HAA 128g Pro-Seminar: Syllabus and Readings Professor David J. Roxburgh Spring 2005: Monday 3:00–5:00, Sackler 119 Sackler 410; (617) 496 1056

roxburgh@fas.harvard.edu Office Hours: Wednesday 12:00–2:00

I S L A M I C E P I G R A P H Y A N D C A L L I G R A P H Y

S P I R I T U A L G E O M E T R I E S A N D B O D I L Y I N S T R U M E N T S Examines the use of writing on different art forms including architecture from the Islamic lands

with an emphasis on the period between ca. 600 and 1500. The course will introduce key

methodologies in the study of writing and the full range of scripts, orthographic conventions, and

textual content. Aesthetic, cultural and sociopolitical questions will be treated and critical issues

such as the text as image debate. No knowledge of Arabic or Persian is required.

READINGS:

All required books and articles (from journals, conference proceedings, or edited books) are on

reserve at the Fine Arts Library and should be read before the weekly meeting for which they are

assigned. Some books are on open reserve, others on closed reserve; the articles are arranged

alphabetically by author in a binder.

The work of the seminar will involve discussion of the readings. A select bibliography

accompanies the syllabus. Studies marked with a double asterisk are also on reserve at Fine Arts

Library.

REQUIREMENTS:

The final grade is broken down as follows: weekly participation in classroom discussion 30%;

research presentation 20% of no more than 20 minutes [to be accompanied by a bibliography

and an 8–page typed version of the paper]; final research paper 50% on a topic of the student’s

choice in consultation with the professor. The final paper is due on May 18.

2

TOPICS BY WEEK February 7 Introduction: Epigraphy and Calligraphy in Islamic Art February 14 The Features of the Arabic Script and Its Development February 21 HOLIDAY February 28 The Koran March 7 Macrographia and Micrographia: Jerusalem and Cordoba March 14 Fatimid Cairo: Case Study March 21 Tiraz and Coins March 26–April 3 SPRING BREAK April 4 Samanid Epigraphic Ware April 11 The Culture of Writing April 18 Writing/Image: The Contested Meanings of Writing April 25 STUDENT PRESENTATIONS May 2 STUDENT PRESENTATIONS May 9 STUDENT PRESENTATIONS May 18 FINAL RESEARCH PAPER DUE

3

READINGS BY WEEK February 7 Introduction: Epigraphy and Calligraphy in Islamic Art February 14 The Features of the Arabic Script and Its Development

Readings: Nabia Abbott, “Arabic Palaeography” Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet, “De l’araméen à l’arabe: quelques

reflections sur la genèse de l’écriture arabe” John F. Healey, “Nabataean to Arabic: Calligraphy and Script

Development Among the Pre-Islamic Arabs” Janine Sourdel-Thomine, “Les origines de l’écriture arabe: à propos

d’une hypothèse récente” ________. “L’écriture arabe et son evolution ornamentale” ________. “Quelques étapes et perspectives de l’épigraphie arabe”

February 21 HOLIDAY

Readings: Sheila S. Blair, Islamic Inscriptions Richard Ettinghausen, “Arabic Calligraphy: Communication or Symbolic

Affirmation” J. Sourdel-Thomine, “Kitabat,” EI2, 5:210–16; and J. Sourdel-Thomine,

“Khatt,” EI2, 4:1113–28 February 28 The Koran

Readings: Jacques Berque, “The Koranic Text: From Revelation to Compilation” J. Burton, “Mushaf,” EI2, 7:668–9 François Déroche, The Abbasid Tradition: Qur’ans of the 8th to 10th Centuries

AD, pp. 1–47 + browse catalogue entries Yasin Dutton, “Red dots, green dots, yellow dots and blue: some

reflections on the vocalization of early Qur’anic Manuscripts, Part 1”

4

Alain Fouad George, “The Geometry of the Qur’an of Amajur: A Preliminary Study of Proportion in Early Arabic Calligraphy”

Solange Ory, “Du Coran récité au Coran calligraphié” Yasser Tabbaa, “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part 1, Qur'anic

Calligraphy” Estelle Whelan, “Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification

of the Qur’an” March 7 Macrographia and Micrographia: Jerusalem and Cordoba

Readings: Erica Dodd and Shereen Khairallah, The Image of the Word: A Study of

Koranic Verses in Islamic Architecture, 2 vols, 1:1–89 + browse vol. 2 Oleg Grabar, The Shape of the Holy, pp. 56–71 P. Grierson, “The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik” Adolf Grohmann, “The Origin and Development of Floriated Kufic” Christel Kessler, “Abd al-Malik’s Inscription in the Dome of the Rock: A

Reconsideration” Nuha Khoury, “The Meaning of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the

Tenth Century” Ernst Kühnel, Die islamischen Elfenbeinskuplturen VIII–XIII Jahrhundert, review

cats 19–51 and accompanying plates E. Levi-Provençal, Inscriptions arabes d’Espagne, 2 vols, vol. 1, pp. IX–

XXXVI and cat. nos 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; vol. 2, plates 3, 4, and 5 March 14 Fatimid Cairo: A Case Study

Readings: Irene Bierman. Writing Signs: The Fatimid Public Text

March 21 Tiraz and Coins

Readings: Sheila S. Blair, “Inscriptions on Medieval Islamic Textiles” ________. “A Note on the Prayers Inscribed on Several Medieval Silk

Textiles in the Abegg Foundation”

5

Sheila S. Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom and Anne E. Wardwell, “Re-

evaluating the Date of the ‘Buyid’ Silks by Epigraphic and Radiocarbon Analysis”

Florence Day, “The Tiraz Silk of Marwan” ________. “The Inscription of the Boston ‘Baghdad’ Silk: A Note on

Method in Epigraphy” Ernst Kühnel, Catalogue of Dated Tiraz Fabrics: Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, pp.

