SOME IMPORTANT STUDIES AND BOOKS PRODUCED IN THE WESTERN WORLD ON ISLAMIC ECONOMIC HISTORY Ismail Yurdakok ismailyurdakok@gmail.com AN EXPERIENCED TAX BUREAUCRAT : Qudama b. Jafar (d. 948 A.D./337 A.H.) He was born in Baghdad as a child of a Christian family. Ibn Nadm says he probably became Muslim between 902-908 years in the period of Abbasid caliph Muqtafi Billh. He was a successful tax official, and made increased the revenues of treasury of Abbasids. From 910 to his death, 38 years, he was the head of Dwnul-Kharaj (Department of Khraj revenues). Michael Jan de Goeje says, Qudama presented famous book Kitab al-Kharaj to Abbasid vizier (prime minister) Ali b. Isa in 932 A.D. (320 After Hegira.) Especially fourth part of the book is interested in Islamic States financial structure. Also in the fifth part we can see The Mint, The Treasury Department, Finance Ministry sections. In the sixth part, regional revenues of the State and lists of revenues can be seen that these are important for economics and especially finance history. Highways from Mecca and Baghdad to China, Byzantium Empire (Istanbul) and Morocco; and a very interesting opinion of Qudama in this part that he insists that the world is not flat; he also gives exchange rates in dinar (gold coin) and dirham (silver coin.) The first 18 sections of the 7th part are interested in State Finance and land tenure system but these knowledges are not original only repeated sections from the writings of previous Muslim scholars. A. Ben Shemesh translated the 18 sections of 7th part of the book into English and published with Arabic text but some mistakes in the translation are seen. F. Rosenthal says in his A History of Muslim Historiograph, Leiden 1968 (pp.115-17) that 8th part of the book is a systematic description of sociology and political science. Important studies on Qudamas Kitab al-Kharaj: A.Ben Shemesh, Taxation in Islam, Leiden-London 1965, vol, II, pp, 1-16 J. Robson, A. Ben Shemesh (tr.) Taxation in Islam, Vol. II., Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXIX, London 1966, pp, 620-21 J. F. Haldon, Kudama Ibn Djafar and the Garrison of Constantinople, Byzantion, XLVIII, Bruxelles 1978, pp, 78-90 IBNUL UKHUWWA. Scholar of Islamic law in 14th century. He died in 1329 A.D. (729 A.H.) He was one leading figures of Shafii school of law in Egypt. Reuben Levy partly translated into English Ibnul-Ukhuwwas book Melimul-Ghurbah f Ahkmil-Hisbah was translated partly into English by Reuben Levy and with Arabic text, the book was published in Cambridge in 1938. The book was also published in Baghdad in 1976 by Muhammad Mahmud Shaban and Siddiq Ahmad Isa alMut. Deceits in business and industry are mentioned in the study and precautions is noted. It is possible to learn economic, cultural and social conditions of the 14th century from this study. Control the markets and protection of the consumers are also mentioned in the vast passages of the book. CONTROLLER OF THE MARKETS AND THE AUTHOR OF 200 BOOKS Maqrizi is the eye-witness of the events of 14th and 15th centuries. In his long life 1364-1442 A.D. (766-845 A.H.) he took courses from star scholars of Egypt.

Abul-Fida Ibn Kathir, Zaynuddin al-Iraqi, Haythami, Firuzabadi, Ibnul-Mulaqqin, Umar b. Raslan al-Bulquni were his teachers. Sahawi says Maqrizi took courses more than 600 scholars. He also met with Ibn Khaldun a lot of times, when Ibn Khaldun came to Cairo. Maqrizi said Ibn Khalduns Muqaddimah is a brilliant diamond. Maqrizis most famous disciples are Ibn Tagribardi and Ibn Qutluboga. As an Egyptian, Maqrizi investigated the economic, political, sociological aspects of Egypt from a scientific viewpoint. He is the muhtasib (controller of the markets) of Cairo from 1399; thats why he followed the applied economics and theoretical economics of the real business life. And he used his knowledges when he was writing famous book Ighathatul-Ummah. Although his books, booklets and papers reach 200; these are his famous studies on economics: Ighathatul-Ummah: droughts, famines in Egypt and their impacts on the economy to the date of 1405 A.D. (808 A.H.) This study was published in Arabic in Cairo and Damascus, Beirut and Himis; Gaston Wiet translated into French (JESHO, V [1962], pp, 1-90 and Adel Allouch into English (Salt Lake City 1994) Shuzurul-Uqud fi zikri al-nuqud (al-Nuqud alArabiyya wal-Islamiyya): Coins of Egypt. It was published by Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (Rostock 1797), Silvestre de Sacy in French (Paris 1797); L. A. Mayer in English (Alexandria 1933) A-Maqasid al-Thaniyya li-Marifatil-Ajsam al-Madamiyya Izalat al-Taab wal ana fi marifati halli al-ghina (Both the last two papers was published in Rasail al-Maqrizi [publication: Ramazan al-Badri-Ahmad M. Qasim], Cairo 1998/1419, pp, 267-76 . (Ayman Fuad Sayyid, Diyanet Islam Ansiklopedisi, vol, 27, pp, 448-51) IBN AL-AWWAM. Scholar of botany in the 12th century of Islamic Spain. His famous study Kitab al-Filaha was the the most brilliant study in the scientific world of Middle Ages on technical agriculture and animal husbandry. Ottoman Empire made translated the book into Turkish and distributed to all of the ciries and towns in 1590. The study was translated into Spain (Josef Antonia, Libro de agricultura su author et doctor excelente Abu Zacaria lahia Aben Mohamed Ben Ahmed Ebn al-Awwam, I-II, Madrid 1802, and with Arabic text in 1988) into French J.J. Clement Mullet, Le livre de lagriculture dIbn al-Awam, I-III, Paris 1864-67). A part from the book was translated into English as Moorish Calendar by Philip Lord, Wantage 1979. Uriel Heyd (1913-1968) As a non-sionist Jewish orientalist Heyds studies on Islamic economics history should be noted. Useful notes can be found in Heyds studies on Middle East, Asia and Africa. His famous studies Ottoman Documents on Palestine 1552-1615: A Study of the Firman According to the Mhimme Defteri (Oxford 1960) Uriel Heyd studied in the (Ottoman) archives of the Prime Ministry of Turkey for this book and put the photographs of the documents into the book. In the sections of the book, the history of Palestine is researched from the aspects of Ottoman diplomacy and social, economic, religious, cultural and military conditions; taxation, trade, industry, endowments, municipalities; holy places of Muslims and minorities. A.Layish, Uriel Heyds Contribution to the Study of the Legal, Religious, Cultural and Political History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey , British Society for Middle Eastern Societies, London, IX/1 (1982), pp, 35-54 Books produced by western scholars on Islamic Economics History: Agius Dionius A., Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman The People of the Dhow,

