Outline Introduction Why I chose this topic Initial point of
view Issue Terms Assumptions Arguments Opposition Counter Argument
Reliability Conclusion Recommendation
Slide 3
Introduction My name is Miranda Pacheco Working to receive an
Associates in General Education 20 years old Lived in Arizona my
entire life Like to travel
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Why I chose this topic Have family members who are obese or
close Wondered if it is genetic or not
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Initial Point of View Thought it was genetic Did not think it
was a disease Thought you could get it no matter what
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Issue Is Obesity a Disease?
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Terms Disease- impairment of normal functioning of some aspect
of body, characteristic signs and symptoms, and harm and morbidity.
Adipose- fat tissue Leptin- molecule that regulates food intake and
energy expenditure. Inherited- to receive by the transmission of
hereditary factors Metabolism- sum of physical and chemical process
in an organism by which its material substance is produced,
maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made Genetics-
science of hereditary, dealing with resemblances and differences of
related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and
environment
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Terms (cont.) Edometrial Cancer- cancer in the lining of the
uterus Triglyceride- blood lipid enables transference of adipose
and blood glucose to the liver Hypothyroidism- thyroid gland does
not make enough thyroid hormone Cushings Syndrome- disorder that
occurs when body is exposed to high levels of cortisol (hormone)
Prader-Willi Syndrome- congenital (from birth) disease, affects
many body parts. Obese, reduced muscle tone and mental ability
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome- imbalance of female sex hormones. Women
only. Antihistamines- Used to relieve allergies, pharmaceutical
drug that inhibits the action of histamine by blocking
receptors
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Terms (cont.) Anticonvulsants- pharmaceutical drug used to
treat epilepsy and seizures Beta Blockers- class of drugs, target
beta receptors on heart muscles, smooth muscles, kidneys, airway,
arteries, and other tissue BMI (Body Mass Index)- measure of body
fat based on height and weight
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My Assumption Assumed it was genetic because several of my
family members are or near obese Assumed anyone could get it
because I know several people who are obese that do not have many
or any family members who are also obese Assumed it was not a
disease, just genetic
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Argument One The American Medical Association's 2013 "Council
on Science and Public Health Report" identified three criteria to
define disease: 1. "an impairment of the normal functioning of some
aspect of the body;" 2. "characteristic signs and symptoms;" and 3.
"harm or morbidity." Obesity causes impairment, has characteristic
signs and symptoms, and increases harm and morbidity. Scott Kahan,
MD, MPH, Director of the National Center for Weight and Wellsness
and Preventative Medicine Physician at Johns Hopkins University,
stated obesity "satisfies all the definitions and criteria of what
a disease and medical condition is... The one difference is that
people who have obesity have to wear their disease on the outside.
Obesity Meets the Definition of Disease http://obesity.procon.org/
http://obesity.procon.org/
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Explanation According to the American Medical Association:
Disease is: Impairment of normal functioning body part
Characteristic signs and symptoms Harm and morbidity Scott Kahan,
MD, MPH Director of the National Center for Weight and Wellsness
and Preventative Medicine Physician at Johns Hopkins University
States that obesity satisfies all criteria of a disease
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Argument Two Studies have shown that obesity can be inherited
like height. Genetic disposition plays a large role in determining
if a person will be obese. A May 2014 study published in the
Journal of Molecular Psychology linked higher rates of obesity to
the "fat mass and obesity association" (FTO) gene. The FTO gene
reportedly lowers activity in the part of the brain that "controls
impulses and the response to the taste and texture of food," so
people with the gene are more likely to eat more fatty foods and
eat more impulsively as they age. A 1990 study published in the New
England Journal of Medicine on body mass in twins not raised in the
same home concluded, "genetic influences on body-mass index are
substantial, whereas the childhood environment has little or no
influence." In addition to genetic predisposition, almost 10% of
morbidly obese people have defects in the genes that regulate food
intake, metabolism, and weight. Obesity can be a genetic disorder
such as sickle-cell anemia and Tay-Sachs, which are classified as
diseases. http://obesity.procon.org/http://obesity.procon.org/
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Explanation Can be inherited 2014 study in Journal of Molecular
Psychology FTO gene (fat mass and obesity association) Lowers
activity in brain that controls impulses and response to taste and
texture of food More likely to eat fatty foods 1990 study in New
England Journal of Medicine Twins not raised in same home
Environment has little or no influence on body mass
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Argument Three The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the
American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and
the Obesity Society, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
(NHLBI), and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) have
identified obesity as a disease. Even the Internal Revenue Service
(IRS) recognizes obesity as a disease so weight loss expenses may
be counted as a medical deduction from taxes. On June 18, 2013, the
American Medical Association recognized obesity as "a disease
requiring a range of medical interventions to advance obesity
treatment and prevention. Government entities and major medical
groups recognize obesity as a disease.
