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Is the UK centralized or decentralized?

From Margaret Thatcher to Tony Blair and Gordon Brown

Visiting professor of Local Autonomy College ,MIAC

Shigeru Naiki

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(Shigeru Naiki)1974 Graduated from Tokyo University,Faculty of L aw

Enter Ministry of Home Affairs1975 Hokkaido Prefecture posting1979 Oita Prefecture posting(Finance Section Man ager,General Affairs Dep.)1985 Embassy of Japan (London) First Secretary (3 years)1990 Toyama Prefecture posting (Head of General Affairs)1994 Director 、、、、International Affairs 、、、、Ministry of Home Affairs1995 Director , Disaster Prevention ,National L and Agency1998 Deputy Mayor ,Kitakyushu City2001 Director ,Finance Management ,Ministry of Internal Affairs and

Communications2002 Deputy Director-General of Ministry’s Secr etariat, MIAC

President of Fire Defence College2004 Director General , Japan Local Government Center in the UK

and Executive ,CLAIR(Council,of LocalAuthorities fo r International Relations) 2007 Chief Executive ,Japan Center for Local Au tonomy2008 Executive Director , Fund for Volunteer Firefig hters

and Visiting Professor of Local Autonomy college,M IAC

※※※※ He was one of the founder of JET programme and he to ok a major part In promoting the internatinalization of local government including e stablishing CLAIR.He is also known as an expert of the ｌｌｌｌocal autonomy,He planned the ““““One Village One

Product Movemnt In Oita prefecture and the ”””” Revitalization Policy for Homeland ”””” under the

Takeshita Cabinet

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（Publication .Thesis)

“The Adminisrative Reforms of UK and Japan “ (2009)

“Thatcher’s Revolution for Local Government”(1988)“A Diary of a Diplomat with his Family”(1988)“Project Renaissance in Japan”( 1985)“Revitalization Policy for Homeland” (1988-1990)“New Disaster Prevention Plan after Hanshin-Awaji Gr eat

Earthquake”(1993-1994)

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Points1.Summing up the reforms of the successive

cabinets.2.Comparision between Japan and the UK in the

field of Constitution,Government structure.3.Decentralization of Northern Ireland,Scotland,

and Wales.4.Administrative Reform in England.Devolution of

power from central government to local authorities and City Region.

5.The message from UK.

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The Structure of the Central Government

(Regime ) Constitutional Monarchy(King’s right) to convene and dissolve the

Dietto approve the actto appoint and dismiss the

cabinet members and judgesto conclude a treatyto command armed forces

(Cabinet) the parliamentary system of government –responsible for the parliament-

-Resign in a body,dissolution(Constitution) uncodified ,being made up constitutional convention ,and statutes

(cf) Japan- Codified Constitution ,Act

※ the separation of (the three) powers (of administration, legislation, and judicature) ？ーthe Supreme Court ２００９２００９２００９２００９．．．．１０１０１０１０．．．．１１１１← House of Lords

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UK Parliament

【 House of Commons 】Labour 355Conservative 197Liberal Democrats 63Democratic Unionist 9Scottish National 6Sinn Fein 5Plaid Cymru 3Social Democratic and Labour ３３３３

Ulster Unionist 1Others 4

Total 646

【House of Lords】Labour ２１１Conservative ２０４Liberal Democrats 77Independents 205Senior Bishop 26Others 12

Total 735

（24,10,2006)

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Manifesto（The2005 General Election ）

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The history of the UK Prime Minster

（（（（１１１１））））Margaret Thatcher,Con. （（（（１９７５１９７５１９７５１９７５．．．．５５５５～～～～１９９０１９９０１９９０１９９０．．．．１１１１１１１１））））

• 1970’s：：：：high inflation,high unemployment,stagnant growth

• An unprecedented third term• Thatcherism(deregulation,privatization, anti-

trade-unionism,Monetarism,small government)Reform of local government ,education--to abolish the GLC,6 Labour controlled

metropolitan county council※※※※ to decrease bureaucracy and increase

efficiency and accountability※※※※ then the Labour-controlled county councils

were in favour of higher local government tax and public spending

※※※※ ＣＣＴＣＣＴＣＣＴＣＣＴ

・・・・ Thatcherism focused on not only limiting public expenditure to increase efficiency but also centralization of power and supplying people with pubic service by the central government directly