London: Kegan Paul, 2005. xiii, 285 pp Andaya B. W.- Andaya L.Y., A History of Malaysia, Hong Kong 1982 Ashtor Eliyahu, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages

Ashtor Eliyahu, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages Atiya Suryal, Crusade, Commerce and Culture, Bloomington 1962 Baer Gabriel (1919-82), as a Jewish, he gave Islamic history courses in Hebrew University of Israel, approximately thirty years. Beacuse of his vast knowledge on Arabic, Turkish and European languages and he used sociological datas for his studies. His books: A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt, 1800-1950 (Oxford 1962). Agricultural topics in Egypt and their impacts on the formation of modern Egypts economic and political elite. Egyptian Guilds in Modern Times (Jerusalem 1964) Regression of guilds in modern times and their social economic roles. Population and Society in the Arab East (London 1964) This study is used as a textbook in Israel and some other countries and objectivity of Gabriel Baer takes the attention of the readers. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt (Chicago 1969; it was also published in Arabic) contains thirteen papers of Baer on 19th century Egypt. Fellah and Townsman in the Middle East, Studies in Social History (London 1982) Development of rural and urban lives in Ottoman Empire and Arab countries; a comparative study on social institutions of Ottoman Empire and Arab lands. Baers articles in Asian and African Studies that as a scientific journal it is published in Israel; and his papers and entries in different journals and encyclopaedies should be followed for Islamic economic history studies. (Jacob M. Landaus article on the full list of Baers published studies: Asian and African Studies, Jerusalem, XVII (1983), pp, 315-21) Barbose D., The East Coast of Africa at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century (trs. R. O. Collins), New York 1990 Barthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, London 1928 Bazin M.- Bromberger C., Gilan et Azarbayjan oriental, cartes et ethnographiques, Paris 1982 documents

Behrens Abouseif Doris, Egypts Adjustment to Ottoman Rule, Institutions, Waqf and Architecture in Cairo (16th and 17th Centuries), Leiden 1994. An article of Behrens: Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2004) European Arts and Crafts at the Mamluk Court in Behrens-Abouseif, D. And Contadini, A. (eds.), Essays in Honor of J. M. Rogers. Muqarnas(21). Leiden:Brill, pp, 45-54. Another article of Behrens: alNasir Muhammad and al-Ashraf Qayitbay Patrons of Urbanism, Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras (eds. U. Vermeulan-D. De Smet), Leuven 1995, pp, 267-84 Bosworth C.E., 1977 The Medieval History Of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, London

Braudel Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (trs. Sian Reynolds), London 1976 Browne, History and Description of Africa, I-III, London 1896, and New York 1963 (Hasan al-Wazzans (Leo of Africa) original travel notes on Africa, in the first 20 years of 16th century) Bulliet, Richard W. The Camel and the Wheel, Columbia University Press, New York:

1990, XXIII+327 pp. Important role of camel in the history of North Africa and Middle East from the pre-Islamic period (pp, 105-106) to the Rise of Arabian peninsula and the future of camel (pp, 259-68); camels role in economy. Carboni Stefani, Venice and Islamic World, 828-1797 (New Haven, 2007)

Cahen Claude (1909-1991) French orientalist. As a Jewish but he did not support Israel State. He was an expert on Middle East languages thats why his studies on Islamic economics are important. He studied on taxes, business life and law of Muslim societies, in vast fields. He produced important notes on administrative institutions and economic lives of Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor (Turkey). Cahen wrote the part of Economy, Society and Institutions of the Cambridge History of Islams second volume. (Cambridge 1970). He completed the majority of his scientific papers in Makhzumiyyat, tudes sur lhistorie conomi que et financire de lEgypte mdivale (Leiden 1977). One of his books is Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History Circa (1071-1330) (London 1968) Chakrabarty Ph., Anglo-Mughal Commercial Relations 1583-1717, Calcutta 1982

Christensen Peter, The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C to A.D. 1500 Clavijo Ruy Gonzales, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406 (trs. G. le Strange), Frankfurt 1994 Cohen A., Palestine in the XVIII th Century, Jerusalem 1973 Collins R. O., Eastern African History, New York 1990 Commissariat M. S., History of Gujurat (1297-1573), I-II, London 1938 Cook M.A., (edited) 1970 Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London

Crone Patricia, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Gorgias Press, New Jersey: 2004 Cuinet Vital, La Turquie dAsie: Geographie Administrative,I-IV, Paris 1891-94 (a monumental study shows the economic conditions of the cities of Ottoman Empire for late 19th century) Dale F.S., Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922, Oxford 1980 Drabble John H., An Economic History of Malaysia 1800-1990

