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CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Branch Office Branch Office

Remote Access Remote Access TechnologiesTechnologies


WAN Designer WAN Designer ConsiderationsConsiderations

Number of users per locationNumber of users per location Number of simultaneous usersNumber of simultaneous users Number of hours per day each user Number of hours per day each user

connectsconnects What type of access is required What type of access is required Is access required continuous or Is access required continuous or

intermittentintermittent


Leased LinesLeased Lines Permanent telephone connection Permanent telephone connection

between two pointsbetween two points Set up by a telecommunications carrierSet up by a telecommunications carrier Secure private line owned exclusively by userSecure private line owned exclusively by user Used to connect geographically distant Used to connect geographically distant

officesoffices Direction connection from network to Direction connection from network to

Internet POPInternet POP Connection fee required monthly Connection fee required monthly Variable costs based on distance and circuit Variable costs based on distance and circuit

speedspeed


Leased LineLeased Line


Multidrop and MultipointMultidrop and Multipoint

Multidrop allows split use of single dedicated Multidrop allows split use of single dedicated lineline Corporations leverage use of leased line to many Corporations leverage use of leased line to many

locationslocations Several DTEs can share one line connectionSeveral DTEs can share one line connection Only two DTEs can converse at one timeOnly two DTEs can converse at one time Each location requires DCE for connection to telcoEach location requires DCE for connection to telco

Multipoint has several point-to-point Multipoint has several point-to-point connectionsconnections Combinations are used to connect multiple sitesCombinations are used to connect multiple sites Multidrop and Multipoint are integrated into network Multidrop and Multipoint are integrated into network


Multidrop ConnectionMultidrop Connection


Multipoint ConnectionMultipoint Connection


Voice-Only ApplicationsVoice-Only Applications

CSU used exclusivelyCSU used exclusively Voice calls carried between PBXs at two Voice calls carried between PBXs at two

locations in same companylocations in same company Using T1 line saves long-distance chargesUsing T1 line saves long-distance charges


T1 Line InformationT1 Line Information LAN data is carried between locationsLAN data is carried between locations T1 lines are connected directly to T1 CSU/DSUsT1 lines are connected directly to T1 CSU/DSUs DSU needed to convert data coming from DSU needed to convert data coming from

routerrouter Router supports connection to LANsRouter supports connection to LANs Fractal T1 service allows bandwidth/cost Fractal T1 service allows bandwidth/cost

sharingsharing Costs include distance charges from telcoCosts include distance charges from telco Charges based on bandwidth selectedCharges based on bandwidth selected


T1 Voice & DataT1 Voice & Data


T1 Switched T1 Switched ConnectionsConnections


ISDN BRIISDN BRI Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Provides for sending digital data on phone network Provides for sending digital data on phone network Supports three concurrent separate conversations Supports three concurrent separate conversations

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Supports two (B channels) to carry user traffic.Supports two (B channels) to carry user traffic. B channel is “Bearer Channel” – carries 64 Kbps eachB channel is “Bearer Channel” – carries 64 Kbps each D Channel used for call setup/ network signaling –D Channel used for call setup/ network signaling –

16Kbps16Kbps Total Bandwidth = 144 KbpsTotal Bandwidth = 144 Kbps


ISDN BRI ISDN BRI


NT1NT1 Serves as network interface for BRI Serves as network interface for BRI

connectionconnection Has physical/electrical termination Has physical/electrical termination

functions for T1functions for T1 Requires a standard power supply source Requires a standard power supply source U-interface port used to connect to RJ-11 U-interface port used to connect to RJ-11

cable for phonecable for phone Back of unit supports two S/T RJ-45 interface Back of unit supports two S/T RJ-45 interface

postsposts


Terminal Adapter (TA)Terminal Adapter (TA)

Protocol converter Protocol converter Adapts equipment not designed for ISDNAdapts equipment not designed for ISDN Usually a card that plugs into a PCUsually a card that plugs into a PC External TA boxesExternal TA boxes

Used to connect analog telephone, faxes Used to connect analog telephone, faxes and modems to an ISDN lineand modems to an ISDN line


Call RoutingCall Routing

Used at CO to connect local/ long-Used at CO to connect local/ long-distance servicesdistance services

All carriers granted POPs to provide long All carriers granted POPs to provide long distance servicesdistance services

Customer can choose long distance Customer can choose long distance carrier to complete connectioncarrier to complete connection

