ISLAMand its influences on Western Culture.

How has Islamic Visual Culture influenced Western Visual Culture?

HERIOT  WATT  UNIVERSITY    Shakira Rahman. BA (Hons) Interior Design Year 4.

E10CE 2014

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to understand how islamic visual culture has influenced

Western visual culture. Through out the magazine it is evident that Islam as a religion as

well as its art form has created a big impact on the Western world.

A literature review was used to understand the influences Islamic art has on historic

architecture however through research it was evident that influences came from key

features of mosques.

Through other forms of media and social media we are able to analyse influences of

Islamic art that are more prominent in design via, products, sculptures and interiors.

Furthermore Islamic influences are noticeable through celebrities and galleries making the

public more aware of the beauty of Islamic art.

Lastly by studying Islam as a religion it is clear that the religion itself has played a massive

role in influencing individual Western's to follow the religion of Islam itself.

From gathering information on Islamic arts and its elements and Islamic culture and

religion, and analysing the influences it has had on Western art and design including

sculpture, product design and architecture and interiors we we are able to answer the

question, How has Islamic visual culture influenced western culture?

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 6

ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIORS 7

PRODUCT DESIGN 11

SCULPTURE 12

CALLIGRAPHY 14

JAMEEL GALLERY 16

CELEBRITY FASHION ICONS 18

RIHANNA 18

DAME ANGELINA JOLIE 19

VICTORIA BECKHAM 21

NAOMI CAMPBELL 21

CHERIE BLAIR 22

ISLAM CONVERTS 23

BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

TABLE OF IMAGES 30

REFERENCES 33

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INTRODUCTIONIslam is a religion followed by Muslims.

Mohammed the last prophet is whom

passed on the Holy Quran to Muslims

which was revealed to him by Allah.

Muslims, follow the five pillars of Islam by

declaring their faith to Allah , praying five

times a day, giving charity as well as

fasting the month of Ramadan and

performing Hajj, the holy pilgrimage

alongside the words of the Quran and

Hadith (words of Prophet Mohammed

pbuh) to create peace and love in

themselves. However Islam is always in 1

the media due to the negativity caused by

media itself . Nevertheless Islam and its 2

http://www.truthnet.org/islam/whatisislam.html1

http://www.culturelink.org/conf/dialogue/mesic.pdf2

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How has Islamic Visual Culture influenced Western Culture?

Cap

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Pal

atin

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Pal

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[FIG

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visual culture creates masses of influences

in western design and changes in some

individuals. Islam and its influences on

western culture is a magazine which

showcases the beauty of Islam through

Westernism. Readers will be able to

understand the influences of Islamic art

and how its incorporated into western

design as well as the purity of cultural

fashion which can be seen on influential

celebrities. Islam itself as a religion has

influenced many western individuals to

convert due to the ‘peace' individuals gain

from it.

ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIORS Islamic art influences on christian art

started around the 7th to 19th century.

Islamic and Christian art had ‘regular

relationships’ between both practices. In 3

Islam due to strict Islamic law

representations of humans or animals are

forbidden there for Islamic art is made up 4

of three principles the main being

geometry, which ‘creates a harmony

among Islamic decorative arts and

architecture’ . Arabic calligraphy is 5

another element, an important element at

that as the Holy Quran is written in Arabic

script. Lastly floral/plant like designs

another element used in Islamic art due to

the ‘unity of nature’ it represents. Such 6

influential elements can be seen

throughout Western architecture, interiors,

product design and fashion.

Individuals write about their thoughts on

where and how islamic visual culture has

influenced Western culture in architecture

and interiors. This can be seen throughout

Quazoo. (N/A)3

http://www.colostate.edu/orgs/MSA/find_more/islart.html4

V&A. (N/A)5

Williamson, Adam. (N/A)6

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journals, blogposts and the media itself.

‘Islamic influence on Western culture' an

article tells us that Islamic architecture has

indeed spread through Europe however it

doesn't influence architecture entirely but

through certain areas of design details of

which are domes, arches and other

features that may be seen on mosques.

The earliest form of arches used on a

Western building was the Cappella

Palatina in Palermo, Sicily who used the

islamic detailing of arches on their building

interior. He then went onto to telling us

how other buildings such as the San Juan

Banos in Palencia used the arch feature

and how it can be seen clearly seen

‘throughout the building’ [FIG.3]. The arch

detailing is evident in the interior of “Santa

Maria de Quintanilla de la Vinas near

Burgos. Throughout the article he

highlights the features of Islamic design

such as the ‘Mudejar style’ , one of the 7

most recognised styles of Islam. Such

styles can be seen in churches in Daroca

as well as throughout Western

Architecture, showing how Western culture

is accepting the Islamic tradition.

