Jihadismo globale

Andrea Plebani

Stato Islamico: messaggio

• Crisi Islam. Soluzione: jihad armato e una nuova Medina (StatoIslamico);

• Califfato :

• Da creare ora (vs AQ) affinchè diventi modello per umma;

• nuova egira;

• Califfato autorità suprema > altre forme autorità/stati illegittimi;

• Apostasia colpisce tutti coloro che non aderiscono a visione IS. Ahlal-Kitab, sciiti, sufi, ma anche sunniti che non accettano nuovoordine;

• “Altro” deve essere eliminato perchè potrebbe infettare la“società nuova”;

• Violenza e terrore principali media usati da IS.

Stato Islamico: messaggio

O Muslims everywhere, […] raise your head high, for today – by Allah’s grace – youhave a state and khilāfah, which will return your dignity, might, rights, andleadership. It is a state where the Arab and non-Arab, the white man and black man,the easterner and westerner are all brothers. […] Allah brought their hearts together,and thus, they became brothers by His grace, loving each other for the sake of Allah,standing in a single trench, defending and guarding each other, and sacrificingthemselves for one another. […]

“We clarify to the Muslims that with this declaration of khilāfah, it is incumbentupon all Muslims to pledge allegiance to the khalīfah Ibrāhīm and support him (mayAllah preserve him). The legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organizations,becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah’s authority and arrival of its troops totheir areas”.

O Muslims everywhere, whoever is capable of performing hijrah (emigration) to theIslamic State, then let him do so, because hijrah to the land of Islam is obligatory.”

Al-Hayat Media Center, A message to the mujahidin and the Muslim ummah in the month of

Ramadan, July 1, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqxoAsLJP2w

IS: origini ed evoluzione

Stato Islamico: rinascita

• Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi nuovo leader;

• Ritiro forze US dall’Iraq;

• Politiche settarie al-Maliki > ripresa opposizione sunnita

• Guerra civile siriana. Fondamentale per ISI per:

• ripulire la sua immagine dopo la debacle irachena;

• Ristabilire il contatto con le comunità sunnite locali

(collaborazione con ribelli, fornitura di cibo, Stato di

diritto, campagna di pubbliche relazioni);

• Volontari, training e finanziamenti;

• Prossimità strategica Siria e Iraq.

Da ISI a ISIS

o Apr2013 proclamazione ISIS:

o al-Julani rinnova fedeltà ad al-Zawahiri > rottura ISIS-JaN;

o al-Zawahiri chiede ritorno status quo ante;

o Al-Baghdadi sconfessa pubblicamente al-Zawahiri: “The Islamic State of

Iraq and the Levant will remain, as long as we have a vein pumping or an

eye blinking. […]. When it comes to the letter of Sheikh Ayman al-

Zawahiri - may God protect him - we have many legal and

methodological reservations. After consulting with the consultative

council of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant [...] I chose the order of

God over the orders that contravenes Allah in the letter.“

o Una nuova fase:

o Aumento operazione in Siria e Iraq (breaking the wall)

o Lotta aperta contro JaN, altri gruppi ribelli, curdi

o Norme draconiane imposte alla popolazione

o Abuso violenza e takfir

Da ISIS a IS

o Dic2013-Jan2014: ISIS esoulso da Siria nord-occidentale

o Feb2014: al-Zawahiri rompe legami con ISIS

o "Al-Qaeda announces it is not linked to the Islamic State of

Iraq and the Levant. […] ISIL is not a branch of al-Qaeda, has

no links to it, and the [al-Qaeda] group is not responsible for

its acts. […] We affirm our disavowal from the sedition that is

occurring in Syria between factions of jihadists, and from the

blood that was shed by any party”

o ISIS sposta sue aree operative:

o Siria settentrionale

o Greater Baghdad

o Al-Anbar e Niniveh

giugno2014: presa Mosul > «stato islamico» (IS).

Presenza attuale IS in Syraq

aree perse/prese nel 20162014-2015• Kobane• Tikrit• Tal Abyad• Sinjar

2016• Ramadi• Palmira• Falluja• Manbij

Foreign fightersSoufan Group 2015

27-31.000 foreign fighters > Siria

Crisi statoSiraq: i molti attori “interni”

Dinamiche egemoniche regionali

12

Is message can be countered

1-It is forbidden in Islam to issue fatwas without all the necessary learning requirements.

[…]It is also forbidden to cite a portion of a verse from the Qur’an—or part of a verse—to

derive a ruling without looking at everything that the Qur’an and Hadith teach related to

that matter. […]

3- It is forbidden in Islam to oversimplify Shari’ah matters and ignore established Islamic

sciences.

6- It is forbidden in Islam to kill the innocent.

7- It is forbidden in Islam to kill emissaries, ambassadors, and diplomats; hence it is

forbidden to kill journalists and aid workers.

9- It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly

declares disbelief.

12- The re-introduction of slavery is forbidden in Islam. It was abolished by universal

consensus.

13- It is forbidden in Islam to force people to convert.

24- After the death of the Prophet, Islam does not require anyone to emigrate anywhere.

Open letter to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 19 settembre 2014

http://www.memri.org/publicdocs/MEMRI_IA_1205_Delegitimizing_ISIS_On_Islamic_Grounds-

FINAL.pdf

IS and communication: TOOLS

Tools Scope Ref

Social media Radicalization, recruitment

Horror videos/nasheedTo disseminate fear and

inspire

http://www.agi.it/estero/notizie/isis-

video-minaccia-sgozzamenti-

sottotitoli-in-italiano---video-e-fotobr-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y

g7KuNagYMw

Counter information

videosTo show IS capabilities

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l

qxoAsLJP2w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d

XAnJ8jnLCI

Dabiq/Dar al-IslamTo celebrate success -

propaganda

Gamification Attract young volunteers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S

Df_VTMlcdQ