1–4 + browse catalogue entries Y. K. Stillman et al, “Tiraz,” EI2, 10:534–8; and C. E. Bosworth, et al,

“Sikka,” EI2, 9:591–9 M. Levey, “Medieval Arabic Minting of Gold and Silver Coins” C. Toll, “Minting Technique According to Arabic Literary Sources”

March 26–April 3 SPRING BREAK April 4 Samanid Epigraphic Ware

Readings: Oya Pancaroglu, “Serving Wisdom: The Contents of Samanid

Epigraphic Pottery” Lisa Volov, “Plaited Kufic on Samanid Epigraphic Pottery”

April 11 The Culture of Writing

Readings: Ibn al-Nadim. The Fihrist of al-Nadim, pp. 1–40. Seyyid Hossein Nasr, “Oral transmission and the book in Islamic

education: the spoken and the written word” R. Sellheim, “Sama’, 2.” EI2, 8:1018–20 Georges Vajda, “De la transmission orale du savoir dans l’Islam

traditionnel” Franz Rosenthal, “Significant Uses of Arabic Writing” ________. “Abu Hayyan At-Tawhidi on Penmanship”

6

April 18 Writing/Image: The Contested Meanings of Writing Readings:

Sheila S. Blair, “Legibility versus Decoration in Islamic Epigraphy: The

Case of Interlacing” Oleg Grabar, Mediation of Ornament, chap. 2, pp. 47–119 Anthony Welch, “Epigraphs as Icons”

7

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS AND PRIMERS ‘Abd al-Baqi, Muhammad Fu’ad. Al-Mu’jam al-mufahras li-alfaz al-Qur’an al-Karim. Beirut, 1999.

[Widener WID-LC Mid East BP133.A18 199x] Ali, Ahmed. Al-Quran. A Contemporary Translation by Ahmed Ali. Princeton, N.J., 1984. ** Atiyeh, George N., ed. The Book in the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the

Middle East. Albany, NY, 1995. Baltaci, Cahit. Islam Paleografyasi (Diplomatik-Arsivcilik). Istanbul, 1989. Bayani, Mahdi. Ahval va athar-i khushnivisan. 2 vols., 4 pts. Tehran, 1363/1984–85. ** Blair, Sheila S. The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Leiden, 1992. ** ________. Islamic Inscriptions. New York, 1998. Bloom, Jonathan M. Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World. New

Haven, 2001. Bosworth, Clifford. The New Islamic Dynasties. New York, 1996. Combe, E., Jean Sauvaget and G. Wiet. Repertoire chronologique d’epigraphie arabe. Vols 1–17.

Cairo, 1931–82. Encyclopaedia Iranica. London, 1982–. Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition [henceforth EI2]. Leiden, 1960–. ** Endress, Gerhard. An Introduction to Islam. Edinburgh, 1988 [contains useful chapter on

structure of Arabic names] ** Freeman-Grenville, G. The Muslim and Christian Calendars. London, 1963.

or for hijri/miladi date converter, visit http://koran.topcities.com/Calender.htm ** Gacek, Adam. The Arabic Manuscript Tradition. A Glossary of Technical Terms and Bibliography.

Leiden, 2001. ** Hanaway, William, and Brian Spooner. Reading Nasta’liq: Persian and Urdu Hands from 1500 to

the Present. Costa Mesa, Calif., 1995. ** Ibn al-Nadim. The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture. Edited and

translated by Bayard Dodge. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.

8

Materiaux pour un corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum

See monographs listed under INSCRIPTIONS Pearson, J. Index Islamicus. Cambridge, 1958–74 [updates available on CD-ROM] ** Pedersen, Johannes. The Arabic Book. Princeton, N.J., 1984. Taqizadeh, S. H. “Various Eras and Calendars Used in the Countries of Islam.” Bulletin of the

School of Oriental and African Studies 9 (1937): 903–22; Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 10 (1939): 107–32.

Von Zambaur, E. Manuel de genealogie et de chronologie pour l’histoire de l’Islam. Hannover, 1927. Wensinck, A. J. Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane. 8 vols. Leiden, 1936–88; reprinted

1982. Whelan, Estelle. “Early Islam, Emerging Patterns (622–1050).” In Islamic Art and Patronage:

Treasures from Kuwait, ed. Esin Atil, pp. 41–54. New York, 1991. COPYING AND TRANSMISSION Gacek, Adam. “Technical Practices and Recommendations Recorded by Classical and Post-

Classical Arabic Scholars Concerning the Copying and Correction of Manuscripts.” Varia Turcica 8 (1989): 51–60.

** Nasr, Seyyid Hossein. “Oral transmission and the book in Islamic education: the spoken and

the written word.” Journal of Islamic Studies 3, 1 (1992): 1–14. ** Sellheim, R. “Sama’.” EI2, 8:1019–1020. ** Vajda, Georges. “De la transmission orale du savoir dans l’Islam traditionnel.” L’Arabisant 5

(1975): 2–8. ________. “Idjaza.” EI2, 3:1020–1021. INSCRIPTIONS Afshar, Iraj. “Two Twelfth-Century Gravestones of Yazd in Mashhad and Washington.” Studia

Iranica 2 (1973): 203–11. Ahmed, Shamsud-din. Inscriptions of Bengal, vol. 4 (Being a Corpus of Inscriptions of the Muslim Rulers of

Bengal From 1233 to 1855 A.C.). Rajshahi, 1960. Alexander, David. The Arts of War: Arms and Armour of the 7th to 19th Centuries. London, 1992.

9

Allan, J. W. Islamic Metalwork: The Nuhad Es-Said Collection. London, 1982. ________. Metalwork of the Islamic World: The Aron Collection. London, 1986. Amari, M. Le epigrafi arabiche di Sicilia, inscrizione edili. Palermo, 1971. Anglade, Elise. Catalogue des boiseries de la section islamique, Musée du Louvre. Paris, 1988. Asher, Frederick, and G. S. Gai, eds. Indian Epigraphy: Its Bearing on the History of Art. New Delhi,

1985. Atil, Esin. Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks. Washington, D.C., 1981. Atil, Esin, W. T. Chase and Paul Jett. Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Gallery of Art. Washington,

D.C., 1985. Baer, Eva. Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art. Albany, NY, 1983. ** Balog, Paul. “Pious invocations probably used as titles of office or as honorific titles in

Umayyad and ‘Abbasid Times.” In Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet, ed. Miriam Rosen-Ayalon, pp. 61–8. Jerusalem, 1977.

Berchem, Max Van. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum II: Syrie du Sud, Mémoires de

l’Institut Français Archéologique du Caire 43–45. Cairo, 1920–22. Berchem, Max Van, and Halil Edhem. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum III: Asie

Mineure I, Mémoires de l’Institut Français Archéologique du Caire 29. Cairo, 1910–17. Bergeret, Jean and Ludvik Kalus. “Analyse de décors épigraphiques et floraux à Qazwin au

début du Vie/XIIe siècle.” Revue des Études Islamiques 45, 1 (1977): 89–130. Bernus, M., H. Marchal and G. Vial. “Le suaire de Saont-Josse.” Bulletin du Liaison du Centre

International d’Études des Textiles Anciens 33 (1971): 1–57. Bierman, Irene. “Art and Politics: The Impact of Fatimid Uses of Tiraz Fabrics.” Ph.D. diss.