・・・・ Unpopular Poll tax ruined Thatcher

（（（（２２２２））））John Major,Con. （（（（１９９０１９９０１９９０１９９０．．．．１１１１１１１１～～～～１９９７１９９７１９９７１９９７．．．．５５５５））））

a successor of Thatcherism※※※※ encompass CCTPrivate Finance Initiative （ＰＦＩ）（ＰＦＩ）（ＰＦＩ）（ＰＦＩ）（（（（１９９２１９９２１９９２１９９２

Lamont,Exchequer ））））

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（（（（３３３３）））） Tony Blair,Labour （（（（１９９７１９９７１９９７１９９７．．．．５５５５～～～～２００７２００７２００７２００７．．．．６６６６））））

• 1997 general election• “New Labour”

to distinguish his pro-market policies from the more collectivist policies in the past.Blair deleted the party’s constitution “ wholesale nationalisation – the common ownership of the means ofproduction and exchange”

(Succeeded Neil Kinnock’s Reform(expelled the far left Militant group and moderated many of the party’s policies,such as accepting NATO,Nuclear Atomic power plant )In a sense ,Blair succeeded Thatcherism.

His three top priorities were “education,education,education”※※※※ ＣＣＴＣＣＴＣＣＴＣＣＴ →→→→ ＢｅｓｔＢｅｓｔＢｅｓｔＢｅｓｔ ＶａｌｕｅＶａｌｕｅＶａｌｕｅＶａｌｕｅ

・・・・2001,2005 general electionthe only person who have the labour party to consecutive general election victories

(Devolution)・・・・established the Scottish Parliament,the National

Assembly for Wales,and the Northern Ireland Assembly

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(4) Gordon Brown,Con （（（（２００７２００７２００７２００７．．．．６６６６ーーーー ））））

• 1997－－－－2007 Chancellor of Exchequer• His top priority is NHS(National Health

Service).New eco-towns(100,000 New homes)Education,“Better constitution”(clear about the rights and responsibilities of citizens,Rebalancing powers Between Whitehall and local government.)

• (popularity)↑Good start (crisis management against the

explosion attempt of Glasgow Airport↓He suggested a general election.But finally

ruled out it. He was accused of being indecisive.↑leadership for the measure against the financial crisis

↓the expenses crisis for claiming for the payment in Commons

・・・・ （（（（approval rating for Labour party ））））

62%（（（（June 1997 ））））→→→→30%（（（（April 2007 ））））

→→→→20%？（？（？（？（now ））））

※※※※the Conservative’s lead around 12 points

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（（（（５５５５））））David Cameron. Con.Leader(2005.12--)

The 26th Leader of Con.

Change the party line from “right”to “center”

Alternation of generationTo switch on a whole new

generation

(Cameron attending LGA conference)

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Electoral system

○○○○ House of Commons(General Elections ））））- MP(a member of Parliament)・・・・ single-member constituencies

・・・・ The First Past the Post systemIn this voting system the single winner is the pers on with the most votes; there

is no requirement that the winner gain an absolute majority of votes.

○○○○ Local councils in England and Wales・１－３３３３member constituencies・In the plural- member constituencies , an electorate has the plural votes.

( CF)○○○○ Additional Member system ーーーーScottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly,London Assembly

○○○○ Supplementary Vote system ））））ーーーーDirectly-elected Mayors in England○○○○ Single Transferable Vote system ーーーーlocal councils in Northern Ireland and Scotland

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Features of the UK election• Very quiet （not calling the name of a

candidate ）• Meeting of party members and

canvassing are main means.• The polling day is usually Thursday.• The unified local election is carried on

the first Thursday of May.• Low turnout is a concern.(but higher

than in Japan)• Even on the polling day,the election

campaign is allowed.

