, ‘Rape, Race and Colonial Culture: The sexual politics of identity in the

nineteenth-century Cape Colony’ in American Historical Review 1995.

R. Roque, Headhunting and colonialism: Anthropology and the circulation of skulls in the

Portuguese Empire (2010).

R. Buschmann, Anthropology’s global histories: the ethnographic frontier in German New

Guinea 2009

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Race, empire and biology before Darwin’ in Ron Numbers and

Denis Alexander eds. Biology and ideology (Chicago, 2010).

The Pacific ocean circuit:

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768–1850, A Study in the

History of Art and Ideas (Oxford: Clarendo Press, 1960).

Roy MacLeod and Philip F. Rehbock, eds., Darwin’s Laboratory: Evolutionary

Theory and Natural History in the Pacific (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,

1994).

B. Douglas eds. Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race (2008)

W. Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American tropical medicine, race and hygiene in the

Philippines

Damon Salesa, Racial Crossings (2011).

Damon Salesa, ‘The Power of the Physician: Doctors and the Dying Maori in early

colonial New Zealand’ in Australia and New Zealand Society for the History of Medicine

(2001).

R. Eves, ‘Black and white, a significant contrast: race, humanism and missionary

photography in the Pacific’ in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2006

P. Levine, ‘States of undress: Nakedness and the Colonial Imagination’ in Victorian

Studies 2008.

Harry Liebersohn, The Travelers’ World: Europe to the Pacific (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2006), 30.

Nicholas Thomas, “The Force of Ethnology: Origins and Significance of the

Melanesia/Polynesia Division,” Current Anthropology (1989) 30: 27–41.

Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission

in the Pacific, 1795-1850 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (2005).

Warwick Anderson, ‘Racial Conceptions in the Global South’ in Isis (2014).

12. SCIENCE’S MOST EXPANSIVE LABORATORIES

‘The expansive laboratories which gave birth to modern science.’ Discuss this view of

the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Simon Schaffer et. al eds. The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence,

1770-1820

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Science’ in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific Histories (2014).

Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the construction of knowledge in

South Asia and Europe (2007)

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Miranda Hughes, ‘Philosophical Travellers at the ends of the earth: Baudin, Péron and

the Tasmanians’ in Rod Home (editor) Australian Science in the Making, (Cambridge,

1988).

Ralph Kingston, ‘A not so Pacific voyage: The floating laboratory of Nicholas Baudin’ in

Endeavour (2007).

Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government: science, imperial Britain and the Improvement of

the world (2000).

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the

Origins of Environmentaism, 1600-1860 (1995).

Elizabeth Green Musselman, Plant Knowledge at the Cape: A Study in African and

European Collaboration,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 36 (2003):

367-392

Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: science and Evangelical Mission in the

Pacific (2005).

Saul Dubow, A Commonwealth of Knowledge. Science, Sensibility and White South Africa ,

1820-2000 (Oxford University Press, 2006)

Andreas Webber, ‘Encountering the Netherland Indies: Caspar G.C. Reinwardt's Field

Trip to the East (1816–1822)’ in Intinerario (2009), also the entire issue, esp.

Introduction by Lissa Roberts,‘Situating Science in Global History.’

Simon Werrett, ‘Transit and Transition: Astronomy, Topography and Politics in Russian

expeditions to view the transit of Venus, 1874’ in Cahiers Francois Viete, 2006, 147-176.

C. Skott, ‘The VOC and Swedish natural history: The transmission of scientific

knowledge in the eighteenth century’ in The Dutch trading companies as knowledge

networks, (2010)

Vinita Damodaran and Anna Winterbottom eds. The East India Company and the Natural

World (2014).

Jane Samson, ‘An empire of science’ in Samson and Frost ed. Pacific empires: essays in

honour of Glyn Williams (1999)

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific

R. Sorrenson, ‘The ship as scientific instrument’ in Osiris (1996).

Alder, ‘The ship as laboratory: Making Space for Field Science at Sea’ in Journal of the

History of Biology (2013).

Margaret Lincoln eds. Science and Exploration in the Pacific (2001).

Tony Ballantyne eds. Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific (2004)

P. F. Rehbock, Nature in its greatest extent: Western science in the Pacific (1998)

P.F. Rehbock and R. Macleod eds. Darwin’s laboratory: Evolutionary theory and natural

history in the Pacific

Ron Numbers and John Stenhouse eds. Disseminating Darwinism (2001), chapter by

Stenhouse on New Zealand.

B. Dougalas, Foreign Bodies in Oceania (2008).

Roy Macleod eds. Nature and Empire : Science and the Colonial Enterprise in Osiris

(2000).