Carrier ID numbers maintained Carrier ID numbers maintained dynamicallydynamically


ISDN PRIISDN PRI Primary Rate Interface (PRI)Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Dedicated trunks to connect corporate Dedicated trunks to connect corporate locations to COlocations to CO

Designed to support multiple individual BRIDesigned to support multiple individual BRI Internal and external voice-data Internal and external voice-data

communicationscommunications United States PRIUnited States PRI

Total bandwidth 1.544 MbpsTotal bandwidth 1.544 Mbps 23 (64 Kbps.) Bearer (B) channels and 1 D (64 23 (64 Kbps.) Bearer (B) channels and 1 D (64

Kbps.) channelKbps.) channel PAC RIM and European PRIPAC RIM and European PRI

2,048 Mbps E1 channels2,048 Mbps E1 channels E1channel consists of 31 B channels (64 E1channel consists of 31 B channels (64

Kbps.) and1 D channel (64 Kbps.)Kbps.) and1 D channel (64 Kbps.)


ISDN PRIISDN PRI


ISDN PRI & PRI-E1ISDN PRI & PRI-E1


ISDN Terminal ISDN Terminal EquipmentEquipment

TE1TE1 An end-user ISDN terminal type 1 device that An end-user ISDN terminal type 1 device that connects to the ISDN line through a twisted connects to the ISDN line through a twisted pair four-wire digital link.pair four-wire digital link.

TE2TE2 An ISDN terminal type 2 device that is used An ISDN terminal type 2 device that is used to connect to a terminal adapter.to connect to a terminal adapter.

NT1NT1 Network termination device that connects Network termination device that connects the four-wire subscriber wiring to the the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop.conventional two-wire local loop.

NT2NT2 A device typically found in a digital PBX, A device typically found in a digital PBX, which is capable of performing concentration which is capable of performing concentration services.services.


ISDN BRI & NT1ISDN BRI & NT1


ISDN InterfacesISDN InterfacesR R InterfaceInterface

Defines the relationship between Defines the relationship between the terminal equipment (TE2) the terminal equipment (TE2) device and a non-ISDN-ready device and a non-ISDN-ready device. device.

S/T S/T InterfaceInterface

S-interface is between ISDN user S-interface is between ISDN user equipment (TE1 or TE2) and NT1 equipment (TE1 or TE2) and NT1 device. T-interface is between the device. T-interface is between the local switching device (NT2 and the local switching device (NT2 and the PBX. An S/T interface cannot be PBX. An S/T interface cannot be plugged directly into a ISDN line plugged directly into a ISDN line without an NT1 device.without an NT1 device.

U U InterfaceInterface

U-loop because it represents the U-loop because it represents the loop between the user’s premises loop between the user’s premises and the local telco CO. A U-and the local telco CO. A U-interface device can plug into S/T interface device can plug into S/T interface & analog devices.interface & analog devices.


Benefits of ISDN PRIBenefits of ISDN PRI

Reduced call setup timeReduced call setup time Reduced costsReduced costs High-speed switched access to High-speed switched access to

low-volume remote locationslow-volume remote locations Uses both local and interexchange Uses both local and interexchange

carrier servicescarrier services Provides bandwidth on demandProvides bandwidth on demand


Comparison PRI & T1Comparison PRI & T1SpeedSpeed 64 Kbps on each 64 Kbps on each

channelchannel

2424thth channel used channel used for signalingfor signaling

Call setup time: Call setup time: 300 ms.300 ms.

64 Kbps. on each channel64 Kbps. on each channel

Uses 16 Kbps. for in-band Uses 16 Kbps. for in-band signalingsignaling

Call setup time: 3-5 Call setup time: 3-5 secondsseconds

FlexibilitFlexibilityy

Any channel can Any channel can be used for inward be used for inward calls, outward calls, outward calls, WATs calls, calls, WATs calls, or 800 calls.or 800 calls.

Channels are pre-assigned Channels are pre-assigned for the type of call. Some for the type of call. Some channels sit idle while channels sit idle while other channels ring busy.other channels ring busy.

CostCost ISDN PRI is less ISDN PRI is less expensive than T1 expensive than T1 (HiCap) service.(HiCap) service.


Topic ReviewTopic Review

1.1. Name some considerations when Name some considerations when designing remote access WAN designing remote access WAN connections.connections.

