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Islam and the Islamic World
~600 CE
Europe
Asia
Africa
Arabian Peninsula – Crossroads of 3 Continents?
Influences came from all parts of the known world!
Israel
Influences on Islam
●1.Native Bedouins●2.City of Mecca●3.Hanifs & idea of Monotheism
Bedouins
● Nomads ● Desert Dwellers
● survive on gifts of
Oasis● Clans & Tribes● Great fighting ability● Ideals of courage &
loyalty to family influence Islam
Mecca
● Important stop on trade routes
● Pilgrims worship at ancient house of worship
● the Ka’aba● Arabs associate Ka’aba
w/Abraham● contained idols
representing polytheistic religions.
Hanifs
● Hanifs ● Arabs who believed
in only one God –
Allah – Arabic for God
● Christians & Jews also resided on Peninsula
Muhammad
● Born 570 CE to powerful Meccan family
● Orphaned at early age: raised by Grandfather & Uncle
● Worked in caravan trade
● Married woman who owned the business – Khadijah.
The Revelations● Always had interest in
religion● Age 40, voice called to him
while he meditated outside a cave
● Voice was angel Gabriel● ‘revealed’ messages of God● Muhammad to deliver
messages to people● Gabriel delivered many
messages (Revelations) to Muhammad
● Muhammad convinced he was last of the prophets
The Revelations● Allah
● one & only God ● other gods must be
abandoned● Islam = submission to
the will of Allah● Muslim = one who
submits to will of Allah● Rejection
● Fear that Mecca would be rejected as pilgrimage center
● Followers persecuted.
(5:32)
The Hijrah● Muhammad & followers
escape Mecca ● 622 - settled in city of
Yathrib● Migration called the Hijrah● In Yathrib, Muhammad found
acceptance as both religious & political leader
● Yathrib renamed Medina – City of the Prophet
● Significance? = preserves Islam
Return to Mecca● Accepted by Bedouin tribes● Muslims & Meccans
continued to fight until Mecca’s decline
● 630 CE- Muhammad & followers march to Mecca – Meccan leaders surrendered
● Muhammad goes to Ka’aba● Destroys idols● made call to prayer from
roof● Meccans accept
Muhammad’s leadership & convert to Islam
The Spread of Islam
Reasons for Quick Spread
1.Byzantine & Persian Empires had weakened
Reasons for Quick Spread
2. Christians/Jews not forced to convert, but Polytheists were… - Most willingly to do so because Islam promised “equality”
Reasons for Quick Spread
3. Muhammad called for “Jihad” (Holy War against non-believers) - motivated Arab armies
Beliefs & Practices of Islam
● 1 god – Allah● Good/Evil exists● Free Will● Final judgment day ● Heaven/Hell● Qur’an (Koran) =
Holy Book (3:36)
5 Pillars of Islam
1. Faith● “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah”
5 Pillars of Islam
2. Prayer● 5 times a day● May assemble in
Mosque – Islamic house of worship
● To bring them closer to Allah
● Pray towards Mecca
5 Pillars of Islam
3. Alms● Support of those less fortunate● Religious tax● charity
5 Pillars of Islam
4. Fasting● Holy month of Ramadan
● (9th month of Islamic calendar – month during which Qur’an was revealed)
● No drinking/eating between dawn/dusk
● Reminds Muslims of greater needs
5 Pillars of Islam
5. Pilgrimage● Also known as Hajj● Made to Mecca at
least once in a lifetime
(00:34)
Muslim way of life
● Personal lives not separated from religious lives
● Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages
● Friday afternoons are for communal prayer – the Mosque
● No priests or central religious authority
● Imams – prayer leaders in Mosques
Sources of Authority
1.Allah 1.expressed his will to
Muhammad through Gabriel2.Qur’an
1.Only Arabic version is true
3.Sunna1.Muhammad’s example2.Best model for proper
living4.Shari’a
1.Body of law = family life, moral conduct, business & community life
People of the BookJews, Christians, & Muslims
● Allah same God worshipped by Jews/ Christians
● Qur’an word of Allah; same as Old Testament for Jews & New Testament for Christians
● Belief in Heaven & Hell & afterlife
● All three trace ancestry to Abraham
What is a Caliph?
● “successor” or “deputy”
● 1st caliph = Abu Bakr in 632
● chosen because of connection to Muhammad
Who were the “Rightly Guided” Caliphs?
● 1st 4 leaders after Muhammad
● Named “Rightly Guided” due to close connection w/ Muhammad.
● 1st 4 Caliphs were:● Abu Bakr ● Umar ● Uthman ● Ali.
Rule in the Caliphates
● 6,000 Miles
● Because of tolerance, seen
as liberators
Internal Conflict
● 656 - Uthman murdered
● Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, natural successor
● Uthman’s son Mu’awiya challenged Ali’s succession
● belief that Ali’s supporters had murdered Uthman.
Internal Conflict
● Ali & Mu’awiya came to understanding
● Ali murdered by disillusioned follower.
● Ali’s son, in fear, refused to become caliph.