Al Mihrab wrote a post to educate readers

on western architecture in America they tell

us that architect Frank Lloyd Wright

designed the Marin County Civic Centre

[FIG.4] and how he designed the building

with Islamic influence such as by adding a

dome and ‘minaret-like antenna’ as well as

A.Makrickas Arfu, (2013)7

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arches. These features can be seen all

over Islamic mosques the dome is a

decorative piece for the mosque usually

decorated in arabic calligraphy or

geometric, floral patterns although some

say the dome is purely for decoration 8

some individuals state that it is a symbol of

heaven or the sky . Minarets are a 9

massive islamic style piece again it can

seen on many mosques and is the tallest

part of a mosque. The minaret was used

by a muezzin (caller) to call out to

believers to indicate that prayers will start,

otherwise known as the Addhan. This

minaret style was also seen on the World

Trade Centre where a ‘[…] pointed arch

structural system’ can be seen on roof of 10

the building.The building was designed by

architect Minoru Yamasaki whom also

designed Dhahran Airport in Saudi Arabia.

Antonio Gaudi arguably one of the most

well known architect/artists in history had

studied Islamic art in his time thus showing

Islamic influences throughout his work.

One of his most famous buildings located

in Barcelona, the La Sagrada Familia [FIG.5],

uses of ‘minarets’ can be seen at the

entrance of the building which is

‘decorated with ceramic squares with

paintings of sunflowers.’ again the uses 11

of flowers and ceramic mosaic styles is of

Islamic influence as well as the minarets. 12

Gaudi was influenced a lot by minarets,

http://islam.about.com/od/mosques/tp/architecture_parts.html8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque9

Mihrab, A. (n/a)10

Taher, K, (2005) 11

http://www.thejoyofshards.co.uk/history/index.shtml 12

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geometric shapes as well as floral patterns

he used them in many of his other famous

buildings.

Although Islamic influences is mostly seen

on Western architecture of historic time it

is apparent in modern day architecture.

Birmingham Library [FIG.7] which opened in

2013 has influences of which are evident.

When studying the facade, repetitive

influential Islamic geometry can be seen

throughout. Such patterns can be seen

through Eastern architecture such as Bank

Muscat and the Grand Mosque both in

Muscat, Oman. The architects had also

used a similar colour palette on the facade

as the buildings in Muscat. However, this

may not be of Islamic influence though,

blues and golds can be seen in multiple

Islamic buildings in Eastern architecture.

The use of the circular shape of the ‘dome’

that can be seen in the library interiors also

has Islamic influences though, it is not

forming an actual ‘dome’ shape in the

exterior it still has the visual effect of

looking up at a dome within a mosque.

Zaha Hadid an architect whom creates

more modern architecture, comes from an

Iraqi background. Educated in a Catholic

nuns school, she grew up in a western

world of influences. When studying Hadid

it is said she is influenced by nature be it

sand, water and birds which can be seen 13

in her designs never the less many of her

http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/oct/09/architecture.communities13

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architectural designs have that of an

Islamic influence. The Bridge Pavillon, San

Fransisco built in 2008 designed by Hadid

has detectable Islamic influences, the

exterior is covered in repetitive triangular

shapes a repetitive shape that is used

throughout Islamic decorations otherwise

known as girih patterns. Furthermore the

Beethoven Concert Hall, Germany had

again the similar repetitive triangular

patterns of Islamic influence which

beautifully reflects onto the ground and

interiors such geometry can be seen

throughout the interior of mosques.

In historic Western architecture it is evident

that influences come from forms and

decorations visible in mosques where as in

more modern architecture and interiors

influences come from influential geometric

patterns, such patterns can also be seen in

product design.

