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Islam=name of the religionIslam=name of the religion
Muslim=someone who practices IslamMuslim=someone who practices Islam
Very harsh desert environment. Very little
water The people there become very fierce as they
compete for scarce resources like water
The Arabian Peninsula
Villages grow up
around an oasis- places where water naturally comes up out of the ground
Villages along trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe grow and prosper
Villages grow
Most people there are
nomadic shepherds called Bedouins Bedouins are
polytheistic Bedouin people are
often called Arabs, especially after they cease being nomadic
Arabs
According to legend, the
ancestor of the Arabs is Ismael, Abraham’s illegitimate son by his wife’s slave
Arabs therefore claim the same origins as the Hebrews
Ishmael
Muhammad is born into this
harsh Arab/Bedouin culture around 570 AD.
He is born in Mecca and becomes a wealthy merchant
He is famous for being a wise man and very spiritual
Muhammad (Mohammed, Muhammad)
One day Muhammad
is visited by the angel Gabriel who tells him that Muhammad is to be God’s prophet
Gabriel recites the Qur’an (Koran) to Muhammad to memorize since Muhammad is illiterate
Gabriel visits Muhammad
Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last
prophet, but not the only one. Previous prophets include all the Jewish and
Christian prophets – like Moses and even Jesus (they do not believe he is God’s son)
Islam’s prophets
The Qur’an is Islam’s holy book.
It is word-for-word, the words Gabriel told Muhammad to learn
Also is a book of the prophet Muhammad’s sayings called the Hadith and a book detailing his actions called the Sunnah.
Together, these books are the guiding documents for Muslims
BTW, the Qur’an is written in Arabic, and many Muslims believe to truly understand it, you must read it in Arabic
Koran (Qur’an)
Means “submission” (to God) People who practice Islam are called Muslims,
which means “one who submits” (to God)
Islam
Muslims believe in five core duties as written
in the Qur’an
Five Pillars
Christianity and Judaism are viewed as a pre-
cursor to Islam They are allowed to practice their faith
because of this, though they are encouraged to convert to Islam
If they do not convert, they must pay a tax (jizyah “tribute”)
“People of the Book”
The small Muslim movement is persecuted
from Mecca and forced to flee 200 miles to the village of Medina (hijira)
In the year 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca and took the city.
He spared the people there, establishing a pattern of treating conquered people with tolerance
Muslims persecuted
Islam quickly spread throughout the Arabian
Peninsula
Get out your maps Label the colored section “Islam during
Muhammad’s life”
Islam spreads
Muhammad died in 632 AD In his farewell speech, he warned the Muslim
community against returning to pre-Islamic practices
However, he did not give instructions for who should succeed him as leader
Masjid-Al-Nabawi – Tomb of the Prophet
Muhammad dies
Among the lands the Muslims conquer are
parts of the Byzantine Empire- like Jersualem Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism and
Christianity The oldest and possibly best know mosque in
the world is the Dome of the Rock. They built it on the same hill as the King Solomon’s Temple- the holiest Jewish site.
Jerusalem
Dome of the Rock
732 AD a Muslim army comprised of Moors
from North Africa invaded France They were stopped at the Battle of Tours by a
Frankish general named Charles (later Charles Martel)
The battle is seen as preserving Christianity in Europe
Battle of Tours
Muhammad’s
successors, called caliphs, were elected
They worked to expand Islam through conquering new territories
Caliphs
Under Muhammad’s successors, Islam
continued to spread, eventually including all the land from Spain to the Indus River, and even further east to China and Indonesia
On your map, label this section “Extent of Islam”
Islam Continues to Spread
Islam under the Caliphs
Ali, was Muhammad’s
cousin and son-in-law. He became caliph, but was assassinated.
Ali
After the first 4 caliphs, the Umayyad Caliphate
became the dominant force in Islam The Umayyad's moved the capital to Damascus
(modern Syria) and began to act more like European (Byzantine) rulers
Umayyad Mosque (Great Mosque of Damascus)
Umayyad Caliphate
There were some Muslims who
believed the Umayyad’s were corrupting Islam
One of those was Ali’s son (Muhammad’s grandson), Hussein
He refused to pay allegiance to the Umayyad.
At the Battle of Karbala, Hussein was beheaded
He is a martyr to Shi’a Muslims
Hussein
The people who were loyal
to Hussein believed that the caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad
They are called Shi’a (Shiite) – means “Party of Ali”
Almost all of them live in South-east Iraq and Iran
Karbala is a holy site to which they pilgrimage today
Shi’a
Those who remained loyal to the Umayyad are
called Sunni (means Majority) Sunni make up over 85% of Muslims today
Sunni
The Sufi branch also
broke away during the Umayyads
Sufis are generally seen as practicing a mystical type of Islam in which they seek to know only Allah in all things
This is a very small, but highly dedicated sect of Islam
Sufism
Baghdad became
the capital The city would
eventually have a population of 1 million at a time when Paris and London counted less than 50,000
Baghdad was the center of learning
Baghdad
One of the earliest universities was founded in
Baghdad. These centers for learning contributed to learning and many new Islamic inventions.
Universities
Arab scholars made advances in math and
astronomy They invented Algebra And, modern numerals like 1, 2, 3, 4… are
Arabic inventions
Mathematic Advances
Muslim physicians contributed to modern
medicine by discovering the causes of certain diseases like Smallpox
Al Razi, the most famous Muslim physician, even realized that patients recover better in clean environments
Medicine
Muslim scholars preserved
and translated many of the Greek and Roman classic texts
Eventually, as contact with the Christians in Western Europe increased, that knowledge would pass back to Europe
Preserve classical learning
Get out your book to page 283, use the pie
charts to answer the following questions with your group. Turn in your answers.
How many Muslims are there in the world? In which regions are Muslims a majority (more
than 50%) or plurality (more than any other group)?
If India’s population is 1.1 billion, how many Muslims live there?
If the United States’ population is 3 million, how many Muslims live there?
Islam Today
Masjid-al-Haram (Kabba in center)