University of Chicago, 1980. Bittar, Thérèse. Pierres et stucs épigraphiés. Paris, 2003. Bivar, A.D.H., and Ehsan Yarshater, eds. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Part 4, Persian Inscriptions

Down to the Early Safavid Period, vol. 6, Mazandaran Province. London, 1978. Blair, Sheila S. “The Inscriptions From the Tomb Tower at Bastam: An Analysis of Ilkhanid

Epigraphy.” In Art et Société dans le Monde Iranien, ed. Chahryar Adle, pp. 263–88. Paris, 1982.

10

** ________. “Legibility versus Decoration in Islamic Epigraphy: The Case of Interlacing.” In World Art: Themes of Unity in Diversity: Acts of the XXVIth International Congress of the History of Art, ed. Irving Lavin, pp. 329–34. University Park, Penna, 1989.

** ________. “Inscriptions on Medieval Islamic Textiles.” In Islamische Textilkunst des Mittelalters:

Aktuelle Probleme = Riggisberger Berichte 5 (1997): 95–104. ** ________. “A Note on the Prayers Inscribed on Several Medieval Silk Textiles in the Abegg

Foundation.” In Islamische Textilkunst des Mittelalters: Aktuelle Probleme = Riggisberger Berichte 5 (1997): 128–38.

** Blair, Sheila S., Jonathan M. Bloom and Anne E. Wardwell. “Re-evaluating the Date of the

‘Buyid’ Silks by Epigraphic and Radiocarbon Analysis.” Ars Orientalis 22 (1992): 1–43. Bombaci, Alessio. The Kufic Inscription in Persian Verses in the Court of the Royal Palace of Mas’ud III at

Ghazni. Rome, 1966. Bourilly, J., and E, Laoust. Stèles funeraires marocaines. Paris, 1927. Burgoyne, Michael H. “A Recently Discovered Marwanid Inscription in Jerusalem.” Levant 14

(1982): 118–21. Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and Amal Abul-Hajj. “Twenty-four Medieval Arabic Inscriptions

from Jerusalem.” Levant 11 (1979): 112–37. Caskel, W. Arabic Inscriptions in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of New York. New York, 1936. Colin, G. Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l’Algerie: Département d’Alger. Paris, 1901. Combe, Etienne. “Tissus Fatimides du Musée Benaki.” In Mélanges Maspero. 3 vols. Cairo,

1934. Content, Derek J. Islamic Rings and Gems: The Benjamin Zucker Collection. London, 1982. Dani, Ahmad Hasan. Bibliography of the Muslim Inscriptions of Bengal (down to A.D. 1538). Appendix

to the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 2 (1957). Dacca, 1957. David-Weill, J. Les bois à épigraphes jusqu’à l’époque mamlouke. Cairo, 1931. Day, Florence. “Dated Tiraz in the Collection of the University of Michigan.” Ars Islamica 4

(1937): 421–28. ** ________. “The Tiraz Silk of Marwan.” In Archaeologica Orientalia in Memorian Ernst Herzfeld,

ed. G. C. Miles, pp. 39–61. Locust valley, N.Y., 1952. ** ________. “The Inscription of the Boston ‘Baghdad’ Silk: A Note on Method in Epigraphy.”

Ars Orientalis 1 (1954): 191–4.

11

Deverdun, G. Inscriptions arabes de Marrakech. Rabat, 1956. Dijkema, F. Th. The Ottoman Historical Inscriptions in Edirne. Leiden, 1977. Elisséeff, Nikita. “La titulature de Nur al-Din après ses inscriptions.” Bulletin des Études Orientales

14 (1952–4): 155–96. Ettinghausen, Richard. “The Bobrinski ‘kettle’: Patron and Style of an Islamic Bronze.” Gazette

des Beaux-Arts [6th series] 24 (1943): 193–208. ________. “The ‘Wade-Cup’ in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Its Origins and Decorations.”

Ars Orientalis 2 (1957): 327–66. ________. “Kufesque in Byzantine Greece, the Latin West and the Muslim World.” In A

Colloquium in Memory of George Carpenter Miles (1904–1975), pp. 28–47. New York, 1976. Fernández-Puertas, Antonio. “Calligraphy in al-Andalus.” In The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed.

Salma Khadra Jayyusi, pp. 639–76. Leiden, 1992. Flury, S. Die Ornamente der Hakim- und Ashar-Moschee. Heidelberg, 1912. ________. “Das Schriftband an der Türe des Mahmud von Ghazna (998–1030).” Der Islam 8

(1918): 214–27. ________. “Bandeaux ornementés à inscriptions arabes, Amida-Diarbekr IXe [sic] siècle.” Syria

1 (1920): 235–49; 318–28; Syria 2 (1921): 54–62. ________. “Le décor épigraphiques des monuments de Ghazna.” Syria 6 (1925): 61–90. ________. “Ein Stuckmihrab des IV. (X.) Jahrhunderts.” Jahrbuch der Asiatischen Kunst 1 (1925):

106–9. ________. “Le décor épigraphique des monuments fatimides du Caire.” Syria 17 (1936): 365–

76. ________. “Ornamental Kufic Inscriptions on Pottery.” In A Survey of Persian Art, ed. A. U. Pope

and P. Ackerman, 1:743–69. London, 1939. Garcia Gómez, E. Poemas árabes en los Muros y Fuentes de la Alhambra. Madrid, 1985. Gaube, Heinz. Arabische Inschriften aus Syrie. Beiruter Texte und Studien. Beirut, 1978. Ghouchani, Abdallah. Khatt-i Kufi Maqili dar Masajid-i Bastani-yi Isfahan. Tehran, 1985. ________. Katibha-yi sufal-i Nayshabur. Tehran, 1986.

12

________. Persian Poetry on the Tiles of Takht-i Sulayman. Tehran, 1992. Giuzalian [Gyuzal’yan], L. T. “The Bronze Qalamdan (pencase) 542/1148 from the Hermitage

Collection (1936–1965).” Ars Orientalis 7 (1968): 95–119. Glidden, Harold W., and Deborah Thompson. “Tiraz Fabrics in the Byzantine Collection,

Dumbarton Oaks, Part One: Tiraz from Egypt.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 2 (1988): 119–39.

