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ISLAM
An Introduction to Islam
تقديم إلى إسالم
History of Western Civilization: Byzantine Empire Unit 2008-09
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Taj Mahal, India
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Dome of The Rock,
Jerusalem
Istanbul, Turkey
Cairo, Egypt
Damascus, Syria
Islamabad, Pakistan
Bombay, India
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rome, Italy
Dublin, Ireland
Guyana-Mosque
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
Contents
The Basics
Demographics
History
Practice
Ethics
Sects
Women in Islam
Mosques
Islamic Art
The Basics
What does Islam mean?
Arabic root word is SLM
SLM=
Salaam =
Peace
ISLAM = “Willful Surrender” “Willful Submission”
MUSLIM = “One who submits to Allah”
The “6” Articles of Faith
Belief in the Oneness of Allah (God)
Belief in the Angels created by Allah (God)
Belief in the Revealed Books of Allah (God)
Belief in the Messengers & Prophets of Allah (God)
Belief in the Day of Judgment
Belief in Allah’s (God’s) Sovereignty (control)
over Human Destiny & over all Affairs
Islam “A Faith of Human Unity”
It calls all humankind regardless of their
race and gender to unite in the worship
of the One and Unique creator.
Islam considers all believers as brothers
and sisters, and rejects discrimination on
the basis of gender, color, race or ethnic
background.
Humankind is one family, if one person
suffers everyone should help alleviate
that suffering
Allah
Allah is the Arabic name for God used by Muslims of the world as well as Arab Christians.
“He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.” (The Qur’an)
Prophets and Scriptures SOME PROPHETS: Adam, Noah, Abraham,
Ishmael, Ishaq, Jacob (Israel), Joseph,
Benjamin, Moses, Aaron, David, Solomon,
Zakareya, John, Jesus, Muhammad
DIVINE BOOKS: Torah, Zabur (Psalms),
Injeel (Gospel), Qur’an
Belief in ALL prophets of God
Source of All Books is God
Main Message of all Prophets: Islam
Muslims Believe Muhammad Is:
•The Last Messenger & Last Prophet
•The Seal Of The Prophets
•The Universal Prophet
Qur’an القرآن The Holy Book
“The Recitation”
Original message is intact, as given by the Prophet in Arabic
23 Years of Revelations (610 - 632 C.E.) 114 Chapters (Suras)
– Each begins with the phrase:
“In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.”
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
Islam maintains the
integrity of original
language (Arabic)
Muslims of all language
backgrounds recite
Islamic verses in Arabic
Sunnah and Hadith
Approvals, disapprovals of the Prophet
Compiled in separate books, known as Hadith books, after the death of the Prophet
Classified from authentic to false.
Sharia & Fiqh
Sharia
– "the path leading to the watering place" – Islamic Law – covers all aspects of life – politics, society, daily life
Fiqh
– "jurisprudence"
– the practical rules of the religion
–what is required, forbidden, recommended, disapproved or merely permitted
Muslims respect , love and honor Jesus
Jesus is considered a great messenger/ prophet
Jesus was born from the ‘virgin’ Mary
Jesus is a ‘word’ from God
Jesus is mentioned in 25 places in the Qur’an with names of respect and honor
However, Muslims do not consider Jesus to be of divine nature
What Muslims believe about Jesus
“We believe in Allah (God) and that
which was revealed to us, and that
which was revealed to Abraham,
Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the tribes
and that which was given to Moses,
Jesus and to the Prophets from their
Lord; We make NO distinction
between any of them, and to Him
(God) we submit.” (Qur’an, 3:83)
What the Qur’an says about Jesus
Becoming A Muslim
Simply by saying with conviction…
“La ilaha illa Allah,
wa Muhammad Rasullah.”
…one becomes a Muslim.
This saying means:
“There is no true deity, but Allah (God),
and Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of Allah.”
Demographics
So, where are Muslims ?
1.7 billion Muslims worldwide (almost ¼ of the world’s population)
57 countries with Muslims as a majority of the population, including 22 Arab countries.
Country with the largest Muslim population is Indonesia.