Drennet D.C., Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam, Cambridge 1950 English P. W., City and Village in Iran: Settlement and Economy in the Kirman Basin, Madison 1966 Fluehr C.-Lobban and others, Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, London 1992

Frye, R.N., Bukhara, California 1997. Richard Frye produced his first study on Ibn Fadlans travel notes in 1949 Notes on the Risala of Ibn Fadlan, Byzantina Metabyzantina, I (New York 1949), pp, 7-37; and he published the book about Ibn Fadlans journey to Russia: A tenth-century traveler from Baghdad to the Volga

River, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 2005. Gallichen W.M., Cordova, a City of the Moors, London 1907 Gaube H.-Wirth E., Aleppo, Wiesbaden 1984 Gibb, H.A.R., Travels of Ibn Battuta in Asia and Africa, London 1929. (Prof. Gibb studied long years on Rihla of Ibn Battuta and published two volumes of the book but third volume was published by Beckingham after Gibbs death. When Gibb was translating the Rihla, he also searched the books of historians and bibliographers Ibn Doqmaq and Ibn Hajar that they both lived after Ibn Battuta (1304-1368 A.D.) to put the true names of places and men of Rihla. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Battuta I-III, Cambridge 1958-1971 and last edition London 1994) Ibn Battutas book is an important source for the 14th century of Islamic Economics History. Goitein Shelomo Dov (1900-1985) As a German Jewish he went on his studies in United States after 1957. His monumental study A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza (Berkeley-Los Angeles 1967-1988, Five volumes. How Jewish peoples did trade/business in an easy life in Islamic countries, in long centuries is seen in this study . And some selected documents was published in: Goitein S.D. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders Translated from the Arabic with Introductions and Notes (1973) An article of Goitein: Letters and Documents on the Indian Trade in Medieval Times, Islamic Culture, Haydarabad, XXXVII/3 (1963), pp, 188-205 Gran Peter, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt, 1760-1840, Austin 1979

Green Nile, Bombay Islam: The Economy of Enchantment in Oceanic India, c. 18501915 Grehan James, Everyday Life & Consumer Culture in 18th-century Damascus, University of Washington Press, 2007 Griswold W.J., The Great Anatolian Rebellion 1000-1020/1591-1611 A.D., Berlin 1983 Gupta Ashin Das, Malabar in Asian Trade 1740-1800, Cambridge 1967 Hall D.G.E., A History of South Asia, London 1987

Hanna N., Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Ismail Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant, Syracuse 1998 Heyd W., Historie du commerce du Levant au moyen ge,I-II, Leipzig 1923

Hirth F-Rochhill W.W. Chau Ju-Kuai His Works on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the 12th and 13th Centuries, St. Petresburg 1911 Hitti Philip K., Capital Cities of Arab Islam, Minneapolis 1973

Hoenerbach Wilhelm (1911-1991) German orientalist. He especially studied on Andalusia. Hoenerbach focused his studies especially from 1960 to his death 1991 on North Africa and Islamic Spains agricultural and business life and his papers were published in Oriens, Der Islam, Die Weltdes Islams, Andalucia Islamica journals. His studies reach approximately 70. His book Agrarische Vorstellungen in Nordafrika, Protokolle (Stuttgart 1984) is about agricultural works in North Africa. The other book Spanisch-islamische Urkunden aus der Zeit der Nasriden und Moriscos (Bonn 1965) mentiones documents about Arabs that they stayed in Spain after reconquest. (Bibliographie der deutschsprachigen arabistik und Islam kunde (Fuat Sezgin) Frankfurt 1992, XIV, 480-82; H. Schtzinger, Wilhelm Hoenerbach zum

bedenken, WI, XXXI/1(1992), pp, 1-5 Holt M., Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1516-1922, London 1980 An Economic History of West Africa, London 1973

Hopkins A.G., Hourani A.,

A History of Arab Peoples, Cambridge 1991

Hourani George Fadlo, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, (Princeton 1951, Beirut 1963, New York, 1968, 1978) Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217 A.D./540-614 A.H.) Traveler from Islamic Spain. His journey began on February 4, 1183 and ended April 25, 1185. He writes as an objective observer, ports of Mediterranean, seamen, custom duties and economic positions of men of 12th century. His Rihla was translated into English as The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, London 1952 by R.J.C. Broadhurst; and Arabic original text by Husayin Nassar in Cairo 1955, 1964, 1992, in Beirut 1959, 1980. Ibn Majid al-Fawaidi, Kitab al-Fawaid was written in 1490 A.D. translation into English: Arab Navigation in the Ocean Before the Coming of the Portuguese (trs. G.R. Tibbets), London 1981 Issawi Charles, The Fertile Crescent: 1800-1914, New York 1988 Jennings R. C., Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World: 1571-1640, New York-London 1993 King Hamdun-Noel, Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 1994 The Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Towns

Klusakova L., The Road to Constantinople through Christian Eyes, Prague 2002 Lambton S.,

Landlord and Peasant in Persia, London 1953

Landes D., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt, London 1958 Lev Y., State and Society in Fatimid Egypt, Leiden 1991

Liu Xinru, Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People, AD 600-1200 Lokkegaard F., Longrigg H., Islamic Taxation in the Classic Period, Copenhagen 1950 Four Centuries of Modern Iraq, Oxford 1925