________. “Tiraz Fabrics in the Byzantine Collection, Dumbarton Oaks, Parts Two and Three:

Tiraz from the Yemen, Iraq, Iran, and an Unknown Place.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 3 (1989): 89–105.

Golombek, Lisa, and V. Gervers. “Tiraz Fabrics in the Royal Ontario Museum.” In Studies in

Textile History in Memory of Harold B. Burnham, ed. V. Gervers, pp. 82–125. Toronto, 1977. Grabar, Oleg. “Review of Epigrafika Vostoka I–VIII.” Ars Orientalis 1 (1954): 15–37. ** ________. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton, N.J., 1996. ** Grohmann, Adolf. “The Origin and Development of Floriated Kufic.” Ars Orientalis 2 (1957):

184–213. ________. Arabische Paläographie. 2 vols. Vienna, 1971. Hanaway, William L., ed. Corpus Inscriptionum iranicarum, Part IV: Persian Inscriptions Down to the

Early Safavid Period, vol. 2: Khorasan Province, Portfolio I: Khorasan I. London, 1977. Hawary, H., and H. Rached. Les steles funéraires. Vols 1 and 3. Cairo, 1932–8. El-Hawary, Hassan M., and Gaston Wiet. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum IV:

Arabie. Mémoires de l’Institut français archéologique du Caire 109, 1. Cairo. 1985. Herzfeld, Ernst. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum II: Inscriptions et Monuments d’Alep.

Mémoires de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 76–78. Cairo. 1954–5. Hillenbrand, Carole. “Jihad Propaganda in Syria from the Time of the First Crusade Until the

Death of Zengi: The Evidence of Monumental Inscriptions.” In The Frankish Wars and Their Influence in Palestine, eds. K. Athamina and R. Heacock, pp. 60–9. Jerusalem, 1994.

Hillenbrand, Robert. “Qur’anic Epigraphy in Medieval Islamic Architecture.” Revue des Études

Islamiques 54 (1986): 171–87. Horovitz, J. “A List of the Published Mohammedan Inscriptions of India.” Epigraphia Indo-

Moslemica (1909–10): 30–144. Hunarfar, Lutfallah. Ganjina-yi Athar-i Tarikh-i Isfahan. Tehran 1350/1977.

13

Hussain, M. A. A Record of All the Qur’anic and Non-Historical Epigraphs on the Protected Monuments of the

Delhi Province. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 47. Calcutta, 1936. Irani, Rida A. K. “Arabic Numeral Forms.” Centaurus 4, 1 (1955–6): 1–12. Jaussen, J. A. “Inscriptions arabes de la ville d’Hébron.” Bulletin de l’Institut d’Archéologie Orientale

25 (1925): 1–45. Kalus, Ludvik. Catalogue des Cachets, Bulles et Talismans Islamiques. Paris. 1981. Karamagarali, Beyhan. Ahlat Mezartaslari. Ankara, 1972. Karim, Abdul. Corpus of the Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Bengal. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

Dhaka, 1992. Kendrick, A. F. Catalogue of Muhammedan Textiles of the Medieval Period. London, 1924. ** Kessler, Christel. “Abd al-Malik’s Inscription in the Dome of the Rock: A Reconsideration.”

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1970: 2–14. Komaroff, Linda. “Persian Verses of Gold and Silver: The Inscriptions on Timurid

Metalwork.” In Timurid Art and Culture: Iran and Central Asia in the Fifteenth Century, eds. Lisa Golombek and Maria Subtelny, pp. 144–57. Leiden, 1992.

** Kühnel, Ernst. Catalogue of Dated Tiraz Fabrics: Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid. Washington, D.C.,

1952. ** ________. Die islamischen Elfenbeinskuplturen VIII–XIII Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1971. Lamm, C. J. “Dated or Datable Tiraz in Sweden.” Monde Oriental 32 (1938): 103–25. Lanci, Michelangelo. Tratto delle simboliche rappresentazione arabiche. Paris, 1845–6. Lane–Poole, S. Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum. Paris, 1891. ** Levi-Provençal, E. Inscriptions arabes d’Espagne. 2 vols. Leiden, 1931. Lowick, Nicholas M. Siraf XV: The Coins and Monumental Inscriptions. London, 1985. Mantran, Robert. “Les inscriptions arabes de Brousse.” Bulletin d’Études Orientales 14 (1952–4):

87–114. ________. “Les inscriptions turques de Brousse.” Oriens 11 (1959): 115–70. Marzouk, Muhammad Abdel Aziz. “The Evolution of Inscriptions on Fatimid Textiles.” Ars

Islamica 10 (1942): 164–66.

14

Mayer, L. A. Islamic Architects and Their Works. Geneva, 1956 ________. Islamic Astrolabists and Their Works. Geneva, 1956. ________. Islamic Woodcarvers and Their Works. Geneva, 1958. ________. Islamic Metalworkers and Their Works. Geneva, 1959. ________. Islamic Armourers and Their Works. Geneva, 1962. Melikian-Chirvani, A. S. “Le royaume de Salomon: les inscriptions persanes de sites

achéménides.” Le monde iranien et l’Islam 1 (1971): 1–41. ________. “Iranian Metalwork and the Written Word.” Apollo (April, 1976): 286–91. Mercier, G. Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l’Algerie: département de Constantine. Paris. 1902. Micklewright, Nancy. “Tiraz Fragments: Unanswered Questions About Medieval Islamic

Textiles.” In Brocade of the Pen: The Art of Islamic Writing, ed. C. G. Fisher, pp. 31–46. East Lansing, MI, 1991.

Miles, George C. “Epitaphs from an Isfahan Graveyard.” Ars Islamica 6 (1939): 151–7. ________. “Early Islamic Inscriptions Near Ta’if in the Hijaz.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 7

(1948): 236–42. ________. “Early Islamic Tombstones from Egypt in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.” Ars

Orientalis 2 (1957): 215–26. Minovi, M. “A Persian Quatrain on a Dyed Silk.” Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art and

Archaeology 5 (1937): 170–1. Moaz, K., and S. Ory. Inscriptions Arabes de Damas: Les Stèles Funéraires. I. Cimetière d’al-Bab al-Sagir.