2.2. How many B and D channels are in a How many B and D channels are in a BRI?BRI?

3.3. How many B and D channels are in a T1?How many B and D channels are in a T1?

4.4. How many B and D channels are in a E1?How many B and D channels are in a E1?


Communication ServersCommunication Servers Universally managed platforms for network Universally managed platforms for network

servicesservices Contains communication processors & softwareContains communication processors & software A communication server is a collection of A communication server is a collection of

independent servers.independent servers. Processor cardsProcessor cards

Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) Installed memoryInstalled memory Serial RS-232 portSerial RS-232 port SNMP built in to provide remote application SNMP built in to provide remote application

management.management.


Communication ServersCommunication Servers (cont.)(cont.)

Controller componentsController components Video circuitsVideo circuits Hard drives (SCSI and EIDE)Hard drives (SCSI and EIDE) Dual Ethernet controllers.Dual Ethernet controllers. Serial connections Com1, Com2 and USBSerial connections Com1, Com2 and USB


Racking Communication Racking Communication ServersServers

Rack can accommodate Rack can accommodate Eight Celeron-based Web servers Eight Celeron-based Web servers 24 Pentium III-based application servers24 Pentium III-based application servers

Eight Dual SMP Pentium III-based Eight Dual SMP Pentium III-based clustered data resource servers can clustered data resource servers can be supported in one standard 19” rackbe supported in one standard 19” rack


Microwave TechnologyMicrowave Technology

Considered a form of radio Considered a form of radio transmissiontransmission Uses very high frequency rangeUses very high frequency range Susceptible to interference, jamming, Susceptible to interference, jamming,

weather and eavesdroppingweather and eavesdropping Licensing is required to use most Licensing is required to use most

microwaves microwaves Curvature of the earth issuesCurvature of the earth issues


Categories of Categories of TransmissionTransmission

Two categories of unbounded transmissionTwo categories of unbounded transmission Both require no underground installationBoth require no underground installation Signals can radiate freely or as neededSignals can radiate freely or as needed

OMNI-Directional or BroadcastOMNI-Directional or Broadcast Signals broadcast in all directions at onceSignals broadcast in all directions at once Guarantees wide-coverage with high dispersalGuarantees wide-coverage with high dispersal

Line of SightLine of Sight Signals transmitted from point toSignals transmitted from point to Antenna dishes require exact focusing at each Antenna dishes require exact focusing at each

sitesite


Microwave TransmissionMicrowave Transmission


Microwave ComponentsMicrowave Components Dish antennaDish antenna

Commonly used in microwave systemsCommonly used in microwave systems Used for satellite communicationsUsed for satellite communications Used in space communications, radio Used in space communications, radio

astronomy, radarastronomy, radar Horn antennaHorn antenna

Active element in a dish antenna Active element in a dish antenna Resembles an acoustic hornResembles an acoustic horn

WaveguideWaveguide Cylindrical tube or metal pipeCylindrical tube or metal pipe Connects antenna to transmitter or receiver Connects antenna to transmitter or receiver

systemsystem Feeder pathway for transmissions.Feeder pathway for transmissions.


Satellite SignalsSatellite Signals Used to transmit signals and data over Used to transmit signals and data over

long distances long distances Weather forecastingWeather forecasting Television broadcastsTelevision broadcasts Internet communicationsInternet communications Global Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systems

Space orbit allows more surface Space orbit allows more surface coveragecoverage Used to communicate:Used to communicate:

Satellite to SurfaceSatellite to Surface Surface to SatelliteSurface to Satellite Satellite to SatelliteSatellite to Satellite


Types of SatellitesTypes of Satellites


GeostationaryGeostationary (GEO) (GEO) Used to transmit data and TV Used to transmit data and TV

signalssignals Transoceanic - Atlantic and PacificTransoceanic - Atlantic and Pacific Appears to be always in same place Appears to be always in same place

from Earthfrom Earth 22,238 miles from Earth 22,238 miles from Earth Transmits at speeds up to 155 Mbps.Transmits at speeds up to 155 Mbps.