Lorimer John Gordon, The Gazetteer of Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, 1908-1915. New edition 1986. Six volumes, 5,000 pages; although it was written from a British perspective, but the economic condition of the Gulf region in the beginning years of 20th century can be followed from this study in interested sections. Lydon Ghislaine, On Trans-Saharan Trail: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa, Cambridge University Press 2009: ..Thorough an examination of contracts, correspondence, fatwas, and interviews with retired caravaners, faculty member of Universiy of California Los Angeles UCLA department of history G. Lydon shows how traders used their literacy skills in Arabic and how they had recourse to experts of Islamic law to regulate

their long-distance transactions. The book also considers the methods employed by women participating in caravan trade. By embracing a continental approach, this study bridges the divide between West African and North African studies.. Another book from UCLA publications: Medieval Europe and the World by Robin Winks and Teofilo Ruiz; this study contains useful sections for Islamic Economics history: Medieval Europe and the World: From Late Antiquity to Modernity, 400-1500 examines the development of western European social, political, economic, and cultural institutions during one of the most complex and creative periods the world has ever known. The book looks at the history of Medieval europe in relation to its links with the rest of the world, exploring the interaction of western Europe with Islam, the Far East, Africa, and such outlying areas as Scandinavia, Iberia, and Eastern Europe. It considers the genesis and shaping of distinct western ideals, social affairs, economic patterns, and new cultural forms in relation to Islam and Byzantium that these two (other) great civilizations that deeply influenced the growth of western Europes unique history.. Another faculty member from UCLA Sanjay Subrahmanyam is the founding director of Center for India and South Asia in UCLA. Subrahmanyam did all his college degrees (BA and MA in economics) in the University of Delhi, and where he also received his Phd in Economic History in 1987 at the Delhi School of Economics for his thesis on Trade and Regional Economy of South India, c. 1550-1650. His book Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries 1400-1800 was published by Cambridge University Press in 2007. It is seen in this study...dealing with India, Iran, and Central Asia between about 1400 and 1800. This is the first comprehensive treatment of this neglected genre of literature (Safar nama) that links the Mughals, Safavids and Central Asia in a crucial period of transformation and cultural contact. Subrahmanyam is a prolific author in the subjects of Islamic Economic History and he is also joint managing editor of the quarterly Indian Economic and Social History Review Marcus A., The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity, New York 1989

Marlowe J., A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1953, New York 1954 Masters Bruce, York 1988 The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East, New

Mez Adam (1869-1917) German orientalist from Switzerland. His magnum opus Die Renaissance des Islams (Heidelberg 1922 was published by Hermann Reckendorf) was translated into English as The Renaisssance of Islam, London 1937, into Spanish in 1936, into Arabic in 1939, into Persian in 1983, into Turkish in 2000. Adam Mez used the first hand sources and searched the position of Islamic culture from a very vast spectrum: economic, administrative, finance, judicial, business, industry, sea-trade etc. Miles G.C., The Coinage of the Umayyads in Spain, New York 1950; his other study: Coins of the Spanish Muluk al-Tawaif, New York 1954 Muqi Che, The Silk Road Past and Present, Beijing 1989 Murphey Rhoads, Regional structure in the Ottoman economy: a sultanic memorandum of 1636 A.D. concerning the sources and uses of the tax-farm revenues of Anatolia and the coastal and northern portions of Syria, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1987 Murphy G. Frantz, The Agrarian Administration of Egypt from the Arabs to the Ottomans, Cairo 1996 Ochsenwald W., The Hijaz Railroad, Virginia 1980

Onley James, The Arabian Frontier of British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf, Oxford University Press 2007 Owen R., The Middle East in the World Economy: 1800-1914, London 1987

Pegolotti F.B., La pratica della mercatura (ed. A.Evans), Cambridge 1936 Pennell C.R., Morocco since 1830: A Histoy, London 2000 Petry Carl F. He is the expert on 15 century of Egypt, on Mamluk history. Carl Petry has studied on Mamluk history in last 35 years. He works in Northwestern University in Chicago and his famous work The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages, study based on a computerized data file containing biographies of five thousand persons active in the administrative and scholastic communities of that city, and subsequent analyses of political economy of Egypt.. Piggott Stuart, Caspian Sea Pires Tomo, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the

Suma Oriental (trs. A. Corlesao), London 1940-44

Poole S. Lane, Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum, London: 1891 Quataert Donald is interested in labor, social and economic history of Ottoman Empire during the period 1750-1923, his books: Manufacturing and Technology Transfer in the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1914, Isis Press 1992; Quataert Donald, Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, Cambridge 1993; and with Halil Inalcik: An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (ed. Halil Inalcik-Donald Quatert), Cambridge 1994 Rac S., Medievalism to Modernism: Socio-Economic and Cultural History of Haydarabad: 1869-1911, London 1987 Reid Anthony, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680, Yale University Press, c. 1988 Reid A.J.S., Snooks G.D. and Pincus, J.J., Past, Singapore 1991 Sandhu K. S.- Wheatley P., 1980, Kuala Lumpur 1983 Sarkar J., Exploring Southeast Asias Economic

Melaka: The Transformation of Malay Capital, c.1400-

History of Awrangzeb, London 1924-30, vls, I-V History of Jews in Baghdad, Letchworth 1949

Sassoon D.S.,

Schooten M. T. Ullens de., Lords of the Mountains, London 1956 Shaw S.J., The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798, Princeton 1962. As a Jewish, Stanford Shaw studied in the archives of Cairo and Istanbul in long years, approximately 50 years. Shaws other study: The Budget of Ottoman Egypt: 1596-1597 A.D./1005-1006 A.H., The Hague 1968 Singer Amy. As a Jewish, she is the faculty member of Tel Aviv University, Israel; and she is a prolific author on especially Islamic charity organizations. Rana Zincir Celal wrote a book review on Singers Charity in Islamic Societies in

