Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin

8/9/2019 Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin

1/38

Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j ojqkq nir Dsqmkd mk~kgf8 Cp|crkcgacq jgb

_cjmkxjkigq

O{ [sqsn Dirjmcq

Kgribsakig8

R`c kqqsc jgb Ri|ka in \msrjmkqd vk`kg `c Kqmjdka \jrjbkfd `jq

jmvj{q occg bcjm vk` vk` ck`cr nrid j `kf`m{ kd|riojomc mkcrjmkq

|crq|cak~c ir ~cr{ kd|iqqkomc bkjmcakaq'

Bcq|kc `c cp|cacb bknncrcgacq- Difj`cb jgb Cq|iqki dcgkigq kg

`ckr oiie V`i q|cjeq nir Kqmjd `j j gsdocr in aiddigjmkkcq

ocvccg `c virmb jgb Kqmjd cpkqq `j q`jcrq djg{ d{`q5 j qkfgknkajg

gsdocr in |ci|mc nrid bk~crqc njk`q ocmkc~c `j rcmkfkig isf` i oc j

|kmmjr in qiakc{- kgnirdcb jgb fskbcb o{ `ckr qark|src jgb vj{ in mknc- jq

rcmkfkig |mj{q j ~kjm rimc kg `c |rcqcr~jkig in ~jmscq oi` kg |somka mknc jq

vcmm jq |rk~jc mknc- q|caknkajmm{ kg `c bidjkg in `c njdkm{&q ~jmscq- v`ka` kq

`c airc sgk in c~cr{ qiakc{' Cja` rcmkfkisq fris| jak~cm{ qs||irq `c

rcdi~jm in cprcdkqd:'

Jq igc dj{ qcc k- `crc jrc vi |iqqkomc j||rija`cq i kq

bkqasqqkgf `kq i|ka' R`c nkrq kq i cmsakbjc jgb jqqcr- vk` jmm qcgqc in

qcmn$rkf`cisqgcqq- `c rskqd `j Kqmjd |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd' R`kq vismb

kg~im~c j gjrrjkig- |jrri$mkec- in `c ~jrkisq Zsr&jgka ~crqcq |rcja`kgf

\riok{ jgb Jaaisgjokmk{ jq vcmm jq Rrjbkkigq in `c @im{ \ri|`c

(Q'J'V'+- jgcabicq nrid `c mk~cq in `c rkf`m{ fsjrbcb E`smjnj&-

`c Qj`joj- `c Rjok&kgjgb frcj |kisq rsmcrq mkec Sdjr kog Jobsm &Jxccx'

: Cq|iqki jgb Dif`j`cb- V`i q|cjeq nir KqmjdFjmms| \rcqq-?


2/38

J `c cgb in `c bj{ c~cr{igc `crc vismb amj|- a`ccr- nccm fiib jgb

fcgcrjmm{ `j~c `c qjkqnjakig in `j~kgf `cjrb j fiib mcasrc'

Os i bi `kq kq i dcrcm{ cgfjfc kg jg cpcrakqc ocq bcqarkocb jq

`c fk~kgf kg i `c arivbq (kn {is nirfk~c `c crd+ in isr aimmcak~c cfiq' K

qjcq `c io~kisq- j~ikbq `c bknnkasm jgb kg gi vj{ aigrkoscq i `c

|sr|iqc in qsa` j fj`crkgf' Ri qj{ `j Kqmjd |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd jgb

kgcr$rcmkfkisq sgbcrqjgbkgfjgb i r{ i|ri~c k i j Dsqmkd jsbkcgac- kq

j diq rkbkasmisq kgcmmcasjm cpcrakqc'

K vismb arcjc j qacgjrki inRj`qccm jm$`jqccm(jjkgkgf `j v`ka` kq

jmrcjb{ jjkgcb+5 nir c~cr{ Dsqmkd qsrcm{ egivq `j gi hsq Kqmjd- os

c~cr{ virmb$~kcv ir ak~kmkxjkig vir` kq gjdc- |rcja`cq \msrjmkqd jgb

sgbcrqjgbkgf'

R`crc kq- ìvc~cr- j qcaigb j||rija`8 dirc aid|mcp- mcqq |jmjjomc

jgb acrjkgm{ dirc inncgqk~c i acrjkg qcgqkokmkkcq' K kq jg j||rija` v`ka`

jqeq j `kqirkajmm{ ~jmkb zscqkig v`ka` ocfq ccrgjmm{ i oc jgqvcrcb8 v`{

kq k `j kgq|kc in `c nja `j vc jmm egiv- jajbcdkajmm{ ir kgskk~cm{- `j

_cmkfkisq kgimcrjgac jgb i||rcqqkig kg jmm kq nirdq kq sgKqmjdka- k rcdjkgqj |cr~jqk~c ncjsrc |crdcjkgf kg qidc Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq9 Jgb `c vc

vismb bkqasqq jmm `c jgfmcq jgb rcnmcakigq jgb qidc cp|crkcgacq rcfjrbkgf

`c i|ka j `jgb'

Igc vismb oc kgamkgcb i jqe- V`{ `j~c Dsqmkd mcjbcrq- kgamsbkgf

ìqc vì `j~c rsmcb Qjsbk Jrjokj Jnf`jgkqjg jgb \jekqjg kg `c rcacg

|jq- gi occg j |jrjfig in \msrjmkqd jgb sgbcrqjgbkgf 9


3/38

R`kq kg kqcmn kq igc in `c djhir qcojaeq kg `c bkqasqqkig in `kq

|jrjbkfd- `ivc~cr- jq `crc jrc jak~c jb~iajcq in `kq aigac|- vc dj{

djgjfc i qsb{- cmsakbjc jgb bkqasqq `cqc kbcjq nrid oi` j `circkajm

jgb |rjakajm |crq|cak~c

\msrjmkqd nrid jg Kqmjdka \crq|cak~c

Kqmjd jq j rcmkfkig kq kgbccb oi` kgcmmcasjm jgb |`kmiqi|`kajm kg

gjsrc- rka` kg rjbkkig jgb bcc|m{ riicb kg bkqaisrqc' R`c gjsrc in `kq

bkqaisrqc `jq occg oi` i|cg i j ~jrkc{ in i|kgkigq oi` jfrcckgf jgb

aigrjbkakgf i `c aigcp in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd'

R`c |ci|mc vcrc igc aiddsgk{(Sddj`+5 `cg Fib qcg nir` `c

\ri|`cq- Fiib Rkbkgfq i ocjr jgb vjrgkgf- @c qcg bivg vk` `cd `c

Oiie vk` `c rs`- `j @c dkf` bcakbc `c |ci|mc isakgf `ckr

bknncrcgacq'

(Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj` 8?:1+

K vismb oc gkac i zsic virbq nrid j nirdcr Qcgkir Jb~iajc j

`c Qs|rcdc Aisr in \jekqjg- Ojrrkqcr Jobsm _c`jdjg v`i qjkb Bsrkgf

d{ rcqcjra`cq- njmqc kbcjq jois Kqmjd jrc qkmm |i|smjr''' jgb `j

dkqsgbcrqjgbkgf jgb dkqkgcr|rcjkigq `jq jbbcb i `c nsr`cr kfgirjgac

jois Kqmjd' Cqqcgkjmm{ j q{qcd in |cjac- Kqmjd |rcqcgq j gig$

jgjfigkqka ~kcv in jmm rcmkfkisq q{qcdq'?