Damascus, 1977. Morton, A. H. Glass Weights in the British Museum. London, 1985. Nath, R. Calligraphic Art in Mughal Architecture. Calcutta, 1979. Nykl, A. R. “The Inscription on the Freer Vase.” Ars Orientalis 2 (1957): 496–7. Ocaña Jimenez, M. Repertorio de inscripciones árabes de Almería. Madrid, 1964. Ory, Solange. Cimetières et inscriptions du Hawran et du Gabal al-Duruz. Paris, 1989.

15

Otavsky, Karel, and Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Salim. Mittelalterliche Textilien I: Ägypten, Persien und Mesopotamien, Spanien und Nordafrika. Riggisberg, 1995.

** Pancaroglu, Oya. “Serving Wisdom: The Contents of Samanid Epigraphic Pottery.” In

Studies in Islamic and Later Indian Art from the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, pp 59–75. Cambridge, Mass., 2002.

Pauty, E. Les bois sculptés jusqu’à l’époque ayyoubide. Cairo, 1931. Pfister, R. “Toiles à inscriptions Abbasides et Fatimides.” Bulletin d’Études Orientales 9 (1945–6):

46–90. Pinder-Wilson, R. H., and C. N. L. Brooke. “The Reliquary of St. Petroc and the Ivories of

Norman Sicily.” Archaeologia 104 (1973): 261–306. Ragib, Yusuf. “Un contrat de mariage sur soie d’Égypte Fatimide.” Annales Islamologiques 16

(1980): 31–7. Rice. D. S. The Baptistère de St. Louis. Paris, 1953. ________. “The Brasses of Badr al-Din Lu’lu’.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

13, 3 (1951): 627–34. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14

(1952): 564–78. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork—II.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

15 (1953): 61–79. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork—III.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

15 (1953): 229–45. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork—IV.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

15 (1953): 489–503. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork—V.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

17 (1955): 206–31. ________. “Inlaid Brasses from the Workshop of Ahmad al-Dhaki al-Mawsili.” Ars Orientalis 2

(1957): 283–326. ________. “Studies in Islamic Metalwork—VI.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

21 (1958): 225–53. Rogers, J. M. “Calligraphy and Common Script: Epitaphs from Aswan and Akhlat.” In Content

and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, ed. Priscilla P. Soucek, pp. 105–37. University Park, Penna., 1988.

16

Roy, B., and P. Poinssot. Inscriptions arabes de Kairouan. Paris, 1950–8. Salim, Muhammad ‘Abbas Muhammad. “The Inscriptions on Islamic Fabrics in the Abegg

Foundation.” Riggisberger Berichte 5 (1997): 123–8. Sauvaget, Jean. “Glanes épigraphiques.” Revue des Études Islamiques 6 (1941–6): 17–28. Schneider, Madeleine. “Les inscriptions arabes de l’ensemble architectural de Zafar-Di Bin

(Yemen du Nord).” Journal Asiatique 273 (1985): 61–137, 293–369. ________. “Deux etudes d’épigraphie arabe.” Journal Asiatique 275 (1987): 223–52. ________. “Musalla Dawud (Yemen du Nord) et ses stèles funéraires musulmanes.” Journal

Asiatique 280 (1992): 1–79. Schorta, Regula. “Technische Aspekte gewerbter Inschriften.” Riggisberger Berichte 5 (1997):

139–43. Sharon, M. “An Arabic Inscription from the Time of ‘Abd al-Malik.” Bulletin of the School of

Oriental and African Studies 29 (1966): 369–72. ________. “Un nouveau corpus des inscriptions arabes de Palestine.” Revue des Études Islamiques

42 (1974): 185–91. ________. “The Ayyubid Walls of Jerusalem: A New Inscription from the Time of al-

Mu’azzam ‘Isa.” In Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet, ed. M. Rosen-Ayalon, pp. 179–94. Jerusalem, 1977.

Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf. “An Epigraphical Journey to an Eastern Islamic Land.” Muqarnas 7

(1990): 83–109. Sobernheim, M. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum II: Syrie du Nord, Mémoires de

l’Institut français archéologique du Caire 25. Cairo, 1909. Sourdel-Thomine, Janine. Epitaphes Coufiques de Bab Saghir, vol. 4 of Monuments Ayyoubides de

Damas. Paris, 1950. ________. “Stèles arabes anciennes de Syrie du nord.” Annales Archéologiques de Syrie 6 (1956):

11–38. ________. “Stèles arabes de Bust (Afghanistan).” Arabica 3 (1956): 285–306. ________. “Le Coufique Alépin de l’époque Seljoukide.” In Mélanges Louis Massignon, 3:301–18.

Damascus, 1957. ________. “Deux epitaphes arabes anciennes.” Eretz-Israel 7 (1964): 112–15.

17

________. “Clefs et serrures de la Ka’ba.” Revue des Études Islamiques 39, 1 (1971): 29–86. ________. “Quelques reflexions sur l’écriture des premières stèles arabes du Caire.” Annales

Islamologiques 11 (1972): 23–35. ________. “Inscriptions Seljoukides et salles à coupoles de Qazwin en Iran.” Revue des Études

Islamiques 42 (1974): 3–43. Tirmizi, S. A. I. Ajmer Through Inscriptions (1532–1852 A.D.). New Delhi, 1968. Valderrama Martínez, F. Inscriptiones árabes de Tetuán. Madrid, 1975. Ventrone, Giovanna. “Iscrizioni inedite su ceramica samanide in collezioni italiane.” In

Gururajamanjarika: Studi in onore di Giuseppe Tucci, 1:221–32. Naples, 1974. ** Volov, Lisa. “Plaited Kufic on Samanid Epigraphic Pottery.” Ars Orientalis 6 (1966): 107–34. Walker, J. “Six Kufic Inscriptions.” Le Muséon 54 (1951): 151–6. Walls, Archibald G., and Amal Abu al-Hajj. Arabic Inscriptions in Jerusalem: A Handlist and Maps.

London, 1980. Watson, Oliver. “Documentary mina’i and Abu Zayd’s Bowls.” In The Art of the Seljuqs in Iran and

Anatolia, ed. Robert Hillenbrand, pp. 170–80. Costa Mesa, Calif., 1994. Welch, Anthony, Hussein Keshani and Alexandra Bain. “Epigraphs, Scripture, and

Architecture in the Early Delhi Sultanate.” Muqarnas 19 (2002): 12–43. Wenzel, Marian. Ornament and Amulet: Rings of the Islamic Lands, ed. Julian Raby. London, 1993. Wiet, Gaston. “Notes d’épigraphie Syro-musulmane.” Syria 5 (1924): 216–53. ________. Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum I: Égypte 2, Mémoires de l’Institut

français archaéologique du Caire 53. Cairo, 1929–30. ________. Objets en cuivre. Cairo, 1932. ________. Les stèles funeraires. vols II and IV–X. Cairo, 1936–42. ________. “Nouvelles inscriptions fatimides.” Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte 24 (1941–2): 145–55. ________. “Stèles coufiques d’Égypte et du Soudan.” Journal Asiatique 240 (1952): 273–97. ________. “Une nouvelle inscription fatimide au Caire.” Journal Asiatique 249 (1961): 13–20. Wilkinson, Charles K. Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period. New York, 1973.