Only 18-25% of Muslims are Arabs
World Muslims
Muslims in America
2nd most common religion in America
One of the fastest growing religions in the USA
Estimated 7 to 8 million Muslims
Wide variety of ethnic backgrounds/national origins
Not all Muslims are Arabs…not all Arabs are Muslims
History
Prophet Muhammad
Descendant of Ishmael, the first son of
Abraham.
Born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 570 AD
Received first revelation at the age 40
through angel Gabriel.
Died in the year 632 AD, after preaching
Islam for 23 years.
Prophet Muhammad
Early years
Caravan experience = worldly knowledge
Marriage to Khadija
Message from Gabriel
Persecution in Mecca
Justice & a following in Yathrib (Medina)
Conquest of Mecca
Spread of faith
Spread of Islam
Islam, in the tenth century, was the main religion
or -- at least -- the religion of the majority of
peoples in an area covering more than half of the
civilized world.
Stretching over three continents from the
Pyrenees and Siberia in West and Northern
Europe to the farthest end of Asia, up to China
and New Guinea in the East; from Morocco in
North Africa to the southern tip of Africa,
covering two-thirds of the African continent.
Spread of Islam
What Gandhi Said About Muhammad “I wanted to know the best of one who holds today’s
undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind.
I became convinced that it was not the sword that won a
place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was
the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the
Prophet, the scrupulous regard for his pledges, his
intense devotion to his friends and his followers, his
intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and
in his own mission. These and not the sword carried
everything before them and surmounted every obstacle.
When I closed the 2nd volume (of the Prophet’s
biography), I was sorry there was not more for me to
read of his great life.” Mahatma Gandhi
The life & property of all people are considered sacred whether a person is Muslim or not.
No Supremacy: All people are equal.
“God has no mercy on one who has no mercy for others.”
“None of you truly believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.”
“He who eats his fill while his neighbor goes without food is not a believer.”
“No Arab has any superiority over a non Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab. Nor does a white man have any superiority over a black man, or the black man any superiority over the white man.”
Sayings Of Prophet Muhammad
For 500 to 1000 Years
Muslims Were The World Leaders in
Mathematics
Algebra
Arabic Numbers
Geometry
Engineering
Architecture
Arts & Crafts
Calligraphy
Education
Universities
Learning
Knowledge
Exploration
Hygiene
Ethics
Etiquettes
Social Services
Hospitals
Medicine
Law & Justice
Human Rights
Civil Rights
Commerce
Industry
Science
Chemistry
Physics
Biology
Astronomy
Anatomy
Botany
Poetry
Practice
Worship and Obedience
Prayers (Salah)
Charity (Zakat)
Fasting ( Ramadan)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Any act done according to Qur’an & Sunnah
to please God
The Five Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars Of Islam ( Forms Of Worship )
1) Declaration of Faith (Shahadah)
2) Prayers (Salah)
3) Charity (Zakat)
4) Fasting (Ramadan)
5) Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Declaration of Faith
(Shahadah)
To say, believe and testify that…
“La ilaha illa Allah”
“There is no true deity, but Allah (God).” <Denial of other gods—affirmation of the one true God>
ال إله إال هللا
Prayers (Salah)
Five Daily Prayers from Dawn to Late Evening regulate a Muslim’s day: a dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset & night
Prayers involve ablution, standing, bowing, prostrating, sitting postures
Face Kabbah (in Mecca)
a Mihrab
Prayers in Arabic.
Additional Prayers optional
Mosque Place of Worship
Masjid in Arabic
1st mosque in the world
was the Kaabah-- built by
Abraham on an order from
God.
Three holiest sites in Islam:
1) Masjid al-Haram in Mecca
2) Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina
3) Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem
Friday prayer key day of weekly gathering
Muezzin – “Caller-to-Prayer”
Minaret – Tower (pictured)--part of Mosque
Recitation/Chant – Testament of faith & call to prayer
The Call-to-Prayer (Al-adhan)
Ablution (washing) before Prayer
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Charity (Zakat)
Required 2.5% charity on yearly savings
A Muslim must be a charitable person
Removing a stone from the road is charity
Greeting with a smile is a charity
Redistribution of wealth helps societies & people
Muslims are usually motivated to donate even more as optional charity
God rewards charity givers very generously in this life and in the hereafter.