Middle Earth Orbit Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) (MEO)

Used for global wireless Used for global wireless communication coveragecommunication coverage Maintain orbit 8,000 miles from EarthMaintain orbit 8,000 miles from Earth Orbits Earth about every 2 to 12 hoursOrbits Earth about every 2 to 12 hours Transmit data rate 9.6Kbps. to 38.4 Transmit data rate 9.6Kbps. to 38.4

Kbps.Kbps. Transmission delay is only 0.10 secondsTransmission delay is only 0.10 seconds


Low Earth Orbit (LEO)Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Launched like a large flock of “birds”Launched like a large flock of “birds”

Orbits at constant altitude 400 to 1,000 milesOrbits at constant altitude 400 to 1,000 miles Must travel very fast to avoid gravity forcesMust travel very fast to avoid gravity forces Low orbit allows for transmit 2.4 to 9.5 KbpsLow orbit allows for transmit 2.4 to 9.5 Kbps Travels at 17,000 miles per hourTravels at 17,000 miles per hour Circles earth approximately every 90 minutesCircles earth approximately every 90 minutes Used for mobile voice, low and high speed dataUsed for mobile voice, low and high speed data Internet Access via mobile phone, PDAs, GPSInternet Access via mobile phone, PDAs, GPS


Satellite ComponentsSatellite Components Flight computerFlight computer

Brain of satelliteBrain of satellite Controls antenna, transmitter receiver, digital camera Controls antenna, transmitter receiver, digital camera

and image sensorsand image sensors Image sensorsImage sensors

Process pictures captured by digital cameraProcess pictures captured by digital camera TransmitterTransmitter

Sends large amounts of data between the satellite and Sends large amounts of data between the satellite and EarthEarth

A thermal blanketA thermal blanket Covers entire satellite with a thin foil material.Covers entire satellite with a thin foil material. Foil keeps satellite warm in cold and cool in extreme Foil keeps satellite warm in cold and cool in extreme

heatheat


Satellite Ground Satellite Ground EquipmentEquipment

VSAT TerminalsVSAT Terminals Used to transmit data signals to and Used to transmit data signals to and

from satellites. from satellites. Defined as very small aperture terminalDefined as very small aperture terminal Opening for microwave beam is very Opening for microwave beam is very

narrownarrow Stations use different frequencies for Stations use different frequencies for

transmitting and receiving datatransmitting and receiving data


VSAT TerminalsVSAT Terminals


SummarySummary

Satellites provide a wide geographic reachSatellites provide a wide geographic reach Can transmit to places cable cannot reachCan transmit to places cable cannot reach Satellites are a good transmission Satellites are a good transmission

method.method. Especially useful for run same technology Especially useful for run same technology

to multiple site regardless of location.to multiple site regardless of location.


Submarine ConnectionsSubmarine Connections

First transatlantic cable installed 1858First transatlantic cable installed 1858 Cable ran between United States and EuropeCable ran between United States and Europe

Submarine coaxial cableSubmarine coaxial cable Used to replace high-frequency radio schemeUsed to replace high-frequency radio scheme Life expectancy is 20-plus yearsLife expectancy is 20-plus years

Optical submarine cable used for networksOptical submarine cable used for networks Internet voice, data and video communicationsInternet voice, data and video communications


Wave Division Wave Division MultiplexingMultiplexing

Frequency division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing techniquetechnique Used for fiber optic cableUsed for fiber optic cable Multiple optical signal channels carried Multiple optical signal channels carried

across a single fiber strandacross a single fiber strand Different wavelengths of light utilizedDifferent wavelengths of light utilized Each wavelength is in the infrared Each wavelength is in the infrared

rangerange


Submarine Cable Submarine Cable HazardsHazards

Designed to perform without repair for Designed to perform without repair for 20 years20 years

Does not have long signal propagation Does not have long signal propagation delaydelay

Trawling gear damages submarine Trawling gear damages submarine cablecable

Optical fiber installed to minimize Optical fiber installed to minimize hazardshazards


Optic Fiber CableOptic Fiber Cable


Optical FibersOptical Fibers

Optical fibers are encased with many Optical fibers are encased with many steel wires to protect them from steel wires to protect them from external and mechanical stress.external and mechanical stress.

Optically amplified repeaters are Optically amplified repeaters are used to strengthen the signal as it used to strengthen the signal as it travels across the depths of the travels across the depths of the ocean.ocean.


Topic ReviewTopic Review

1.1. What advantages are there to rack What advantages are there to rack mounting network devices?mounting network devices?

2.2. What are the disadvantages of What are the disadvantages of microwave technology?microwave technology?

3.3. What are the 3 general type of What are the 3 general type of satellites?satellites?

4.4. Which has less signal delay, submarine Which has less signal delay, submarine or geostationary satellite links?or geostationary satellite links?

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