PRODUCT DESIGN Geometric patterns and floral influences

are visible throughout furniture and

shelving all the way to tableware. Western

individuals are inspired by Islamic Art to

create beautiful pieces of design. The

Ruby tree a company set up by Bethan

Gray and Mitchell Abdul Karim Crities

created their first furniture and tableware

inspired by Islamic art. The range is made

up of two collections the first being the

stripped collection [FIG.9] where Gray used

stripes which can be seen ‘[…] on 11th

century ceramic vessels commissioned by

royal courts throughout the medieval

Islamic world’ where as the Petal

Collection [FIG 10] which features ‘geometric

pattern referencing the dome of the 17th

century Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in

Isfahan, Iran’ a beautiful design created 14

with marble inlays, ruby and other

materials. Islamic influences can also been

seen throughout Younes Duret’s

Arabesque Furniture Design collection [FIG

De Zeen. (2014) 14

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[FIG

8]

[FIG

9]

[FIG

10]

8], the title itself suggests it has some

islamic influences. Duret designed

shelving units, which have a modern feel

to them however the geometrical patterns

inspired by traditional mosaic work gives it

that Islamic touch. Furthermore, Duret has

gone onto create phones covers with cut

outs of further geometric patterns similar to

the facade of The Hassan II Mosque,

Morocco. As a Moroccan/Parisian his

influence comes from Morocco, a very

influential country and is reflected in his

designs.

OMC Industrial Design Studios designed a

table, ‘Tmasa’ [FIG 11] again inspired by the

islamic element of florals the table is

printed with the design however, the

uniqueness comes from the table leg

design. The legs are design to create an

arch shape replicating the facades of many

mosques, similarly the same shape is

created within mosque interiors by pillars.

All four designs have the same influential

theory behind them however each

designer has created different pieces of

design bringing uniqueness to their design

showcasing the versatility of Islamic art in

modern form. Such influences are not only

found in furniture but in sculptures and arts

too.

SCULPTURE Australian sculptor Lionel Bawden creates

pieces with hexagonal coloured pencils

and carves them into sculptures influenced

by geometry. His exhibition ‘The pattern

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[FIG 11]

spill’ a collection created with his pencils is

of Islamic influence, the melting sculptures

he has created resemble the patterns seen

in the Grand Mosque, Kuwait, furthermore

his drawing ‘Obsessive compulsive

devotion’ again has similar elements to his

pattern spill sculptures however instead of

using the pencils as a sculptural tool he

uses them to create the influential drawing.

Archihedron by Owen Paul Meyer [FIG.12]

another beautiful sculpture of Islamic

influence. The symmetric geometry used in

the design to form this heart shape

sculpture an exquisite piece.

“I have a great love for Islamic ornament

because of its basis in geometry”. 15

The geometry Owen has used is relatable

to the geometry seen in the interiors of

Mosque Cordoba, a mosque admired by

many individuals Muslim or not, ‘Singularly

the most spectacular interior of any house

of prayer.’ . Its evident that Owen got 16

inspiration from islamic art however on

individual makes a point about the style

‘totally reminds me of islamic

architecture… except it’s a cube. not a

graceful curving form.’ Truthfully, most 17

historic islamic art is of curved form but

Western artist have begun to take a more

modern intake to the art.

Alongside the children of Ashley Down

Primary School, North Bristol artist Pete

Moorhouse created another ‘square’

proofmathisbeautiful. (N/A) 15

ebbtide123. (2014)16

gouachegalatea, (N/A)17

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[FIG

12]

[FIG

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[FIG

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Islamically inspired geometric design he

was influenced by the ‘usually 2-

dimension’ patterns in Islam and wanted to

turn into a three dimension form to create

the installation at the primary school. [FIG.

13] Islamic inspiration for the design came from Huand Hatun mosque in Kayseri, [FIG.14] Turkey and The Bibi Khanum mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan ‘which has a strong decorative feature of mosaic towering squares on the entrance wall.’ 18

London has one of the highest rates of

muslims , there-for the sculptor created 19

by London-based artist Gary Drostle is of

great influence cause. The sculpture can

be found in London's east end

representing the ‘community’s roots’. The

sculpture ‘Entwinded Histories’ created in

2012 has evident Islamic influence, the

structure is built and designed with mosaic

patterns which again can be seen through-

out Islamic architecture. The sculpture

represents more than just Muslims but also

‘Irish, Ashkenazi Jewish, William Morris

Damask and African’ . An influential piece

combining east and west roots together

and going on to win ‘Best in Show’ MAI

2013 award . 20

Influences are still being carried out in art

today. Currently, Birmingham museum are

showcasing the work of Zarah Hussain a

British Pakistani artist who has created

symmetrical geometric sculptures which

are ‘used in islamic art.’ [FIG.15] The artist

took a a modern approach to her work

keeping the design clean and minimal. The

work being displayed in a British museum

is an influence in itself, this allows all

viewers of any religion to understand the

forms of islamic art . 21

CALLIGRAPHYIslamic calligraphy is more than just writing

with pen on paper, it allows individuals to

create immaculate pieces of art in different

forms and materials ‘For these reasons,

calligraphy may be counted as a uniquely

original feature of Islamic art.’ thus playing

Bristol, North. (2011)18

http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/london/19

Nancle. (2013)20

BMAG. (2014)21

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[FIG

.15]

a big part in influential art and design . 22

The arabic script itself is the script of the

Holy Quran, which is followed by all

muslims.