Rochelle Pinto, ‘A Travelling Science: Anthropometry and Colonialism in the Indian

Ocean’ in S. Moorthy and A. Jamal eds. Indian Ocean Studies (2010).

Neil Chambers ed. The Indian and Pacific correspondence of Joseph Banks, 1768-1820

(4vols).

13. MARINE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE GREAT SEAS

a. How far did new technologies make the seas disappear in the long nineteenth

century?

b. With what consequences did Indian ocean peoples continue to work on the ships in

their seas through the course of the nineteenth century?

Read across on ‘Science’

P. F. Rehbock, Nature in its greatest extent: Western science in the Pacific (1998)

Helen Rozwadowski, "Technology and Ocean-scape: Defining the deep sea in the mid

nineteenth century," History and Technology 17(2001): 217-247 and her book,

Fathoming the Ocean (Cambridge, 2008)

Frances Steel, Oceania under Steam: Sea Transport and the Cultures of Colonialism,

c.1870-1914 (2011).

David Arnold, ‘Europe, Technology and Colonialism in the 20th Century’, History and

Technology, 21, 1 (Mar. 2005): 85-106 and David Arnold, Everyday Technology:

Machines and the Making of India’s Modernity (2013).

D G Burnett, 'Hydrographic discipline', in J Ackerman (ed.) The imperial map (Chicago,

2009)

Margaret Lincoln eds. Science and Exploration in the Pacific (2001).

R. Sorrenson, ‘The ship as scientific instrument’ in Osiris (1996).

Roland Wenzlhuemer and Michael Offermann, ‘Ship Newspapers and Passenger Life

Aboard Transoceanic Steamships in the Late Ninteenth Century’ in Transcultural Studies

(2012).

Jane Samson, ‘An empire of science’ in Samson and Frost eds. Pacific empires: essays in

honour of Glyn Williams (1999).

D. Parkin and R. Barnes, eds Ships and the Development of Marine Technology in the

Indian Ocean (2002).

MN Pearson, The Indian Ocean, Chapter 7

Eric Tagliocozzo, ‘Hydrography, Technology, Coercion: Mapping the Sea in Southeast

Asian Imperialism, 1850-1900’ in Rigby, Lincoln, Killingray eds. Maritime empires

F. Harcourt, Flagships of imperialism: The P&O Company and the politics of empire

R. Mzarek, Engineers of Happy Land: technology and nationalism in a colony (2002).

PM Kennedy, 'Imperial cable communications and strategy, 1870-1914' in English

Historical Review, 1971, pp. 728-752.

Daniel Headrick, Tentacles of Progress: Technology transfer in the age of

imperialism, 1850-1940 (1988);

Daniel Headrick, Tools of empire: Technology and European imperialism in the

nineteenth century (1981).

B. Marsden and C. Smith, Engineering Empires: A Cultural History of Technology

in Nineteenth-century Britain (1999), Chapters on telegraph.

Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury, 'India's First Virtual Community and the Telegraph

General Strike of 1908.' International Review of Social History 48 (Supplement):

2003, pp. 45-71.

Bruce Hunt, 'The Ohm is where the art is: British Telegraph Engineers and the

development of electrical standards' in Osiris, 2nd series, 1994, pp.48-63.

Ralph Kingston, ‘A not so Pacific voyage: the ‘floating laboratory’ of Nicolas Baudin’ in

Endeavour 2007 online.

D. Cannadine, eds Empire, the sea and Global History, (2007).

Mio Wakita, ‘Sites of Disconnectedness: The Port City of Yokohama, Souvenir

Photography and its Audience’ in Transcultural Studies, (2013).

Indian ocean seamen

‘Cultures of protest in transnational contexts: Indian seamen abroad’ in Transforming

Cultures ejournal, 2008 special issue, available online

J. Hyslop, ‘Steamship Empire: Asian, African and British Sailors in the merchant marine’

in African Studies, 2009.

E. Gilbert, Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar (2004).

Abdul Sheriff, Dhow cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam

(2010)

G. Balachandran, ‘Conflicts in the International Maritime Labour Market: British and

Indian Seamen, Employers, and the State, 1890-1939', in Indian Economic and Social

History Review (2002).

G Balachandran (2003) "Circulation through Seafaring: Indian Seamen 1890 - 1945,"

in Society and Circulation: Mobile Peoples and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950,

ed. Claude Markovits, Jacques Pouchepadass, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, (2003).

Janet Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the

Northwestern Indian Ocean, C. 1750 - 1914.’ American Historical Review 105, no. 1-42,

2000.