● Mu’awiyah & son begin new dynasty – The Umayyad
Islamic Succession
Muhammad
Abu Bakr Umar Uthman
Mu’awiyah
Ali
Shi’a
Sunni
Islamic Dynasties
1.Umayyad (661-750)
2.Abbasid (750-1258)
●Help to spread ideas of Muslim faith
●create Muslim Empire
(3:53)
The Dynasties
● Umayyad● 661-750● Began when
Mu’awiyah became Caliph
● Capital = Damascus● Set up hereditary
system of succession
● Surround themselves w/wealth (Big No-No)
● Abbasid● 750-1258● Began as protest to
Umayyad● Capital = Baghdad● Create strong
bureaucracy● Open diplomacy w/
European states
Sunni – Shi’a Split
● Sunni● Support Umayyad
Dynasty● Majority ● Imam = prayer leader
only● Any righteous
Muslim may be Caliph
● Shi’a● Followers of Ali &
family● Minority● Imam = spiritual
leader● Descendent of Ali &
Fatima must be Caliph
Sufis
Muslim mysticsFound in both Sunni & Shi’a branchesSought communion with Allah through Meditation, Fasting, & other ritualsHelped to spread Islam
End of the Spread of Islam●Battle of Tours (732)
●Frankish king, Charles Martel stops Muslim advance into Europe
●Mongols capture Baghdad (1258)
●Grandson of Genghis Khan burns city & kills last Abbasid caliph
Let’s Review!!!!
Name the founder of Islam. Muhammad
Followers of Islam saw Muhammad as which of the following: god, messiah, or prophet.
Prophet
What was Muhammad’s original occupation?
Trader - merchant
What are Muhammad’s talks with the Angel Gabriel called?
The Revelations
What is considered the holiest city of Islam?
Mecca
What is the Arabic word for God?
* Allah
What is the Arabic word for “submission to the will of Allah”?
* Islam
What is the Arabic word for “one who has submitted”?
* Muslim
What is the migration of Muhammad’s followers from Mecca to the city of Yathrib called?
* Hijrah
What became the new name of Yathrib?
* Medina – ‘city of the prophet’
What are the Basic Beliefs of Islam?
* The 5 Pillars
What is Islam’s Holy Book called?
* The Koran (Qur’an)
What are the 5 Pillars? * Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage
What is the term for ‘Muhammad’s example” or the model for the proper way to live?
* Sunna
What is the Islamic Law? * Shari’a
Who do Muslims call “People of the Book”?
* Jews and Christians
Sunni or Shi’aMajority of Muslims today. * Sunni
Believe the Caliph must be a descendent of Ali through Muhammad’s daughter Fatima.
* Shi’a
Imam is a prayer leader only.
* Sunni
Rebelled against the Umayyad Dynasty.
* Shi’a
Believe the Imam to be a spiritual leader.
* Shi’a
Majority of Iraqis. * Shia
Umayyad or Abbasid* 750-1258 * Abbasid
* Capital city Damascus * Umayyad
* Capital city Baghdad * Abbasid
* Led lavish and extravagant lifestyle.
* Umayyad
* Created a hereditary system of succession.
* Umayyad
* Created a strong administrative bureaucracy.
* Abbasid
* Followed the last of the ‘Rightly Guided Caliphs’.
* Umayyad
Islamic Achievement & Influence
Muslim Urban Centers● Education increased w/ creation
of Universities● Scholars preserved classical
works of Greece/Rome● Improved Indian/Persian
discoveries● Cities included:
● Baghdad (Iraq)● Cordoba (Spain)● Damascus (Syria)● Cairo (Egypt)● Timbuktu (Mali)
Cairo
Role of Women
● Rights determined by interpreters of Koran.
● “Men are managers of women’s affairs.”
● “Righteous women are therefore obedient”
● In early days, and in some places today, women could/can get an education.
● Women largely responsible for children & home
House of Wisdom
● Islamic center for scholars (University)
● Opened by Caliph al-Ma’mum in early 800’s
● Included library, academy, & translation center.
● Interpreted/translated works from Greece, Rome, India, Persia & others.
● Scholars gathered to study & analyze
Muhammad preached education as important in order to serve Allah
Medical Advances● al-Razi
● Created encyclopedia - Comprehensive Book
● collected medical knowledge from Greece, Syria, India, & Arabic sources.
● Believed that cleaner air could help recovery
● Called for good nutrition & exercise
● Wrote findings in Treatise on Smallpox & Measles
Mathematic Achievements
● Related to study of Astronomy
● Al-Khwarizmi● created a technique
Al-Jabr = Algebra● Trigonometry
developed● Arabic Numeral
System ● adopted from India
(3:16)
Scientific Achievements
● Used observation & conducted lab experiments
● Ibn al-Haytham● produced first book on
optics.● Studies led to
development of lenses for telescopes & microscopes.
Astronomy
● 5 Pillars led to Astronomical advances (Why?)
● Needed accurate Lunar calendar to observe religious periods
● Cartography (mapmaking) became prominent
● Astrolabe● scientific instrument used to
navigate on seas.
Muslim Literature●The Rubaiyat
●Collection of poems●Omar Khayyam
●Persian mathematician & Astronomer
“Yesterday & today go on without us:Tomorrow what’s the charge against me, pray?In youth, I studied for a little while;Later I boasted of my mastery,Yet this was all the lesson I learned:We come from dust, and with the wind are gone,Of all the travelers on this endless roadNo one returns to tell us where it leads,There’s little in this world but greed and need,Leave nothing here, for you will not return.”
Muslim Literature● Follows storytelling
tradition of Bedouins● Koran considered
standard for all Islamic literature.
● The Thousand and One Nights
● collection of fairy tales, parables, & legends.
Muslim Art & Architecture
● Calligraphy – the art of beautiful handwriting
Mosaics
Muslim Art & Architecture
● Much of Islamic architecture is a blending of Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas.
The Taj Mahal
(1630-1635)
* Tomb built by Emperor Shah
Jahan as a tomb for his beloved
wife
MinaretsOnion Dome
Dome of the Rock(3:20)
Why is the Dome of the Rock significant to Muslims?
The city of Cordoba