• If you are 18 years old or older British (including the inhabitants from commonwealth countries )you are eligible to vote and to be a

candidate.Nick Leynsford(Local government minister)

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Ballot paper Polling station

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Decentralization①－Scotland(The Scottish Parliament)

Before 1707 an independent sovereign state

1997 A referendum on devolution proposals ( for 74.3 % ））））

1998 the Scotland Act was passed by the UK Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament

1999 The Scottish Parliament

（（（（the Scottish Government is responsible forall issues that are not explicitly reserved to the UK

parliament, primary legislative powersuch as, NHS Scotland,education,justice,rural affairs,and transport as well as limited power to v ary income tax.

reserved issues---defense,level of UK taxes,social security,internal relations.broadcasting.

1999-2007 The Labour-Liberal Democrats Coalition government

May,2007 The Scottish National Party,which campaig ns for Scottish independence,won the election by a one sea t majority.

Alex Salmond (leader of SNP) was elected First Minister

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Decentralization ②②②②－－－－Wales(The Assembly for Wales)1997 A referendum on devolution proposal

(for 50.3 ％％％％)1998 The National Assembly for Wales1999 Labour self-government

Powers of the Secretary of State for Wales were transferred.

Devolved responsibilities:agriculture,economic development,education,health,housing,industry,housing,local government,social service,tourism,transport,the Welsh language.

(But no primary legislative power-subordinate legislation )→→→→

The Government of Wales act 2006(came into effect in 2007)

the National Assembly can request powers to pass primary

legislation as Assembly Measures on specific issues.

(However,in theory, the Uk Parliament could overrule or even abolish the National Assembly at any time.)

2007 Labour-Plaid Cymru coalition governmentPlaid Cymru: the Party of Wales which favours Welsh independence,

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Decentralization ③③③③－－－－Northern Ireland Assembly

(1921 the Republic of Ireland 26 areas (out of 36 )became independent from the UK )

1921-1972 Northern Ireland (6 areas )was created as a distinct subdivision of the UK,and had its own devolved government and parliament.

1972 These institutions were suspended and abolished※※※※the violent and ethno-political

conflicts started from 1960s( The total number of the victims was over 3000 )

1972 - 1999 The UK government governed directly

1998 Good Friday Agreement1999－－－－2002 The Northern Ireland Assembly

(allegations of spying)2002－－－－2007 The UK government governed

directly2002．．．．5.8－－－－devolved government returned

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The process for peace１９９８１９９８１９９８１９９８．．．．４４４４ Good Friday Agreement

(The UK・・・・Ireland governments agreed-to establish the Assembl y,to guarantee the right for both Protestant and Catholic .

The Northern Ireland will remain within the UK unti l a majority vote otherwise ））））

１９９８１９９８１９９８１９９８．．．．５５５５ the Referendum ( for 94.4%)６６６６ the 1 st election

２００２２００２２００２２００２．．．．１０１０１０１０ The northern Ireland Assembly was suspended(allegati ons of spying )７７７７ IRA declared decommissioning all its arsenal.

However many unionists remain skeptical.２００６２００６２００６２００６．．．．４４４４ the Northern lreland Act 2006 →→→→electing a First Minister and a

deputy.choosing the members of an (before 25 Nov.20 06)as a preliminary step to restoration of devolved governm ent.１０１０１０１０．．．．ST,Andrews Agreement

２００７２００７２００７２００７．．．．１１１１ Sinn Fein agreed to cooperate with PSNI(Police Service o f Northern Ireland )３３３３ the election ５５５５ new Assembly,New cabinet

First Minister: Ian Paisley(Democratic Unionist Party leader)Deputy Minister:Martin McGuiness(Sinn Fein leader)

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Assembly and Cabinet

• The Assembly and the Executive(cabinet) is based on the principle of power-sharing,in order to

ensure that both communities in Northern

Ireland,unionist and nationalist,participate in governing the region.