? _c`jdjg- Jobsm' R`c \cjac-Bsojk \somkq`kgf' :;;;


4/38

R`c |icgkjm |riomcdq in Kgcr$_cmkfkisq jgb kgcrasmsrjm Bkjmifsc

kgcgqkn{ kg |ri|irkig i `c cpamsqk~k{ in `c rcmkfkisq biarkgc jgb kq

jb`crcgq- kg qìr- `c i|kgkig `j igc jb`crcg ~kcvq jgi`cr'

Cpamsqk~kq _cmkfkisq irkcgjkigq jgb ocmkcn q{qcdq incgkdcq

ocaidc bk~kqk~c niracq `j jffrj~jc rcmkfkisq aignmkaq `j rk|q `c

nrjfkmc gjkigjm |q{a`c in j gjkig jgb kg `c aigcp in dsmk$asmsrjm

qiakckcq rcjrb `c cdcrfcgac in j gjkigjm kbcgk{ in j |ci|mc' Vc `j~c

qccg `cqc `kgfq `j||cg aisgmcqq kdcq'

Vc `j~c qccg `j gi igm{ kg `c Dsqmkd virmb jmigc `j v`cgc~cr

rcmkfkig |crdcjcq `c gjkigjm asmsrc- _cmkfkisq rjbkkig djkgjkgq jg

jak~c kgcrcq kg kqqscq in gjkigjm |imkkaq jgb qiakjm hsqkac' Kg `c Dsqmkd

aigcp `c mkdk in qrkam{ rcmkfkisq ~jmscq kg bccrdkgkgf `c gjkigjm

|imkakcq in j Dsqmkd Gjkig qjc `j~c gc~cr occg nsmm{ cp|mjkgcb ir

fcgcrjmm{ jaac|cb o{ Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq- `sq arcjkgf j frj{ jrcj kg

rcmjkgf i asrrcg kqqscq'

Asrrcgm{ `crc `jq occg kg cpkqcgac Dsqmkd gjkig qjcq `j qcce

i djgkncq `c Kqmjdka ir Dsqmkd a`jrjacr in `ckr aisgr{ jgb `sq kg

`c |riacqq dj{ qcce i cp|rcqq `ckr |jrkasmjr virmb$~kcv ig |jrkasmjrm{

rcmkfkisq dirjm |rcac|q'

R`c Ncjr in Vcqipknkajkig (F`rjoxjbcf k+ qkmm cpkqq jrisgb

jmìsf` `kq kq djgkncqcb kg bk~crqc nirdq' Jgb qkgac amjqqkajm Kqmjdka

Hsrkbkajm ìsf` kq ockgf jsf` qkmm s| i `c |rcqcg- `c bsjm virmb$~kcv

in Bjrsm @jro jgb bjrsm Kqmjd kq qkmm ockgf |crack~cb o{ `c Vcqcrg dcbkj

jq `c bidkgjg virmb$~kcv in Dsqmkdq fmiojmm{'


5/38

@ivc~cr k vismb oc dcrkirkisq i gic `j jmìsf` `kq kq rsc i

qidc cpcg `j bsc i `c cpkqcgac in fris|q vì r{ i niqqkmkxc Kqmjdka

ìsf`- gijom{ `crc jrc kgbccb c~kbcgacq `j kgbccb c~cg kg isr ivg

qjarcb cpq- `crc jrc bk~kgc irbkgjgacq `j irbcr sq i jme ir bi bkjmifsc

vk` i`cr njk`q- jgb `j c~cg `c Ocmi~cb \ri|`c Ds`jddjb

(Qjmjvjsmmj`k jmj{`k+ `jq aigbsacb bkjmifsc ir `jq irbcrcb `kq

aid|jgkigq i bi bkjmifsc'

Kg `c mjq `rcc bcajbcq- rcmkfkig `jq rc$cdcrfcb jq jg kd|irjg

qisrac in dirjm kd|crjk~c gccbcb i djkgjkg qiakjm ai`cqkig' _cmkfkisq

aiddkdcg `jq gi igm{ diokmkxcb |ci|mcq qcgqc in isrjfc kg rcqkqkgf

josqcq os k jmqi `jq |mj{cb j ~cr{ aigqrsak~c rimc kg gjkigjm

rcaigakmkjkig jgb gjkig oskmbkgf'

K kq kgbccb kg `kq rjbkkig `j vc vkq` i mj{ j `sdomc vrcj` in

jaegivmcbfcdcg jgb `j vc vismb mkec i aigkgsc kg `j |j` in

bkjmifsc jq vcmm'

Ocajsqc in `c rkqc in `c |imkkajm biarkgc in oi` `c amjq` in

ak~kmkxjkigq in @sgkgfig jgb `c \rccd|k~c qrkec biarkgc `crc vjq

j rkqc in Kqmjdka `kgecrq vì `j~c ocaidc jmjrdkq- dkqjecgm{ |iqqcqqkgf

j aigac|sjm aigkgsk{ vk` `c rjbkkigjm ~kcvq ig Hk jb jgb `c

kgarcjqkgf bjgfcrisq zsjgbjrkcq ibj{' R`kq `jq ocaidc `c in$akcb

amjq` vk` rcmkfkisqm{ kgq|krcb dkmkjga{ djqqcb jfjkgq `c mkocrjm jgb

bcdiarjka ~jmscq in `c Vcq'


6/38

Kg `c aig~cgkigjm ~kcv in `c jajbcdc jgb `c dcbkj (mjrfcm{ `c

dcbkj+- gi igm{ jrc Dsqmkdq cgfjfcb kg bcqjokmkxkgf `c rcfkigjm qcasrk{

jrrjgfcdcgq `c{ jrc jmqi xcjmisqm{ i||iqcb i jg{`kgf `j qdjaeq in

vcqcrg mkocrjm jgb bcdiarjka ~jmscq'

R`kq qecvcb ~kcv|ikg `jq occg |cr|csjcb o{ qaìmjrq k| `j

rcjq Dsqmkd nsgbjdcgjmkqd jq zsjmkjk~cm{ bkqkga jgb krrcbsakomc i jg{

aiddig frisgb- rc|rcqcgkgf jg kdjfc in Kqmjd kg joqrjakig' Jbb i `kq

`c ~cr{ ~iajm jgb ~kqkomc kdjfc in dkgirkkcq `j |rcqcg `kq kbcj'

Fk~cg `c bcc|cgkgf fmiojm arkqkq jrkqkgf nrid `c dkqsqc in rcmkfkig

o{ `kf`m{ ~iajm dkgirkkcq- k kq kgbccb kd|irjg nir Dsqmkd `kgecrq i

rcbkqai~cr jgb |ridic j aiddig aigacrg nir |cjac vk` hsqkac' Gi

Dsqmkd qaìmjr aismb sgbcrdkgc `c cpkqkgf kgcrgjkigjm irbcr vkìs

jekgf j arkkajm rcjqqcqqdcg in `c rcmkfkisq jgb kbcimifkajm mjgbqaj|c `j

`c mkcq `crckg' Jncr jmm- kg Kqmjd- jmm `sdjg cgbcj~irq jrc bkqkga jq|caq

in j ijm bkjmcaka vìqc jkd kq `c cqjomkq`dcg in j fmiojm aiddsgk{

sgbcr Fib'

R`crckg mkcq `j bkqkga gccb nir |msrjmkqd'

V`j `cg kq `c Ojqkq in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd

Ocnirc hsqkn{kgf Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd- vc dj{ gccb i bcnkgc k' V`j cgkrcm{

kq Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd9


7/38

Kqmjdka |msrjmkqd kq bcnkgcb jq `c aigac| in djkgjkgkgf |cjacnsm

rcmjkigq ocvccg bknncrcg rcmkfkigq- `j kq djgkncqcb kg j gsdocr in

rcmjcb vj{q8

:' Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd dj{ bcqarkoc `c Kqmjd&q virmb~kcv `j k kq gi igm{

igc&q rcmkfkig jq gi `c qimc jgb cpamsqk~c qisrac in rs`- jgb `sq

rcaifgkxcq `j qidc mc~cm in rs` jgb ~jmsc cpkqq kg j mcjq qidc

i`cr rcmkfkigq'

?' Kqmjdka |msrjmkqd incg kq sqcb jq j Ojqkq nir kgcrnjk` bkjmifsc' J j

dkgkdsd- R`kq mcjbq |ridikig in sgk{- ai$i|crjkig- ir kd|ri~cb

sgbcrqjgbkgf ocvccg bknncrcg rcmkfkigq- ir bcgidkgjkigq vk`kg `c

qjdc rcmkfkig

R kq kq girdjmm{ j q{gig{d nir rcmkfkisq imcrjgac- v`ka` kq j

aigbkkig in `jrdigkisq ai$cpkqcgac ocvccg jb`crcgq in bknncrcg

rcmkfkigq ir rcmkfkisq bcgidkgjkigq'