Ravi Ahuja (2006) ‘Mobility and Containment: the voyages of South Asian seamen,

c.1900 – 1960’,

International Review of Social History 51, Supplement, pp. 111–141

Rozina Visram Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: Indians in Britain 1700-1947, (1986)

A Jan Qaisar, ‘From Port to Port: Life on Indian ships in the sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries’ in A Das Gupta and MN Pearson eds. India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800

Mariam Dossal, ‘Indian Maritime Historiography: West Coast Merchants in a Globalizing

Economy’ in F. Broeze eds. Maritime History at the Cross-roads.

14. CHRISTIANITY ACROSS WATERS

a. How and why did Pacific islanders accelerate the process of Christian

evangelism?

b. Did conversion give rise to particularly ‘hybrid Christianities’ in locations close

to the sea?

*Piers Larson, Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in the Indian Ocean

Diaspora (2009)

*Tony Ballantyne, Entanglements of Empire: Missionaries, Maori and the Question of the

Body (2014).

Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings (2004)

E Elbourne, Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions and the contest for Christianity in the

Cape Colony and Britain

R. Elphick, R & R. Davenport, Christianity in South Africa (1997)

J and J Comaroff, Of revelation and revolution 2vols

Neil Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas

(Oxford, 1978)

J Blanco, Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and colonial empire in the nineteenth-

century Philippines (2009)

Anna Johnston, Missionary writing and empire (2003), Chapters on the Pacific

*Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the

Pacific (Cambridge, 2005).

Doug Munro and A Thornley eds. The Covenant Makers: Islander Missionaries in the

Pacific (1996)

Jane Samson, ‘Ethnology and Theology: Nineteenth-Century Mission Dilemmas in

the South Pacific’ in Brian Stanley, ed., Christian Missions and the Enlightenment

(London: Curzon Press, 2001), pp. 99-122

Helen Gardner, Gathering for God: George Brown in Oceania (2006).

Christine Wier, The Work of Missions: Race, Labour and Christian humanitarianism in the

south-west Pacific 1870-1930

Vanessa Smith, Literary Culture and the Pacific (Cambridge, 1998)

Nicholas Thomas, Entangled Objects (1991)

R. Eves, ‘Black and white, a significant contrast’: Race, humanism and missionary

photography in the Pacific’ in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2006.

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to

Gauguin (1997)

Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the South Pacific

(1998)

J. Garrett, Footsteps in the sea: Christianity in Oceania to World War II (1992)

15. PILGRIMAGE AND RELIGIOUS MODERNITY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

a. What was the impact of being separated by the sea on the emergence of religious

modernity for Muslims and Buddhists in the Indian Ocean world?

b. What was the role of pilgrimage in sustaining religious connections?

Islam, the sea and the hajj

Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse, eds. Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism

in the western Indian Ocean (2008).

Eric Tagliacozzo, The Longest Journey: Southeast Asians and the Pilgrimage to Mecca

(2013).

Nile Green, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915

(2011) and ‘The Hajj as its Own Undoing: Infrastructure & Integration on the Muslim

Journey to Mecca’, Past & Present (2015).

Roundtable, ‘The Indian Ocean and other Middle Easts’ in Comparative Studies of South

Asia, Middle East and Africa (2014).

Felicitas Becker, Becoming Muslim in Mainland Tanzania (2008) Chapters 6,7,8

K Kresse, Philosophizing in Mombasa: Knowledge, Islam and intellectual practice on the

Swahili coast (2007).

John Slight, British Imperial rule and the Hajj', in D. Motadel (ed.), Islam and the

European Empires (2014), 53-72

A Bang, Sufis and Scholars in the sea: family networks in East Africa

Engseng Ho, Graves of Tarim: geneaology and mobility across the Indian ocean

U Freitag and W. G. Clarence-Smith, eds. Hadhrami traders, scholars and statement in the

Indian ocean 1750s-1960s (1997)

Michael Miller, ‘Pilgrim’s Progress: The Business of the Hajj’ in Past and Present

May 2006.

Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration,

and the Religious Imagination (Berkeley: 1990)

F.E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places

(Princeton: 1994) Ch4 onwards.

Barbara Metcalf, ‘What happened in Mecca? Mumtaz Mufti’s ‘Labbaik’’ in Robert

Folkenflik, ed. The Culture of Autobiography (Stanford, 1993)

M N Pearson, Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience (Princeton, 1996),

Chapters after 1750

D. Parkin and S. Headley eds. Islamic prayer across the Indian ocean (2000).

Tim Youngs ed. Travel Writing in the Nineteenth Century: Filling the Blank Spaces,

Chapter 7 on Nawab Sikander Begam’s haj pilgrimage.