http://obesity.procon.org/http://obesity.procon.org/
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Explanation Medical and government organizations state obesity
is a disease FDA (Food and Drug Administration AHA (American Heart
Association) ACA (American College of Cardiology) Obesity Society
NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institution ACG (American
College of Gastroenterology IRS (Internal Revenue Service) Obesity
is a disease Weight loss expenses counted as medical deduction on
taxes
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Opposition One Obesity can be caused by hypothyroidism,
Cushing's syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, polycystic ovary
syndrome, arthritis, increased insulin levels (from
carbohydrate-heavy diets or diabetes treatments) and depression.
Certain drugs like antidepressants, anti- seizure medications,
diabetes medications, anti-psychotic medications, antihistamines,
anticonvulsants, steroids, beta blockers, and contraceptives can
cause obesity. Obesity can also be caused by lack of sleep (or
sleep debt), ingesting endocrine disrupters (such as BPA, DDT, and
phthalates), consuming high-fructose corn syrup, a lack of
temperature variation (due to air conditioners and heaters), and
quitting smoking. Obesity is a side effect, not a disease.
http://obesity.procon.org/http://obesity.procon.org/
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Explanation Obesity caused by other diseases: Hypothyroidism
Cushings, Prader-Willi, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Arthritis
Depression Obesity caused by drugs: Antidepressants Antihistamines
Anticonvulsants Anti seizure meds Obesity caused by other: Sleep
debt Quitting Smoking High-fructose corn syrup intake
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Opposition Two Like smoking is a preventable risk factor for
lung cancer and drinking is a preventable risk factor for
alcoholism, obesity is a preventable risk factor for coronary heart
disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, cancers
(like endometrial, breast, and colon), high cholesterol, high
levels of triglycerides, liver and gallbladder disease,
incontinence, increased surgical risk, sleep apnea, respiratory
problems (like asthma), osteoarthritis, infertility and other
reproductive complications, complications during pregnancy and
birth defects, and mental health conditions. Women who gain 20
pounds or more between age 20 and midlife double their risk of
postmenopausal breast cancer. For every 2 pound weight increase,
the risk of developing arthritis rises 9-13%. Obesity is a
preventable risk factor for other diseases and conditions, and is
not a disease itself.
http://obesity.procon.org/http://obesity.procon.org/
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Explanation Obesity preventable risk factor for: Cancer
(endometrial, breast, colon) High levels of triglycerides Liver
disease Reproductive complications Twenty pound gain between 20 and
midlife in women: Double risk of breast cancer Every two pound
gain, risk of arthritis rises nine to thirteen percent
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Best Counter Argument First Opposition Reliable sources (New
York Times, International Journal of Obesity, Princeton Education,
and Mayo Clinic) States other things that could cause obesity
Medical and non medical Provides many examples Other diseases
Pharmaceutical drugs Other examples Not as Strong No statistics
provided Slightly outdated from 2006 More research could have been
done
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Reliability First Argument: AMA Medical Doctor and has Medical
Degree in Public Health 2013 Definition Second Argument: Medical
studies 2014 and 1990 Two medical doctors, one a Doctor of
Philosophy Medical Journal Third Argument: FDA, AHA, ACC, NHLBI,
ACG, and Obesity Society 2014 IRS taxes
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I believe that obesity is a disease. There are medical studies
providing information that genes affect obesity. Many medical
associations consider obesity to be a disease. The government
recognizes that obesity is a disease and you can have your weight
loss expenses counted as a medical deduction. Obesity is defined as
a disease. Pros States obesity as a disease Studies provide
information on how genes affect obesity Medical and government
organizations recognize obesity as a disease Cons Obesity is caused
by other medical and non medical issues Preventable risk factor for
other diseases
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Recommendation I recommend siding with the Pros because They
provide medical studies Many medical associations define obesity as
a disease The government counts weight loss expenses from obesity
as a medical deduction on taxes Obesity is defined as a
disease