Fasting (Ramadan-Siyam)
Ramadan is 9th month in Islamic Lunar calendar
Daily dawn to sunset fast for 30 days (no food or
drink)
Eidul-Fitr Holiday at the end
This abstention includes food, drink and sexual
relations.
Muslims believe the fasting person develops a
greater understanding of the plight of those who
go hungry every day.
Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah) once
in life time for able Muslims
About 2-3 million Muslims perform
Hajj each year from all over the
world.
Eidul-Adha: the biggest Muslim
Holiday
Eid Prayer – Islamic Holiday
Ethics
Muslim Character & Ethics Be pure, clean, and
sober
Be just, noble, and steadfast
Show forgiveness, be kind and generous
Be optimistic, thankful, and happy
Obey the 10 Commandments
Trust God with all your heart, mind and soul
Faith requires action
Excel in goodness
Enjoin what is right
Forbid what is wrong
Be educated, seek knowledge
Have integrity, be honest and sincere
Be modest, humble and pious
Mankind is One
family
If one person
suffers, everyone
suffers
All life is sacred
All human rights
should be protected
Love one another
Show moderation in
everything
Love for others what
you love for yourself
Take care of orphans,
widows & the needy
Defend the weak
Free the oppressed
Fulfill your trusts,
commitments &
promises
Be just
Muslim Character & Ethics
Guidance from the Qur’an & Hadith
• Food
• Human Equality
• Justice
• Repel Evil with Goodness
• Suicide and Jihad
Food Forbidden:
• Meat of animals found dead
• Blood
• Flesh of swine
• Alcoholic beverages (such as beer and
wine) and intoxicants
• Meat on which name of God is not
invoked at time of slaughtering or meat
on which some one else’s name is
invoked
Permitted: food of the People of the Book
Human Equality in Islam
The Prophet Muhammad said:
“No Arab has any superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab. Nor does a white man have any superiority over a black man, or the black man any superiority over the white man. You are all the children of Adam, and Adam was created from clay.”
Justice in Islam “Do not let your hatred of a people incite you to
aggression.” (Qur’an 5:2)
“Do not let ill-will towards any folk incite you so that you swerve from dealing justly. Be just.” (Qur’an 5:8)
“Oh you who believe, stand up firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be against rich or poor; for God can best protect both. Do not follow any passion, lest you not be just. And if you distort or decline to do justice, verily God is well-acquainted with all that you do.” (Qur’an 4:135)
Repel Evil with Goodness
“Nor can goodness and evil be equal. Repel
(Evil) with what is better: Then will he
between whom and thee was hatred
become as it were thy friend and intimate!”
(Qur’an 41:34)
“Those who spend (freely), whether in
prosperity, or in adversity; who restrain
anger, and pardon (all) men; for God loves
those who do good.” (Qur’an 3:134)
Suicide is a Grave Sin
“O ye who believe! Eat not up your
property among yourselves in vanities:
But let there be amongst you traffic and
trade by mutual good-will: Nor kill (or
destroy) yourselves: for verily God has
been to you Most Merciful!”
(Qur’an, 4:29)
No Terrorism
(Forbidden in Islam)
Islamic Rulings (Fatwah’s) condemned attacks on
September 11, 2001, the London bombings and
others
– Worldwide Islamic leaders signed on to these condemnations
– Worldwide Islamic Organizations issued condemnations
Muslim anxiety over religious misinterpretations
– Feel that Islam and Muslims are being held responsible unfairly for actions of “deviated people.”
Linguistic meaning: “Striving” / “Struggling”
Islamic meaning: Non-violent struggling within oneself for a life of
virtue.
Fighting to establish justice, which is a supreme goal.
Rules of Engagement (Fighting) In Islam ~Commanded by Prophet Muhammad
Never Kill Innocent People
Never Injure Prisoners-of-War
Never Kill Animals
Never Destroy Crops or Infrastructures
Never Mutilate Bodies of Enemies--dead or alive
All Prisoners Should be Given Fair Treatment
Women & Children Should be Protected From Harm
Always Bury the Dead With Respect
Note: 1,400 Years BEFORE Geneva Convention
Islamic Jihad
Sects
Sects within Islam
There are divisions within Islam – just as in Christianity, Judaism,
Hinduism and Buddhism
Two primary sects: Sunni & Shi’a – Sunni: ~85-90%
– Shi’a: ~10-15% including parts of Iran, Iraq, Bahrain,
Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan
Third (Minor) sect: Sufism – Mystical order
– May include Sunni and Shi'a followers
Sects within Islam
Sunni & Shi’a Muslims share the most fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith.