Alliance Magazines 1 Sept., 2009s issue noting: Amy Singer draws on a vast array of sources, from 10th century jurist Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali to early 20th century Turkish Political activist Halide Edib Adivar, in her rich overview of philanthropy in Islamic socieities. The work unites religious texts and their meaning with a fascinating analysis of the role and impact of charity in Islamic societies, presenting charity as both religious ideal and social practice Amy Singer presented this book to American academic and political milieu in Woodrow Wilson Center on November 24, 2008. Singer gives seminars on Poverty and Charity in Islamic Societies; Waqf as Prism for the History of Islamic Societies and Village and Agrarian History of the Ottoman Empire. Her book Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem was published by State University of New York Press, 2002, Albany and her the other book Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration around Sixteenth-century Jerusalem was published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. Singer edited the book Feeding People, Feeding Power: Imarets in the Ottoman Empire (with Christopher K. Neumann and Nina Ergin) was published by Eren Yayincilik (publisher) in Istanbul. Miri Shefers Phd. dissertation Hospitals in Three Ottoman Capitals: Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries was completed under the supervision of Amy Singer. Sotiriou G., Arabic Remains in Athens in Byzantine Times, Athens 1929 Staffa S.J., Conquest and Fusion Leiden 1977 The Social Evolution of Cairo A.D. 642-1850,

Strange Guy. le, Palestine under the Moslems, London 1890; and the books of Strange: Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford 1924; The Lands of the Eastren Caliphate, Frankfurt 1993; Strange also published Hamdullah Mustawfis Nuzhat al-Qulub that the most important study about the economic and business life of Mongol Il-Khan Empire, and translated it into English (E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, nr. XXIII/2 [1919]; Frankfurt 1993) Tchittick N. Kilwa an Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast London:1974

Tavernier J.B., Les Six Voyages de Turquie en Perse et aux Indes (pub. S . Yerasimos), Paris 1981 Trimingham J. Spencer, A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford 1985 Tsugitaka S., State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam, Leiden 1997 Udovitch Abraham L., Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam Varisco D.M., Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan, Seattle 1994 Vatikiotis P.J., The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak, London 1985 Warbug G.R., Historical Discord in the Nile Valley, London 1992 Watson Andrew M., Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700-1100 Wolfart Ulrich, Die Reisen des Evliya Celebi durch die Morea, Mnchen 1970 Wright H. N. The Coinage and Metrology of the Sultans of Dehli, New Delhi 1974 Venetian Crete and The Emirates of Menteshe

Zachariadou E. , Trade and Crusade:

and Aydin (1300-1415), Venice 1983 Yule H., Travels of Marco Polo, London 1931 PAPERS AND ARTICLES

Bacharach J. L. , Monetary Movements in Medieval Egypt, Preciors Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (ed. J. F. Richards), Durham 1983. Banerji S.K., Baburs Post War Settlements in Doab, Malwa and Bihar Proceedings of Ixth Historical Congress (1946), pp, 296-300 Beverley, Eric Lewis (2009) Property, Authority and Personal Law: Waqf in Colonial South Asia, c. 1900, Quderni Storici, Special Issue: Waqf in the Colonies, edited by Paolo Sartori Bulliet Richard, Cotton and Climate in Early Islamic Iran on March 7, 2008 in Dalhousie University paper was presented

Christides V., Navies, Islamic, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (ed. J. R. Strayer), New York 1987, IX, 73, 76-78 Cortelazzo M., La Conoscenza della Lingua Turca In Italia nel 500, Il Veltro, XIII/2-4, Rome 1948, pp, 133-41 iek Kemal, Living Together: Muslim-Chiristian Relations in Eighteenth-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Sharia Court Records, Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, IV/1, Birmingham 1993, pp, 36-64 Dames M.L., The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century, JRAS (1921), pp, 1-28 Dimand Maurice S., Studies in Islamic Ornament, AI, III-IV, (1937), pp, 293-337 Dunlop Douglas Morton (1909-87) This British orientalist especially insisted to search the relations of Muslims with Europe and Far East. His article: Arab Relations with Tibet in the 8th and Early 9th Centuries A.D. in Islam Tetkikleri Enstits Dergisi (Journal of Islamic Research Institute) of Istanbul University, V [1973], PP, 301-18; and another article: Sources of Gold and Silver in Islam according to al- Hamdani(10th century A.D.) Studia Islamica, Paris, VIII (1957), pp, 142-60 Etkes Haggay (2009) Legalizing Extortion: Protection Payments, Property Rights, and Economic Growth in Ottoman Gaza Haggay Etkes a Jewish scholar submitted this paper in UCLA economics workshop in May 2009 that this paper is a part of his Phd dissertation Nomads and Droughts, Challenges to Middle Eastern Economic Development: The Case of Early Ottoman Gaza (1516-82) submitted to the Hebrew University in July 2008. The author says: In Ottoman Gaza, the State chose to legalize and regulate protection payments made by villages to armed tribes rather than monopolizing violence. Using unique fiscal records from sixteenth century Gaza, we identify two types of villages: paying villages, which paid off the tribes, and non-paying villages. We use this case to examine how rural production, taxation, and legalized-protection payments interacted during the consolidation and erosion of state rule. We show that: (i) Under loose state control, non-paying producers retrenched production and had higher tax rates than paying producers. Presumably both measures alleviated the violent threat; (ii) Consolidation of state rule came with convergence of production and tax rates of the non-paying