In graphic design Marian Bantjes was

influenced by the islamic calligraphy and

other practices where she created unique

pieces of graphics, her typography is

relatively similar to islamic calligraphy as

many different curves and bold strokes are

being formed in her work. Furthermore her

piece ‘Varoom 15: knowledge’ has

similarities to her previous design, again

resembling islamic calligraphy. 23

As a non Arabic, French calligraphy artist

Julien Brenton took his influence of islamic

calligraphy to a new level by teaching

himself Arabic calligraphy and creating

calligraphy through lighting,

‘thus unlike traditional calligraphy it takes

you out of the studio.’

as artist Brenton wants to bring the

western and Muslim world together to

create his beautiful pieces of work ‘ my

vision that inscribed behind every culture

are wider notions of humanism and a

shared humanity.’ [FIG.16] 24

V&A. (N/A)22

Vivien. (2008)23

Behiery, V. (2012)24

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[FIG.18]

Islamic influences are not just found in

artists work but can be seen being

promoted in events the general public

across Britain which help to educate them

on Islamic art. Every year The calligraphy

and letters art society held a event

throughout Britain educating individuals on

calligraphy from all backgrounds. In 2012

they held an event where ‘East meets

West’ was the theme, the event had 200

visitors where they where educated on

Eastern art, including ‘Islamic arabesque

design’ and calligraphy More recently 25

during the 2nd November 2013 till January

2014 Birmingham museum showcased

‘Qalam: the art of beautiful writing’ which

showcased the work of Islamic calligraphy

from the 7th century to now. The collection

included ‘very early Qur'anic fragments,

Islamic Arabic 1563 and Islamic Arabic

1572’ . 26

Furthermore, such beauty from Arabic

script is noticeable on the skin of many

influential celebrities and individuals.

Though it is not made clear why such

individuals mark themselves with the script

however it is evident that the beauty of the

script is an influence.

JAMEEL GALLERY of Islamic art from the Middle East, V&A,

London. [FIG.19]

The V&A is one the most recognised

museums in Britain, showcasing more than

‘3000 years of human creativity’ . Every 27

year the V&A has millions of visitors during

2010-2011 they had 2.6 million visitors 28

due to its free entry. Within the V&A the

have an entire section dedicated to Islamic

art.

The Jameel gallery opened in 2006 and

has over ‘400 objects’ from textiles,

carpets to woodwork. Within the gallery

they hold ‘The Jameel Prize’, a

international award for contemporary art

and design which is inspired by Islamic

Arts, launched by Zaha Hadid in 2009 . 29

The finalists show case their work at the

gallery for thousands to see. The event

CLAS Committee. (2012)25

University of Birmingham. (2013)26

Visit London. (N/A)27

BBC. (2011)28

https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/culture/8793-the-jameel-prize-at-the-vaa-where-islamic-tradition-meets-contemporary-art29

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[FIG

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itself tours around the world inspiring

people on Islamic art. The Jameel prize

is held every two years and the winner

wins £25000. The Jameel Prize is

inspiring towards any Western

individual as the prize is open to the

public to enter from any religion,

ethnicity or cultural background this

shows that you don’t have to be a

Muslim to embrace Islamic Art. The

purpose of Jameel prize is to show the

interaction between contemporary art

and Islamic arts and traditions. ‘By

doing so, it contributes to a broader

debate about Islamic culture and its

place in the world today.’ London a

western country which provides the

influential spaces to promote Islamic art

is due to the beauty of Islamic art and

the way western individuals perceive its

beauty is an influence in itself. Jason

Elliot a writer for the Guardian speaks

about the Gallery saying that ‘In today's

climate of cultural divisiveness, this

sense of interconnectedness is

refreshing.’ further explaining the ‘global

significance’ of Islamic art . 30

Elliot, Jason. (2006)30

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“Jameel gallery for islamic art is exclusively located in Victoria & Albert museum,

that is what makes it stand out” - ALJI (N/A)

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CELEBRITY FASHION ICONS‘Fashion' isn’t a word heard in Islam very

often. Though fashion isn't forbidden in

Islam it is important to dress modestly , in 31

the Quran it states “Tell the believing

women that they should lower their gaze

and guard their modesty and not display

their adornment except what is apparent.