Oc{igb `c |jrkasmjrkq bidjkgq in `c a`sra`- diqzsc- cd|mc jgb

q{gjfifsc- `c casdcgkajm qcgqkk~k{ in `j~kgf |msrjmkqd jq j aiddig

frisgb `jq brjvg `c jcgkig in `c |ci|mc jrisgb `c virmb- kgnmscgakgf

`ckr mk~cq oc{igb `c aignkgcq in `ckr njk` aiddsgkkcq' K kq `c gig$

kgqkskigjm in |msrjmkqd `j `jq jrjacb j qsoqjgkjm djhirk{ in `c

virmb |i|smjkig'


8/38

K djgkncqq `c sgk~crqjm qiakjm bkdcgqkig in igcq |crqigjm jgb

|rk~jc njk` kg irbcr i |rihca `cd kg `c virmb' R`kq nsr`crq kgcr$`sdjg

sgbcrqjgbkgf oc{igb jg cpamsqkigjr{ jgb aigqczscgm{ kgimcrjg

kgqkskigjm rcmkfkiqk{'

Kqmjdka rc~cmjkig |rcqcgq j `cimif{ `j rcqigjcq vk` `c dibcrg

|msrjmkqka ocmkcn `j i`cr njk`q jrc gi dcrcm{ kgncrkir djgkncqjkigq in

rcmkfkiqk{- os ~jrkjg nirdq in kgbk~kbsjm jgb aiddsgjm rcq|igqcq i `c

|rcqcgac in `c Rrjgqacgbcg kg `sdjg mknc' Jmm |ci|mc jrc arcjcb kg qjdc

bk~kgc gjsrc (nkrj` Jmmj`+ vk` j bkq|iqkkig `j mcjbq i `c egivmcbfc in

Fib- `c Arcjir i vìd jmm virq`k| kq bsc qkd|m{ ocajsqc in `c

arcjkig'1

R`kq sgk~crqjm egivmcbfc in `c ockgf kg arcjkig ìmbq czsjmm{ nir `c

ocmkc~cr ir gig$ocmkc~cr- `c virq`k|cr in igc ockgf ir in kbimq' Dirc

kd|irjg- oi` j digi`ckq jgb jg kbimjcr ajg sgbcrqjgb Fib o{

kgq|krkgf njk` kg bk~kgc dcra{ jgb nirfk~cgcqq- ajg fskbc jg{igc vì @c

vkmmq i qj~c'2

R`c crd |msrjmkqd kq igc in `c aja`virbq in j gcv irbcr vìqc

bk~crqk{ in asmsrcq- ocmkcn q{qcdq jgb ~jmscq kgq|krcq oi` cp`kmjrjkig j

`c cgbmcqq q`jbkgfq in `sdjg cp|rcqqkig jgb brcjb in krrcaigakmjomc

aignmka'

1 Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr nir Qrjcfka jgbKgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?


9/38

R`kq gccb i jaegivmcbfc `c cpkqcgac in `c i`cr dj{ oc bsc i

`c ca`gimifkajm jb~jgacq |sq`kgf `c virmb kgi j fmiojm aiddsgk{

v`crc sgmkec ocnirc vcrc gjkigq kqimjcb o{ |`{qkajm - asmsrjm jgb

kbcimifkajm oisgbjrkcq'

Jgb |rkir i `c bc~cmi|dcg in kq aigcp- `c{ `j~c occg

rcmjk~cm{ kqimjcb nrid igc jgi`cr jgb |rc~kisq cgaisgcrq vk` bk~crqk{

vcrc gi jq jmvj{q nrkcgbm{ jgb vjrdm{ rcack~cb' Jgb kg `c cgb- aignmkaq

jgb amjq`cq iaasr jq j rcqsm in asmsrjm jgb ak~kmkxjkigjm bknncrcgacq-

ocaidkgf j djhir qisrac in bc`sdjgkxkgf i`crq'

_caifgkkig in rcmkfkisq |msrjmkqd vk`kg j aiddsgk{ in njk`nsm

|ridkqcq i jb~jgac `c |rkgak|mc in kgamsqk~cgcqq- v`ka` vismb aisgqcm

jaaiddibjkig- gi aignmka- jdigf aid|ckgf amjkdq i rcmkfkisq rs` kg

rcmkfkisqm{ jgb asmsrjmm{ `ccrifcgcisq qiakckcq' R`kq aismb mcjb kg j vj{

i qcgqc in dsmk|mc jgb sgkzsc |iqqkokmkkcq nir cgrka`kgf `c `sdjg zscq

nir q|krksjm jgb dirjm vcmmockgf'

R`c Zsrjg kg rcaifgkxjgac in `c sgk~crqjmk{ in djg `jq jmvj{q occg

amcjr kg kq bcamjrjkig `j8

I @sdjgekgb- Vc `j~c arcjcb {is djmc jgb ncdjmc- jgb j||ikgcb {is

rjacq jgb rkocq- `j {is dj{ egiv igc jgi`cr' Qsrcm{ `c Giomcq jdigf

{is kg `c qkf` in Fib kq `c Diq Fib$ncjrkgf jdigf {is' Fib kq Jmm$

egivkgf jgb Jmm$Jvjrc'

(Qsrj` jm$@shsrj8:1+


10/38

R`c Zsr&jg `jq sqcb `c virb mk Rj&jrjns ({is dj{

egiv)aid|rc`cgb+ v`iqc rii virb- jrkn dcjgq i nsmm{ sgbcrqjgb' Nir o{

sgbcrqjgbkgf {isrqcm~cq igm{ `j {is ajg jme vk` cja` i`cr'

Kg miiekgf j \msrjmkqd kg `c Kqmjdka rjbkkig-vc q`jmm miie j `c

aigcp in `c Zsr&jg- ockgf `c \rkdjm qisrac in Dsqmkd arccb jgb mjv'

R`c Dsqmkd |msrjmkq arccb kq nsr`cr cmsakbjcb kg Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj` J{j`

?03 v`ka` qjcq8

R`c Dcqqcgfcr (Ds`jddjb \OS@+ ocmkc~cq kg v`j `jq occg qcg bivg i

`kd nrid `kq Mirb- jgb qi bi `c ocmkc~crq' Cja` igc Ocmkc~cq kg Jmmj`- @kq

Jgfcmq- @kq Oiieq jgb @kq dcqqcgfcrq'(`c{ qj{+ VC djec gi bkqkgakig

ocvccg jg{ in @kq dcqqcgfcrq jgb `c{ qj{ &Vc `cjr jgb ioc{'&

(Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj`8 ?03+3

K kq |jr jgb |jracm in ockgf Dsqmkd i jaac| qc~crjm fcgcrjm njaq8

Nkrq- `j ocnirc `c jb~cg in Ds`jddjb (\OS@+ `crc vcrc i`cr

\ri|`cq qcg ocnirc `kd-

Qcaigb- jgb `j qidc in `cqc \ri|`cq orisf` qark|srcq ir

rc~cmjkig jq j |riin in `ckr jqeq'

Jgb `krbm{ k kq |jr jgb |jracm in `ckr njk` `j `c{ dsq

jaegivmcbfc `cqc \ri|`cq qj{kgf Mj gsnjrkzs oj{gj J`jbkg dkg _sqsmk`

Vc djec gi bkqkgakig ocvccg jg{ in `cd'

3 @kmjmk jgb E`jg-Rrjgqmjkig in `c Dcjgkgfq in `c @im{ Zsr&jg kg R`c Cgfmkq` Mjgfsjfc-EkgfNj`b Aid|mcp nir `c \rkgkgf in `c @im{ Zsr&jg- EQJ


11/38

V`j kq amcjr `crcnirc kq `j nrid `c ~cr{ qjr Dsqmkdq jrc

irbcrcb i oc i|cg jgb vcmaidc i i`cr njk`q'