producers to those of the paying producers and a reduction in the share of net protection payments of total tax revenues; (iii) Improvement in banditry technology and subsequent rebellion harmed mainly non-paying producers. Thus, this paper provides the first systematic evidence for the beneficial impact of state rule on producers that do not pay protection payments. We also suggest that, while the state decision to pay off armed organizations worked for a while, it left property rights insecure when military technology changed. Similar co-optation strategies may adversely affected long-run growth prospects in the Middle East. The references of the paper is also useful for the Economic History of Ottoman Empire. www.econ.ucla.edu/workshops/papers/History/Etkes.pdf Ferrier R., Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the end of the Safavid Period, The Cambridge History of Iran, VI, pp, 412-90 Fischel W. J., Jews in the Economic and Political Life of the Medieval Islam, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, London, XXII (1937), pp, 3-35 Floor W.M., Commercial Conflict Between Persia and Netherlands 1712-1718 Working Paper in University of Durham; Floors entry: Customs Duties, Encyclopaedia Iranica, London 1985, VI, 470-75 Gerber Haim, The Waqf Institution in Early Ottoman Edirne (province) , Asian and African Studies, Jerusalem, XVII (1989), pp, 29-45 Gibb, Sir Hamilton A.R., The Fiscal Rescript of Umar II Arabica, II, 1-16

Golombek L.-Mason R.-Bailey G., Economics of the Ceramic Industry in Timurid/Turkman Iran, The Proceedings of the Second European Conference of Iranian Studies (held in Bamberg in 1991), pp, 233-40 Gottschalk H., Abu Ubaid al-Qasim b. Sallam. Studie zur Geschichte der arabischen Biographie, Der Islam, XXIII (1936), pp, 245-72 Grgoire E., Islam and Identity of Merchants in Maradi (Niger), Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (ed. L. Brenner), London 1993, pp, 106-115 Gungwu W., The Opening of Relations between China and Malacca, 1403-5, Malayan and Indonesian Studies (eds. J. Bastin-R. Roolvink), London 1964, pp, 34-62 Hawting, G.R., Taxation in Islam. Vol. III: Abu Yusufs Kitab al-Kharaj, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1971), p, 190 Jha Saumitra, Trade, complementarities and religious tolerance:evidence from India. Saumitra Jha presented his paper in the workshop of the University of California Los Angeles in October 2008. An interesting passage from his paper: ...in a different sea (distant from Indian Ocean), Ottoman Salonica, (now a city in Greece) once known as the mother of Israel, long provided a haven for Jews in Europe. Salonica appears to fit this theory closely. Salonica, then under the Ottoman Empire, became home to Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in the late 15th century. Maintaning their trading ties with Spain and the Atlantic economy, but with their immigration encouraged by local Ottoman authorities, Salonica was inundated by Jewish refugees, both rich and poor. For the next four centuries, Salonica maintained a remarkable degree of cultural tolerance and prosperity, with Jews specialised in overseas trade. On the eve of the Great War, in 1913, the population of Salonica was home to 61,439 Jews, the greatest number in Europe (from Mazower, M. (2005): Salonica, City of Ghosts. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, p. 284) Jha Saumitras paper: www.econ.ucla.edu/workshops/papers/History/complementaritiestolerance.pdf

Jennings R., Urban Population in Anatolia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Kayseri, Karaman and Erzurum (provinces) International Journal of Middle East Studies, London-New York, VII/1(1976), pp, 21-57 Kiel Machiel, Population Growth and Food Production in 16th Century Athens, and Attica, According to the Ottoman Tahrir Defteri, Varia Turcica, IV, Comit International dtudes Pr-Ottomanes et Ottomanes, Vth Symposium, Cambridge 1-4 July 1984, Istanbul-Paris-Leiden 1986; Machiel Kiels the other study: Urban Development in Bulgaria: The history, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (ed. Kemal Karpat), Istanbul 1990 (Bulgaria was under Ottoman administration approximately 600 years). Also Kiels articles: Remarks on Some Ottoman-Turkish Aqueducts and Water Supply Systems in th Balkans-Kavalla, Chalkis, Aleksinac, Levkas and Ferai/Ferecik, De turcicis Aliieque Rebus Commentarii Henry Hofman dedicati (ed. M. Van Damme), Utrecht 1992, pp, 105-139; Observations on the History of Northern Greece during the Turkish Rule, Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki (Salonica), XII/2 (1971), pp, 415-62; Kiel also wrote useful entries for Encyclopedia of Islams second edition about Balkan cities that detailed economies of these cities under Ottoman administration may be followed from these entries. Kister M.J., The Market of the Prophet, Journal of the History of the Orient, VIII (1965), pp, 272-76 Economic and Social

Kortepeter C., Ottoman Emparial Policy and the Economy of Black Sea Region in the Sixteenth Century, Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXXXVI (1966), pp, 86-113 Kreutz B.M., Ships and Shipbuilding, Mediterranean, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (ed. J.R. Strayer), New York 1988, XI, 232; in the same issue: Arenson S., Ships and Shipbuilding, Red Sea and persian Gulf, pp, 247-48 Labh Vijay Lakshmi, The Economics of Muhammad b Tughluqs (1325-1351 A.D.) Custom of Presents Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Vol. LIV, No. 1 January-March 2006, pp, 95-99 Lambton A.K.S., Islam and the Trade of Asia (ed. D. S. Richard), Oxford 1970, pp, 215-44 Lambton A.K.S., Persian Trade Under the Early Qajars, Qajar Persia, Austin 1987 Langlois V., Du Commerce, de Lindustrie et de Lagriculture de la Karamanie (Asie-mineure), Revue de Lorient, 3 (1856), pp, 265-80 Lecker M., On the Markets of Medina (Yathrib) in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Jerusalem, VIII (1986), pp, 133-47. The other article of Lecker: Were Customs Dues Levied at the Time of the Prophet Muhammad ?, al-Qantara, XXII/1, Madrid 2001, pp, 19-43 Lorentz J. H., Irans Great Reformer of the Nineteenth Century: An Analysis of Amir Kabirs Reforms, Iranian Studies, IV/2-3 (1971), pp, 85-103 Mandaville J. E., The Ottoman Province of al-Hasa in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XC (1970), pp, 486-513 Marglin Jessica, The Socia-Legal History of Jewish-Muslim Relations in Morocco, 1792-1912 in Living Together: Plurality and Cosmopolitanism in the Ottoman Empire and Beyond, September 21-28, 2008: www.eume-berlin.de/