18

Williams, Carolyn. “The Qur’anic Inscriptions on the Tabut of al-Husayn in Cairo.” Islamic Art

2 (1987): 3–14. Zbiss, S. M. Inscriptions de Tunis et de sa banlieue. Corpus des inscriptions arabes de Tunisie.

Tunis, 1955. ________. Inscriptions de Gorjani. Corpus des inscriptions arabes de Tunisie. Tunis, 1962. ________. Inscriptions de Monastir. Corpus des inscriptions arabes de Tunisie. Tunis, 1962. KORAN ** Abbott, Nabia. The Rise of the North Arabic Script and its Kuranic Development With a Full Description

of the Kur’an Manuscripts in the Oriental Institute. Chicago, 1939. Arberry, A. J. “A Koran in Persian Kufic.” Oriental College Magazine 40, 3–4 (1964): 9–16. ________. The Koran Illuminated: A Handlist of the Korans in the Chester Beatty Library. Dublin, 1967. ** Berque, Jacques. “The Koranic Text: From Revelation to Compilation.” In The Book in the

Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East, ed. George N. Atiyeh, pp. 17–32. Albany, N.Y., 1995.

Bloom, Jonathan M. “Al-Ma’mun’s Blue Koran?” Révue des études islamiques 54 (1986): 59–66. ________. “The Blue Koran: An Early Fatimid Kufic Manuscript from the Maghrib.” In Les

manuscrits du Moyen-Orient, ed. F. Déroche, pp. 95–99. Istanbul, 1989. ________. “The Early Fatimid Blue Koran Manuscript.” Graeco-Arabica 4 (1991): 171–78. Bothmer, H.-C. von. “Frühislamische Koran-Illuminationen: Meisterwerke aus dem

Handschriftenfund der Grossen Moscheee in Sanaa/Yemen.” Kunst und Antiquitäten 1 (1986): 22–33.

________. “Architekturbilder im Koran: eine Prachthandschrift der Umayyadenzeit aus dem

Yemen.” Pantheon 45 (1987): 4–20. ________. “Meisterwerke islamischer Buchkunst: koranische Kalligraphie und Illuminationen

im Handschriftenfund aus der Grossen Moschee in Sanaa.” Jemen: 3000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur des glückichen Arabien, ed. W. Davies, pp. 177–87. Innsbruck, 1987.

________. “Masterworks of Islamic Book Art: Koranic Calligraphy and Illumination in the

Manuscripts Found in the Great Mosque in Sanaa.” Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civlization in Arabia Felix, ed. Werner Daum, pp. 178–81, 185–87. Innsbruck, 1988.

** Burtin, J. “Mushaf.” EI2, 7:668–69.

19

Déroche, François. “Les écritures coraniques anciennes, bilan et perspectives.” Revue des études

islamiques 48 (1980): 207–24. ________. “Collections de manuscrits anciens du Coran à Istanbul, rapport préliminaire.”

Études médiévales et patrimoine turc, ed. J. Sourdel-Thomine, pp. 145–65. Paris, 1983. ________. Catalogue des manuscrits arabes. Les manuscrits du Coran. Vol. 2. Paris, 1983–85. ________. “The Qur’an from Amajur.” Manuscripts of the Middle East 5 (1990): 59–66. ** ________. The Abbasid Tradition: Qur’ans of the 8th to 10th Centuries AD. London, 1992. ________. “Un critère de datation des écritures coraniques anciennes: le kâf final ou isolé.”

Damaszener Mitteilungen 11 (1999): 87–94. Dodd, Erica. “The Image of the Word.” Berytus 17 (1969): 35–62. ** Dodd, Erica, and Shereen Khairallah. The Image of the Word: A Study of Koranic Verses in Islamic

Architecture. 2 vols. Beirut, 1981. Dreibholz, Urusla. “Der Fund von Sanaa: frühislamische Handschriften auf Pergament.” In

Pergament: Geschichte, Struktur, Restaurierung, Herstellung, ed. Peter Rück, pp. 299–313. Sigmaringen, 1991.

** Dutton, Yasin. “Red dots, green dots, yellow dots and blue: some reflections on the

vocalization of early Qur’anic Manuscripts, Part 1.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 1, 1 (1999): 115–40.

Ettinghausen, Richard. “A Signed and Dated Seljuq Qur’an.” Bulletin of the American Institute of

Persian Art and Archaeology 4 (1935): 92–102. Gacek, Adam. “Early Qur’anic Fragments.” Fontanus: from the Collections of McGill University 3

(1990): 45–64. ** George, Alain Fouad. “The Geometry of the Qur’an of Amajur: A Preliminary Study of

Proportion in Early Arabic Calligraphy.” Muqarnas 20 (2003): 1–16. ** Grohmann, Adolf. “The Problem of Dating Early Qur’ans.” Der Islam 33 (1985): 19–23. James, David. Qur’ans and Bindings from the Chester Beatty Library: A Facsimile Exhibition. London,

1980. ________. Masterpieces of the Holy Quranic Manuscripts: Selections from the Islamic World. Kuwait,

1987. ________. Qur’ans of the Mamluks. New York, 1988.

20

________. After Timur: Qur’ans of the 15th and 16th Centuries. New York, 1992. ________. The Master Scribes: Qur’ans of the 11th to 14th Centuries. New York, 1992. Jenkins, Marilyn. “A Vocabulary of Umayyad Ornament: New Foundations for the Study of

Early Qur’an Manuscripts.” In Masahif Sana’a’, pp. 19–23. Kuwait, 1985. Kuwait National Museum. Masahif San’a’. Kuwait, 1985. Lamare, A. “Le mushaf de la mosquée de Cordoue.” Journal asiatique 230 (1938): 551–75. Lings, Martin. The Quranic art of Calligraphy and Illumination. New York, 1976. Lings, Martin, and Yasin Safadi. The Qur’an: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Qur’an Manuscripts at the

British Library. London, 1976. ** Ory, Solange. “Du Coran récité au Coran calligraphié.” Arabica 47, 3–4 (2000): 366–80. Puin, Gerd-R. “Observations on Early Qur’an Manuscripts in San’a’.” In The Qur’an as Text, ed.