R`kq j{j` dcrcm{ rckgniracq kg jg cjrmkcr j{j` in `c sgk~crqjmk{ in

rc~cmjkig jgb `j Fib `jq qcg `kq dcra{ i jmm in djgekgb' Jq k rsgq

qjcq8

R`c |ci|mc vcrc igc aiddsgk{ (Sddj`+5 `cg Fib qcg nir` `c

|ri|`c- Fiib Rkbkgfq i ocjr jgb vjrgkgf- @c qcg bivg vk` `cd `c

Oiie vk` `c rs`- `j @c dkf` bcakbc `c |ci|mc isa`kgf `ckr

bknncrcgacq'

(Qsrj` jm$Ojzjrj` 8?:1+

Jgb in aisrqc `c sgk~crqjmk{ in |ri|`cq qcg o{ Fib i jmm gjkigq kq

dcgkigcb djg{ kdcq kg `c Zsr&jg jgb jdigf `cd K vismb akc `cqc

nrid `c djg{ m j{j`q (~crqcq+ nrid `c @im{ Zsr&jg - 8

Jgb ~crkm{ Vc `j~c qcg jdigf c~cr{ Sddj` (aiddsgk{)gjkig+ j

dcqqcgfcr (|riamjkdkgf+ virq`k| Jmmj` (jmigc+ jgb j~ikb (ecc| jvj{ nrid+

Rjf`is (jmm njmqc bckkcq)ocmkcnq+>

(Qsrj` jg$Gj`m8 1>+

> kokb


12/38

Jgb nir c~cr{ Sddj` (j aiddsgk{ ir gjkig+ `crc kq j dcqqcgfcr5 v`cg

`ckr dcqqcgfcr aidcq- `c djcr ocvccg `cd vkmm oc hsbfcb vk`

hsqkac- jgb `c{ vkmm gi oc vrigfcb

(Qsrj` [sgsq8 26+6

Jgb vc `j~c qcg Dcqqcgfcrq ocnirc {is (I Ds`jddjb+ in qidc in `cd

vc rcmjcb {is (`c Dsqmkdq+ `ckr qir{ jgb qidc in `cd vc `j~c gi

rcmjcb'

(Qsrj` jm$F`jnkr8 60+0

V`j kq amcjr nrid `cqc ~crqcq `j Fib `jq qcg Dcqqcgfcrq i jmm

|ci|mcq jgb aiddsgkkcq v`ka` dcjgq `j cja` aiddsgk{ `jq j bkqkga

|jr in `c rs`' Jaairbkgf i \ri|`cka Rrjbkkigq- Fib `jq qcg :?


13/38

R`c Zsr&jg jmqi qcq j qjgbjrb ig ìv bcjmkgfq vk` \ci|mc in `c Oiie

(J`msm Ekjjo+ qìsmb oc aigbsacb8

Jgb jrfsc gi vk` `c \ci|mc in `c Qark|srcq sgmcqq k oc kg (j vj{+`j kq occr- qj~c vk` qsa` in `cd `j bi vrigf8 jgb qj{8 Vc ocmkc~c kg

`j v`ka` `j` occg rc~cjmcb sgi sq jgb rc~cjmcb sgi {is8 Isr Fib jgb

{isr Fib kq Igc- jgb sgi @kd vc qsrrcgbcr'

(Qsrj` Jgejos82>+:

Sgbcrqjgbkgf `j kg djg{ aisgrkcq- `crc kq jmrcjb{ j qkfgknkajg

gsdocr in Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq nimmivkgf bknncrcg qaìimq in ìsf`5

Qsggk- Qjmjnk- Qsnk- Bciojgbk-K`gj Jq`jrk- Kqdjkmk jgb i`cr dkgirk{

:>Jmdiìsbk- Nj`jb- Qjsbk&q \sq` nir _cmkfkisq bkjmifsc- Aiddig Frisgb Gcvq Qcr~kac- ?: Hsm{?


23/38

qaìimq- `kq ocaidcq j sgkzsc a`jmmcgfc i jg{ |jrkasmjr aiddsgk{ jq

vcmm jq i mcjbcrq- v`c`cr qksjcb kg j Dsqmkd ir j qcasmjr qjc'

R`c |rjakac in Rjenkr jgb kgjokmk{ i jaac| jgb rcq|ca `c

|crac|kig aidkgf nrid jgi`cr qaìim in mjv `jq jmvj{q occg `c bjgfcr

i `kq' C~cgsjmm{ ocaidkgf `c nsqc in qcajrkjg aignmkaq jrisgb `c

fmioc'

Jgb `sq j qjc in rcmkfkisq imcrjgac- j aigbkkig in `jrdigkisq ai$

cpkqcgac in ocvccg jb`crcgq in bknncrcg qaìimq in ìsf` kq rczskrcb i

nsr`cr `sdjg sgbcrqjgbkgf oc{igb jg cpamsqkigjr{ jgb kgimcrjg

rcmkfkiqk{:6'

R`kq |jrjbkfd kn dcrcm{ jmmivcb i oc kg `c `jgbq in `c rcmkfkisq

amcrf{ vismb nsggcm ck`cr jgkdiqk{ ir mk|$qcr~kac- jq `cqc rcmkfkisq

|ri|jfjirq dsq |sq` `kq nsr`cr i `c |ci|mc qi `j k vismb rkaemc

bivg:0'

Os nir qsa` i `j||cg- dsa` cnnir kq gccbcb- rjkgkgf `c Smcdj- jq

vcmm jq `c Dsqmkdq i oc kg~im~cb kg qsa` jg cgbcj~isr vismb jec `c

kdc jgb vismb gccb i oc bigc kg j dsa` qiigcr kdc cgjomkgf i ai~cr

dirc frisgb kg `c |riacqq'

Aigac|q mkec gig$bcamjrjkig in jenkr- dssjm rcq|ca- sgbcrqjgbkgf

jgb rcaifgkkig in bknncrcgacq kg ìsf` jgb djb`j`ko jgb djqj&cm kg irbcr

i `c{ dj{ egiv cja` i`cr' R`c `kf`mkf`kgf in `c aiddigjmkkcq in

qaìimq in ìsf` dsq jmqi oc cd|`jqkxcb'

:6Dirjmcq- _izsc Qjgiq- Sqkgf `c iimq in kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jgb Dibcrjkig jq iimq nirkgcrnjk` bkjmifsc jgb j ojqkq nir qsoasmsrc in ibj{&q Dsqmkd {is`' Aigncrcgac |j|cr-?


24/38

Jmm Dsqmkdq q`jrc `c qjdc |kmmjrq in Kqmjd- jrkamcq in njk` jq vcmm jq

kg `c sgk{ in Kqmjd jgb `sq qsa` j sgk{ ajg |sq` ir |rib `cd ifc`cr

ivjrbq j dirc |msrjmkq bkqaisrqc jdigf `c bknncrcg qaìimq in ìsf` kg

Kqmjd

\sq`kgf `c Kqmjdka q|krk kg `c aigcp in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd

R`crc `jq jmvj{q occg j bkmcdgj jdigf Dsqmkd qaìmjrq v`cg

bcjmkgf vk` i`cr Dsqmkdq vì |iqqcqq bknncrcgacq vk` ocmkcn q{qcdq jgb

jrc bk~crqc kg asmsrc' R`kq `jq jmvj{q arcjcb aignmka jgb

dkqsgbcrqjgbkgf- mkec `c rkiq jgb rk~jmr{ kg Kgbkj jgb \jekqjg v`ka` `jq

figc i kgaigqkbcrjomc cpcgq in ~kimcgac'

R kq bkqsrokgf cgbcga{ in dcjqsrkgf igcq njk` o{ ~kfirisq

rchcakig in jgi`cr&q ocmkcn kq kgbccb igc in `c diq |rcqqkgf kqqscq in `c

Sddj`- gccbkgf i oc aignrigcb o{ j aisgcr asrrcg in `c q|krk in

rcq|ca jgb imcrjgac in `c i`cr'

Nir djg{ Dsqmkd `cimifkjgq- `kq |crqigjmk{ `j `jq |crdcjcb

Dsqmkd qjcq jasjmm{ rc|rcqcgq jg ioqjamc i Kqmjdka c`kaq jgb ~jmscq'

Qcckgf ìv bknnkasm k kq i qsqjkg ak~km- |imkkajm jgb rcmkfkisq rkf`q kg `c

Dsqmkd qjcq'