McGowan Bruce, Food Supply and Taxation on the Middle Danube(1568-79), Ar. Ott., I (1969), pp, 139-96 Meglio R.R. di, Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th to 16th Century, Islam and the Trade of Asia (ed. D.S. Richards), Oxford 1970, pp, 105-35 Meilink-Roelofsz M. A. P., Trade and Islam in the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago Prior to the Arrival of Europeans, Islam and Trade of Asia (ed. D.S. Richards), Oxford 1970, pp, 137-57 Milburn M., Socio-economic Change Among the Fezzan Tuareg since 1800, SocialEconomic Development of Libya (ed. E. D. H. Joffe-K.S. McLachlan), Kent 1982, pp, 175-88 Miles G., The Arab Mosque in Athens, Hesperia, Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, XXXV, Athens 1956, pp, 329-44 Mortel R.T., Taxation in the Amirate of Mecca During the Medieval Period, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, LVIII/1 (1995), pp, 1-16 Ochsenwald W. The Financial Basis of Ottoman Rule in the Hijaz, 1840-1877, (article), Nationalism in Non-National State (ed. W.W. Haddad-W. Ochsenwald), Ohio 1977, pp, 129-149 Petrushevsky I. P. , The Socio-Economic Condition of Iran Under the Il-Khans, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol, 5, p, 516, Cambridege 1968-91 Roux Pierre Le, To be or not be..the cultural identity of the Jawi (Thailand) Asian Folklore Studies, vol, 57, 1999: ...At the southeastern extremity of peninsular Thailand there are four provinces whose inhabitants, about two million people, make up close to 4 % Thailands population. There are of Malay origin, follow the Muslim religion, and present four-fifths of the Muslims of Thailand. These provinces are Patani, Yala, Narathiwat, and Satun. The first three constituted, until not too long ago, the famous sultanate of Patani, which was one of the most important trading crossroads of Southeast Asia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.. Saguchi T., The Eastern Trade of The Khoqand Khanate, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo-Bunko, XXIV (1965), pp, 47-114 Seikaly Samir M., Land Tenure 17th Century Palestine: The Evidence from the alFatawa al-Khairiyya, Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East (ed. Tarif Khalidi), Beirut 1984 Shechter Relli, Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning, 1882-1956, Arab Studies Journal, Fall 2002/Spring 2003, Vol. X, No.2/Vol.XI, No.1, Georgetown University-New York University: www.Arabstudiesjournal.org Shinsuke Nagaoka gave a lecture in the University of Durham on 7th July, 2008: Economic Wisdom (Hikma) of Partnership Contracts in Islamic Economics: Reconsidering the Risk-Sharing Schema Shumowski Theodore, Ahmed Ibn Majid, The Last Lion of the Arab Seas, al-Wasiqa, 32, Bahrain 1997/1418, pp, 184-205 Sivers von Peter, Taxes and Trade in the Abbasid Thughur, 750-962 A.D./133-351

A.H., Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XXV/1, pp, 71-99 Smith G.R. and Umar al-Zaylai, Bride of Red Sea: a 10th/16th century Account of Jeddah Working Paper, University of Durham Szkely Gy., Les contacts entre hongroise et musulmans aux IX e-XII e sicles, The Muslim east. Studies in Honour of Julius Germanus (ed. Gy. Kaldy-Nagy), Budapest, 1974, pp, 53-74 Tietze A., Mustafa Ali on Luxury and the Status Symbols of Ottoman Gentelmen, Studia Turcologia Memoriae Alexii Bombaci Dicata, Napples 1982, pp, 577-90 Vermeulen U., Some Remarks on a Rescript of al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qalaun on the Abolution of Taxes and the Nusayris(Mamlaka of Tripoli, 717 A.H./ 1317 A.D.), Orientalia Loveniensia Periodica, I, Leuven 1970, pp, 195-201 Vila Jacinto Bosch, The Muslims of Portugal and Spain, Journal of Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, London, VII/1 (1986), pp, 69-83 DOCTORATE DISSERTATIONS IN YALE HISTORY on Islamic Economic History:

Collins, Edward Day (year of dissertation 1889) The Royal African Company: A Study of the English Trade to Western Africa under Chartered Companies from 1585 to 1750 Brockway, Thomas Parmalee (1937) Modern Imparialism Iran in the West (1869-1907) A Case Study in

Griffin, Eldon (1937) Clippers and Consuls: American Consular and Commercial Relations with the United States and Eastern Asia, 1845-1860 DeNovo, John August (1948) Petroleum and American Diplomacy in the Near East, 1908-1928 Buchanan II, Daniel Harvey (1953) The Kingdom of Naples: 1650-1750 (it is possible to find the notes trade between Islamic countries and Naples) Herlihy, David Joseph (1956) Pisa, Economy and Society 1250-1300 (probably, it may be reached notes on trade between Islamic countries and Pisa) Teall, John Leland (1956) The Wheat Economy of the Byzantine Empire, 325-1025 (it is possible to find the notes on trade between Islamic countries and Byzantium Empire) Hess, Robert Lee (1960) Italian Colonial Policy in Somali, 1889-1936 Knoll, Arthur Joseph (1964) Togo Under German Administration, 1884-1910 Jones, E. Alun (1970) Internal Society in British Malaya, 1895-1942 Rosenthal, Steven T. (1975) Municipal Reform in Istanbul 1850-1870: The Impact of Tanzimat upon Urban Affairs Mark, Peter (1976) Economic and Religious Change among Diola of Boulouf(Casamance), 1890-1940: Trade, Cash Cropping and Islam in Southwestern Senegal