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the age of global empire

(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), Chapter Six, “Pilgrim’s Progress under Colonial Rules”,

pp.193-233

Saurabh Mishra, ‘Beyond the bounds of time? The Haj pilgrimage from the Indian

subcontinent, 1865-1920’, pp.31-44, in Harrison and Pati (eds.), The Social History of

Health and Medicine in Colonial India (London, 2009)

M.C. Low, ‘Empire and the Hajj: pilgrims, plagues and Pan-Islam 1865-1908’,

International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40, 2008, 269-290

William Roff, ‘Sanitation and Security: the imperial powers and the nineteenth century

Hajj’, Arabian Studies VI, 1982, 143-61

William Ochsenwald, Religion, society, and the state in Arabia : the Hijaz under Ottoman

control, 1840-1908 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984). (ch 2: religion, ch.

3: pilgrimage)

The Theravada Buddhist world of South and South-east Asia

Victor Lieberman, ‘Reinterpreting Burmese history’ in Comparative Studies in History

and Society, 1987.

T Myint-U, The making of modern Burma (Cambridge, 2001).

James C. Scott, The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland South-east

Asia (2009) Chapter 8, ‘Prophets of rebellion’

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Buddhist kingship, British archaeology and Historical Narratives in

Sri Lanka’ in Past and Present 2007 and ‘Ethnicity, Indigeneity and Migration in the

Advent of British rule to Sri Lanka’ in American Historical Review, 2010

Eric Tagliacozzo, ‘Ambiguous commodities, unstable frontiers: the case of Burma, Siam

and imperial Britain 1800-1900’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2004

David K Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (Yale, reprinted 2002), Ch 5,6,7

S. J. Tambiah, World conqueror and world renouncer: a study of Buddhism and polity in

Thailand (1976)

Anne Blackburn, Locations of Buddhism: Colonialism and Modernity in Sri Lanka (2010)

and also Buddhist Learning and Textual Practice in 18th Lankan Monastic Culture

Mark Frost, ‘Wider opportunities’: Revival, Nationalist Awakening and the Global

Dimension in Colombo’ Modern Asian Studies, 2002.

K Malalgoda, Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750-1900 (1976)

A. Hansen, How to Behave: Buddhism and Modernity in Colonial Cambodia, 1860-1930.

(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007).

C. Hallisley, ‘Roads not taken in the study of Theravada Buddhism’ in D. Lopez, ed.

Curators of the Buddha.

Alan Strathern, ‘Sri Lanka in the long early modern period’ Modern Asian Studies 2009.

16. AMERICAN EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC

‘Another westward expansion or the origins of a new empire?’ Discuss in relation to

American engagement with the Pacific islands in the nineteenth century.

Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (1845)

C. S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and its Predecessors (2006)

A. P. Dudden, The American Pacific (1992)

A. P Dudden ed. American empire in the Pacific (2004)

P. Lyons, American Pacificism: Oceania in the US imagination (2006)

B. Cumings, Dominion from sea to sea (2009)

G. Horne, The White Pacific: US Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas (2007).

P A Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, empire, the United States and the Philippines

(2006).

D. E. Brody, Visualizing Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines (2010).

Noenoe Silva, Aloha betrayed: native Hawaiian resistance to American colonialism

G. Daws, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian islands 1968

Sally Merry, Colonizing Hawai'i: the cultural power of law

Michael Austin, Pacific Cosmopolitans: A cultural history of Japan-US relations (2011).

P. Grimshaw, ‘Christian Woman, Pious Wife, Faithful Mother, Devoted Missionary’:

Conflicts in Roles of American Missionary Women in Nineteenth-Century Hawaii in

Feminist Studies, 1983.

Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies (2007).

I Tyrell, Reforming the World: The Creation of America’s Moral Empire (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 2010).

Ronald Takaki, Pau hana: plantation life and labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920

Gary Y. Okihiro, Island world: a history of Hawai'i and the United States

J A C Gray, Amerika Samoa (1960).

J. W. Caruthers, American Pacific Ocean trade 1973

F. Gibney, The Pacific Century

17. THE PACIFIC IN THE LITERARY IMAGINATION

a. Why was the Pacific such a fertile field of literary production and inspiration?

b. In the midst of a redefinition of imperial priorities, how far did literature

sustain a Western interest in Pacific island communities?

Robert Louis Stevenson, In the South Seas (1889, republished 1998) ed. by Neil Rennie

Herman Melville, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847, republished

2007)

Herman Melville, Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846, republished 2001)

Paul Gauguin, Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin (1985)

Vanessa Smith, J. Lamb and Nicholas Thomas ed. Exploration and Exchange; A South sea

Anthology (2000).

Jack London, The Cruise of the Snark: Jack London's South Sea Adventure (1911,

republished 2001)

Vanessa Smith, Literary culture and the South Pacific: nineteenth-century textual

encounters (1989).

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin

(Cambridge, 1997).