・・・・The Assembly has authority to legislate in a field of competences known as “transferred matters”-health ,education

“ reserved matters”:retained by the Parliament at Westminster-criminal law, police-royal relation(exceptedmatters)

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The Capital of England,Wales,Scotland,Northern Irre land（（（（London GLA ）））） （（（（Cardiff ）））） （（（（Edinburgh ）））） （（（（Belfast ））））

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The Greater London Authority(GLA) 2000.7 ーーーー

The Greater London Council (GLC)1965-1986 ，，，，1998 ＡＡＡＡ referendum （（（（for 72 % ））））

The Mayor(Directly elected)

London Assembly(separately elected 25members)

Mayor’s office Chief Executive’s Office,Development&Environment,Resources,Finance,Communities&Intelligence etc

Transport for

London

Metropolitan PoliceAuthority

London Fire and Emergency Authority

LondonDeveropmentAgency

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The London borough

33 boroughs(including City of London)

（population :755million）

(Responsibility)

・education･social service･housing,local roads･refuse collection・libraries,museums・environmental health

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Metropolitan areaBirmingham

Second largest (population:1 million,West Midlands conurbation:2.3million)Core city of Midlands,industrial cityCity Council-hung parliament

(120 councillors,40 wards- the largest council in Europe,Con 49, Lab.35,Lib.32)・ no single party is in overall ・a Con/Lib coalition・one-third of the council is to be elected in 3 out of 4 years.(In metropolitan districts have3 councillors representing each electoral ward..Only one councilor stands for election in any year )

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Rural area

Kent A county in southeast

England.” The Garden of England”

(population :1.6million3352 km 2)Kent county council (84

councillors, Con 57-county councils holds

elections for the full council once every 4 years)

１２１２１２１２district,1 unitary300parish

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Council structure

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Main service responsibilities of UK local authorities

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The true face of the Local Authority

①①①①United Kingdom ーーーーdifferent system(England,Scotland,Wales,Northern Ir eland)

②②②②Parliamentary democracy ーーーーthe ruling party,hung③③③③The total number of the directly-elected mayors is only 13.④④④④Councillors work without pay ーーーー(cf) Member of the Diet⑤⑤⑤⑤Staff is recruited by competition(appealing to the public)⑥⑥⑥⑥ Chief Executive earns higher salary than Prime mini ster.

(Average annual salary is ￡￡￡￡100、、、、000））））（（（（ Mr Blair’s salary ranking in the public office was 8 6th )

⑦⑦⑦⑦In general,staff should stay politically neutral.⑧⑧⑧⑧The offices start work at 9 AM and go home 5PM.

The assembly opens in the evening after councillor s eat sandwiches .

⑨⑨⑨⑨ cabinet members and backbench councillors⑩⑩⑩⑩ the ethical rule to guide councillors and mayors.(st andards

committee)

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Characteristics of British Politics---Central ・・・・local government---

①①①①controlled by the political party②②②②Central –Local government Relation (changed by Tha tcher ））））・・・・The weakness in local tax and financial base ↔↔↔↔the right to decide local tax rate

(the poorest in OECD nations)・・・・The council tax only ---- simple and beneficiary payment principle････control over the local finance ( Grant,Revenue sup port Grant,Rate capping)・・・・The history of diminishing the role of LA ーーーーNHS,hospitals,Gas,Water,Emergency・・・・clear function of Central government and LA・・・・Evaluation by CG inspection and Audit Commission →→→→invention in the local

autonomy・・・・ control and restraint by Central government( Comprehensive Performance Assessment evaluate al l local authorities into 5 categories---

excellent,good,fair,weak,poor)→→→→ The secretary of state can dismiss a mayor,councilo r and

officer.)③③③③ Big change of the fundamental structure ↔↔↔↔ Stability of Japan’s Local government structure

. City of Liverpool Versus Thatcher・・・・Constitution and Parliament・・・・no hesitation to fight against CG

④④④④ Pioneering works by Local Authority in the policies・・・・Congestion Charge in London, No smoking policy in S cotland

⑤⑤⑤⑤ The Volunteer Spirit （（（（councillor,Parish,volunteer activity)⑥⑥⑥⑥ Respect for the public service