And that they should draw their coverings

over their bosoms..” (24:31). Furthermore

teenagers obsession towards fashion

comes from the influence of celebrities,

many of twhom have been influenced by

the cultural ‘fashion’ of Islam.

RIHANNARobyn Rihanna Fenty otherwise known as

Rihanna born 1933 in Barbados. She is

one the most well known Western fashion

icons of this century, she recently won the

CFDA (Council of Fashion Designers of

America) Fashion award for Style Icon

2014 . In 2013 Rihanna worked on a 32

photoshoot, shot in Abu Dhabi in Sheikh

Zayed Grand Mosque. The photoshoot

was branded ‘inappropriate’ and other

individuals tweeted their angered thoughts

towards the controversial shoot. Though

the shoot was not favourited by many,

http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/clothing.htm 31

Tayki, S. (2014)32

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Rihanna was clearly influenced by Islamic

visual culture. She wore a ‘head-to-toe

hooded black jumpsuit’ to her shoot 33

where she is fully covered [FIG.21]. When

analysing the outfit the black worn with the

head-to-toe length can be seen worn by

many Muslim women but, in a maxi dress

form otherwise known as the burkha.

The burka is purely a loose garment

usually in black worn by Muslim women in

public to stay covered. When studying both

outfits you can clearly see the

resemblance. Rihanna also featured on a

magazine spread in 2014, Harpers Bazaar

Arabia where again many of her styled

looks where Islamically influenced. Here

Rihanna wears this gorgeous patterned

head scarf. This scarf style itself is owned

by many Muslim women and similar prints

can be seen engraved into many mosque

interiors. But the headscarf style Rihanna

has worn in the style of a turban is a style

worn by many Muslim men mostly in the

Saudi Arabian region [FIG.22]. The next

image Rihanna is seen wearing this hood

and a long gown this almost resembles her

look from her Abu Dhabi shoot though this

look is more modern and embellished

again this look is almost identical to

Muslim woman whom wear the burka [FIG.

23].

DAME ANGELINA JOLIEAngelina Jolie has been on the big screen

since 1982. Born in 1975 she is known for

her roles in films such as Lara Croft: Tomb

Raider and Mr and Mrs Smith where she

then went on to date then marry her co-

star Brad Pitt. Though Angelina is mostly

recognised for her beauty where in a poll

Reily, J. (2013)33

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[FIG

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[FIG

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[FIG

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held by Superdrug in 2009 Angelina

topped the list as number one beauty icon

of the decade . Her elegant fashion sense 34

is also recognised by many ‘Angelina Jolie

is just like Chanel, six-packs and George

Clooney. She never goes out of style.’ . 35

As the ambassador of UNHCR (United

Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)

Goodwill Angelina, visited the Pakistani 36

flood victims in 2010 where she was seen

wearing the headscarf [FIG.24] and was

‘covered by a traditional Pakistani long-

sleeved kurta’ . Though wearing the 37

headscarf by a Western woman in a

Eastern country is not forceful Angelina

may have worn the traditional headscarf

out of respect rather than a fashion piece.

This was not the only occasion she has

worn the headscarf she has be seen

wearing the headscarf on multiple

occasions including her Kacha Gari Afghan

refugee camp visit in Pakistan in 2005, and

her trip to Bosnia where she was 38

campaigning against rape, Angelina wore

a plain black pashmina scarf during her

Telegraph. (2009)34

lifestylehunters. (2014)35

UNHCR. (2010) 36

Crilly, R. (2010)37

Molloy, A. (2014)38

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[FIG

.25]

visit similar to one Rihanna wore in

Harpers Bazaar.

VICTORIA BECKHAM

Victoria Beckham once known for her

career with the Spice Girls now turned

fashion designer is a massive style icon in

the western world. ‘Move over Vivienne

Westwood, because I think we have a new

Queen of the British fashion world and of

course, that’s Victoria Beckham’ . Born in 39

1974 Victoria has been recognised in the

fashion world. She has gone onto to

winning the Brand Fashion awards in 2011

and was the most talked about designer in

2012 on twitter during New York Fashion

Week . Victoria has been seen all over 40

magazine spreads including I-D, W, as well

as Vogue. In 2008 Victoria also appeared

in Vogue India. In the spread Victoria is

seen wearing the traditional Eastern

inspired sari [FIG.25]. Although the sari is

worn by many Muslim woman it is not an

essential part of Islamic rulings. However,

the sari is of Islamic influence as the

patterns seen on the sari worn by Victoria

can be seen on Islamic architecture. The

sari itself has been seen worn by many

celebrities not just Victoria. Victoria Secret

model Gisele Bundchen was seen wearing

a green number in the Vogue India 2009

issue. American pop band The Pussy Cat

dolls where are seen rocking the sari at the

Conde Nast Media Group’s 4th Annual

Fashion Rocks event where they where

raising money for Cancer Research.