Tim Fulford et al eds. Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004)

Steven Hooper, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760-1860 (2006)

Neil Rennie, Far-Fetched Facts: the Literature of Travel and the Idea of the South Seas

(1995)

Bill Pearson, Rifled Sanctuaries: Some Views of the Pacific Islands in Western Literature to

1900 (1984)

A. Grove Day, Mad About Islands: Novelists of a Vanquished Pacific (1987)

Nigel Krauth, New Guinea Images in Australian Literature (1982)

Kerry Howe, Nature, Culture and History: The ''Knowing' of Oceania (2000)

Roslyn Jolly, Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's

Profession (2009)

Ann C. Colley, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (2004)

Barry Menikoff, Robert Louis Stevenson and 'the Beach of Falesa': A Study in Victorian

Publishing with the Original Text (1984)

Stephen F. Eisenman, Gauguin's Skirt (1999)

Roslyn Jolly, ‘South Sea Gothic: Pierre Loti and Robert Louis Stevenson’ in English

Literature in Transition 1880-1920 Vol.47, 2004.

Contemporary/Asian Pacific literature

Michell Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: The Postcolonial Literatures of Aotearoa/New

Zealand and Oceania (2007).

S. Naoto, Nayno-Orientalism: Japanese Representations of the Pacific (2007).

18. COSMOPOLITANISM AND NATIONALISM IN THE INDIAN OCEAN WORLD

a. What was the link between cosmopolitanism and nationalism in the Indian Ocean

World before 1914?

b. What imagined political topographies were open to the peoples of the Indian Ocean

world by 1914?

Carol A. Breckenridge et al. Eds. Cosmopolitanism (Durham: Duke University Press,

2002).

Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse, eds. Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism

in the western Indian Ocean (2008).

TN Harper, “Empire, Diaspora and the Languages of Globalism, 1850-1914’ in AG

Hopkins (ed). Globalization in World History. London: Pimlico, 2002.

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire

L .T. Fawaz and C. A. Bayly, Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian

Ocean (2002).

Mark Frost, “‘Wider Opportunities’: Religious Revival, Nationalist Awakening and the

Global Dimension in Colombo, 1870-1920” in Modern Asian Studies 36 (4) 2002, 937-67.

Mark Frost, ‘To Durban via Singapore and other colonial port-cities: an historical

journey across the Indian Ocean in search of cosmopolitanism, 1869-1919,’ in Pamila

Gupta et. al. eds. Eyes across the water: Navigating the Indian Ocean, (2009).

Sugata Bose and K. Manjapra, eds. Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the

Global Circulation of Ideas (2010), esp. essay by Hofmeyr

Sunil Amrith, ‘Indians Overseas: Governing Tamil Migration to Malaya, 1870-1941’ in

Past and Present 2010.

F. Broeze (ed.), Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th to 20th Centuries

(Kensington, N.S.W.: New South Wales University Press, 1989).

Sulin Lewis, ‘Echoes of Cosmopolitanism: Colonial Penang's 'Indigenous' English Press’

in Chandrika Kaul ed. Media and the British Empire (Basingstoke and New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

Articles in Vol.57, 2007 of South African Historical Journal on ‘South Africa/India’

and in particular:

Isabel Hofmeyr, ‘The Idea of ‘Africa’in Indian Nationalism: Reporting the Diaspora

in The Modern Review 1907–1929’ in South. African Historical Journal, 57, 2007,

pp.60-81.

P.K. Datta, ‘The interlocking worlds of the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa/India’ in

South African Historical Journal 2007.

V, Padayachee, ‘Struggle, Collaboration and Democracy: The 'Indian Community' in

South Africa, 1860-1999; in Economic and Political Weekly, 1999,

Goolam Vahed, ‘Constructions of community and identity among Indians in colonial

Natal, 1860-1910: the role of the Muharram festival’ in Journal of African History,

2002, pp. 77-93.

19. THE TURN AWAY FROM THE OCEANS?

a. How had European empire moved ‘inland’ by the First World War?

b. How did the sea lose its significance in political terms?

Halford Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ in The Geographical Journal,

1904.

John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World System 1830-

1970 (2009)

John Darwin, 'Imperialism and the Victorians: The Dynamics of Territorial Expansion',

English Historical Review 112 (447), 1997: 614-642.

M. Kent (ed) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. (1996).

A. L. Macfie , The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923. (1998).

G. N. Sanderson and R. Oliver (eds.) Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6, (1985) esp. chp. 2

and pp. 692-722.

C. Newbury, and A. Kanya-Forstner 'French Policy and the origins of the Scramble for

Africa, in Journal of African History 10 (2), 1969: 253-276.

Robert Holland, ‘The British Empire and the Great War’ in Oxford History of the British

Empire, Vol IV.

James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition

have failed (1998).

Daniel Headrick, Power over peoples: Technology, Environments and Western Imperialism

(2009).

Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals

P. Satia. ‘Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia’ in Penultimate Adventures with

Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain, ed. Wm. Roger Louis (London,

New York, Austin: I. B. Tauris, 2007).

P. Satia, ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control in Iraq and the British Idea of Arabia,’

in American Historical Review 111 (February 2006).

Robert Holland, ‘The British Empire and the Great War’ in Oxford History of the British

Empire, Vol IV.;

Robert McCormack, ‘Airlines and Empires: Great Britain and the Scramble for

Africa,1919-1939,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 10 no. 1 (1976),

James Ryan, ‘Visualising Imperial Geography: Halford Mackinder and the Colonial Office

Visual Instruction Committee’ in Cultural Geographies, 1994.

PART B – READINGS FOR CLASSES ON ISLANDS

Students should complete a selection of these readings for the Faculty classes. The

readings have been kept short. In writing supervision essays on the topics that follow,

students should utilise the readings in Part A as well. They should ensure that their essays

in Part B focus in on particular islands.

Tahiti

How did Tahiti become the paradise island of the late eighteenth century?

R. Joppien and B. Smith eds. The art of Captain Cook’s Voyages 3vols.

Anne Salmond, Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2009).

Roy Porter, ‘The erotic as exotic: Captain Cook in Tahiti’ in Rousseau and Porter eds.

Exoticism in the Enlightenment

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific

Vanessa Smith, Intimate Strangers: Friendship, Exchange and Pacific Encounters (2010).

P. O’Brien, ‘Think of me as a woman’: Queen Pomare of Tahiti and Anglo-French

Imperial Contest in the 1840s Pacific’ in Gender and History, 2006.

Bronwen Douglas, ‘Voyages, Encounters, and Agency in Oceania: Captain Cook and

Indigenous People’ in History Compass, Vol.6, June 2008.

Madagascar

Why was the history of Christianity on Madagascar so contested?

Rev. William Ellis, History of Madagascar 2vols, (1838) and also his The Martyr Church:

A Narrative of the Introduction, Progress and Triumph of Christianity in Madagascar

(1870).

Solofo Randrianja and Stephen Ellis, Madagascar: A Short History (2009).

Pier Larson, ‘Capacities and Modes of Thinking: Intellectual Engagements and Subaltern

Hegemony in the Early History of Malagasy Christianity’ in American Historical Review,

1997 and his book, Ocean of Letters (2009)

Anna Johnston, ‘The strange career of William Ellis’ in Victorian Studies, 2007.

B. Gow, Madagascar and the Protestant Impact: The Work of British Missions, 1818-95

(1979)

Sri Lanka (At the Royal Commonwealth Society Collections in the University

Library)

How and with what costs was Sri Lanka transformed into a plantation colony?

Nira Wickramasinghe, Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities

(2008)

K M De Silva, A History of Sri Lanka (1981)

James Duncan, In the Shadow of the Tropics (2007)

Patrick Peebles, The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon (2001)

James Webb, Tropical Pioneers: Human Agency and Ecological Change in the highlands of

Sri Lanka (2002).

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Islanded: Natural History in the British Colonisation of Ceylon’

David N. Livingstone and Charles Withers eds. Geographies of 19thC Science (2011) and

also Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean Colony (2013).

Fiji (At the Archaeology and Anthropology Museum Collections)

Did the British administration in Fiji protect indigenous Fijian rights? If so, in what ways

and to what cost?

Peter France, The Charter of the Land: Custom and Colonization in Fiji (Melbourne: Oxford

University Press, 1969).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: the Age of Empire in the Pacific (London: Yale, 2010), Intro and

Chapter 9.

Nicholas Thomas, ‘Sanitation and Seeing: The Creation of State Power in Early Colonial Fiji,’

Comparative Studies in Society and History (1990).

D. Scarr, ‘A Roko Tui for Lomaiviti: The Question of Legitimacy in the Fijian Administration,

1874-1900’, in The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 5, (1970).

Brigitte d'Ozouville 'Reading photographs in colonial History: A Case Study from Fiji, 1872'

Pacific Studies, Vol. 20. No.4 – December 1997.

Timothy Macnaught, The Fijian colonial Experience: A Study of the Neotraditional Order under

British Colonial Rule prior to World War II (Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific

Research Monograph II, 1982).

Nicholas Thomas, 'Material Culture and Colonial Power: Ethnological Collecting and the

Establishment of Colonial Rule in Fiji' Man. Vol. 24, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 41-56.

A. Herle, and L. Carreau, Chiefs & Governors: Art and Power in Fiji (Cambridge: Museum of

Archaeology and Anthropology, 2013).

Zanzibar

How did Zanzibar serve as an island node in the Western Indian Ocean?