Rush, James R. (1977) Opium Farms in Nineteenth Century Java, Institutional Continuity and Change in a Colonial Society 1860-1910 Gray, Christopher Stephen (1978) Process Hoover, Ellen Titus (1978) Eve of French Conquest Johore, 1910-1914: Studies in the Coloniel

Among Competing Worlds: The Rehamma of Morocco on the

Saxe, Elizabeth Lee (1979) Fortunes Tangled Web: Trading Networks of English Entrepreneurs in Eastern India, 1657-1717 Pflaumer, Walter Niell Sherrod (1981) The Politics of Transport PolicyNigeria, 1890-1914: A Case Study of Economic Planning in the Colonial Period Miller, Kathryn A. (1998) Guardians of Islam: Muslim Communities in Medieval Aragon Rubin, Michael (1999) Telegraph and Society The Formation of Modern Iran, 1858-1909: Communications,

Tagliacozzo, Eric (1999) Secret Trades of the Straits: Smuggling and StateFormation along Southeast Asian Frontier, 1870-1910 Jasanoff, Maya R. (2002) Collecting and Empire in India and Egypt, 1760-1830

Tsadik, Daniel (2002) Foreign Intervention: Majority and Minority: The Status of Jews during the Later Part of Nineteenth Century Iran (1848-1896) Khazeni, Arash (2005) Iran, 1800-1911 Opening the Land: Tribes, State and Ethnicity in Qajar

Peterson, Brian J. (2005) Transforming the Village: Migration, Islam and Colonialism in French Southern Mali (West Africa) 18801960 McDow, Thomas Franklin (2008) Arabs and Africans: Commerce and Kinship from Oman to East African Interio, c. 1820-1900 Park, Hyunhee (2008) The Delineation of a Coastline: The Growth of Mutual Geographic Knowledge in China and the Islamic World from 750 to 1500 Vivier, Brian Thomas (2008) THE OTHER STUDIES 2007: From Network of it will races and Chinese Foreign Trade, 960-1276

Sebauh Aslanian completed Phd. Dissertation in Columbia University May the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Circulation and the Global Trade Armenian Merchants from New Julfa, Isfahan, 1605-1747, in this study, also be seen that how Islamic world provided free-trade for all of the men of different religion

Michel F. Le Galls Phd thesis: Pashas, Bedouins and Notables: Ottoman Administration in Tripoli and Benghazi, 1881-1902. Princeton University 1986

M.A THESIS STUDIES IN (ISTANBUL) BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY* ECONOMIC HISTORY (BY NON-MUSLIM STUDENTS)

ON OTTOMAN

Aktsoglou Iakovas J. (1991) early 20th century)

Saloniko in the late Ottoman Era: (late 19th and

Kranzler Kathryn Linnea (1991) Health Services in the Late Ottoman Empire (18271914) Baruh-Tanatar Lorans (1993) A Study in Commercial Life and Practices in Istanbul at the Turn of the Century: the Textile Market Matsui Masako (1995) 1838 ahiner Araks (1995) Production and Trade of Opium in the Ottoman Empire, 1828The Sarrafs of Istanbul: Financiers of the Empire

Moroni Anastasia Ileana (2004) O Ergatis 1908-09: Ottomanism, National Economy amd Modernization in the Ottoman Empire through a Greek-language newspaper of Izmir (city) *Medium of Instruction is English ARTICLES AND BOOK REVIEWS IN THE HISTORIAN

To follow the issues of The Historian History studies. Some examples:

is also useful for Islamic Economic

Ronald A. Messiers book review on Adam J. Silversteins book Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World (vol, 71, issue, 2 (Summer 2009) pp, 344-346): ...from pre-Islamic times through the Mamluks period. ...the swift circulation of different commodities (and) -from letters, people and horses to exotic fruits and ice...The book sheds light not only on the role of communications technology in Islamic history, but how nomadic culture contributed to empire-building in the Near East. Kate Fleets book review on Roxani Elenis book: 150 Years in the Life of Medieval Arabian Port: Aden and Indian Ocean Trade (in the same issue, pp, 398-399); and Frances Woods on Colin Thubrons book Shadow of Silk Road. And Ken Albalas review on John Keays book The Spice Route: A History (vol, 71, issue, 1(Spring 2009), pp, 190-191 Some useful sources: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London 1917 International Journal of Middle East Studies Islamic Studies Karachi (from 1962) Islamic Culture, India The Islamic Quarterly, London (from 1954) Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London 1833 Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society Central Asiatic Journal, Wiesbaden-Den Hague (from 1955) Central Asian Survey, Oxford Journal of the American Oriental Society 1843 Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Middle Eastern Studies The Cambridge History of Iran, I-VII, Cambridge 1968-91 Encyclopaedia Iranica, London 1985

A Comprehensive History of India, I-XII, New Delhi 1970-85 Encyclopaedia of India (pub., P.N. Chopra-Prabha Chopra), I-II, Delhi 1988 Journal of Indian History Indian Economic and Social History Review Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography,India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (ed. N. Sing), Delhi 2001 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa, Cambridge 1981 International History Review Encyclopedia of Asian History, New York 1988 The Journal of Ottoman Studies