Nature of the two divisions:
1)Political •Succession of the Prophet
(Political Leadership)
2)Spiritual •Veneration/worship of Imams
(Spiritual Leadership)
Sects within Islam “Sunni” (“Sunnah” root): “one who follows the
traditions of the Prophet” -- “well-trodden path” -- “tradition”
1) Successor to the Prophet should have been the most capable leader, NOT based upon bloodlines.
This is what occurred.
2) Spiritual leadership is NOT a birthright, born of community trust and respect
Approximately 85-90% of Muslims are from the Sunni branch
Sects within Islam Shi’a is from: “Shi’a-t-Ali” -- “partisans”
– “Party of Ali”
1) Successor to the Prophet should have been through bloodlines: – First, Ali (son-in-law and cousin of
Muhammad)
– Then, through Fatima’s (Ali’s wife and Muhammad’s daughter) children.
2) Spiritual leadership is anointed directly from Allah (God). – Imam is sinless and infallible by nature.
Sects within Islam •Sunni and Shi’a also differ in lesser ways:
•Sunni believe the al-Mahdi (vice-regent of Allah) will arrive at/on Judgment Day
•Shi’a believe al-Mahdi is on earth, “Hidden” and will emerge at/on Judgment Day
•Subgroups/”schools” of Sunni:
•Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanafi, Hanbali (most conservative)
•Subgroups/”schools” of Shi’a:
•Ithna ‘Ashariyah (“Twelvers”--the largest), Isma'iliyah and Zaydiyah
Women in Islam
Islamic Teaching About Women
The keys to heaven lay at the feet of the
Mother.
Your Mother deserves “3” times the
respect, honor, devotion & admiration
over the Father
The Prophet said: He who is best to his
wife is best in the sight of Allah (God).
The Prophet taught all to be Kind, Gentle
& Loving With Women
Pre-Islamic Status Of Women 570 A.D.
Very male chauvinistic society
No Rights - No Status
No Inheritance
No say in marriage
Considered property of husbands
Lost her name
Burden on society
Her money, property, belonged to the husband
Not equal to men
Given away by husband
Exchanged for goods & services
Traded, bought & sold
Meanwhile…
Other nations doing the same
Some Christian Councils still argued whether women had souls
Women = Men
Equal…
– In the sight of God
– In belief, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage
– Rewards & punishments
– Rights & status
Right to…
– Inheritance
– Initiate Marriage
– Initiate Divorce
– Choose In Marriage
– Keep Her Name
– Refuse marriage proposals
Right to…
– Own property
– Work
– Be educated
– Be protected by men
– Be respected, loved, admired
Can NOT be traded, bought, sold
All her money is hers
All her property is hers
Men required to give dowry in marriage
Asset to society Honored in society Integral part of all societal
affairs
Post-Islamic Status Of Women 623 A.D.
Islamic Dress Pictures-Women
Hijab
The Hijab primarily refers to a woman's head & body covering
Addresses the norms of modesty, privacy & morality
In the Qur’an: a headscarf or veil is a “khimār”
(خمار)
حجاب
The Burqa: most extreme--not
even a woman's eyes are visible
Hijab
Afghani Burqa
Iranian Hijab
Hijab Sportswear
Similar head coverings may been seen
across cultural lines and throughout
history -- see following pages a
حجاب
Mosques
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Taj Mahal, India
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Medina, Mosque ( the Prophet’s mosque )
Dome of The Rock,
Jerusalem
Istanbul, Turkey
Cairo, Egypt
Damascus, Syria
Islamabad, Pakistan
Bombay, India
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rome, Italy
Dublin, Ireland
Guyana-Mosque
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
Islamic Art
Islamic Arts
Islamic Arts
Islamic Arts
ترحيب إلى العالم اإلسالم
(Welcome to the world of Islam.)
و
شكرا جزيال (Many thanks.)
مع سالم
(Go in Peace.)