G. L. Sullivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the Eastern coast of Africa:

narrative of five years suppression of the slave trade (1873).

Gudrun Miehe, Katrin Bromber, Said Khamis, Ralf Grosserhode eds. Kala Shairi: German

East Africa in Swahili Poems (2002)

A. Sheriff, Slaves, spices and ivory in Zanzibar (1987)

A Sheriff, Zanzibar under colonial Rule (1991)

S. Bose, A Hundred Horizons (2006)

E. Gilbert, Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar (2004).

J. Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Radical Thought and Violence in Colonial

Zanzibar (2011).

Java

How much was transformed in the repeated regime changes of Java?

P. Carey, ‘Revolutionary Europe and the Destruction of Java’s Old Order, 1808-1830’, in

D. Armitage and S. Subrahmanyam (eds.), The Age of Revolutions in Global Context,

c.1760-1840 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp.167-88.

U. Bosma, ‘The Cultivation System (1830-1870) and its Private Entrepreneurs on

Colonial Java’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 38 (2007), pp.275-91.

P. Carey, ‘Waiting for the ‘Just King’: The Agrarian World of South-Central Java from

Giyanti (1755) to the Java War (1825-30)’, Modern Asian Studies 20 (1986), pp.59-137.

K. Ward, ‘Blood Ties: Exile, Family, and Inheritance across the Indian Ocean in the Early

Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Social History 45 (2011), pp.436-52.

U. Bosma and R. Raben, Being “Dutch” in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire,

1500-1920 (Singapore, 2008), chapter 1 (on the “Indies” world) and chapter 3 (on the

shrinkage of that world).

P. Carey, The British in Java, 1811-1816: A Javanese Account (Oxford, 1992).

W. Thorn, Memoir of the Conquest of Java with the Subsequent Operations of the British

Forces in the Oriental Archipelago (London, 1815). Preface, Part 2 Section 1, Part 3

Section 1.

J.J. Stockdale, Sketches, Civil and Military, of the Island of Java and Its Immediate

Dependencies (London, 1812). Preface, Book 3 Chapter 4, Book 3 Chapter 5.

Tasmania/New Zealand

‘A dying race, or an Aryan race?’ How were such divergent representations and realities

possible for neighbouring islanders?

Edward Tregear, The Aryan Maori (1885).

EB Tylor, ‘On the Tasmanians as representatives of Palaeolithic Man’ in Journal of the

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1894).

HL Roth, The Aborigines of Tasmania (1899).

Damon Salesa, ‘The Power of the Physician: Doctors and the Dying Maori in early

colonial New Zealand’ in Australia and New Zealand Society for the History of Medicine

(2001).

Damon Salesa, Racial Crossings: Race, Intermarriage and the Victorian British Empire

(2011).

Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (2002).

Lyndall Ryan, The Aboriginal Tasmanians (1982).

Anna Johnston and Martin Rolls eds. Reading Robinson: Companion Essays to George

Augustus Robinson’s Friendly Mission (2012).

Tony Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealand’s Colonial Past (2012).

Judith Binney, Stories without end (2010).

J. Boyce, Van Diemen’s Land (2008).

Tierra del Fuego (At the Darwin Correspondence Project in the University

Library)

How did the islanders of Tierra del Fuego impact on scientific thought?

Charles Darwin, 'Tierra Del Fuego', in Journal of Researches (1845 ed.), available in C.

Darwin, Evolutionary Writings (OUP 2008), pp. 15-38.

Robert Fitzroy, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and

Beagle Betweem the Yars 1826 and 1836, 3 vols (1839), vol. 2, ch. 9 and 10.

W. P. Snow, 'A Few Remarks on the Wild Tribes of Tierra del Fuego from Personal

Observation', Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London (1861),

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014199>

F. Burkhardt et al, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 1 (1986), pp. 302-308.

Gillian Beer, 'Travelling the Other Way', in N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary (eds),

Cultures of Natural History (1996), pp. 322-337.

Michael Bravo, 'Ethnological Encounters', in N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary (eds),

Cultures of Natural History (1996), pp. 338-357.

Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (1995), pp. 234-253.

Anne Chapman, European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and

After Darwin (2010).

Mauritius

What changed in Mauritius between slavery, apprenticeship and indenture?

Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-century Mauritius

(2005).

Richard Allen, Slaves, Freedmen and indentured labourers in colonial Mauritius (1999)

Anthony Barker, Slavery and anti-slavery in Mauritius 1810-1833 (1996)

Vijaya Teelock Bitter sugar: Sugar and slavery in 19thC Mauritius (1998)

Marina Carter, Servants, sirdars and settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834-1874 (1995) and

‘The family under indenture: A Mauritian case study’ in Journal of Mauritian Studies

1992.