NAOMI CAMPBELLSupermodel Naomi Campbel wasl born in

London. The first black model to grace the

front cover of many fashion magazines

including Vogue and TIME magazine. She

was seen on the catwalk for Lakme

Fashion week in Mumbai, India in 2009, 41

Mazewski, J (2013)39

Karmali, S. (2012)40

Age, T. (N/A) 41

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[FIG

.26]

where she wore a black sari with gold

detail comparable to the one the Pussycat

dolls wore at the Conde Nast Media

Group’s 4th Annual Fashion Rocks event.

Naomi also wore this gorgeous detailed

shalwar kameez worn again by many

muslim women due to its modesty values.

More recently Naomi was seen again

wearing a sari during at a ‘dinner to

launch Charlotte Olympia’s’ where she

wore another sari a gorgeous lace number

with an Islamically influenced red detailed

border. The media say she is ‘proving

she's a woman of international glamour’ 42

CHERIE BLAIRFormer Prime Minister Tony Blair’s wife,

Cherie Blair may not be a fashion icon but

is an influential female role model who

runs her own charitable foundation for

women and has been seen wearing the

traditional Islamic dress to multiple

occasions. The shalwar kameez is worn by

Muslim men and women all over the world.

It is worn due to the ‘modesty it gives with

Muslim values..’ the same style of dress 43

Cherie wore to a recent event, Dot Com

Children's Foundation in London

September 2014 the black number had

beautiful Islamic embroidery work in white

similar to the one she wore in 1999 at the

Sikh Vaisakhi Tri-centenary celebrations

[FIG.26,27]. Throughout the years Cherie has

worn a mixture of shalwar kameezes,

sarees and gowns. At the Asian Women Of

Achievement Awards throughout the years

Cherie has chosen to wear the Islamically

inspired clothing.

In fashion though Islamic influences are

highlighted in certain areas through the

burka, shalwar kameez and headscarf it is

really the sari that has a bigger impact on

celebrities due to the pure beauty of the

elegant look you gain from it. However, the

sari is not directly related to the Islamic

religion but rather of the Indian culture.

Nevertheless the sari is arguably worn by

many Muslim woman from the

Bangladeshi culture due to its modest

covering it offers.

Betiku, F. (2014)42

Hussain, A and Babaaj. (2010)43

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[FIG

.27]

[FIG

.28]

ISLAM CONVERTSIslam itself is is an influence. Islamic conversion which can be seen around the world and in Britain where, ‘around 5000 British people convert to Islam every year’ most of whom are woman. Ioni Sullivan was born in a family of Aestheists. After her studies where complete she went to Eastern countries including Jordan and Egypt to work, during this time Ioni had a ‘fairly stereotypical view of islam’ though she fell in love with the people and how they where taken to their faith. Soon Ioni fell in love and married a practising Jordanian muslim however she still lived her western lifestyle visiting nightclubs. She soon found the time to start taking Arabic classes and read the Quran in English where she fell in love with the faith and learnt about ‘gods existence’. She soon considered herself a Muslim and started wearing the hijab even though it caused some conflict but now she has learnt ways of achieving self control and now has a meaningful relationship with her faith and god.

Similar to that Dr Annie (Amina) Coxon an English woman who grew up in US and Egypt and moved to UK to attend boarding school, converted to Islam 22 years ago when searching for a ‘more spiritual alternative to Catholicism’. However Islam wasn't her first choice due to ‘negative media’ soon she did choose Islam with help from a patient and the guidance of her dreams, she has now gained ‘serenity, wisdom and peace’ from Islam even with not being accepted by many muslim

communities such as the Turkish, Pakistani and Moroccans.