Jq j rcqsm- jg kgarcjqkgf gsdocr in Dsqmkd qaìmjrq jariqq `c virmb

jrc ajmmkgf nir jmcrgjk~c q{qcdq `j ajg niqcr jg Kqmjdka ~kqkig in

qiakc{ jgb qkdsmjgcisqm{ jaaiddibjc isr kgarcjqkgfm{ |msrjmkqka

qiakckcq'


25/38

R`c{ ocmkc~c `j |msrjmkqd jgb `c sgk~crqjm bcdiarjkxjkig in

`sdjg rkf`q jrc j `c `cjr in `c Zsr&jg' R`crc jrc bk~crqc i|kgkigq

jois `c gjsrc- q`j|c jgb |sr|iqc in jg Kqmjdka qjc- rjgfkgf nrid `c

aigqcr~jk~c i `c ~cr{ |rifrcqqk~c' @ivc~cr- Kqmjdka qjcq jq vc egiv

`cd ibj{ `j~c mjrfcm{ njkmcb kg arcjkgf |imkkajm q{qcdq `j rcq|ca

qsa` kbcjq:;'

R`c{ qcc `c ~kqkig `j |msrjmkqd aid|rkqcq cmcdcgq in jqqkdkmjkig-

kgcfrjkig jgb jaac|jgac in bknncrcgacq- j q{garckqd `j jaac|q kg `c

virbq in `c \ri|`c Ds`jddjb (QJV+- dcra{ kg bknncrcgacq in `c

sddj`

Kg cnnca- miiekgf kgi dirc in `c Kqmjdka q|krk in `c Sddj` `jg

`c Kqmjdka qjc' Nir sgmcqq `kq Kqmjdka q|krk kq ncm o{ `c Sddj` jgb kq

mcjbcrq- jg Kqmjdka qjc vkmm gi c~im~c kg kqcmn kgi kq bcqkrcb nird'

Rsgkqkjg vrkcr jgb kgcmmcasjm- Di`jdcb Rjmok- ajmmq ig Dsqmkd

qiakckcq i jojgbig `c Kqmjdka qjc |jrjbkfd jgb kgqcjb qrk~c nir j

fmiojm sddj`- j fmiojm aiddsgk{ `j q`jrcq `c airc ~jmscq in nrccbid

jgb hsqkac' Ri `kd- Kqmjd kq cdoibkcb kg `c aigac| in /bknncrcgacq vk`kg

sgk{/- gjdcm{ |msrjmkqd?


26/38

Njrkb Cqjae kq jgi`cr Dsqmkd qaìmjr- nrid Qis` Jnrkaj- vì jrfscq

jfjkgq jg Kqmjdka qjc kg ibj{&q virmb8 kn Kqmjd&q dcqqjfc kq i nkf` nir

i||rcqqcb aiddsgkkcq- `cg Kqmjdka qjcq jq vc asrrcgm{ egiv `cd jrc

jg{`kgf os Kqmjdka' @c ajdc i `kq aigamsqkig jq j rcqsm in `kq |crqigjm

cp|crkcgacq$nkrq- jq j qsbcg kg \jekqjg v`cg `c vkgcqqcb `c

|crqcaskig in |iir jgb djrfkgjmkqcb gig$Dsqmkd aiddsgkkcq jgb- mjcr-

jq jg jak~kq kg Qis` Jnrkaj- v`cg `c cp|crkcgacb qimkbjrk{ vk` |ci|mc

nrid jmm njk`q jfjkgq j|jr`ckb'

J amiqc jmm{ in nirdcr Qis` Jnrkajg |rcqkbcg Gcmqig Djgbcmj- Cqjae

jmqi |ri|iqcq j bknncrcg nird in Kqmjdka kgnmscgac cdoibkcb kg j fmiojm

sddj` `j bicq gi qkd|m{ imcrjc bknncrcgacq os jmqi sgkcq `sdjgekgb

oc{igb rjac jgb rcmkfkig nir j q|caknka |sr|iqc8 hsqkac'

Cqjae ocmkc~cq `j `c sddj` ajggi oc bcnkgcb o{ ekgq`k| os o{

jaq in njk`8 `c rcjm sddj` kq j sgkcb kgcrrcmkfkisq qrsffmc jfjkgq

i||rcqqkig kg jmm kq nirdq'

Jobsmmj`k Gj&kd- j Qsbjgcqc Dsqmkd kgcmmcasjm vì `jb i nmcc

E`jrisd nir nimmivkgf `c i|cg rcmkfkisq biarkgc in Dj`disb Rj`j- j

Qsbjgcqc `cimifkjg jgb |imkkajm nkfsrc vì jb~iajcb |imkkajm jgb mkocrjm

rcmkfkisq rcnird- kq aig~kgacb `j jg Kqmjdka qjc kq biidcb i njkmsrc jgb

`j qcasmjrkqd$riicb kg nrccbid in rcmkfkig- c kaq jgb dirjmk{- jgb

rkf`q jgb bskcq$kq o{ njr `c ocq q{qcd nir Dsqmkdq `risfìs `c

virmb' R kq nird in qcasmjrkqd vismb `j~c i oc kgamsqk~c in bknncrcg

virmb~kcvq jgb aismb igm{ oc oskm `risf` `c bkjmifsc jgb cpa`jgfc in j

fmiojm ak~km qiakc{'


27/38

R`c kd|irjgac in `c sddj` i~cr `c Kqmjdka qjc bcdigqrjcq j

q`kn nrid `c qjc$`c |imkkajm j||jrjsq$i kgbk~kbsjmq jgb aiddsgkkcq

vì ocaidc jak~c jfcgq rcq|igqkomc nir kd|mcdcgkgf Kqmjdka kbcjmq kg

`ckr |msrjmkqka qiakckcq?:'

R`kq kgcrcqkgf |ri|iqkkig- riicb kg jg Kqmjdka virmb~kcv- aismb oc

j dirc nmskb jgb qskjomc nrjdcvire nir isr fmiojmkxcb virmb' R`kq kg kqcmn

djgkncqq `c dirc i|cg bkqaisrqc i jaac|kgf kgcrgjm bknncrcgacq kg `c

Sddj`'

Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j dcìbimif{ nir Kgcrnjk` Bkjmifsc8 jak~c

cp|crkcgacq jgb rcjmkxjkigq

R`c aiddig sqjfc in `c virb kgcrnjk` Bkjmifsc `jq kg j vj{

rc|cjcbm{ sqcb i bcgic jg{ jak~k{ v`crc `crc kq bqasqqkig in rcmkfkisq

cp|crkcgacq- aidigjmkkcq- jq vcmm jq mk~kgf kg `c dkbq in bk~crqk{'

Igc dsq sgbcrqjgb `j `kq |j|cr- ìvc~crkq gi i rckg~cg `c

v`ccm in kgcrnjk` bkjmifsc os i q`jrc cp|crkcgacq kg sqkgf j gcv iim

jbj|cb kg irbcr i nsr`cr igcq jak~kkcq kg `c |srqsk in dssjm

sgbcrqjgbkgf- mcjrgkgf jgb rj~cmmkgf jmigf `c |j`- jq j dcdocr in `c

Gjzq`jojgbk Qsnk Rjrkzj`- jq vcmm jq jg jak~c dcdocr in `c Jghsdjg

J`djbk{{j` Kq`j&j Kqmjdk Mjìrc- j rcmkfkisq qiakc{ `j jkdq i

|ri|jfjc j |cjacnsm jgb kgcrjak~c Kqmjd `j brjvq nrid `c cp|crkcgacq

in kqmjd jq vcmm jq `c Jvmk{j` jgb `c rcnirdcr in `c :;` Acgsr{ kg Jqkj-

Dkrxj F`smjd J`djb'

?:kokb


28/38

Ockgf j qaìmjr egivg i cq|isqc kgcmmcasjm cpa`jgfc jq vcmm jq

kgcr$rcmkfkisq sgbcrqjgbkgf- K vjq kg~kcb i bcmk~cr j qcrkcq in jmeq ig

Kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc- jdigf `cd vcrc `rcc i|kaq rcq|cak~cm{-

Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j iim nir sgbcrqjgbkgf i`crq- Dibcrjkig kg Kqmjd-

J ojaebrjn kg rcnmcakig- jgb \kmmjrq jgb Nsgbjdcgjmq in Kqmjd jq vcmm jq

qkddkmmjrkkcq jgb bknncrcgacq in kqmjd jgb a`rkqkjgk{'

\crqigjmm{ K ocmkc~c `j k kq |msrjmkqd jq j |jrjbkfd kq igc in `c

ocq iimq nir kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc jq k jq j aigac| jmmivq i`cr ocmkcn

q{qcdq i ai$cpkq jgb rcq|ca cja` i`cr'

Kqmjdka rc~cmjkig |rcqcgq j `cimif{ `j rcqigjcq vk` `c dibcrg

|msrjmkqka ocmkcn `j i`cr njk`q jrc gi dcrcm{ kgncrkir djgkncqjkigq in

rcmkfkiqk{- os ~jrkjg nirdq in kgbk~kbsjm jgb aiddsgjm rcq|igqcq i `c

|rcqcgac in `c Rrjgqacgbcg kg `sdjg mknc' Jmm |ci|mc jrc arcjcb kg qjdc

bk~kgc gjsrc (nkrj` Jmmj`+ vk` j bkq|iqkkig `j mcjbq i `c egivmcbfc in

Fib- `c Arcjir i vìd jmm virq`k| kq bsc qkd|m{ ocajsqc in `carcjkig??'

R`kq sgk~crqjm egivmcbfc in `c ockgf kg arcjkig ìmbq czsjmm{ nir `c

ocmkc~cr ir gig$ocmkc~cr- `c virq`k|cr in igc ockgf ir in kbimq' Dirc

kd|irjg- oi` j digi`ckq jgb jg kbimjcr ajg sgbcrqjgb Fib o{

kgq|krkgf njk` kg bk~kgc dcra{ jgb nirfk~cgcqq- ajg fskbc jg{igc vì @c

vkmmq i qj~c?1'

??Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr nir Qrjcfka jgbKgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?


29/38

Jgb jq qsa` `kq qcakig vkmm niasq |rkdjrkm{ `c cp|crkcgcacq jgb

mcjrgkgfq `j K `j~c fjkgcb nrid oi` `c |riacqq in `c qcdkgjrq vc `j~c

mcasrcb kg jq vcmm jq `c kgcrjakig `j K `j~c `jb vk` `c bknncrcg

Fi~crgdcg jfcgakcq- `c {is`- `c bknncrcg qcairq K `j~c jmecb vk` jq

vcmm jq `c |ci|mc `crc- v`id K bcbkajc `kq |j|cr'

R`c qcrkcq in jak~kkcq `j K vjq kg~kcb i mcasrc vjq `c [is`

mcjbcrq`k| qsddk- v`ka` kq j 2$bj{ qj{$kg qcdkgjr `j `jq `c qjdc

virekgfq in i`cr rjkgkgfq- vireq`i|q- fris| b{gjdkaq- cja`$kgq jq vcmm

jq aigcqq' Os `c dcj in `kq jak~k{ vjq i arcjc j rj`cr gcv

|crqc|cak~c in jjkgkgf |cjac jgb irbcr- k jmqi cgaisrjfcq `cd i

rcbkqai~cr `ckr qekmmq jgb jmcgq i ocaidc occr mcjbcrq in qiakc{' Jq in

`c didcg vc `j~c qsaacqqnsmm{ aigbsacb k `rcc jrcjq- Jvjgf- Gir`

Aijoji- Rsoib Mjgji bcm Girc jgb |imidimia Qis` Aijoji- jq in `kq

vrikgf vc jrc jkdkgf i aigbsa kg Xjdoijgfj- Ojqkmjg-Qsms- Rjvk$Rjvk

jgb Bj~ji' K vjq jg kgcr$jfcga{ |rihca o{ oi` `c fi~crgdcg- Miajm

Fi~crgdcg Sgkq- `c JN\ jgb qc~crjm GFI jgb AQI&q'

Nir j {isgf fris| in Aiddsgk{ mcjbcrq- R`c qcdkgjr vjq zskc

sgkzsc kg `c qcgqc `j k kgair|irjcb gjkigjmkqd- |jrkikqd jq vcmm jq

aiddsgk{ oskmbkgf' Kgcrnjk` aigac|q vcrc kgair|irjcb i cgqsrc `j

`c aiddsgk{ q|krk rjgq~crqc `c oisgbq in rkoc- rjac- rcmkfkig jgb

asmsrc' R`kq vjq v`crc K vjq aidkgf j' D{ rimc vjq i cgqsrc `j `c{

mcjrg `c ~jmsc in kgcrnjk` jgb kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc' K vjq `crc `j Kbcakbcb i sqc `c |jrjbkfd in Kqmjdka |msrjmkqd- cja kgf oi` jq j

|jrjbkfd i oc cdsmjcb o{ Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq djekgf `c a`rkqkjgq jgb

Msdbq sgbcrqjgb `j `crc kjq vj{ i jme jgb qkmm ecc| `c |cjac'


30/38

Ockgf j {isgf fris| `j vjq in dkpcb |crqsjqkigq jgb rcmkfkisq

irkcgjkigq- k vjq zskc j a`jmmcgfc ìv i arcjc j |rcqcgjkig `j

vismb aja` `ckr jcgkig' Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq aidkgf nrid ck`cr

~cr{ aigqcr~jk~c njdkmkcq i`crq vì jrc njdkmkjr vk` oi` ak{ jgb rsrjm

mk~cq' K vjq jasjmm{ j a`jmmcgfc ìv i |rcqcg i `cd'

Diq in `c j||rc`cgqkigq `j `c{ njacb vjq8 /@iv bi vc cdorjac

`c njk` in `c i`crq9/ /Kq cjq{ i cdorjac isr nrkcgbq`k| vk` `cd os

jrc `c{ vcmaidc kg cdorjakgf isr bknnrcgacq kg _cmkfkig9/- /vismb `c{

vcmaidc sq kn vc jqe `cd qcgqkk~c zscqkigq9/ @iv jrc vc qkddkmmjr jgb

ìv jrc vc bknncrcg9/' /ìv bi vc cdorjac bk~crqk{9/

V`j vcrc `c kgkkjm kqqscq jgb kd|rcqqkigq `j `c {isgf |ci|mc

vcrc aigacrgcb jois9 Jdigf `c `kgfq `c{ vcrc aigacrgcb vcrc `c

nimmivkgf8 kn kgbccb `c qcdkgjr irfjgkxcrq vcrc aigqakisq in fcgbcr

qcgqkk~k{ qsa` jq `c |ri|cr okmmckgf in `c fcgbcrq5njdkmkjrk{ vk` `c

bknncrcg rjbkkigq in Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq- jdigf `cd |rj{cr jgb

bkcjr{ kqqscq nir Dsqmkdq qi jq gi i inncgb `c i`cr |ci|mc vì vcrc

|jrkak|jkgf kg `c qcdkgjr- bisoq jois `c jokmk{ - qkgacrk{ jgb aj|jak{

in `c irfjgkxcrq-kn `c{ vismb jqe `c `c| in irfjgkxcrq5vì vcrc `c fiib

fs{q9A`rkqkjgq9Dsqmkdq9 R`ckr ocmkcn q{qcrdq5vì vcrc `c rcjm crrirkqq

jgb v`{ bicq `c vjr kg Dkgbjgji bicqg qi|9

Girdjmm{ `c nkrq bj{ vjq fckgf i egiv cja` i`cr jgb ajd| rsmcq' R`c

qcaigb bj{ vjq `c kg|sq bj{- girdjmm{ kqmjd vi{mb oc `c nkrq qc in

i|kaq i cgqsrc `j dkqaigac|kigq jgb amjrknkajkigq vismb oc bigc kg `c

nkrq bj{'