Stefan Wild, pp. 107–11. Leiden, 1996. ** Rice, D. S. The Unique Ibn al-Bawwab Manuscript in the Chester Beatty Library. Dublin, 1955. Safwat, Nabil F. Golden pages: Qur’ans and other manuscripts from the collection of Ghassan I. Shaker.

Oxford, 2000. Splendeur et majesté: Corans de la Bibliothèque nationale. Paris, 1987. ** Tabbaa, Yasser. “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part 1, Qur'anic Calligraphy.” Ars

Orientalis 21 (1991): 119–48. Tadrus, Fawzi. Dalil ma’rid makhtutat al-Qur’an al-karim. Doha, Qatar, 1991. The Holy Quran in Manuscript. A Selection of Fine and Rare Holy Quran Leaves and Manuscripts Exhibited by

the National Bank of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Jeddah, 1991. Whelan, Estelle. “Writing the Word of God: Some Early Qur’an Manuscripts and their

Milieu.” Ars Orientalis 20 (1990): 113–47. ** ________. “Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of the Qur’an.” Journal

of the American Oriental Society 118, 1 (1998): 1–14. NUMISMATICS Bates, Michael. “Islamic Numismatics.” Middle East Studies Bulletin 12, 2 (1978): 1–6; 12, 3

(1978): 2–18; 13, 1 (1979): 3–21; 13, 2 (1979): 1–9.

21

________. “History, Geography and Numismatics in the First Century of Islamic Coinage.”

Revue Suisse de Numismatique 65 (1986): 231–63. ** Bosworth, C. E., et al. “Sikka.” In EI2, 9:591–9 Broome, M. A Handbook of Muslim Coins. London, 1985. ** Grierson, P. “The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik.” Journal of the Economic and Social

History of the Orient 3 (1960): 241–64. Lane-Poole, S. British Museum Department of Coins and Medals. Catalog of Coins in the British Museum.

10 vols. London, 1882–. ** Levey, M. “Medieval Arabic Minting of Gold and Silver Coins.” Chymia 12 (1967): 3–14. Mayer, Leo Ary. Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics, India Excepted. London, 1954. Miles, George C. “Mirhab and ‘Anazah: A Study in Early Islamic Iconography.” In

Archaeologica Orientalia in Memoriam Ernst Herzfeld, ed. George C. Miles. New York, 1952. Mitchener, M. The World of Islam: Oriental Coins and Their Values. London, 1977. Nicol, N. Catalog of the Islamic Coins, Glass Weights, Dies and Medals in the Egyptian National Library.

Cairo, 1982. ** Toll, C. “Minting Technique According to Arabic Literary Sources.” Orientalia Suecana 19–20

(1970–71): 125–39. Von Zambaur, E. Die Munzprägungen des Islams. Wiesbaden, 1968. Walker, John. A Catalogue of Muhammadan Coins in the British Museum. Vol. 1, Arab-Sassanian Coins,

vol. 2, Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Coins. London, 1941–65. CALLIGRAPHY, ORTHOGRAPHY, AND PALAEOGRAPHY Abbott. Nabia. “The Contribution of Ibn Muklah to the North-Arabic Script.” American Journal

of Semitic Languages and Literatures 56 (1939): 71–83. ** ________. “Arabic Palaeography.” Ars Islamica 8 (1951): 67–104. Ahlwardt, W. Kurzes Verzeichniss der Glaser’schen Sammlung arabischen Handschriften. Berlin, 1887. Arberry, A. J. Specimens of Arabic and Persian Palaeography. London, 1939. Bivar, A. D. H. “The Arabic Calligraphy of West Africa.” African Lanaguages Review 7 (1968): 3–

15.

22

Boogert, N. van den. “Some notes on Maghribi script.” Manuscripts of the Middle East 4 (1989):

30–43. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. “A Maqama on Secretaryship: Al-Qalqashandi's al-Kawakib al-

Durriyya fi'l-Manaqib al-Badriyya.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 27 (1964): 291–98.

** Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise. “De l’araméen à l’arabe: quelques reflections sur la genèse de

l’écriture arabe.” In Scribes et manuscrits du Moyen-Orient, ed. F. Déroche and F. Richard, pp. 135–49. Paris, 1997.

Déroche, François. “Les études de paléographie des écritures livresques arabes: quelques

observations.” Al-Qantara, revista de estudios árabes 19, 2 (1998): 365–81. ________. “Les manuscrits arabes datés du IIIe/IXe siècle.” Revue des Études Islamiques 55/57

(1987/89): 343–79. ________. “The origins of Islamic calligraphy.” In Islamic Calligraphy: Sacred and Secular Writings,

pp. 20–29. Geneva 1988. ________. La paléographie des écritures livresques dans la domaine arabe.” Gazette du livre

médiéval 28 (1996): 1–8. ** Ettinghausen, Richard. “Arabic Calligraphy: Communication or Symbolic Affirmation.” In

Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History, ed. Dickran Koumijian, pp. 297–317. Beirut, 1974.

Gacek, A. “Arabic scripts and their characteristics as seen through the eyes of Mamluk authors.”

Manuscripts of the Middle East 4 (1989): 144–49. ________. “Al-Nuwayri’s Classification of Arabic Scripts.” Manuscripts of the Middle East 2 (1987):

126–30. ** Healey, John. F. “Nabataean to Arabic: Calligraphy and Script Development Among the

Pre-Islamic Arabs.” Manuscripts of the Middle East 5 (1990–91): 41–52. Huart, Cl. Les calligraphes et les miniaturists de l’Orient musulman. Paris, 1908. James, David. “Islamic Calligraphy, an outline.” In Islamic Calligraphy: Sacred and Secular Writings,

pp. 12–19. Geneva, 1988. ________. “The Commentaries of Ibn al-Basis and Ibn al-Wahid on Ibn al-Bawwab's 'Ode on

the Art of Calligraphy' (Ra’iyyah fi l-khatt).” In Back to the Sources: Biblical and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Dermott Ryan, pp. 164–91. Sandycove, Ireland, 1989.

23

Karabacek, Josef von. “Arabic Palaeography.” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 20 (1906): 131–48.