In 1995 Kristiane Backer converted to Islam when she met cricketer Imran Khan who gave her books about Islam and invited her to travel through Pakistan. ‘Those trips opened a new dimension in my life, an awareness of spirituality.’ When she met the muslims she was touched by their ‘generosity, dignity and readiness to sacrifice for others.’ and the more she read the more she knew she wanted to convert. As a TV presenter it wasn’t easy for Kristiane soon the media found out and she lost her job due to negativity from press. Furthermore in 2006 Kristiane went onto marry a Muslim-born despite the fact they had many things in common she left him as what he was asking of her was of cultural needs rather than Islamic nonetheless, she says ‘my life now has meaning and the void that I used to feel is filled with God, and that is priceless.’ 44

Though the percentage of woman converts is high, males convert to Islam too. Americans such as, Jermaine Jackson brother of ‘The king of pop’ Michael Jackson converted to Islam in 1989 when he made a trip to Bahrain, the children around him inspired him to make a change due to their pureness towards their religion. However, he says in his soul he was always Muslim. When he visited Mecca he felt so ‘pure’, he felt a connection and he finally embraced Islam. Other males such as Boxers Mohammed Ali and Mike Tyson both converted to Islam. Mike Tyson converted while in prison he says after converting he believes he has became a better person. 45

Mistiaen, V. (2013) 44

Radeon Ati. (2010)45

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Furthermore evidence shows the biggest influence comes from Islamic art mainly coming from the geometric element. The element is the arguably the most recognised in Islamic art and is evident in more modern pieces of architecture including Birmingham library and throughout buildings designed by the award winning architect Zaha Hadid. It is not just architecture the element is prominent in. It can further be seen in product design in day-to-day materials that many individuals use like the beautiful tableware collection designed by Bethan Gray and Mitchell Abdul Karim Crities. Western designers have also taken a new approach the to two dimensional geometry and given it life in three dimensional forms seen in sculptures by Pete Moorhouse and Owen Paul Meyer.

Calligraphy the second element in Islamic design has also had a impact in western art, through graphic design and typography and tattoos. Influenced by the elegant curves created in arabic designers have gone onto creating stunning pieces of graphic design. French artist Julien Brenton was inspired by the classic Arabic calligraphy and took a new approach to the method, neglecting the traditional method of pen on paper and using light to create a stunning piece of art representing a more modern approach to Arabic calligraphy. Influential celebrities and other individuals have gone onto permanently mark themselves with tattoos in Arabic script, constantly showing there influential art. When it comes to Islam and fashion although Islam isn’t recognised for its fashion, then and now influences can be seen when celebrities

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.29]

CONCLUSIONEven though Islam is and has been portrayed negatively in the media during the recent years. Evidence shows it is a very influential religion/culture and has been for centuries. It is evident in historic architecture with the likes of buildings found in Spain and Italy with the uses of domes, arches and minarets seen in mosques, now being portrayed in these beautiful Western pieces of architecture.

wear a cultural garment like the sari it is easy to identify that it is from the East where most Muslims originate from. However, the headscarf, burka and shallower kameez are important garments in Islam due to the modest value it gives covering muslims head to toe. Both garments where seen worn by Rihanna a world renowned singer and fashion icon, though she took a modern approach to the look it is evident influences came from Islamic culture.

Islamic art has created masses of influences to the fact that it is recognised globally and is now being semi/permanently displayed in British museum. This itself shows how much of an impact the beauty of Islamic Art has on

Westerns. Furthermore it is not Islamic art that influences Westerns, the religion itself has had a mass influence on Westerns as more than 5000 British people convert to Islam every year alone, due to the peace and wisdom they gain from the religion.

To conclude Islam has been and still is one of the most recognised religion/culture in the world, the beauty of the art influences artists who in turn influence designers, this works as a cycle repeating itself. This is most noticeable through celebrities and galleries whom then influence the public. Proving that Islamic visual culture has influenced Western culture in many ways.

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TABLE OF IMAGES[FRONT COVER] ILMGATE, (2009), Principles of Hadith Verification and Acceptance [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.ilmgate.org/principles-of-hadith-verification-and-acceptance/ [Accessed 13 December 14].

[FIG.1] Rolf Gross, (2003), The Cappella Palatina [ONLINE]. Available at: http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/2003Sicily/Capella%20Palatina.htm [Accessed 01 December 14].

[FIG 2] islamic-arts.org, (2011), Domes & Arches of Shah Jehan Mosque (Thatta) [ONLINE]. Available at: http://islamic-arts.org/2011/domes-arches-of-shah-jehan-mosque-thatta/ [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.3] Jesus, (2012), Baños de Cerrato (Palencia). Basílica de San Juan de Baños [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rabiespierre/8209886067/ [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.4] George A. Dibble, (2013), Marin County Civic Center [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/84652745 [Accessed 01 December 14].