V`cgc~cr K vismb aidc kgi j riid K vismb jmvj{q r{ i bi j mkmc

jqqcqdcg jgb |crqigjm zscqkig qsnn `j vismb djec `cd dirc


31/38

aidnirjomc mkqcgkgf- |rc|jrkgf j |ivcr|ikg |rcqcgjkig jq vcmm jq

brcqqkgf s| aidnirjom{'

Qcckgf j Kqmjdka qaìmjr brcqq kg j ajqsjm djggcr vjq `c nkrq

qsr|rkqc `c{ fi- fckgf j ~cr{ qkd|mc bivg i$cjr` mcasrc `j bcm~cb

dirc kg i `c |rjakajm qkbc `jg `c `circkajm qkbc djbc `cd dirc

aidnirjomc i mkqcg jgb jqe zscqkigq' Jmìsf` ig i`cr |mjacq K vismb

igm{ bcmk~cr vi mcasrcq jq `c i`crq vcrc |rc|jrcb o{ i`cr qaìmjrq'

@igcqm{- nrid `c njacq jgb qdkmcq K qjv- `c{ vcrc jmm ì|cnsmm in

qidc qimskig i `c aignmka `j jnnmkacb `ckr njdkmkcq jgb `ckr mk~cq- jgb

`j qimskig mj{ j`cjb in ìqc vì vcrc mcasrkgf ocnirc `cd' Risf`

msae- ocajsqc ìgcqm{- `c qimskig jasjmm{ mj{ ocnirc `ckr c{cq'

V`cg K bcmk~crcb j jme ig /\kmmjrq jgb Nsgbjdcgjmq in Kqmjd/- K

qkgacrcm{ ocmkc~cb `j k vjq gi `c Dsqmkdq `j K qìsmb niasq d{ jme

kgi- jq c~cr{ Dsqmkd egivq jois `cqc `kgfq- K vjq qrsasrkgf `c

mcasrc ig ìv i |rcqcg `c fcgcrjm aigac|q jgb kbcjq v`{ `cqc kqqscq

jgb aigac|q vcrc arcjcb jq fskbjgac nir Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq `c

|`kmiqi|`kajm nisgbjkigq nir Dsqmkdq ockgf rczskrccb i ocmkc~c kg `cd'-

R`c gcp i|ka `j K bcmk~crcb- vjq /Qkddkmmjrkkcq jgb bknncrcgacq in

Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq-/ nsgg{ jq k vismb j||cjr- j mi in A`rkqkjg a`kmbrcg

vcrc qsr|rkqcb i `cjr `j Dsqmkdq mi~cb- rcq|cacb jgb a`crkq`cb `c

Okomkajm |ri|`cq' R`kq vjq j rc~cmjkig nir `cd' Qkgac [isgf Dsqmkdq vcrc

gi `j i|cg i jmekgf ir bkqasqqkgf `cimifkajm aigac|q vk` `ckr

A`rkqkjg nrkcgbq- kq vjq okf rcmkcn nir `cd i `cjr ìv i orcje a`sgeq in

rcmkfkisq kbcjq kgi bivg i cjr` kbcjq `j aismb oc bkfcqcb o{ oi`

Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq jmkec'


32/38

V`cg K bcmk~crcb `c jme /Dibcrjkig kg Kqmjd- j ojaebrjn kg

rcnmcakig/ K rcjmkxcb `j kgbccb jmìsf` `crc vcrc Dsqmkdq jgb `j d{

djkg jrfc jsbkcgac vjq i djec A`rkqkjgq sgbcrqjgb Dsqmkdq- k

j||cjrb `j K jmqi `jb i cp|mjkg `cqc aigac|q i Dsqmkdq jq vcmm vì

vcrc qs||iqcb i cq|isqc `kq aigac|' Ocajsqc- `c ~cr{ aigac| in ockgf

dibcrjc jgb gi i oc cprcdc kg ocmkcnq jgb `c aignmkaq q|rkgfkgf nrid

`c aigrjbkkigq vjq jg cp|crkcgac gi igm{ aignkgcb i Dsqmkdq

`cdqcm~cq- k vjq jg cp|crkcgac jgb |jrjbkfd `j q|rcjb i i`cr

rcmkfkigq jq vcmm'

R`kq vjq dssjmm{ jfrccb s|ig o{ A`rkqkjgq jgb Dsqmkdq jq vcmm' Nir

`cd- `c aigac| in dibcrjkig jq `c ocq djgkncqjkig in njk` vjq qsa`

j ~cr{ jrjak~c kbcj- `j igc ajg oc A`rkqkjg)Dsqmkd jgb oc aiim j `c

qjdc kdc vkìs aid|ridkqkgf `ckr rcmkfkig'

V`cgc~cr K vismb bcmk~cr d{ jme ig Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j iim nir

sgbcrqjgbkgf i`crq-k jmvj{q djecq `cd rcjmkxc `j kgbccb `kq kq j

gcv |jrjbkfd q kn kg bcjmkgf vk` cja` i`cr- `j kgbccb `crc jrc

|iqqkokmkkcq in djekgf `kq `j||cg jgb kgbccb k kq j ~cr{ |rjakajm qimskig

nir `cd- i dssjmm{ rcq|ca jgb jaac| cja` i`crq ~kcvq jgb i|kgkigq-

v`c`cr `c{ dj{ jfrccc vk` cja` i`cr ir gi' Kgkkjmm{ `c{ vcrc j j

miqq ìv i jaac| `c kbcj in jfrcckgf i jfrcc jgb jfrcckgf i bkqjfrcc' K

cp|mjkgcb `j k kq mkec jg kqqsc in `j~kgf qkddkmjr `kgfq {is mkec jgb qidc

`kgfq `j {is bkqmkec kg |ci|mc- igm{ kg `kq qksjkig `cqc jrc aigac|q

jgb gi |ci|mc `j {is dj{ gi jfrcc vk`- os {is dj{ qkmm rcq|ca jgb

jfrcc vk` i`cr `kgfq `j j |crqig dj{ ocmkc~c kg'


33/38

Kg|sq fk~cg bsrkgf `c qcdkgjr8

Ri|ka Fcgcrjm aigac| \`kmiqi|`kajm ~jmscv`{ k kq jsf`

Nsgbjdcgjmq inKqmjd

K kq j fskbc i `cocmkcn q{qcd inDsqmkdq jgb jfskbc nir `cd jq jvj{ in mknc

K qìvq `cd oi`ìv i bcjm vkoi` `c kgrkgqkajgb cprkgqka kqqscqjq j Dsqmkd'Kqìvq ìv

|ripkdjc `ckrocmkcn q{qcd kq iA`rkqkjgk{

Aiddigjmkkcq inKqmjd jgbA`rkqkjgk{

K qìvq ìv|ripkdjc `ckrocmkcn q{qcd kq iA`rkqkjgk{- k jmqiqìvcb `jDsqmkdq jgbA`rkqkjgq `j~c jmi kg aiddig'

Dibcrjkig KgKqmjd

Ri cp|jmkg `c`cimifkajm ojqkq inDibcrjkig jgb `cbjgfcr in cprcdkqd jq jqkfg in bc~kjgacjgbdkqsgbcrqjgbkgfin `c Rcja`kgfq inKqmjd

Dibcrjkig jmmivq|ci|mc cgisf`q|jac i kgcrjavk` qiakc{ vkìsr`j~kgf i oc jnrjkbin `c `cimifkajmmkdkjkigq `j kqkd|iqcb s|ig jocmkc~cr' K cgqsrcq`j `c egivq `j`c kq jakgf jmigf`c rsmcq qc o{rcmkfkig'

Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jqj ojqkq nirsgbcrqjgbkgfi`crq

R`kq aigac||ri~kbcq `c`cimifkajm ojqkq nirkgcrnjk` bkjmifscjq vcmm jq `c

K cgjomcq Dsqmkdqi oc |jrkak|jk~cjgb kgcrjak~c vk`|ci|mc in i`crrcmkfkigq vkìs


34/38

|`kmiqi| kajm ojqkqnir bcjmkgf vk`|ci|mc vì bknncrqkg ocmkcnq jgb|crac|kigq'

ockgf kg `cdkgbqc `j `c{jrc `c igm{ igcqvir`{ in qjm~jkig'