Khatibi, Abdelkabir, and Mohammed Sijilmassi. The Splendor of Islamic Calligraphy. London,

1976. Kühnel, Ernst. Islamische Schriftkunst. Graz, 1986. Lowry, Glenn D. “Introduction to Islamic Calligraphy.” In From Concept to Context. Approaches to

Asian and Islamic Calligraphy, by Shen Fu, G. D. Lowry, and A. Yonemura, pp. 102–49. Washington, D.C., 1986.

Lowry, Heath. “Calligraphy—Hüsn-i hat.” In Tulips, Arabesques & Turbans: Decorative Arts from the

Ottoman Empire, ed. Y. Petsopoulos, pp. 169–91. London, 1982. ** Moritz, Bernhard. Arabic Palaeography: A Collection of Arabic Texts from the First Century of the Hidjra

Till the Year 1000. Cairo, 1905. al-Munajjid, Salah al-Din. Yaqut al-Musta’simi. Beirut, 1985. ________. Jami’ mahasin kitabat al-kuttab: Jama’ahu wa katabahu bi-khattihi Muhammad b. Hasan al-

Tibi min al-qarn al-‘ashir al-hijri. Beirut, 1962. ** Naef, Silvia. L’art de l’écriture arabe: passé et présent. Geneva, 1992. Naji, Hilal. “Nusus fi al-khatt al-‘arabi.” Al-Mawrid 15, 4 (1986): 157–270. ________. “Sharh al-manzuma al-mustataba fi ‘ilm al-kitaba nazm al-asl ‘Ali b. Hilal al-shahir

bi-Ibn al-Bawwab musharrih Ibn al-Basis wa Ibn al-Wahid.” Al-Mawrid 15, 4 (1986): 259–70.

________. Ibn Muqlah, khattatan wa adiban wa insanan. Baghdad, 1991. Rado, Sevket. Türk Hattatlari XV. yüzyildan günümüze kadar gelmis ünlü hattatlarin hayatlar ve

yazilarindan örnekler. Istanbul, 1982. Richard, Francis. “Divani ou Ta’liq: un calligraphe au service de Mehmet II, Sayyidi

Muhammad Monshi.” In Les manuscrits du Moyen-Orient: essais de codicologie et de paléographie, pp. 89–94. Varia Turcica 8. Istanbul, 1989.

** Safadi, Yasin. Islamic Calligraphy. London, 1978. ** Safwat, Nabil F. The Art of the Pen. Calligraphy of the 14th to 20th Centuries. Oxford, 1996. Safwat, Nabil F., et al. The Harmony of Letters: Calligraphy from the Tareq Rajab Museum. Singapore,

1997.

24

** Schimmel, Annemarie.. Islamic Calligraphy. Leiden, 1970. ________. “The Art of Calligraphy.” In The Arts of Persia, ed. R. W. Ferrier, pp. 306–14. New

Haven, 1989. ________. “Calligraphy and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey.” In The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art

and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey, ed. R. Lifchez, pp. 242–52. Los Angeles, 1992. Schimmel, Annemarie, Françoise Déroche and Wheeler M. Thackston. “Islamic art, III, 2.

Calligraphy.” In The Dictionary of Art, ed. J. Turner, 16:273–88. New York, 1996. Serin, Muhittin. Hattat Seyh Hamdullah: hayati, talebeleri, eserleri. Istanbul, 1992. ________. Hat sanati ve meshur hattatlar. Istanbul, 1999. Soucek, Priscilla. “The Arts of Calligraphy.” In The Arts of the Book in Central Asia, 14th–16th

Centuries, ed. Basil Gray, pp. 7–33. Paris, 1979. ** Sourdel-Thomine, Janine. “Les origines de l’écriture arabe: à propos d’une hypothèse

récente.” Revue des études islamiques 34 (1966): 151–57. ** ________. “L’écriture arabe et son evolution ornamentale.” In L’Écriture et la Psychologie des

Peuples, ed. M. Cohen, pp. 249–61. Paris, 1963. ** ________. “Quelques étapes et perspectives de l’épigraphie arabe.” Studia Islamica 17 (1962):

5–23. **________. “Kitabat.” In EI2, 5:210–16. ** Sourdel-Thomine, J., Ali Alparslan and M. Abullah Chaghatai. “Khatt.” In EI2, 4:1113–28. ** Stillman, Y. K., et al. “Tiraz.” In EI2, 10:534–38. ** Tabbaa, Yasser. “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part 1, Qur'anic Calligraphy.” Ars

Orientalis 21 (1991): 119–48. ________. “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part 2, the Public Text.” Ars Orientalis 24

(1994): 119–47. Welch, Anthony. Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin, 1979. Yaqub Ali, A. K. M. “Muslim Calligraphy, its Beginning, and Major Styles.” Islamic Studies 23, 4

(1984): 373–79. ** Yusofi, Gholam-Hosayn. “Calligraphy.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4:680–718.

25

THEMATIC STUDIES Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Beauty in Arabic Culture. Princeton, N. J., 1999. ** Bierman, Irene A. Writing Signs: The Fatimid Public Text. Berkeley, 1998. ** Grabar, Oleg. The Mediation of Ornament. Princeton, N.J., 1992. Gonzalez, Valerie. Beauty and Islam: Aesthetics in Islamic Art and Architecture. London. 2001. Gutman, J. The Image and the Word: Confrontations in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Missoula,

Mont., 1977. ** Khoury, Nuha N. N. “The Meaning of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Tenth

Century.” Muqarnas 13 (1996): 80–98. Ong, Walter J. The Presence of the Word. Minneapolis, 1967. Rosenthal, Franz. “Abu Haiyan al-Tawhidi on Penmanship.” Ars Islamica 8–9 (1948): 1–27 ** ________. “Significant Uses of Arabic Writing.” Ars Orientalis 4 (1961): 15–23. ** ________. “Abu Hayyan At-Tawhidi on Penmanship.” In Four Essays On Art and Literature in

Islam, pp. 20–49. Leiden, 1971. ________. Four Essays on Art and Literature in Islam. Leiden, 1971. Stock, Brian. The Implications of Literacy. Princeton, N. J., 1983. Touati, Houari. L’Armoire à sagesse. Bibliothèques et collections en Islam. Paris, 2003. ** Welch, Anthony. “Epigraphs as Icons: The Role of the Written Word in Islamic Art.” In The

Image and the Word: Confrontations in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, ed. J. Gutman. Missoula, Mont., 1977.