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Reform of the Local Government Policy（１）①Local government structure

Two tiers →→→→one tier (unitary)※※※※ ＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ ＰａｒｔｙＰａｒｔｙＰａｒｔｙＰａｒｔｙ ｃｏｎｔｏｒｏｌｅｄｃｏｎｔｏｒｏｌｅｄｃｏｎｔｏｒｏｌｅｄｃｏｎｔｏｒｏｌｅｄ ｔｈｅｔｈｅｔｈｅｔｈｅ ＣｏｕｎｔｙＣｏｕｎｔｙＣｏｕｎｔｙＣｏｕｎｔｙ ｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｃｏｕｎｃｉｌ- political issue

②Expanding the size of LA ↔community in France・ the battle between “Efficiency ・・・・Effectiveness”and “Local Democracy ”

※ correlation between size and the service efficiency ?the remoteness, the reduced councillor representation

③③③③City Region ・・・・Sub Region- to strengthen the function of big city background:The status of the city in the UK is declining.(GDP)

(London:23, Edinburgh:25 etc 5/50 European cities)CG designated 7 Sub Regions in May 2008.

④④④④ＰａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐＰａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐＰａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐＰａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐ ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ ：：：：500 projects ( ￡￡￡￡４０４０４０４０billion /year)ＥｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇＥｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇＥｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇＥｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇ Partners: ＣＧ，ＬＡＣＧ，ＬＡＣＧ，ＬＡＣＧ，ＬＡ→→→→private sector →→→→voluntary group ,community

(CG,LA,,NHS、、、、police,Fire service,enterprise,voluntary group,commun ity)

※※※※Local Area Agreement(LAA) －－－－to improve coordination between LA and local agenci es of CG・・・・Four national priority functional blocks①①①①ＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎＣｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ａｎｄａｎｄａｎｄａｎｄ ｙｏｕｎｇｙｏｕｎｇｙｏｕｎｇｙｏｕｎｇ people ②②②②safer and stronger communities ③③③③Healthier

communities and older people ④④④④ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄａｎｄａｎｄａｎｄ ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ

Partnership working,Simplified government funding,De volved decision-making,

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Reform of the Local Government Policy（2）

⑤⑤⑤⑤Strong leadership (Local Election Reform)・・・・to expand directly elected mayor system →→→→※※※※no introduction(only 13

current LA)

⑥ Double Devolution・・・・ From CG to LA ,From LA to People and Community・・・・empowerment of neighborhood(community)→→→→ People can influence the service they receive,throu gh increased voice and choice.

⑦⑦⑦⑦ Deregulation・・・・national target 1200 →→→→ ２００２００２００２００

・・・・ Simplified government funding

⑧⑧⑧⑧ＡＡＡＡ ｎｅｗｎｅｗｎｅｗｎｅｗ ｗａｙｗａｙｗａｙｗａｙ ｏｆｏｆｏｆｏｆ ｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｔｈｅｔｈｅｔｈｅ ｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｕｂｌｉｃｐｕｂｌｉｃ ｓｅｃｔｏｒｓｅｃｔｏｒｓｅｃｔｏｒｓｅｃｔｏｒ ｔｏｔｏｔｏｔｏ ａｆｆｏｒｄａｆｆｏｒｄａｆｆｏｒｄａｆｆｏｒｄ ｃａｐｉｔａｌｃａｐｉｔａｌｃａｐｉｔａｌｃａｐｉｔａｌ

・・・・PFI (Private Finance Initiative)originated in the early 1990s.

※※※※ 300 PFI projects(1997-2005) ￡￡￡￡１２１２１２１２billionLocal Authority:supplier →→→→co-supplier or buyer

school buildings(44% ））））,transportation ・・・・roads, 〈〈〈〈１５１５１５１５%〉〉〉〉housing(12% ））））prisons,hospitals

・・・・ CCT →→→→ Best Value ・・・・Value for money →→→→ CPA（（（（the cheepest) （（（（the quality,trustworthiness,effectiveness) (eval uate LA totally)

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Local authorities in Britain 1974-95

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Local Authorities in Britain 2006

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Britain’s large-scale local government

人 口

（100 万人）

基礎自治体数

平均人口

（人）.