[FIG.5] Gaudi Designer, (N/A), La Sagrada Familia [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.gaudidesigner.com/uk/sagrada-familia.html [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.6] Constantin Barbu, (2006), The blue Mosque at sunset [ONLINE]. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

File:The_Blue_Mosque_at_sunset.jpg [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.7] Getty, (2013), Birmingham library isn't a building; it's an advertisement [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/architecture/10277629/Birmingham-library-isnt-a-building-its-an-advertisement.html [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.8] Hidden Heroes , (2010), Zelli [ONLINE]. Available at: http://hiddenheroesbiz.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/yones-duret.html [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.9] Dezeen, (2014), Stripe Collection [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/24/bethan-gray-mitchell-abdul-karim-crites-islamic-inspired-furniture-tableware-the-ruby-tree-harrods/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+dezeen+%28Dezeenfeed%29 [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.10] Dezeen, (2014), Petal Collection [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/24/bethan-gray-mitchell-abdul-karim-crites-islamic-inspired-furniture-tableware-the-ruby-tree-harrods/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+dezeen+%28Dezeenfeed%29 [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.11] OMC Design, (2008), Tmasa Masa [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.omcdesign.com/?design=110 [Accessed 11 December 14].

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[FIG.12] Unknown, (N/A), Archihedron by Owen Paul Meyer [ONLINE]. Available at: http://proofmathisbeautiful.tumblr.com/post/165801207/archihedron-by-owen-paul-meyer-this-sculpture-is [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.13] North Bristol Artists, (2011), Arabesque 2011 [ONLINE]. Available at: http://northbristolartists.wordpress.com/tag/children/ [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.14] Emel Yamanturk, (2013), Kayseri, Hunat (Huand) Hatun Külliyesi – Hunat Hatun Complex, Tomb, 13th century, .09 [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/91167664 [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.15] Zarah Hussain, (2014), Symmetry in Sculpture: Recent Work by Zarah Hussain [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/exhibitions/2014/05/24/symmetry-in-sculpture-recent-work-by-zarah-hussain-exhibition [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.18] Julien Breton, (N/A), Underthecity [ONLINE]. Available at: http://islamicartsmagazine.com/magazine/view/scripting_calligraphy_with_light/ [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.19] Frances Spiegel, (2011), V&A Museum - Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art and the Jameel Prize [ONLINE]. Available at: https://suite.io/frances-spiegel/5ay52fr [Accessed 11 December 14].

[FIG.20] Pascal Zoghbi, (N/A), The Arabic font collage, from 29LT Fonts Collection [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-jameel-prize/jameel-

prize-3-inside-the-exhibition/ [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.21] Unknown, (N/A), Story of Hijaabi Sistere [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/everyday.islam/photos/pb.152904641433667.-2207520000.1418421550./788091964581595/?type=3&theater [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.22] Rielly, J, (2013), Rihanna/Instagram [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2470040/Rihanna-asked-leave-Abu-Dhabi-mosque.html [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.23/24] Ni'Kesia, (2014), Rihanna Mesmerizes In ‘Harper’s Bazaar of Arabia [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.thisisrnb.com/2014/06/rihanna-mesmerizes-in-harpers-bazaar-of-arabia/ [Accessed 12 December 14]. [FIG.22] [FIG.23]

[FIG.25] Getty, (2011), Gallery: Angelina Jolie's humanitarian work [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Gallery+Angelina+Jolie+humanitarian+work/5501345/story.html [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.26] Mr Mickey, (2008), VICTORIA BECKHAM IS VERY SARI ON THE COVER OF VOGUE INDIA! [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Gallery+Angelina+Jolie+humanitarian+work/5501345/story.html [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.27] David Fisher/Rex Features, (2014), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2759553/Sari-Cherie-s-time-new-style-As-Mrs-Blair-

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poses-daughter-Indian-dress-look-barrister-s-obsession-Asian-clothing.html [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.28] PA, (1999), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2759553/Sari-Cherie-s-time-new-style-As-Mrs-Blair-poses-daughter-Indian-dress-

look-barrister-s-obsession-Asian-clothing.html [Accessed 12 December 14].

[FIG.29] Zaha Hadid Architects, (2009), Beethoven Concert Hall [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/beethoven-concert-hall/ [Accessed 15 December 14].

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BA (Hons) Interior Design Year 4 Tutors:  Aude  LE  GUENNEC  and  Britta  KALKREUTER  

2014

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�38HERIOT  WATT  UNIVERSITY    

Shakira Rahman. BA (Hons) Interior Design Year 4.E10CE 2014