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Island Biogeography. Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment. Islands recovered to pre-defaunation number of species, but only 30% - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ecosystem Ecology
Raymond Lindeman Sir Arthur Tansley
Some Energy Flow Definitions• Gross primary production (GPP) - total fixation of energy
by autotrophs - usually just due to photosynthesis, primarily by plants
• Net primary production (NPP) = GPP - respiration, autotrophs use some energy for their own growth and that is lost as respiratory heat, so NPP represents what is available to heterotrophs - NPP is often 10% of GPP
• Secondary productivity - production of biomass by heterotrophs
• Standing crop - amount of biomass of living organisms in a unit of area
P – productivity tn/ha/yr; B – biomass tn/ha; R - solar radiation – kcal/m2/yr
Temperature, Precipitation and Productivity
Limits to Terrestrial Productivity
a) shortage of water restricts rate of photosynthesisb) shortage of mineral nutrients slows down rate of
production of photosynthetic tissue and the effectiveness of photosynthesis
c) temperatures that are lethal or too low for growthd) insufficient depth of soil (deserts, mountain tops)e) incomplete vegetation canopy cover so that much
sunlight lands on the ground and not on foliage
Comparison of productivity by a deciduous tree and an evergreen tree
Limits to Aquatic Productivity
a) Lack of nutrientsb) Light is limiting – suspended particles in
water reduce light penetrationc) Intensity of grazing
Coastal Upwelling
Light Penetration in Oceanic Waters
Basic ecosystem - nutrient cycling in red, energy flow in grey
Basic Energy Flow
Basic Energy Flow
Energy Flow Expanded
Energy Flow in Different Ecosystems
Transfer Efficiency
10% Rule for Transfer Efficiency
Consumption Efficiency• CE = food ingested/food produced• How much of prey population that consumer eats• For herbivores – 5% in forests, 25% in grasslands,
50% in phytoplankton ecosystems• For vertebrate predators – up to 50-100% vertebrate
prey; 5% invertebrate prey• For invertebrate predators – 25% invertebrate prey
Assimilation Efficiency
• AE = food assimilated/food ingested• How much of prey eaten is digested• AE usually low for herbivores,
microbivores, detritivores – 20-50%• AE usually high for carnivores – 80%
Production Efficiency
• PE = new biomass produced/food assimilated• How much of prey digested is converted to
consumer biomass and used in reproduction – rest is lost as respiratory heat
• PE high for invertebrates – 30-40%• Intermediate for ectotherm vertebrates – 10-20%• Low for endotherm vertebrates – 1-2%
Lindeman’s Efficiency
• LE = assimilation at trophic level n assimilation at trophic level n – 1
LE examines efficiency of transfer between trophic levels – often assumed to be 10% but…is actually more complex
Light Absorption
Lindeman’s Efficiencies