J `c cgb in `c |rcqcgjkigq- oi` Dsqmkdq jgb A`rkqkjgq rcjmkxcb

`j oi` jq kgbk~kbsjmq jgb Aiddsgk{ mcjbcrq- `c{ `j~c j mi i q`jrc-

sgbcrqjgb jgb rcmjc vk` cja` i`cr' R`c kg|sq fj~c `cd j dirc okffcr

|crqc|cak~c ig ìv i bcjm vk` |ci|mc nrid jgi`cr rcmkfkisq irkcgjkig

jgb `j~c j migf jgb mjqkgf nrkcgbq`k| vk` `cd' Kg nja k `jq djbc `cd

rcjmkxc `j j `c cgb in `c bj{- `c{ dj{ `j~c i qsoqsdc - |crk|`crjm

kqqscq jgb niasq dirc ig `c vcmnjrc in `c aiddsgkkcq `c{ qcr~c nir `c

occr kgcrcq jgb vcmnjrc in jmm'

V`j vjq jmqi fiib- vjq `j Rcja`crq nrid Rsoib- mjgji bcm Girc

jmqi rczscqcb nir qsa` j rjkgkgf jgb irkcgjkig- K vjq jomc i aigbsa j

qsddjrkxcb |rcqcgjkig mkec `kq nir qidc cja`crq in \imidimia Qis`

Aijoji jgb R`c{ rcjmm{ j||rcakjcb `c asmsrjm jgb rcmkfkisq qcgqkk~kkcq

`j K vjq jomc i `kf`mkf` jgb djec `cd sgbcrqjgb `cqc kqqscq'

\crqigjmm{ K `j~c rcjmkxcb j mi in `kgfq d{qcmn' Nkrq- `c |jrjbkfd

in kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc dsq gi oc aignkgcb i ck`cr `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc

ir amcrf{ jgb qc|jrjcb nrid `c rcfsjmr djqqcq'

K dsq oc sgbcrqiib `j `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc)amcrf{ dsq orkgf jgb

cp|mjkg jak~cm{ i `ckr hjdj&j`)nmiae `c gccb in kgcrrcmkfkisq bkjmifsc jq

vcmm jq sgbcrjec aiddsgk{ vkbc qc|q i cgqsrc `c qsaacqq in `cqc

cgbcj~isrq' K `j~c rcjmkxcb `j oi` A`kqkjg jgb Dsqmkd rcmkfkisq qaìmjrq

gccb i kgasmajc `kq aigac| jdigf `ckr ~cr{ ivg amcrf{)mj{ |ci|mc' Jq

diq in `c {isgf |ci|mc vì `j~c ncjrq rcfjrbkgf `kq aigac|q girdjmm{


35/38

jrkosc `ckr hsqknkajkigq nrid `ckr ~cr{ ivg qaìmjrq jgb amcrf{

rcfjrbkgf `c kgj||mkajokmk{ in kgcr$rcmkfkisq bkjmifsc'

\cr`j|q kg Dcri Djgkmj `kq dj{ gi oc `j ajqc- os kg kqimjcb

jrcjq- `kq `jq occg diqm{ `c ajqc jq K `jb cp|crkcgacb kg jmm in `c `rcc

jrcjq `j K `j~c bigc d{ rjkgkgfq' Jgb `sq K ocmkc~c `j cnnirq dsq oc

bigc qi `j `cqc aigac|q rkaemc bivg i `cqc jrcjq jgb oc c~cgsjmm{

oc j |jrjbkfd `j vismb oc q`jrcb o{ jmm'

K kq kd|irjg `j kg irbcr nir `c {isgfcr |ci|mc i jbi| `c

|jrjbkfd in Kgcrnjk` bkjmifsc- |jrkasmjrm{ jbi|kgf `c iimq in Kqmjdka

|msrjmkqd- `c rcmkfkisq |ci|mc dsq `j~c jg jak~c |jr kg sgbcrqjgbkgfjgb asmk~jkgf `kq kgcmmcasjm mcfja{ `j kq djgkncqcb kg oi` `c Zsr&jg

jgb `jbk`' Nir k kq `c i|kgkig in `c ec{ nirdjirq in `cqc {is` `j

dj{ c~cgsjmm{ oc kd|rcqqcb kg `ckr dkgbq5 jgb kn `c nirdjirq

`cdqcm~cq jrc gi i|cg i `cqc |jrjbkfd q`knq- `cg kgbccb vc gccb i

bi cprj cnnirq i oc jomc i mc `cd cdorjac `kq |jrjbkfd' Qsa` j

qsoasmsrc kg is {is` dj{ kgbccb oc `c kd|csq in j rcgcvcb `rsq nir

\cjac'

Vì qìsmb vc oc kg~im~kgf kg `kq |jrjbkfd q`kn9

I`cr `jg `c {is` `cdqcm~cq- vc dsq kg~im~c `c aiddsgk{

mcjbcrq- `c cja`crq vì jrc vk` `cd `cd bsrkgf `c bj{- jq vcmm jq `c

qaìmjrq vì jb~kqc `cd ig rcmkfkisq djcrq' O{ kg~im~kgf `cqc `rcc ec{

fris|q- vk` qs||ir nrid oi` `c miajm fi~crgdcg jgb gjkigjmkgkkjk~cq- rcq jqqsrcb `kq |jrjbkfd in Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd ockgf jbi|cb o{

Dsqmkdq jq vcmm jq |msrjmkqd nrid j A`rkqkjg |crqc|cak~c vismb oc

cdorjacb jq j vj{ ni mknc cgqsrkgf dssjm rcq|ca jgb |cjac nir `c aidkgf

kdcq'


36/38

R`c Js`ir vismb jmqi mkec i jaegivmcbfc jgb `jge `c Kgcr$

Jfcga{ jqe nirac `j irfjgkxcb `c [is` mcjbcrq`k| qsddk- hikgm{

`cjbcb o{ Qca' Dcqj a`kcn in `c-GARS jgb Aidddkqqkigcr Di`jddjb

Ajdkb in `c Gjkigjm [is` Aiddkqqkig- nir jmmivkgf dc i oc |jr in `j

jak~k{ jq vcmm jq sqc `c kg|skq nrid `c qcdkgjr)rjkgkgfq jq `c ojqkq in

d{ aigncrcgac |j|cr'

_cncrcgacq8

1' Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j iim nir sgbcrqjgbkgf i`crq- aigncrcgac |j|cr

|rcqcgjkig-R`cirkcq jgb \rjakacq in Kgcrnjk` Bkjmifsc kg R`c

\`kmk||kgcq-J|rkm?2$?>- Bcmj Qjmc Sgk~crqk{ -Djgkmj

2' Qja`cbkgj- Jobsmjxkx- R`c Kqmjdka _iiq in Bcdiarjka \msrjmkqd-Acgcr

nir Qrjcfka jgb Kgcrgjkigjm Qsbkcq-?


37/38

Mk~kgf vk` Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jq j vj{ in Mknc ( \iqqark|+8

@j~kgf bkqasqqcb jgb qjkb c~cr{`kgf jois `c bknncrcg jq|caq in

Kqmjdka \msrjmkqd jgb `iv kd|crjk~c `j vc kg j fmiojmkxcb virmb vismb

gccb i sqc k jq j fskbc|iq nir rcmjkigq`k|q vk` oi` |ci|mc vk`kg isr

rcmkfkisq rjbkkigq (Kqmjd+ jq vcmm jq `iqc isqkbc isr rcmkfkisq rjbkkigq

(gig$Dsqmkdq+'

V`jr r`c Zs&jg |sq`cq nivjb jq j |jjbkfd kq |mjkg jgb qkd|mc5

Kqmjdka \msjmkqd kq j |iacqq o{ v`ka` kr aismb |i~kbc oir` j

cr`kajm-r`cimifkajm jgb q|kkrsjm ojqkq ni bkjmifsc- dcbkjrkig jgb r`c nifkgf

in kgrc$cmkfkisq cmjrkigq k|q ri oskmb j fmiojm aiddsgkr{ in bk~cqc

q|kkrsjm rjbkrkigq'


38/38

Documents

Islamic Pluralism as a Basis for Muslim Livin