地方/州

France 59 36,700 Communes 1,600 22 Regions

Greece 11 5,000 Dimi, Kinotites 3,500

Spain 40 8,100 Municipios 4,900 17 Communidades

Germany 83 16,000 gemeinden 5,200 16 Lander

Italy 57 8,000 Comuni 7,100 20 Regioni

Norway 4 435 Kommuner 9,200

Belgium 10 589 Gemeenten 17,000 3 Regions

Denmark 5 275 Kommuner 18,200

Netherlands 16 636 Gemeenten 25,200

Sweden 9 290 Kommuner 31,300

（Japan 2006） 127 1,822 municipalities 70,000 ?

UK 60 468 Districts, etc. 128,000 3 ‘regions’

Population The numｂer of lower council Region(million) Average population

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Council of Europe-Local Government Cha ｒｒｒｒterThe first multinational treaty:

to describe the standard of the local autonomy41/45 nations ;signedJapan:an associate member

・・・・ The UK signed this treaty under Blair Government in June 1997

※※※※Local autonomy is not necessarily home affairs in Europe.

（（（（Gifu Govenor Furuta in Strasburg in 2007 ））））

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First Tier-Parish,Community CouncilThe functions :many local forums for the discussion of local problems,providing the recreation,cultural and economic development of com munities,sports facilities※※※※ more powerful :consulting with County or district,de legated matters from districts※※※※Rural area →→→→ Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ，ｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎＬｏｎｄｏｎ，ｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎＬｏｎｄｏｎ，ｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎＬｏｎｄｏｎ，ｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓ

(NALC:National Association of Local Councils)

19

37

The exchanges between Local Authorities in Japan and the UK

・ JET (Japan Exchange Teaching programme)

:the biggest exchange programme in the world

a quarter of the participants:Britishーーーー ９０００９０００９０００９０００(in 20 years)

・13 Twin citiesYokosuka - Medway (Wiliam Adams ））））

Kawasaki - SheffieldToyota - DerbyshireKyoto - EdinburghBeppu - Bath Maizuru - Portsmouth

etc※※※※ Leeds wants to have a partner in Japan

※※※※ London and Tokyo have an agreement to promote exchanges.

38

Japan and UK-１

25% of Public expenditure80% of Public investment position

128,00070,000Population

４６８４６８４６８４６８1822（（（（in 2006））））Lower council

Mixture(one tier,two tiers)Parish

Two tiersLocal structure

Ultra viresEverything for the wellbeing of residents

function

Supremacy of the parliament(which can do everithing but sex-change-male to female,,,)

the separation of the three powers

Power balance

None(?,uncodified)Codified ConstitutionLocal autonomy

Constitution

Local GovernmentLocal self- governmentname

Constitutional MonarchyUnited kingdom

Constitutional MonarchyRegime

The UKJapan

20

39

Japan and UK -2

Restrictive Petition, Recall,demand for the inspection

referendum

30%7.6％％％％female councillors

un-paidpaidsalary

to resolve and administerbackbenchers and Cabinet members

to resolveassembly

90 ％％％％ leaders belong to the party

not belong to the partyleaders

appeal to the publicLifetime employment 、、、、

transfer within the same LA

contract(private sector)70%:female(40 % parttime)

The same status as national government employee

Local public service personnel

13 leaders onlyCouncillors and leaders(by Constitution)

directly elected leader

Council Tax onlydifferent tax rate(set by making a budget)

wide tax-base,standard rate(inhabitant tax)

Local Tax

UKJapan

40

Japan and UK－３

Strong,very wide rangelimited casesintervention by CG

mainly by external agency CPA by Audit Commission,OFSTED

mainly by internal agencyAdministration assessment

International matterInterior matterLocal government policy

To one-tier(merger of municipalities and counties)

From the merger of municipalities

Reform of local structure

Efficiency ,accountabilitynourish and supportautonomy

UKJapan