Report of the Truth and Justice Commission, Volume 1 (2011) -

http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/pmo/file/TJC_Vol1.pdf

Andaman islands

Why were the Andaman islands seen to be suited as a site for prisoners?

E. H. Man, ‘On the Andaman islands and their inhabitants’ in Journal of the

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain 1885, jstor

S. Sen, Disciplining Punishment: Colonial and convict society in the Andaman islands

(2000).

S Sen, ‘Savage Bodies: MV Portman and the Adamanese’ in American Ethnologist 2009

A. Vaidik, Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History (2010).

C. Anderson, ‘Image, Object, Text: Representing the Andaman islands’ in History

Workshop Journal, 2009.

C Anderson, Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean (2012).

C. Anderson, ‘Colonisation, kidnap and confinement in the Andaman islands penal

colony, 1771-1864’ in Journal of Historical Geography 2010.

V. Pandya, In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History(2009).

Clare Anderson, ‘Writing Indigenous Women’s Lives in the Bay of Bengal: Cultures of

Empire in the Andaman Islands, 1789-1906’, Journal of Social History, 42, 2, (2011).

Singapore

How did Singapore became a maritime cross-road and with what effect?

Mark Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, Singapore: A Biography (Singapore, 2009),

pp.132-175.

R. F. Warren, Rikshaw Coolie: A People’s History of Singapore, 1880-1940 (Singapore,

2003).

Brenda Yeoh, Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban

Built Environment (2003)

Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of

Migrants (Cambridge, MA., 2013), Chapter 4.

C. M. Turnbull, A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005 (Singapore, 2009), Chapter 3.

The ship as a laboratory? --taught by Prof Simon Schaffer

‘ Floating islands.’ How revealing is this description of the European vessels that undertook

the passage across the Indian and Pacific oceans?

Simon Schaffer, ‘On seeing me write’: Inscription devices in the South Seas’

Representations 2007

Simon Schaffer, ‘Fish and Ships: Models in an age of Reason’ in S de Chadarevian and N

Hopwood eds. Models: The third dimension of science 2004

Richard Sorrenson, ‘The ship as scientific instrument’ in Osiris 1996.

Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, power and theatre on the Bounty (1992).

Anne Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog (2003).

Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an age of Empire (2011)

Frances Steel, Oceania under Steam: Sea Transport and the Cultures of Colonialism, 1870-

1914 (2011).

Paper 30 –SAMPLE EXAM PAPER

‘ISLANDS AND BEACHES’: THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS IN THE LONG

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Answer three questions

1. Who defined the unity of the Pacific Ocean after 1750?

2. ‘Europeans never achieved complete hegemony over the Indian Ocean trading

system prior to 1914.’ Discuss.

3. EITHER (a) How did islands become discrete units of the colonial

imagination prior to 1840?

OR (b) ‘It was Cook who heralded the obsession with islands.’ Discuss

3. How far did the age of revolutions follow divergent patterns in the various

regions of the Indian and Pacific Ocean worlds?

4. How did Europeans utilise the discourse of piracy between 1750 and 1850?

5. EITHER (a) ‘The racialisation of the Tasmanian and the Maori should be

interpreted as resulting from divergent attempts on the part of Europeans to annex

territory.’ Discuss.

OR (b) What did maritime peoples contribute to European racial ideas?

6. Was the ship an ‘in-between space’, between Europe and the island societies of

the Pacific and Indian Oceans?

7. How pluralised was the colonial project enacted on the Andaman islands?

8. Was there a Scramble for colonies in the Pacific AND/OR Indian Oceans at any

point of the nineteenth century?

9. EITHER (a) How far was Christianity ‘vernacularised’ in the Indian and Pacific

Oceans?

OR (b) Why were there so many Christianities in Madagascar in the

nineteenth century?

10. EITHER (a) What was the impact of sugar on Mauritius?

OR (b) How multiple were the regimes of labour in the nineteenth century

Indian Ocean world?

11. How ethnicised was the plantation system of Sri Lanka?

12. ‘The British attempt to protect Fijian culture did more harm than good to the

Fijians.’ Discuss.

13. How far did Realism overtake the literature of the Pacific after 1850?

14. How did the Indian Ocean allow the circulation of Islamic ideas in the nineteenth

century?

15. EITHER (a) Why was voyaging in the Pacific and Indian Oceans critical to the

modernisation of science?

OR (b) What role did the Tierra del Fuegians play in the history of science?

16. Who controlled the vital node of Zanizbar in the nineteenth century?

17. Was there a cosmopolitan public sphere in the Indian and Pacific Oceans after

1870?

18. ‘The Oceans have never receded from view and have sustained their place as

terrains of globalisation.’ Discuss.